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Clarke DO, Datta K, French K, Leach MW, Olaharski D, Mohr S, Strein D, Bussiere J, Feyen B, Gauthier BE, Graziano M, Harding J, Hershman K, Jacob B, Ji S, Lange R, Salian-Mehta S, Sayers B, Thomas N, Flandre T. Opportunities and challenges for use of minipigs in nonclinical pharmaceutical development: Results of a follow-up IQ DruSafe survey. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 154:105729. [PMID: 39481797 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
Minipigs are valid nonrodent species infrequently utilized for pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) compared with dogs or nonhuman primates (NHPs). A 2022 IQ DruSafe survey revealed a modest increase in minipig use by pharmaceutical companies compared with a prior 2014 survey, primarily in the development of oral small molecules and parenteral protein molecules. Some companies considered using minipigs more often due to NHP shortages and regional ethical concerns with using NHPs and dogs. However, for most pharmaceutical companies, minipigs still represent ≤5% of their nonrodent animal use. Key challenges noted by companies to wider adoption of minipigs were high test article requirement, limited historical control data, and lack of relevant reagents or assays. Additionally, some companies expressed uncertainties about contract research organization (CRO) capabilities and experience, a perception not shared by respondent CROs. These latest survey results indicate persistence of many concerns previously identified in 2014. Several case studies are included to illustrate areas of expanded minipig use as well as the challenges that hinder broader adoption. Ongoing, focused, and industry-wide initiatives to address the identified or perceived challenges may lead to more frequent or routine consideration of minipigs as a test species in pharmaceutical R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bianca Feyen
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Joanna Harding
- Exscientia (formerly represented Astra Zeneca), Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Shaofei Ji
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Springhouse, PA, USA
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2
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Arbitman L, Chen S, Kim B, Lee M, Zou P, Doughty B, Li Y, Zhang T. Assessment of Infant Exposure to Antidepressants through Breastfeeding: A Literature Review of Currently Available Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:847. [PMID: 39065544 PMCID: PMC11280233 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of depression in lactating mothers, there is a lack of knowledge about the excretion of antidepressants into breast milk and its potential adverse effects on infants. This creates concern, making depressed lactating mothers more likely to avoid pharmacological treatment. Clinical lactation studies are the most accurate and direct method to predict and demonstrate the excretion of antidepressants into human breast milk, and results from clinical studies can be included in drug labels to help physicians and patients make decisions on antidepressant use during lactation. However, there are limited clinical trials and studies on the pharmacokinetics of antidepressants in lactating women because of a lack of enrollment and ethical and confounding factors, creating a lack of knowledge in this area. To bridge this gap in knowledge, alternative methods should be sought to help estimate the antidepressant concentration in breast milk, which is used to assess the safety and transfer of antidepressants into breast milk. We provide a comprehensive review of the usage of these cost-effective, time-efficient, and ethically feasible methods that serve to provide a valuable estimation of the safety and transfer of antidepressants into breast milk before conducting clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Arbitman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
| | - Shirley Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
| | - Brian Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
| | - Melinda Lee
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
| | - Peng Zou
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc., 211 Mount Airy Road, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Bennett Doughty
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton University, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA (B.K.)
