1
|
Hu Z, Cohen S, Swanson SJ. The immunogenicity of human-origin therapeutic antibodies are associated with V gene usage. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237754. [PMID: 37720227 PMCID: PMC10502710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies can elicit unwanted immune responses in a subset of patients, which leads to the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Some of these ADAs have been reported to effect the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and/or safety of the therapeutic antibodies. The sequence diversity of antibodies are generated by VDJ recombination and mutagenesis. While the antibody generation process can create a large candidate pool for identifying high-affinity antibodies, it also could produce sequences that are foreign to the human immune system. However, it is not clear how VDJ recombination and mutagenesis impact the clinical ADA rate of therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we identified a positive correlation between the clinical ADA rate and the number of introduced mutations in the antibody sequences. We also found that the use of rare V alleles in human-origin antibody therapeutics is associated with higher risk of immunogenicity. The results suggest that antibody engineering projects should start with frameworks that contain commonly used V alleles and prioritize antibody candidates with low number of mutations to reduce the risk of immunogenicity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Rajan R, Kumar N, Zhao D, Dai X, Kawamoto K, Matsumura K. Polyampholyte-Based Polymer Hydrogels for the Long-Term Storage, Protection and Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2203253. [PMID: 36815203 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein storage and delivery are crucial for biomedical applications such as protein therapeutics and recombinant proteins. Lack of proper protocols results in the denaturation of proteins, rendering them inactive and manifesting undesired side effects. In this study, polyampholyte-based (succinylated ε-poly-l-lysine) hydrogels containing polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol polymer matrices to stabilize proteins are developed. These hydrogels facilitated the loading and release of therapeutic amounts of proteins and withstood thermal and freezing stress (15 freeze-thaw cycles and temperatures of -80 °C and 37 °C), without resulting in protein denaturation and aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this strategy has not been applied to the design of hydrogels constituting polymers, (in particular, polyampholyte-based polymers) which have inherent efficiency to stabilize proteins and protect them from denaturation. Our findings can open up new avenues in protein biopharmaceutics for the design of materials that can store therapeutic proteins long-term under severe stress and safely deliver them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rajan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nishant Kumar
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Dandan Zhao
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Xianda Dai
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Kawamoto
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wessels U, Zadak M, Weidmann AM, Stuchly T, Stubenrauch KG. Preclinical Observations of Systemic and Ocular Antidrug Antibody Response to Intravitreally Administered Drugs. AAPS J 2022; 25:2. [PMID: 36414857 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravitreally administered biotherapeutics can elicit local and systemic immune responses with potentially serious clinical consequences. However, little is known about the mechanisms of ocular antidrug immune response, the incidence of ocular antidrug antibodies (ADAs), and the relationship between ocular and systemic ADA levels. Bioanalytical limitations and poor availability of ocular matrices make studies of ocular immunogenicity particularly challenging. We have recently reported a novel bioanalytical ADA assay and shown its applicability for the ADA detection in ocular matrices. In the present study, we used this assay to analyze a large set of preclinical samples from minipig and cynomolgus monkeys treated with different ocular biotherapeutics. We found a significant association between the incidence of ADAs in plasma and ocular fluids after a single intravitreal administration of the drugs. Importantly, none of the animals with ADA-negative results in plasma had detectable ADAs in ocular fluids and systemic ADA response always preceded the appearance of ocular ADAs. Overall, our results suggest the systemic origin of ocular ADAs and support the use of plasma as a surrogate matrix for the detection of ocular ADA response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wessels
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Zadak
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anja Manuela Weidmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stuchly
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonella A, Grizot S, Liu F, López Noriega A, Richard J. Long-acting injectable formulation technologies: Challenges and opportunities for the delivery of fragile molecules. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:927-944. [PMID: 35899474 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of long acting injectables (LAIs) for protein and peptide therapeutics has been a key challenge over the last 20 years. If these molecules offer advantages due to their high specificity and selectivity, their controlled release may confer several additional benefits in terms of extended half-life, local delivery, and patient compliance. AREA COVERED This manuscript aims to give an overview of peptide and protein based LAIs from an industrial perspective, describing both approved and promising technologies (with exceptions of protein engineering strategies and devices), their advantages and potential improvements to aid their access to the market. EXPERT OPINION Many LAIs have been developed for peptides, with formulations on the market for several decades. On the contrary, LAIs for proteins are still far from the market and issues related to manufacturing and sterilization of these products still need to be overcome. In situ forming depots (ISFDs), whose simple manufacturing conditions and easy administration procedures (without reconstitution) are strong advantages, appear as one of the most promising technologies for the delivery of these molecules. In this regard, the approval of ELIGARD® in the early 2000's (which still requires a complex reconstitution process), paved the way for the development of second-generation, ready-to-use ISFD technologies like BEPO® and FluidCrystal®.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonella
- MedinCell S.A. - 3 rue des Frères Lumiere, 34830, Jacou, France
| | | | - Fang Liu
- MedinCell S.A. - 3 rue des Frères Lumiere, 34830, Jacou, France
| | | | - Joël Richard
- MedinCell S.A. - 3 rue des Frères Lumiere, 34830, Jacou, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schöneich C. Photo-induced fragmentation of tyrosine side chains in IgG4-Fc: Effect of protein sequence, conformation and glycan structure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
6
|
Nash A, Aghlara-Fotovat S, Hernandez A, Scull C, Veiseh O. Clinical translation of immunomodulatory therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113896. [PMID: 34324885 PMCID: PMC8567306 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapeutics represent a unique class of drug products that have tremendous potential to rebalance malfunctioning immune systems and are quickly becoming one of the fastest-growing areas in the pharmaceutical industry. For these drugs to become mainstream medicines, they must provide greater therapeutic benefit than the currently used treatments without causing severe toxicities. Immunomodulators, cell-based therapies, antibodies, and viral therapies have all achieved varying amounts of success in the treatment of cancers and/or autoimmune diseases. However, many challenges related to precision dosing, off-target effects, and manufacturing hurdles will need to be addressed before we see widespread adoption of these therapies in the clinic. This review provides a perspective on the progress of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive therapies to date and discusses the opportunities and challenges for clinical translation of the next generation of immunomodulatory therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nash
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston TX, United States
| | | | - Andrea Hernandez
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston TX, United States
| | | | - Omid Veiseh
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Modi T, Gervais D. Improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of a novel PEGylated native Erwinia chrysanthemi L-Asparaginase. Invest New Drugs 2021; 40:21-29. [PMID: 34468906 PMCID: PMC8763762 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Erwinase® (native Erwinia chrysanthemi L-Asparaginase (nErA)) is an approved second-line treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children and adolescents, who develop hypersensitivity or neutralising antibodies to E.coli derived L-Asparaginases (ASNases). However, nErA has a short in vivo half-life requiring frequent dosing schedules in patients. In this study, nErA was covalently conjugated to PEG molecules with the aim of extending its half-life in vivo. Methods. Firstly, efficacy of this novel product PEG-nErA was investigated on human ALL cell lines (Jurkat, CCRF-CEM and CCRF-HSB2), in vitro. Secondly, its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics were determined, in vivo (12 rats in each group). Results. It was found that the specific activity (U/mg of enzyme) and the kinetic constant (KM) of nErA remained unaltered post PEGylation. PEG-nErA was shown to have similar cytotoxicity to nErA (IC50: 0.06–0.17 U/mL) on human ALL cell lines, in vitro. Further, when compared to nErA, PEG-nErA showed a significantly improved half-life in vivo, which meant that L-Asparagine (Asn) levels in plasma remained depleted for up to 25 days with a four-fold lower dose (100 U/kg) compared with 72 h for nErA at 400 U/kg dose. Conclusion. Overall, this next generation product PEG-nErA (with improved PK and PD characteristics compared to nErA) would bring a significant advantage to the therapeutic needs of ALL patients and should be further explored in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasvi Modi
- Porton Biopharma Limited, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - David Gervais
- Porton Biopharma Limited, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bray-French K, Hartman K, Steiner G, Marban-Doran C, Bessa J, Campbell N, Martin-Facklam M, Stubenrauch KG, Solier C, Singer T, Ducret A. Managing the Impact of Immunogenicity in an Era of Immunotherapy: From Bench to Bedside. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2575-2584. [PMID: 33812888 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics have revolutionized our ability to treat life-threatening diseases. Despite clinical success, the use of biotherapeutics has sometimes been limited by the immune response mounted against them in the form of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). The multifactorial nature of immunogenicity has prevented a standardized approach for assessing this and each of the assessment methods developed so far does not exhibit high enough reliability to be used alone, due to limited predictiveness. This prompted the Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) Immunogenicity Working Group to establish an internal preclinical immunogenicity toolbox of in vitro/in vivo approaches and accompanying guidelines for a harmonized assessment and management of immunogenicity in early development. In this article, the complex factors influencing immunogenicity and their associated clinical ramifications are discussed to highlight the importance of an end-to-end approach conducted from lead optimization to clinical candidate selection. We then examine the impact of the resulting lead candidate categorization on the design and implementation of a multi-tiered ADA/immunogenicity assay strategy prior to phase I (entry into human) through early clinical development. Ultimately, the Immunogenicity Toolbox ensures that Roche pRED teams are equipped to address immunogenicity in a standardized manner, paving the way for lifesaving products with improved safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Bessa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Campbell
- Global Product Strategy, Pharma Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meret Martin-Facklam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Solier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Batalha S, Ferreira S, Brito C. The Peripheral Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Clinical Findings and In Vitro Models for Biomarker Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1305. [PMID: 33804027 PMCID: PMC8001103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the deadliest female malignancy worldwide and, while much is known about phenotype and function of infiltrating immune cells, the same attention has not been paid to the peripheral immune compartment of breast cancer patients. To obtain faster, cheaper, and more precise monitoring of patients' status, it is crucial to define and analyze circulating immune profiles. This review compiles and summarizes the disperse knowledge on the peripheral immune profile of breast cancer patients, how it departs from healthy individuals and how it changes with disease progression. We propose this data to be used as a starting point for validation of clinically relevant biomarkers of disease progression and therapy response, which warrants more thorough investigation in patient cohorts of specific breast cancer subtypes. Relevant clinical findings may also be explored experimentally using advanced 3D cellular models of human cancer-immune system interactions, which are under intensive development. We review the latest findings and discuss the strengths and limitations of such models, as well as the future perspectives. Together, the scientific advancement of peripheral biomarker discovery and cancer-immune crosstalk in breast cancer will be instrumental to uncover molecular mechanisms and putative biomarkers and drug targets in an all-human setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Batalha
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, University Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, University Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ulitzka M, Carrara S, Grzeschik J, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H. Engineering therapeutic antibodies for patient safety: tackling the immunogenicity problem. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 33:5944198. [PMID: 33128053 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Established monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) allow treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases and other severe illnesses. Side effects either arise due to interaction with the target protein and its biology or result from of the patient's immune system reacting to the foreign protein. This immunogenic reaction against therapeutic antibodies is dependent on various factors. The presence of non-human sequences can trigger immune responses as well as chemical and post-translational modifications of the antibody. However, even fully human antibodies can induce immune response through T cell epitopes or aggregates. In this review, we briefly describe, how therapeutic antibodies can interact with the patient's immune system and summarize recent advancements in protein engineering and in silico methods to reduce immunogenicity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Labs, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Labs, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Labs, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sala V, Cnudde SJ, Murabito A, Massarotti A, Hirsch E, Ghigo A. Therapeutic peptides for the treatment of cystic fibrosis: Challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113191. [PMID: 33493828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common amongst rare genetic diseases, affecting more than 70.000 people worldwide. CF is characterized by a dysfunctional chloride channel, termed cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR), which leads to the production of a thick and viscous mucus layer that clogs the lungs of CF patients and traps pathogens, leading to chronic infections and inflammation and, ultimately, lung damage. In recent years, the use of peptides for the treatment of respiratory diseases, including CF, has gained growing interest. Therapeutic peptides for CF include antimicrobial peptides, inhibitors of proteases, and modulators of ion channels, among others. Peptides display unique features that make them appealing candidates for clinical translation, like specificity of action, high efficacy, and low toxicity. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of peptides, together with the need of delivering these compounds locally, e.g. by inhalation, raise a number of concerns in the development of peptide therapeutics for CF lung disease. In this review, we discuss the challenges related to the use of peptides for the treatment of CF lung disease through inhalation, which include retention within mucus, proteolysis, immunogenicity and aggregation. Strategies for overcoming major shortcomings of peptide therapeutics will be presented, together with recent developments in peptide design and optimization, including computational analysis and high-throughput screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Julie Cnudde
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murabito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Kither Biotech S.r.l., Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Kither Biotech S.r.l., Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zinsli LV, Stierlin N, Loessner MJ, Schmelcher M. Deimmunization of protein therapeutics - Recent advances in experimental and computational epitope prediction and deletion. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:315-329. [PMID: 33425259 PMCID: PMC7779837 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics, and antimicrobial proteins in particular, are of increasing interest for human medicine. An important challenge in the development of such therapeutics is their potential immunogenicity, which can induce production of anti-drug-antibodies, resulting in altered pharmacokinetics, reduced efficacy, and potentially severe anaphylactic or hypersensitivity reactions. For this reason, the development and application of effective deimmunization methods for protein drugs is of utmost importance. Deimmunization may be achieved by unspecific shielding approaches, which include PEGylation, fusion to polypeptides (e.g., XTEN or PAS), reductive methylation, glycosylation, and polysialylation. Alternatively, the identification of epitopes for T cells or B cells and their subsequent deletion through site-directed mutagenesis represent promising deimmunization strategies and can be accomplished through either experimental or computational approaches. This review highlights the most recent advances and current challenges in the deimmunization of protein therapeutics, with a special focus on computational epitope prediction and deletion tools.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABR, Antigen-binding region
- ADA, Anti-drug antibody
- ANN, Artificial neural network
- APC, Antigen-presenting cell
- Anti-drug-antibody
- B cell epitope
- BCR, B cell receptor
- Bab, Binding antibody
- CDR, Complementarity determining region
- CRISPR, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- DC, Dendritic cell
- ELP, Elastin-like polypeptide
- EPO, Erythropoietin
- ER, Endoplasmatic reticulum
- GLK, Gelatin-like protein
- HAP, Homo-amino-acid polymer
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- HMM, Hidden Markov model
- IL, Interleukin
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- Immunogenicity
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MHC, Major histocompatibility complex
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- Nab, Neutralizing antibody
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PAS, Polypeptide composed of proline, alanine, and/or serine
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PD, Pharmacodynamics
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PK, Pharmacokinetics
- PRR, Pattern recognition receptor
- PSA, Sialic acid polymers
- Protein therapeutic
- RNN, Recurrent artificial neural network
- SVM, Support vector machine
- T cell epitope
- TAP, Transporter associated with antigen processing
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- XTEN, “Xtended” recombinant polypeptide
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa V. Zinsli
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noël Stierlin
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mitigation of T-cell dependent immunogenicity by reengineering factor VIIa analogue. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2668-2678. [PMID: 31506285 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vatreptacog alfa (VA), a recombinant activated human factor VII (rFVIIa) variant with 3 amino acid substitutions, was developed to provide increased procoagulant activity in hemophilia patients with inhibitors to factor VIII or factor IX. In phase 3 clinical trials, changes introduced during the bioengineering of VA resulted in the development of undesired anti-drug antibodies in some patients, leading to the termination of a potentially promising therapeutic protein product. Here, we use preclinical biomarkers associated with clinical immunogenicity to validate our deimmunization strategy applied to this bioengineered rFVIIa analog. The reengineered rFVIIa analog variants retained increased intrinsic thrombin generation activity but did not elicit T-cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 50 HLA typed subjects representing the human population. Our algorithm, rational immunogenicity determination, offers a broadly applicable deimmunizing strategy for bioengineered proteins.