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Gao X, Li J, Li J, Zhang M, Xu J. Pain-free oral delivery of biologic drugs using intestinal peristalsis-actuated microneedle robots. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj7067. [PMID: 38181085 PMCID: PMC10776013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Biologic drugs hold immense promise for medical treatments, but their oral delivery remains a daunting challenge due to the harsh digestive environment and restricted gastrointestinal absorption. Here, inspired by the porcupinefish's ability to inflate itself and deploy its spines for defense, we proposed an intestinal microneedle robot designed to absorb intestinal fluids for rapid inflation and inject drug-loaded microneedles into the insensate intestinal wall for drug delivery. Upon reaching the equilibrium volume, the microneedle robot leverages rhythmic peristaltic contraction for mucosa penetration. The robot's barbed microneedles can then detach from its body during peristaltic relaxation and retain in the mucosa for drug releasing. Extensive in vivo experiments involving 14 minipigs confirmed the effectiveness of the intestinal peristalsis for microrobot actuation and demonstrated comparable insulin delivery efficacy to subcutaneous injection. The ingestible peristalsis-actuated microneedle robots may transform the oral administration of biologic drugs that primary relies on parenteral injection currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xize Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiacong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Assessing extent of brain penetration in vivo (K p,uu,brain) in Göttingen minipig using a diverse set of reference drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106554. [PMID: 37543065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of Göttingen minipigs for non-rodent pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug safety testing has seen a dramatic increase in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the total and unbound brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain) for a diverse set of reference compounds in female Göttingen minipigs and compare these with Kp,uu,brain values from other species to assess the suitability of Göttingen minipigs as a model for CNS drug safety testing and brain PK in clinical translation. The reference set consisted of 17 compounds with varying physico-chemical properties and included known human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates. The results of the study showed, that minipig Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain values for the tested compounds were in the range 0.03-86 and 0.02-2.4 (n = 3-4) respectively. The Kp,uu,brain values were comparable between minipig and rat for a large proportion of the compounds (71% within 2-fold, n = 17). Comparisons of brain penetration across several species for a subset of reference compounds revealed that minipig values were quite similar to those of rat, dog, monkey and human. The study highlighted that the largest Kp,uu,brain species differences were observed for compounds classified as transporter substrates (e.g. cimetidine, risperidone, Way-100635 and altanserin). In conclusion these brain penetration data add substantially to the available literature on PK and drug disposition for minipigs and support use of Göttingen minipig as a non-rodent drug safety model for CNS drug candidates and as a brain PK model for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; PKPD Modelling & Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Birger Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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McCoubrey LE, Favaron A, Awad A, Orlu M, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Colonic drug delivery: Formulating the next generation of colon-targeted therapeutics. J Control Release 2023; 353:1107-1126. [PMID: 36528195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colonic drug delivery can facilitate access to unique therapeutic targets and has the potential to enhance drug bioavailability whilst reducing off-target effects. Delivering drugs to the colon requires considered formulation development, as both oral and rectal dosage forms can encounter challenges if the colon's distinct physiological environment is not appreciated. As the therapeutic opportunities surrounding colonic drug delivery multiply, the success of novel pharmaceuticals lies in their design. This review provides a modern insight into the key parameters determining the effective design and development of colon-targeted medicines. Influential physiological features governing the release, dissolution, stability, and absorption of drugs in the colon are first discussed, followed by an overview of the most reliable colon-targeted formulation strategies. Finally, the most appropriate in vitro, in vivo, and in silico preclinical investigations are presented, with the goal of inspiring strategic development of new colon-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoubrey
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alessia Favaron
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Atheer Awad
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Bureš J, Radochová V, Květina J, Kohoutová D, Vališ M, Rejchrt S, Žďárová Karasová J, Soukup O, Suchánek Š, Zavoral M. Wireless Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Transit Time, Intra-luminal pH, Pressure and Temperature in Experimental Pigs: A Pilot Study. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE) 2023; 66:11-18. [PMID: 37384804 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2023.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no single gold standard for investigation of gastrointestinal motility function. Wireless motility monitoring involves a novel concept which provides a complex information on gastrointestinal function (gastrointestinal transit time, intra-luminal pH, pressure and temperature). Gastrointestinal motility functions of experimental pigs are very similar to those of humans. That is why porcine studies have already provided suitable experimental models for several preclinical projects. AIMS The aim of our study was to adopt methods of non-invasive wireless monitoring of gastrointestinal functions in experimental pigs. METHODS Five experimental adult female pigs were enrolled into the study. Wireless motility capsules were delivered into the porcine stomach endoscopically. Gastrointestinal transit and intra-luminal conditions were recorded for five days. RESULTS Records of animals provided good (3 pigs) or very good quality files (2 pigs). 31150 variables were evaluated. Mean time of the presence of capsules in the stomach was 926 ± 295 min, transfer of a capsule from the stomach into the duodenum lasted 5-34 min. Mean small intestinal transit time was 251 ± 43 min. Food intake was associated with an increase of gastric luminal temperature and a decrease of intra-gastric pressure. The highest intra-luminal pH was present in the ileum. The highest temperature and the lowest intra-luminal pressure were found in the colon. All data displayed a substantial inter-individual variability. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study has proven that a long-term function monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract by means of wireless motility capsules in experimental pigs is feasible. However, both ketamine-based induction of general anaesthesia as well as long-lasting general anaesthesia (> 6 hours) should be avoided to prevent retention of a capsule in the porcine stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bureš
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medicine, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Praha and Military University Hospital Praha, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Military University Hospital Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Věra Radochová
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Květina
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Kohoutová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vališ
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žďárová Karasová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Suchánek
- Department of Medicine, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Praha and Military University Hospital Praha, Czech Republic
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Military University Hospital Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Zavoral
- Department of Medicine, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Praha and Military University Hospital Praha, Czech Republic
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Military University Hospital Praha, Czech Republic
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7
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Christensen RB, Eneberg E, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Characterization of intravenous pharmacokinetics in Göttingen minipig and clearance prediction using established in vitro to in vivo extrapolation methodologies. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:591-607. [PMID: 36000364 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
1. The use of the Göttingen minipig as an animal model for drug safety testing and prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) continues to gain momentum in pharmaceutical research and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methodologies for prediction of hepatic, metabolic clearance (CLhep,met) in Göttingen minipig, using a comprehensive set of compounds.2. In vivo clearance was determined in Göttingen minipig by intravenous cassette dosing and hepatocyte intrinsic clearance, plasma protein binding and non-specific incubation binding were determined in vitro. Prediction of CLhep,met was performed by IVIVE using conventional and adapted formats of the well-stirred liver model.3. The best prediction of in vivo CLhep,met from scaled in vitro kinetic data was achieved using an empirical correction factor based on a 'regression offset' of the IVIV relationship.4. In summary, these results expand the in vitro and in vivo PK knowledge in Göttingen minipig. We show regression corrected IVIVE provides superior prediction of in vivo CLhep,met in minipig offering a practical, unified scaling approach to address systematic under-predictions. Finally, we propose a reference set for researchers to establish their own 'lab-specific' regression correction for IVIVE in minipig.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - E Eneberg
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Bundgaard
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Gardner I, Xu M, Han C, Wang Y, Jiao X, Jamei M, Khalidi H, Kilford P, Neuhoff S, Southall R, Turner DB, Musther H, Jones B, Taylor S. Non-specific binding of compounds in in vitro metabolism assays: a comparison of microsomal and hepatocyte binding in different species and an assessment of the accuracy of prediction models. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:943-956. [PMID: 36222269 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific binding in in vitro metabolism systems leads to an underestimation of the true intrinsic metabolic clearance of compounds being studied. Therefore in vitro binding needs to be accounted for when extrapolating in vitro data to predict the in vivo metabolic clearance of a compound. While techniques exist for experimentally determining the fraction of a compound unbound in in vitro metabolism systems, early in drug discovery programmes computational approaches are often used to estimate the binding in the in vitro system.Experimental fraction unbound data (n = 60) were generated in liver microsomes (fumic) from five commonly used pre-clinical species (rat, mouse, dog, minipig, monkey) and humans. Unbound fraction in incubations with mouse, rat or human hepatocytes was determined for the same 60 compounds. These data were analysed to determine the relationship between experimentally determined binding in the different matrices and across different species. In hepatocytes there was a good correlation between fraction unbound in human and rat (r2=0.86) or mouse (r2=0.82) hepatocytes. Similar correlations were observed between binding in human liver microsomes and microsomes from rat, mouse, dog, Göttingen