Collapse
|
14
|
He J, Xu S, Mixson AJ. The Multifaceted Histidine-Based Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Advances and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080774. [PMID: 32823960 PMCID: PMC7465012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidines incorporated into carriers of nucleic acids may enhance the extracellular stability of the nanoparticle, yet aid in the intracellular disruption of the nanoparticle, enabling the release of the nucleic acid. Moreover, protonation of histidines in the endosomes may result in endosomal swelling with subsequent lysis. These properties of histidine are based on its five-member imidazole ring in which the two nitrogen atoms may form hydrogen bonds or act as a base in acidic environments. A wide variety of carriers have integrated histidines or histidine-rich domains, which include peptides, polyethylenimine, polysaccharides, platform delivery systems, viral phages, mesoporous silica particles, and liposomes. Histidine-rich carriers have played key roles in our understanding of the stability of nanocarriers and the escape of the nucleic acids from endosomes. These carriers show great promise and offer marked potential in delivering plasmids, siRNA, and mRNA to their intracellular targets.
Collapse
|
15
|
Preclinical challenges for developing long acting intravitreal medicines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:130-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Steff AM, Cadieux-Dion C, de Lannoy G, Prato MK, Czeszak X, André B, Ingels DC, Louckx M, Dewé W, Picciolato M, Maleux K, Fissette L, Dieussaert I. Hamster neogenin, a host-cell protein contained in a respiratory syncytial virus candidate vaccine, induces antibody responses in rabbits but not in clinical trial participants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1327-1337. [PMID: 31951765 PMCID: PMC7482880 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1693749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion glycoprotein candidate vaccine (RSV-PreF) manufactured in Chinese hamster ovary cells was developed for immunization of pregnant women, to protect newborns against RSV disease through trans-placental antibody transfer. Traces of a host-cell protein, hamster neogenin (haNEO1), were identified in purified RSV-PreF antigen material. Given the high amino-acid sequence homology between haNEO1 and human neogenin (huNEO1), there was a risk that potential vaccine-induced anti-neogenin immunity could affect huNEO1 function in mother or fetus. Anti-huNEO1 IgGs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from rabbits and trial participants (Phase 1 and 2 trials enrolling 128 men and 500 non-pregnant women, respectively; NCT01905215/NCT02360475) collected after immunization with RSV-PreF formulations containing different antigen doses with/without aluminum-hydroxide adjuvant. In rabbits, four injections administered at 14-day intervals induced huNEO1-specific IgG responses in an antigen-dose- and adjuvant-dependent manner, which plateaued in the highest-dose groups after three injections. In humans, no vaccination-induced anti-huNEO1 IgG responses were detected upon a single immunization, as the values in vaccine and control groups fluctuated around pre-vaccination levels up to 90/360 days post-vaccination. A minority of participants had anti-huNEO1 levels ≥ assay cutoff before vaccination, which did not increase post-vaccination. Thus, despite detecting vaccine-induced huNEO1-specific responses in rabbits, we found no evidence that the candidate vaccine had induced anti-huNEO1 immunity in human adults. The antigen purification process was nevertheless optimized, and haNEO1-reduced vaccines were used in a subsequent Phase 2 trial enrolling 400 non-pregnant women (NCT02956837), in which again no vaccine-induced anti-huNEO1 responses were detected.
Collapse
|
17
|
Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Understanding Inter-Individual Variability in Monoclonal Antibody Disposition. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040056. [PMID: 31817205 PMCID: PMC6963779 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and most dominant class of therapeutic proteins. Inter-individual variability has been observed for several mAbs; however, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors contributing to inter-subject differences in mAb disposition is still lacking. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of antibody disposition and the putative mechanistic determinants of inter-individual variability. Results from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies were reviewed evaluate the role of the neonatal Fc receptor and Fc gamma receptors (expression and polymorphism), target properties (expression, shedding, turnover, internalization, heterogeneity, polymorphism), and the influence of anti-drug antibodies. Particular attention is given to the influence of co-administered drugs and disease, and to the physiological relevance of covariates identified by population pharmacokinetic modeling, as determinants of variability in mAb pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
|
19
|
Royal JM, Reeves MA, Matoba N. Repeated Oral Administration of a KDEL-tagged Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit Effectively Mitigates DSS Colitis Despite a Robust Immunogenic Response. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E678. [PMID: 31756977 PMCID: PMC6950078 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a non-toxic homopentameric component of Vibrio cholerae holotoxin, is an oral cholera vaccine antigen that induces an anti-toxin antibody response. Recently, we demonstrated that a recombinant CTB variant with a Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) endoplasmic reticulum retention motif (CTB-KDEL) exhibits colon mucosal healing effects that have therapeutic implications for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we investigated the feasibility of CTB-KDEL for the treatment of chronic colitis. We found that weekly oral administration of CTB-KDEL, dosed before or after the onset of chronic colitis, induced by repeated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure, could significantly reduce disease activity index scores, intestinal permeability, inflammation, and histological signs of chronicity. To address the consequences of immunogenicity, mice (C57BL/6 or C3H/HeJ strains) were pre-exposed to CTB-KDEL then subjected to DSS colitis and CTB-KDEL treatment. While the pre-dosing of CTB-KDEL elicited high-titer anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) of the immunoglobin A (IgA) isotype in the intestine of C57BL/6 mice, the therapeutic effects of CTB-KDEL were similar to those observed in C3H/HeJ mice, which showed minimal ADAs under the same experimental conditions. Thus, the immunogenicity of CTB-KDEL does not seem to impede the protein's mucosal healing efficacy. These results support the development of CTB-KDEL for IBD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Royal
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Micaela A. Reeves
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Current In Vitro Assays for Prediction of T Cell Mediated Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics and Manufacturing Impurities. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
21
|
Boysen L, Viuff BM, Landsy LH, Price SA, Raymond JT, Lykkesfeldt J, Lauritzen B. Formation and glomerular deposition of immune complexes in mice administered bovine serum albumin: Evaluation of dose, frequency, and biomarkers. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:191-200. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1680776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Boysen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgitte M. Viuff
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lone H. Landsy
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Brian Lauritzen
- Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Van Norman GA. Limitations of Animal Studies for Predicting Toxicity in Clinical Trials: Is it Time to Rethink Our Current Approach? JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:845-854. [PMID: 31998852 PMCID: PMC6978558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing is used in pharmaceutical and industrial research to predict human toxicity, and yet analysis suggests that animal models are poor predictors of drug safety in humans. The cost of animal research is high-in dollars, delays in drug approval, and in the loss of potentially beneficial drugs for human use. Human subjects have been harmed in the clinical testing of drugs that were deemed safe by animal studies. Increasingly, investigators are questioning the scientific merit of animal research. This review discusses issues in using animals to predict human toxicity in pharmaceutical development. Part 1 focuses on scientific concerns over the validity of animal research. Part 2 will discuss alternatives to animal research and their validation and use in production of human pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Van Norman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nguyen KTT, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Inhomogeneous Distribution of Components in Solid Protein Pharmaceuticals: Origins, Consequences, Analysis, and Resolutions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:134-153. [PMID: 31606540 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of stable solid protein formulations usually requires the addition of one or several excipients to achieve optimal stability. In these products, there is a potential risk of an inhomogeneous distribution of the various ingredients, specifically the ratio of protein and stabilizer may vary. Such inhomogeneity can be detrimental for stability but is mostly neglected in literature. In the past, it was challenging to analyze inhomogeneous component distribution, but recent advances in analytical techniques have revealed new options to investigate this phenomenon. This paper aims to review fundamental aspects of the inhomogeneous distribution of components of freeze-dried and spray-dried protein formulations. Four key topics will be presented and discussed, including the sources of component inhomogeneity, its consequences on protein stability, the analytical methods to reveal component inhomogeneity, and possible solutions to prevent or mitigate inhomogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh T T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Majumdar A, Hoang L, Loc LT, Srivastava P, Ramamurthy C, Chakravorty R, Nandanwar YS, Rashmi MD, Mayekar RV, Sridhar J, Divekar GH, John J. A Multicenter Phase IV Study to Investigate the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Its Impact on Clinical Outcomes in Females Undergoing Controlled Ovarian Stimulation. J Hum Reprod Sci 2019; 12:303-309. [PMID: 32038080 PMCID: PMC6937766 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_33_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Therapeutic proteins can cause immune responses, which may have clinical implications. AIMS The aim of the study was to assess the immunogenicity of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (r-hFSH), when used for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). SETTINGS AND DESIGN Prospective, multicenter study conducted at reproductive medicine clinics in India and Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 285 women, aged 20-40 years, undergoing 354 COS cycles for either intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) were studied. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of development of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and their neutralization potential. Other outcome measures were follicle development, dose and duration of r-hFSH, positive serum pregnancy test, clinical pregnancy, cycle cancellation, and adverse events (AEs). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED A sample size of 250 was planned. Descriptive statistics are presented. RESULTS Four patients tested positive for ADA after r-hFSH administration at different time points; all of them tested negative, subsequently. None were found to have neutralization potential. The mean dose and duration of r-hFSH were 816 IU and 8.1 days in IUI and 2183 IU and 9.5 days in IVF, respectively. The serum and clinical pregnancy rates were 12.4% and 11.6% in IUI and 32.7% and 29.9% in IVF cycles, respectively. Seven AEs were reported, including two cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; two AEs were judged to be serious. CONCLUSIONS The tested r-hFSH has very low immunogenic potential and did not lead to the development of neutralizing antibodies. The overall efficacy and safety of the drug were in-line with existing literature data, and no specific clinical impact of immunogenicity could be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abha Majumdar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Le Hoang
- Center for Assisted Reproduction, National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ly T. Loc
- Infertility Department, Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Padma Srivastava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inamdar Multispeciality Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chitra Ramamurthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Apollo Hospitals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ratnabali Chakravorty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ILS Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Yogeshwar S. Nandanwar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - M. D Rashmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Apollo BGS Hospitals, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul V. Mayekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashree Sridhar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Choithram Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ganesh H. Divekar
- Department of Clinical Research and Pharmacovigilance, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - James John
- Department of Clinical Research and Pharmacovigilance, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Therapeutic protein drugs have significantly improved the management of many severe and chronic diseases. However, their development and optimal clinical application are complicated by the induction of unwanted immune responses. Therapeutic protein-induced antidrug antibodies can alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics leading to impaired efficacy and occasionally serious safety issues. There has been a growing interest over the past decade in developing methods to assess the risk of unwanted immunogenicity during preclinical drug development, with the aim to mitigate the risk during the molecular design phase, clinical development and when products reach the market. Here, we discuss approaches to therapeutic protein immunogenicity risk assessment, with attention to assays and in vivo models used to mitigate this risk.