minipig or monkey liver microsomes (r2 of >0.89, n = 51 - 52 measurements in different species). Physicochemical parameters (logP, pKa and logD) were predicted for all evaluated compounds. In addition, logP and/or logD were measured for a subset of compounds.Binding to human hepatocytes predicted using 5 different methods was compared to the measured data for a set of 59 compounds. The best methods evaluated used measured microsomal binding in human liver microsomes to predict hepatocyte binding. The collated physicochemical data were used to predict the human fumic using four different in silico models for a set of 53-60 compounds. The correlation (r2) and root mean square error between predicted and observed microsomal binding was 0.69 & 0.20, 0.47 & 0.23, 0.56 & 0.21 and 0.54 & 0.26 for the Turner-Simcyp, Austin, Hallifax-Houston and Poulin models, respectively. These analyses were extended to include measured literature values for binding in human liver microsomes for a larger set of compounds (n=697). For the larger dataset of compounds, microsomal binding was well predicted for neutral compounds (r2=0.67 - 0.70) using the Poulin, Austin, or Turner-Simcyp methods but not for acidic or basic compounds (r2<0.5) using any of the models. While the lipophilicity-based models can be used, the in vitro binding should be measured for compounds where more certainty is needed, using appropriately calibrated assays and possibly established weak, moderate, and strong binders as reference compounds to allow comparison across databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy Xu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Peter Kilford
- Certara UK Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Labcorp Drug Development, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry Jones
- Pharmaron UK, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Taylor
- Pharmaron UK, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Nagy K, Fébel H, Bazar G, Grosz G, Gáspár R, Ferenc Szűcs K, Tóth T. Non-invasive smooth muscle electromyography (SMEMG) as a novel monitoring technology of the gastrointestinal tract of awake, free-moving pigs-A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257311. [PMID: 34516588 PMCID: PMC8437306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several mathematical models and measurements to determine the efficiency of the digestibility of different feedstuffs. However, there is lack of information regarding the direct methods or measurement techniques used to analyse the physical response of the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing pigs to different diets. Smooth muscle electromyography (SMEMG) is a non-invasive method for the measurement of gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity. In the present study, SMEMG methodology has been adapted from laboratory rats to pigs, and the effects of feedstuffs with control (CTR) or experimentally increased (EXP) amounts of fibre were investigated on gastrointestinal tract motility. Nine barrow pigs ((Danish Landrace × Danish Yorkshire) × Danish Duroc) were used (30 ± 3 kg), and their CTR and EXP feedstuffs contained 29 and 49 g/kg crude fibre (CF), respectively. Myoelectric activities of the stomach, ileum and caecum were detected in the awake pigs by a pair of electrodes. The recorded myoelectric signals were analysed with fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and the spectra were expressed in GIT section-specific cycles per minutes (cpm) values and the maximum power spectrum density (PsDmax). A significant increase (P < 0.001) was observed in the value of the PsDmax of the small intestine (20–25 cpm) as a consequence of the EXP diet. The PsDmax values of the stomach (3–5 cpm) and large intestine (1–3 cpm) did not show any significant change in pigs fed the EXP diet. As a direct and non-invasive method, SMEMG is suitable for the rapid evaluation of the effects of diets with different fibre contents on the GIT of non-anaesthetised, free-moving pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Nagy
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Hedvig Fébel
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Herceghalom, Hungary
| | - George Bazar
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ADEXGO Kft., Balatonfüred, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Róbert Gáspár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Ferenc Szűcs
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tóth
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ADEXGO Kft., Balatonfüred, Hungary
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10
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Xu Y, Shrestha N, Préat V, Beloqui A. An overview of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models for studying the transport of drugs across intestinal barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113795. [PMID: 33989702 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug delivery owing to its cost-effectiveness, ease of administration, and high patient compliance. However, the absorption of orally delivered compounds is a complex process that greatly depends on the interplay between the characteristics of the drug/formulation and the gastrointestinal tract. In this contribution, we review the different preclinical models (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) from their development to application for studying the transport of drugs across intestinal barriers. This review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Furthermore, the authors have reviewed the selection and validation of these models and how the limitations of the models can be addressed in future investigations. The correlation and predictability of the intestinal transport data from the preclinical models and human data are also explored. With the increasing popularity and prevalence of orally delivered drugs/formulations, sophisticated preclinical models with higher predictive capacity for absorption of oral formulations used in clinical studies will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Xu
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Neha Shrestha
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Véronique Préat