Collapse
|
26
|
Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Doevendans E, Schellekens H. Immunogenicity of Innovative and Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010021. [PMID: 31544827 PMCID: PMC6640699 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of hybridoma technology for producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by Kohler and Milstein (1975) counts as one of the major medical breakthroughs, opening up endless possibilities for research, diagnosis and for treatment of a whole variety of diseases. Therapeutic mAbs were introduced three decades ago. The first generation of therapeutic mAbs of murine origin showed high immunogenicity, which limited efficacy and was associated with severe infusion reactions. Subsequently chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies were introduced as therapeutics, these mAbs were considerably less immunogenic. Unexpectedly humanized mAbs generally show similar immunogenicity as chimeric antibodies; based on sequence homology chimeric mAbs are sometimes more “human” than humanized mAbs. With the introduction of the regulatory concept of similar biological medicines (biosimilars) a key concern is the similarity in terms of immunogenicity of these biosimilars with their originators. This review focuses briefly on the mechanisms of induction of immunogenicity by biopharmaceuticals, mAbs in particular, in relation to the target of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Doevendans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Huub Schellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kraus T, Lubitz A, Schließer U, Giese C, Reuschel J, Brecht R, Engert J, Winter G. Evaluation of a 3D Human Artificial Lymph Node as Test Model for the Assessment of Immunogenicity of Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2358-2366. [PMID: 30797781 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of protein aggregates has been investigated in numerous studies. Nevertheless, it is still unknown which kind of protein aggregates enhance immunogenicity the most. The ability of the currently used in vitro and in vivo systems regarding their predictability of immunogenicity in humans is often questionable, and results are partially contradictive. In this study, we used a 2D in vitro assay and a complex 3D human artificial lymph node model to predict the immunogenicity of protein aggregates of bevacizumab and adalimumab. The monoclonal antibodies were exposed to different stress conditions such as light, heat, and mechanical stress to trigger the formation of protein aggregates and particles, and samples were analyzed thoroughly. Cells and culture supernatants were harvested and analyzed for dendritic cell marker and cytokines. Our study in the artificial lymph node model revealed that bevacizumab after exposure to heat triggered a TH1- and proinflammatory immune response, whereas no trend of immune responses was seen for adalimumab after exposure to different stress conditions. The human artificial lymph node model represents a new test model for testing the immunogenicity of protein aggregates combining the relevance of a 3D human system with the rather easy handling of an in vitro setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kraus
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr.5, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Annika Lubitz
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schließer
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Giese
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Reuschel
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Brecht
- ProBioGen AG, Department Cell and Tissue Services, Goethestraße 54, D-13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Engert
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr.5, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr.5, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kraus T, Winter G, Engert J. Test models for the evaluation of immunogenicity of protein aggregates. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:192-200. [PMID: 30665000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregates have been discussed for a long time as a potential risk factor for immunogenicity in patients. Meanwhile, many research groups have investigated the immunogenicity of differently produced aggregates using in vitro or in vivo models. Despite all knowledge gained in these studies still little is known about the mechanisms of immunogenicity and the kind of protein aggregates bearing the greatest risk for immunogenicity. The choice of a suitable test model regarding the predictability of immunogenicity of protein aggregates in humans plays a major role and influences results and conclusions substantially. In this review we will provide an overview of the test models recently used for the evaluation of immunogenicity of protein aggregates; we will discuss advantages and drawbacks regarding their usability and predictive power for immunogenicity in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kraus
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Engert
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silvestrini AVP, de Macedo LH, de Andrade TAM, Mendes MF, Pigoso AA, Mazzi MV. Intradermal Application of Crotamine Induces Inflammatory and Immunological Changes In Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010039. [PMID: 30646542 PMCID: PMC6357061 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotamine is a single-chain polypeptide with cell-penetrating properties, which is considered a promising molecule for clinical use. Nevertheless, its biosafety data are still scarce. Herein, we assessed the in vivo proinflammatory properties of crotamine, including its local effect and systemic serum parameters. Sixty male Wistar rats were intradermically injected with 200, 400 and 800 µg crotamine and analyzed after 1, 3 and 7 days. Local effect of crotamine was assessed by determination of MPO and NAG activities, NO levels and angiogenesis. Systemic inflammatory response was assessed by determination of IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, NO, TBARS and SH groups. Crotamine induced macrophages and neutrophils chemotaxis as evidenced by the upregulation of both NAG (0.5–0.6 OD/mg) and MPO (0.1–0.2 OD/mg) activities, on the first and third day of analysis, respectively. High levels of NO were observed for all concentrations and time-points. Moreover, 800 μg crotamine resulted in serum NO (64.7 μM) and local tissue NO (58.5 μM) levels higher or equivalent to those recorded for their respective histamine controls (55.7 μM and 59.0 μM). Crotamine also induced a significant angiogenic response compared to histamine. Systemically, crotamine induced a progressive increase in serum CRP levels up to the third day of analysis (22.4–45.8 mg/mL), which was significantly greater than control values. Crotamine (400 μg) also caused an increase in serum TNF-α, in the first day of analysis (1095.4 pg/mL), however a significant increase in IL-10 (122.2 pg/mL) was also recorded for the same time-point, suggesting the induction of an anti-inflammatory effect. Finally, crotamine changed the systemic redox state by inducing gradual increase in serum levels of TBARS (1.0–1.8 μM/mL) and decrease in SH levels (124.7–19.5 μM/mL) throughout the experimental period of analysis. In summary, rats intradermally injected with crotamine presented local and systemic acute inflammatory responses similarly to histamine, which limits crotamine therapeutic use on its original form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitória Pupo Silvestrini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luana Henrique de Macedo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Antônio Moretti de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, FHO-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maíra Felonato Mendes
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, FHO-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Acácio Antônio Pigoso
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, FHO-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Ventura Mazzi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, FHO-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Groell F, Jordan O, Borchard G. In vitro models for immunogenicity prediction of therapeutic proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:128-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
32
|
Frazier KS, Obert LA. Drug-induced Glomerulonephritis: The Spectre of Biotherapeutic and Antisense Oligonucleotide Immune Activation in the Kidney. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:904-917. [PMID: 30089413 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318789399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis has increased in preclinical toxicity studies, with more frequent use of biotherapeutic agents (especially antigenic humanized molecules) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies. Immune complex disease affects a small number of study monkeys, often correlates with antidrug antibody (ADA) titers, and occurs at a dose that favors immune complex formation or impedes clearance. While preclinical glomerulonephritis often fails to correlate with evidence of glomerular or vascular injury in human clinical trials and is not considered predictive, additional animal investigative immunohistochemical work may be performed to substantiate evidence for immune complex pathogenesis. While ADA is most commonly encountered as a predisposing factor with biotherapeutic agents, complement activation may occur without circulating complexes, and other mechanisms of non-ADA immune-mediated glomerulonephritis have been observed including nonendogenous immune aggregates and immunoregulatory pharmacology. Although glomerulonephritis associated with oligonucleotide therapies has been noted occasionally in preclinical studies and more rarely with human patients, pathophysiologic mechanisms involved appear to be different between species and preclinical cases are not considered predictive for humans. ADA is not involved in oligonucleotide-associated cases, and complement fixation plays a more important role in monkeys. Recent screening of ASOs for proinflammatory activity appears to have decreased glomerulonephritis incidence preclinically.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nejadnik MR, Randolph TW, Volkin DB, Schöneich C, Carpenter JF, Crommelin DJ, Jiskoot W. Postproduction Handling and Administration of Protein Pharmaceuticals and Potential Instability Issues. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2013-2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Awwad S, Angkawinitwong U. Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E83. [PMID: 29973504 PMCID: PMC6161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important classes of therapeutic proteins, which are used to treat a wide number of diseases (e.g., oncology, inflammation and autoimmune diseases). Monoclonal antibody technologies are continuing to evolve to develop medicines with increasingly improved safety profiles, with the identification of new drug targets being one key barrier for new antibody development. There are many opportunities for developing antibody formulations for better patient compliance, cost savings and lifecycle management, e.g., subcutaneous formulations. However, mAb-based medicines also have limitations that impact their clinical use; the most prominent challenges are their short pharmacokinetic properties and stability issues during manufacturing, transport and storage that can lead to aggregation and protein denaturation. The development of long acting protein formulations must maintain protein stability and be able to deliver a large enough dose over a prolonged period. Many strategies are being pursued to improve the formulation and dosage forms of antibodies to improve efficacy and to increase the range of applications for the clinical use of mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mould DR, Upton RN, Wojciechowski J, Phan BL, Tse S, Dubinsky MC. Dashboards for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Learning and Confirming. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:76. [PMID: 29904814 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases (ID) are incurable, progressive diseases. Literature evidence cites increasing incidence of these diseases worldwide. When treatments with chemical immunosuppressive agents fail, patients are often treated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). However, MAb failure rates are generally high, with approximately half the patients being discontinued within 4 years, necessitating switching to another MAb. One potential cause of treatment failure is subtherapeutic exposure. Several studies demonstrated associations between trough MAb concentrations and clinical response, supporting the notion that improving drug exposure may result in improved outcomes. MAbs exhibit complex and highly variable pharmacokinetics in ID patients with numerous factors affecting clearance. Bayesian-guided dosing with dashboard systems is a new tool being investigated in the treatment of ID to reduce variability in exposure. Simulations suggest dashboards will be effective at maintaining patients at target troughs. However, when patients are dosed using doses or intervals outside those listed in prescribing information, there is concern that patients may have drug exposures beyond or below the ranges found to be safe and efficacious. This manuscript reviews the rationale behind dashboard development, evaluations of expected performance, and a simulated assessment of MAb exposure with dashboard-based dosing versus dosing based on the prescribing information. We introduce the concept of pharmacologic equivalence-if patients are dosed based on individual pharmacokinetics, the resulting exposure is consistent with exposures achieved using labeled dosing. We further show that dashboard-based dosing results in observed exposures that are generally contained within the range of exposures achieved with labeled dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Mould
- Projections Research Inc., 535 Springview Lane, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, 19460, USA.