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ana Beloqui
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Bureš J, Kohoutová D, Květina J, Radochová V, Pavlík M, Tichý A, Rejchrt S, Kopáčová M, Douda T, Vysloužil D, Pejchal J. The Effect of Lactobacillus casei on Experimental Porcine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulphate. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2021; 64:85-90. [PMID: 34331427 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal injury caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is a reliable porcine experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 (LC) on DSS-induced experimental IBD. RESULTS Eighteen female pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica, weight 33-36 kg, age 4-5 months) were divided into 3 groups (6 animals per group): controls with no treatment, DSS, and DSS + LC. LC was administered to overnight fasting animals in a dietary bolus in the morning on days 1-7 (4.5 × 1010 live bacteria/day). DSS was applied simultaneously on days 3-7 (0.25 g/kg/day). On day 8, the pigs were sacrificed. Histopathological score and length of crypts/glands (stomach, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon), length and width of villi (jejunum, ileum), and mitotic and apoptotic indices (jejunum, ileum, transverse colon) were assessed. DSS increased the length of glands in the stomach, length of crypts and villi in the jejunum and ileum, and the histopathological score of gastrointestinal damage, length of crypts and mitotic activity in the transverse colon. Other changes did not achieve any statistical significance. Administration of LC reduced the length of villi in the jejunum and ileum to control levels and decreased the length of crypts in the jejunum. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a probiotic strain of LC significantly accelerated regeneration of the small intestine in a DSS-induced experimental porcine model of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bureš
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Kohoutová
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Květina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Radochová
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pavlík
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Tichý
- Department of Radiobiology, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Kopáčová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Douda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - David Vysloužil
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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12
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Jeong YS, Jusko WJ. Meta-Assessment of Metformin Absorption and Disposition Pharmacokinetics in Nine Species. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:545. [PMID: 34200427 PMCID: PMC8226464 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to systematically assess literature datasets and quantitatively analyze metformin PK in plasma and some tissues of nine species. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and profiles of metformin in nine species were collected from the literature. Based on a simple allometric scaling, the systemic clearances (CL) of metformin in these species highly correlate with body weight (BW) (R2 = 0.85) and are comparable to renal plasma flow in most species except for rabbit and cat. Reported volumes of distribution (VSS) varied appreciably (0.32 to 10.1 L/kg) among species. Using the physiological and anatomical variables for each species, a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model consisting of blood and two tissue compartments (Tissues 1 and 2) was used for modeling metformin PK in the nine species. Permeability-limited distribution (low fd1 and fd2) and a single tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) value for Tissues 1 and 2 were applied in the joint mPBPK fitting. Nonlinear regression analysis for common tissue distribution parameters along with species-specific CL values reasonably captured the plasma PK profiles of metformin across most species, except for rat and horse with later time deviations. In separate fittings of the mPBPK model to each species, Tissue 2 was considered as slowly-equilibrating compartment consisting of muscle and skin based on in silico calculations of the mean transit times through tissues. The well-fitted mPBPK model parameters for absorption and disposition PK of metformin for each species were compared with in vitro/in vivo results found in the literature with regard to the physiological details and physicochemical properties of metformin. Bioavailability and absorption rates decreased with the increased BW among the species. Tissues such as muscle dominate metformin distribution with low permeability and partitioning while actual tissue concentrations found in rats and mice show likely transporter-mediated uptake in liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tissues. Metformin has diverse pharmacologic actions, and this assessment revealed allometric relationships in its absorption and renal clearance but considerable variability in actual and modeled tissue distribution probably caused by transporter differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
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13