| | - Richard N Upton
- Projections Research Inc., 535 Springview Lane, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, 19460, USA.,Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | | | - Becky L Phan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Stacy Tse
- Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Marla C Dubinsky
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Husar E, Solonets M, Kuhlmann O, Schick E, Piper-Lepoutre H, Singer T, Tyagi G. Hypersensitivity Reactions to Obinutuzumab in Cynomolgus Monkeys and Relevance to Humans. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 45:676-686. [PMID: 28830332 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317723539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obinutuzumab (GA101, Gazyva™, Gazyvaro®, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland) is a humanized, glycoengineered type II antibody targeted against CD20. The preclinical safety evaluation required to support clinical development and marketing authorization of obinutuzumab included repeat-dose toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys for up to 6-month dosing with a 9-month recovery period. Results from those studies showed decreases in circulating B cells and corresponding B-cell depletion in lymphoid tissues, consistent with the desired pharmacology of obinutuzumab. Hypersensitivity reactions were noted at all doses in the 6-month study and were attributed to the foreign recognition of the drug construct in cynomolgus monkeys. Findings in monkeys were classified as acute hypersensitivity reactions that were evident immediately after dosing, such as excessive salivation, erythema, pruritus, irregular respiration, or ataxia, or chronic hypersensitivity reactions characterized by glomerulonephritis, arteritis/periarteritis, and inflammation in several tissues including serosal/adventitial inflammation. Immune complex deposits were demonstrated in tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Some of, but not all, the animals that developed these reactions had detectable antidrug antibodies or circulating immune complexes accompanied by loss of drug exposure and pharmacodynamic effect. On the basis of clinical evidence to date, hypersensitivity reactions following obinutuzumab are rare, further supporting the general view that incidence and manifestation of immunogenicity in nonclinical species are generally not predictive for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Husar
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Solonets
- 2 Safety Science, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Kuhlmann
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,3 Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Eginhard Schick
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Singer
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gaurav Tyagi
- 4 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Turner MR, Balu-Iyer SV. Challenges and Opportunities for the Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1247-1260. [PMID: 29336981 PMCID: PMC5915922 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics is a rapidly growing drug class, and over 200 biotherapeutics have already obtained approval, with about 50 of these being approved in 2015 and 2016 alone. Several hundred protein therapeutic products are still in the pipeline, including interesting new approaches to treatment. Owing to patients' convenience of at home administration and reduced number of hospital visits as well as the reduction in treatment costs, subcutaneous (SC) administration of biologics is of increasing interest. Although several avenues for treatment using biotherapeutics are being explored, there is still a sufficient gap in knowledge regarding the interplay of formulation conditions, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the absorption of these compounds when they are given SC. This review seeks to highlight the major concerns and important factors governing this route of administration and suggest a holistic approach for effective SC delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Groell F, Kalia YN, Jordan O, Borchard G. Hydrogels in three-dimensional dendritic cell (MUTZ-3) culture as a scaffold to mimic human immuno competent subcutaneous tissue. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:297-303. [PMID: 29698823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a 3D cell culture model of the human subcutaneous tissue, allowing the prediction of the immunogenicity of subcutaneously injected therapeutic proteins. Several hydrogels were evaluated as scaffolds to mimic the human subcutaneous tissue in vitro. Cytocompatibility of the hydrogels with the human myelomonocytic cell line (MUTZ-3) was investigated, as well as their influence on cellular phenotype changes. Elastic Young's moduli in compression of the hydrogels were measured by a texture analyser and compared to ex vivo human samples. MUTZ-3 cells were differentiated into dendritic cells before embedding in hydrogels. Agarose at various concentrations (0.5%, 0.35% and 0.25% w/v), Geltrex® matrix and HyStem™ scaffold (1% w/v) displayed a wide range of elastic Young's moduli from 560 kPa to 49 kPa, compared to the reference value of 23 kPa obtained for human tissue. With the exception of HyStem™, good cytocompatibility of hydrogels was shown at the concentrations tested. An optimal combination of MUTZ-3 cells with 0.25% agarose or Geltrex® is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Groell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier Jordan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zenatti PP, Migita NA, Cury NM, Mendes-Silva RA, Gozzo FC, de Campos-Lima PO, Yunes JA, Brandalise SR. Low Bioavailability and High Immunogenicity of a New Brand of E. colil-Asparaginase with Active Host Contaminating Proteins. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:158-166. [PMID: 29550241 PMCID: PMC5952248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug l-asparaginase is a cornerstone in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The native E. colil-asparaginase used in Brazil until recently has been manufactured by Medac/Kyowa. Then a decision was taken by the Ministry of Health in 2017 to supply the National Health System with a cheaper alternative l-asparaginase manufactured by Beijing SL Pharmaceutical, called Leuginase®. As opposed to Medac, the asparaginase that has been in use in Brazil under the trade name of Aginasa®, it was not possible to find a single entry with the terms Leuginase in the Pubmed repository. The apparent lack of clinical studies and the scarcity of safety information provided to the hospitals by the drug distributor created a debate among Brazilian pediatric oncologists about issues of safety and efficacy that culminated eventually in a court decision to halt the distribution of the new drug all over the country. Boldrini Children's Center, a non-profit pediatric oncohematology hospital, has conducted its own evaluation of Leuginase®. Mass spectrometry analyses found at least 12 different contaminating host-cell proteins (HCP) in Leuginase®. The presence of two HCP (beta-lactamase and malate dehydrogenase) was confirmed by orthogonal methodologies. The relative number of HCP peptides ranged from 19 to 37% of the total peptides identified by mass spectrometry. In vivo studies in mice injected with Leuginase® revealed a 3 times lower plasma bioavailability and the development of higher antibody titres against l-asparaginase in comparison to Aginasa®-injected animals. The decision to buy a new drug based on its price alone is not safe. Developing countries are especially vulnerable to cheaper alternatives that lack solid quality assurance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Cesar Gozzo
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Andrés Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Laptoš T, Omersel J. The importance of handling high-value biologicals: Physico-chemical instability and immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3161-3168. [PMID: 29556253 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review specifies the various chemical and physical factors that can influence drug stability and immunogenicity, and the treatment outcomes of antibody biologicals. Although monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are known to be more resistant to environmental changes compared with other proteins, the molecules themselves can be subjected to chemical and physical processes that promote their degradation and transformation into their specific amino-acid moieties. With increasing use of medicinal products that contain mAbs, and their self-administration by the patients, the issue of the correct manipulation of these drugs is of increasing importance. This review summarises the correct handling of mAb biologicals from the point of view of the pharmacist, clinical biochemist and patient, as is supported by relevant cases from the literature and our own data and experience. In particular, if there is a break in the cold chain, both healthcare professionals and patients need to be aware of the potential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics alterations to these biologicals. Furthermore, any alterations in the protein structure can induce harmful immune reactions, including anaphylaxis and cytokine storms, or result in the production of neutralising or blocking Abs. Overall, considering also that treatment costs usually remain high, drug stability can have a tremendous effect on the clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes of such treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Laptoš
- Pharmacy Unit, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Omersel
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Awwad S, Al-Shohani A, Khaw PT, Brocchini S. Comparative Study of In Situ Loaded Antibody and PEG-Fab NIPAAM Gels. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 29205853 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels can potentially prolong the release of a therapeutic protein, especially to treat blinding conditions. One challenge is to ensure that the protein and hydrogel are intimately mixed by better protein entanglement within the hydrogel. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) gels are optimized with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEDGA) crosslinker in the presence of either bevacizumab or PEG conjugated ranibizumab (PEG10 -Fabrani ). The release profiles of the hydrogels are evaluated using an outflow model of the eye, which is previously validated for human clearance of proteins. Release kinetics of in situ loaded bevacizumab-NIPAAM gels displays a prolonged bimodal release profile in phosphate buffered saline compared to bevacizumab loaded into a preformed NIPAAM gel. Bevacizumab release in simulated vitreous from in situ loaded gels is similar to bevacizumab control indicating that diffusion through the vitreous rather than from the gel is rate limiting. Ranibizumab is site-specifically PEGylated by disulfide rebridging conjugation. Prolonged and continuous release is observed with the in situ loaded PEG10 -Fabrani -NIPAAM gels compared to PEG10 -Fabrani injection (control). Compared to an unmodified protein, there is better mixing due to PEG entanglement and compatibility of PEG10 -Fabrani within the NIPAAM-PEDGA hydrogel. These encouraging results suggest that the extended release of PEGylated proteins in the vitreous can be achieved using injectable hydrogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Athmar Al-Shohani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Awwad S, Mohamed Ahmed AHA, Sharma G, Heng JS, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Lockwood A. Principles of pharmacology in the eye. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4205-4223. [PMID: 28865239 PMCID: PMC5715579 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is a highly specialized organ that is subject to a huge range of pathology. Both local and systemic disease may affect different anatomical regions of the eye. The least invasive routes for ocular drug administration are topical (e.g. eye drops) and systemic (e.g. tablets) formulations. Barriers that subserve as protection against pathogen entry also restrict drug permeation. Topically administered drugs often display limited bioavailability due to many physical and biochemical barriers including the pre-corneal tear film, the structure and biophysiological properties of the cornea, the limited volume that can be accommodated by the cul-de-sac, the lacrimal drainage system and reflex tearing. The tissue layers of the cornea and conjunctiva are further key factors that act to restrict drug delivery. Using carriers that enhance viscosity or bind to the ocular surface increases bioavailability. Matching the pH and polarity of drug molecules to the tissue layers allows greater penetration. Drug delivery to the posterior segment is a greater challenge and, currently, the standard route is via intravitreal injection, notwithstanding the risks of endophthalmitis and retinal detachment with frequent injections. Intraocular implants that allow sustained drug release are at different stages of development. Novel exciting therapeutic approaches include methods for promoting transscleral delivery, sustained release devices, nanotechnology and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Abeer H A Mohamed Ahmed
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Garima Sharma
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Jacob S Heng
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Srinivasula S, Gabriel E, Kim I, DeGrange P, St Claire A, Mallow C, Donahue RE, Paik C, Lane HC, Di Mascio M. CD4+ levels control the odds of induction of humoral immune responses to tracer doses of therapeutic antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187912. [PMID: 29121114 PMCID: PMC5679608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly increasing number of therapeutic antibodies are being repurposed to imaging probes for noninvasive diagnosis, as well as monitoring during treatment or disease recurrence. Though antibody-based imaging involves tracer doses (~3 log lower than therapeutic doses), and immune responses are severely reduced in patients with impaired immunity, formation of anti-tracer antibodies (ATA) has been observed hampering further diagnostic monitoring. Here, we explored the potential to develop humoral responses to intravenously administered tracer dose of a monoclonal antibody F(ab΄)2 fragment, and associated with host related immune measures in 49 rhesus macaques categorized into healthy (uninfected controls), SIV-progressors, SIV non-progressors, or total body irradiated (TBI). Antibody fragment administered in tracer amount (~100μg) induced immune responses with significantly lower odds in SIV-progressors or TBI macaques (P<0.005) as compared to healthy animals. Peripheral blood (PB) CD4+ cell counts, but not CD20+ cell levels, were associated with significantly higher risk of developing a humoral response (P<0.001). Doubling the PB CD4+ counts is associated with an odds ratio of developing an immune response of 1.73. Among SIV-infected animals, CD4+ cell count was a stronger predictor of immune response than plasma SIV-RNA levels. Both SIV-progressors and TBI macaques showed higher odds of responses with increasing CD4+ counts, however when compared to healthy or SIV non-progressors with similar CD4+ count, they were still functionally incompetent in generating a response (P<0.01). Moreover, presence of ATA in systemic circulation altered the in vivo biodistribution by increasing hepatic uptake and decreasing plasma radiotracer clearance, with minimal to no binding detected in targeted tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharat Srinivasula
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erin Gabriel
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Insook Kim
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paula DeGrange
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexis St Claire
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candace Mallow
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Donahue
- Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chang Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - H. C. Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Henninot A, Collins JC, Nuss JM. The Current State of Peptide Drug Discovery: Back to the Future? J Med Chem 2017; 61:1382-1414. [PMID: 28737935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, peptide drug discovery has experienced a revival of interest and scientific momentum, as the pharmaceutical industry has come to appreciate the role that peptide therapeutics can play in addressing unmet medical needs and how this class of compounds can be an excellent complement or even preferable alternative to small molecule and biological therapeutics. In this Perspective, we give a concise description of the recent progress in peptide drug discovery in a holistic manner, highlighting enabling technological advances affecting nearly every aspect of this field: from lead discovery, to synthesis and optimization, to peptide drug delivery. An emphasis is placed on describing research efforts to overcome the inherent weaknesses of peptide drugs, in particular their poor pharmacokinetic properties, and how these efforts have been critical to the discovery, design, and subsequent development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Henninot
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James C Collins
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kronenberg S, Husar E, Schubert C, Freichel C, Emrich T, Lechmann M, Giusti AM, Regenass F. Comparative assessment of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions with biotherapeutics in the non-human primate: Critical parameters, safety and lessons for future studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
46
|