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Stevens Y, Pinheiro I, Salden B, Duysburgh C, Bolca S, Degroote J, Majdeddin M, Van Noten N, Gleize B, Caris-Veyrat C, Michiels J, Jonkers D, Troost F, Possemiers S, Masclee A. Effect of a carotenoid-producing Bacillus strain on intestinal barrier integrity and systemic delivery of carotenoids: A randomised trial in animals and humans. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Henze LJ, Koehl NJ, O'Shea JP, Holm R, Vertzoni M, Griffin BT. Combining species specific in vitro & in silico models to predict in vivo food effect in a preclinical stage - case study of Venetoclax. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105840. [PMID: 33845120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pig has been increasingly used as a reliable preclinical model for assessing and predicting the in vivo bioavailability of different formulation strategies. Nevertheless, differences in the composition between porcine and human intestinal fluids, may impact on the solubility and dissolution behaviour of drugs, in particular BCS II/IV drugs. Recently, a porcine fasted simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIFp) was developed to mimic the composition in the lumen of landrace pigs under fasted state conditions. In this work, we present the utilization of FaSSIFp to compare solubility against human FaSSIF & FeSSIF and further combine species specific in vitro testing with in silico predictive modelling. Venetoclax was chosen as a model drug, representing a BCS class IV drug, with a reported clinically significant positive food effect, where bioavailability is increased up to approximately five-fold when administered with a high-fat meal. Biorelevant species specific in vitro testing was a promising tool for integrating in vitro data into in silico models, using FaSSIFp resulted in reliable predictions of the plasma concentration profile in fasted pigs, based on a porcine physiologically based absorption model. The porcine physiologically based absorption model was used to prospectively simulate the impact of food on the bioavailability of venetoclax. The use of luminal solubility estimates in combination with dissolution data for venetoclax, measured in species specific simulated fluids, correctly predict the observed pig plasma concentration profile and food effect. Overall, integrating species specific in vitro - in silico models led to accurate prediction of in vivo absorption of venetoclax in a preclinical stage, which can support guidance in early decisions of drug product development. In addition, the study further demonstrated the utility of the pig model to predict the food effects of venetoclax in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Buyssens L, De Clerck L, Schelstraete W, Dhaenens M, Deforce D, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Abundance and Activity in the Developing and Adult Göttingen Minipig: Pivotal Data for PBPK Modeling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:665644. [PMID: 33935788 PMCID: PMC8082684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.665644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Göttingen Minipig is gaining ground as nonrodent species in safety testing of drugs for pediatric indications. Due to developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are built to better predict drug exposure in children and to aid species selection for nonclinical safety studies. These PBPK models require high quality physiological and ADME data such as protein abundance of drug metabolizing enzymes. These data are available for man and rat, but scarce for the Göttingen Minipig. The aim of this study was to assess hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein abundance in the developing Göttingen Minipig by using mass spectrometry. In addition, sex-related differences in CYP protein abundance and correlation of CYP enzyme activity with CYP protein abundance were assessed. The following age groups were included: gestational day (GD) 84–86 (n = 8), GD 108 (n = 6), postnatal day (PND) 1 (n = 8), PND 3 (n = 8), PND 7 (n = 8), PND 28 (n = 8) and adult (n = 8). Liver microsomes were extracted and protein abundance was compared to that in adult animals. Next, the CYP protein abundance was correlated to CYP enzyme activity in the same biological samples. In general, CYP protein abundance gradually increased during development. However, we observed a stable protein expression over time for CYP4A24 and CYP20A1 and for CYP51A1, a high protein expression during the fetal stages was followed by a decrease during the first month of life and an increase toward adulthood. Sex-related differences were observed for CYP4V2_2a and CYP20A1 at PND 1 with highest expression in females for both isoforms. In the adult samples, sex-related differences were detected for CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2E1_2, CYP3A22, CYP4V2_2a and CYP4V2_2b with higher values in female compared to male Göttingen Minipigs. The correlation analysis between CYP protein abundance and CYP enzyme activity showed that CYP3A22 protein abundance correlated clearly with the metabolism of midazolam at PND 7. These data are remarkably comparable to human data and provide a valuable step forward in the construction of a neonatal and juvenile Göttingen Minipig PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura De Clerck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Schelstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dhaenens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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16
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Kjærgaard K, Sørensen M, Mortensen FV, Alstrup AKO. Hepatic blood flow in adult Göttingen minipigs and pre-pubertal Danish Landrace x Yorkshire pigs. Lab Anim 2021; 55:350-357. [PMID: 33853421 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver receives dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein. The pig is often used as an animal model in positron emission tomography (PET) and pharmacokinetic studies because of the possibility for extensive and direct blood sampling. In this study, we compared measurements of hepatic blood flow in 10 female adult Göttingen minipigs and 10 female pre-pubertal Danish Landrace x Yorkshire (DLY) pigs. Ultrasound transit time flow meter probes were placed around the hepatic artery and portal vein through open surgery, hepatic blood flow measurements were performed, and the liver was weighed. Total hepatic blood flow was on average 363 ± 131 mL blood/min in Göttingen minipigs and 988 ± 180 mL blood/min in DLY pigs (p < 0.001). The mean hepatic blood perfusion was 623 mL blood/min/mL liver tissue and 950 mL blood/min/mL liver tissue (p = 0.005), and the liver weight was 0.58 kg and 1.04 kg, respectively. The mean arterial flow fraction in Göttingen minipigs was 12 ± 7% and lower than in DLY pigs, where it was 24 ± 7% (p = 0.001). Using the gold standard for blood flow measurements, we found that both total hepatic blood flow and blood perfusion were significantly lower in Göttingen minipigs than in DLY pigs. The hepatic blood perfusion and arterial flow fraction in DLY pigs were comparable to normative values from humans. Differences in hepatic blood flow between adult Göttingen minipigs and humans should be considered when performing physiological liver studies in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Kjærgaard