Mallick P, Taneja G, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes in infectious and inflammatory disease: implications for biologics-small molecule drug interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:605-616. [PMID: 28537216 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1292251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are primarily down-regulated during infectious and inflammatory diseases, leading to disruption in the metabolism of small molecule drugs (smds), which are increasingly being prescribed therapeutically in combination with biologics for a number of chronic diseases. The biologics may exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effect, which may in turn affect the expression/activity of DMEs. Thus, patients with infectious/inflammatory diseases undergoing biologic/smd treatment can have complex changes in DMEs due to combined effects of the disease and treatment. Areas covered: We will discuss clinical biologics-SMD interaction and regulation of DMEs during infection and inflammatory diseases. Mechanistic studies will be discussed and consequences on biologic-small molecule combination therapy on disease outcome due to changes in drug metabolism will be highlighted. Expert opinion: The involvement of immunomodulatory mediators in biologic-SMDs is well known. Regulatory guidelines recommend appropriate in vitro or in vivo assessments for possible interactions. The role of cytokines in biologic-SMDs has been documented. However, the mechanisms of drug-drug interactions is much more complex, and is probably multi-factorial. Studies aimed at understanding the mechanism by which biologics effect the DMEs during inflammation/infection are clinically important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankajini Mallick
- a Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Guncha Taneja
- a Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- b Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Romi Ghose
- a Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sizing nanomaterials in bio-fluids by cFRAP enables protein aggregation measurements and diagnosis of bio-barrier permeability. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12982. [PMID: 27653841 PMCID: PMC5036146 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sizing nanomaterials in complex biological fluids, such as blood, remains a great challenge in spite of its importance for a wide range of biomedical applications. In drug delivery, for instance, it is essential that aggregation of protein-based drugs is avoided as it may alter their efficacy or elicit immune responses. Similarly it is of interest to determine which size of molecules can pass through biological barriers in vivo to diagnose pathologies, such as sepsis. Here, we report on continuous fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (cFRAP) as a analytical method enabling size distribution measurements of nanomaterials (1-100 nm) in undiluted biological fluids. We demonstrate that cFRAP allows to measure protein aggregation in human serum and to determine the permeability of intestinal and vascular barriers in vivo. cFRAP is a new analytical technique that paves the way towards exciting new applications that benefit from nanomaterial sizing in bio-fluids.
Collapse
|
48
|
Unraveling the Effect of Immunogenicity on the PK/PD, Efficacy, and Safety of Therapeutic Proteins. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2342187. [PMID: 27579329 PMCID: PMC4992793 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2342187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologics have emerged as a powerful and diverse class of molecular and cell-based therapies that are capable of replacing enzymes, editing genomes, targeting tumors, and more. As this complex array of tools arises a distinct set of challenges is rarely encountered in the development of small molecule therapies. Biotherapeutics tend to be big, bulky, polar molecules comprised of protein and/or nucleic acids. Compared to their small molecule counterparts, they are fragile, labile, and heterogeneous. Their biodistribution is often limited by hydrophobic barriers which often restrict their administration to either intravenous or subcutaneous entry routes. Additionally, their potential for immunogenicity has proven to be a challenge to developing safe and reliably efficacious drugs. Our discussion will emphasize immunogenicity in the context of therapeutic proteins, a well-known class of biologics. We set out to describe what is known and unknown about the mechanisms underlying the interplay between antigenicity and immune response and their effect on the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
49
|
Joubert MK, Deshpande M, Yang J, Reynolds H, Bryson C, Fogg M, Baker MP, Herskovitz J, Goletz TJ, Zhou L, Moxness M, Flynn GC, Narhi LO, Jawa V. Use of In Vitro Assays to Assess Immunogenicity Risk of Antibody-Based Biotherapeutics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159328. [PMID: 27494246 PMCID: PMC4975389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An In Vitro Comparative Immunogenicity Assessment (IVCIA) assay was evaluated as a tool for predicting the potential relative immunogenicity of biotherapeutic attributes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from up to 50 healthy naïve human donors were monitored up to 8 days for T-cell proliferation, the number of IL-2 or IFN-γ secreting cells, and the concentration of a panel of secreted cytokines. The response in the assay to 10 monoclonal antibodies was found to be in agreement with the clinical immunogenicity, suggesting that the assay might be applied to immunogenicity risk assessment of antibody biotherapeutic attributes. However, the response in the assay is a measure of T-cell functional activity and the alignment with clinical immunogenicity depends on several other factors. The assay was sensitive to sequence variants and could differentiate single point mutations of the same biotherapeutic. Nine mAbs that were highly aggregated by stirring induced a higher response in the assay than the original mAbs before stirring stress, in a manner that did not match the relative T-cell response of the original mAbs. In contrast, mAbs that were glycated by different sugars (galactose, glucose, and mannose) showed little to no increase in response in the assay above the response to the original mAbs before glycation treatment. The assay was also used successfully to assess similarity between multiple lots of the same mAb, both from the same manufacturer and from different manufacturers (biosimilars). A strategy for using the IVCIA assay for immunogenicity risk assessment during the entire lifespan development of biopharmaceuticals is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K. Joubert
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJ); (VJ)
| | - Meghana Deshpande
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Yang
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Reynolds
- Antitope Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Bryson
- Antitope Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Fogg
- Antitope Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Baker
- Antitope Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Theresa J. Goletz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Moxness
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Flynn
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Linda O. Narhi
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJ); (VJ)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics: Causes and Association with Posttranslational Modifications. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1298473. [PMID: 27437405 PMCID: PMC4942633 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1298473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, potential immunogenicity can be better evaluated during the drug development process, and we have rational approaches to manage the clinical consequences of immunogenicity. The focus of the scientific community should be on developing sensitive diagnostics that can predict immunogenicity-mediated adverse events in the small fraction of subjects that develop clinically relevant anti-drug antibodies. Here, we discuss the causes of immunogenicity which could be product-related (inherent property of the product or might be picked up during the manufacturing process), patient-related (genetic profile or eating habits), or linked to the route of administration. We describe various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and how they may influence immunogenicity. Over the last three decades, we have significantly improved our understanding about the types of PTMs of biotherapeutic proteins and their association with immunogenicity. It is also now clear that all PTMs do not lead to clinical immunogenicity. We also discuss the mechanisms of immunogenicity (which include T cell-dependent and T cell-independent responses) and immunological tolerance. We further elaborate on the management of immunogenicity in preclinical and clinical setting and the unique challenges raised by biosimilars, which may have different immunogenic potential from their parent biotherapeutics.
Collapse
|