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Michael Sørensen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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17
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Bures J, Tacheci I, Kvetina J, Radochova V, Prchal L, Kohoutova D, Valis M, Novak M, Dolezal R, Kopacova M, Rejchrt S, Sestak V, Knoblochova V, Peterova E, Zdarova Karasova J. The Impact of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Donepezil and Its Active Metabolite 6- O-desmethyldonepezil, and Gastric Myoelectric Activity in Experimental Pigs. Molecules 2021; 26:2160. [PMID: 33918638 PMCID: PMC8070437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal side effects of donepezil, including dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, occur in 20-30% of patients. The pathogenesis of these dysmotility associated disorders has not been fully clarified yet. Pharmacokinetic parameters of donepezil and its active metabolite 6-O-desmethyldonepezil were investigated in experimental pigs with and without small intestinal injury induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Morphological features of this injury were evaluated by a video capsule endoscopy. The effect of a single and repeated doses of donepezil on gastric myoelectric activity was assessed. Both DSS-induced small intestinal injury and prolonged small intestinal transit time caused higher plasma concentrations of donepezil in experimental pigs. This has an important implication for clinical practice in humans, with a need to reduce doses of the drug if an underlying gastrointestinal disease is present. Donepezil had an undesirable impact on porcine myoelectric activity. This effect was further aggravated by DSS-induced small intestinal injury. These findings can explain donepezil-associated dyspepsia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bures
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Ilja Tacheci
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Jaroslav Kvetina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Vera Radochova
- Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
| | - Darina Kohoutova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Novak
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
| | - Marcela Kopacova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Vit Sestak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Veronika Knoblochova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Eva Peterova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.T.); (J.K.); (D.K.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (V.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (M.N.); (R.D.); (J.Z.K.)
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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18
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Nauwelaerts N, Deferm N, Smits A, Bernardini C, Lammens B, Gandia P, Panchaud A, Nordeng H, Bacci ML, Forni M, Ventrella D, Van Calsteren K, DeLise A, Huys I, Bouisset-Leonard M, Allegaert K, Annaert P. A comprehensive review on non-clinical methods to study transfer of medication into breast milk - A contribution from the ConcePTION project. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111038. [PMID: 33526310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding plays a major role in the health and wellbeing of mother and infant. However, information on the safety of maternal medication during breastfeeding is lacking for most medications. This leads to discontinuation of either breastfeeding or maternal therapy, although many medications are likely to be safe. Since human lactation studies are costly and challenging, validated non-clinical methods would offer an attractive alternative. This review gives an extensive overview of the non-clinical methods (in vitro, in vivo and in silico) to study the transfer of maternal medication into the human breast milk, and subsequent neonatal systemic exposure. Several in vitro models are available, but model characterization, including quantitative medication transport data across the in vitro blood-milk barrier, remains rather limited. Furthermore, animal in vivo models have been used successfully in the past. However, these models don't always mimic human physiology due to species-specific differences. Several efforts have been made to predict medication transfer into the milk based on physicochemical characteristics. However, the role of transporter proteins and several physiological factors (e.g., variable milk lipid content) are not accounted for by these methods. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling offers a mechanism-oriented strategy with bio-relevance. Recently, lactation PBPK models have been reported for some medications, showing at least the feasibility and value of PBPK modelling to predict transfer of medication into the human milk. However, reliable data as input for PBPK models is often missing. The iterative development of in vitro, animal in vivo and PBPK modelling methods seems to be a promising approach. Human in vitro models will deliver essential data on the transepithelial transport of medication, whereas the combination of animal in vitro and in vivo methods will deliver information to establish accurate in vitro/in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) algorithms and mechanistic insights. Such a non-clinical platform will be developed and thoroughly evaluated by the Innovative Medicines Initiative ConcePTION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nauwelaerts
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Neel Deferm
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Leuven, Neonatology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Peggy Gandia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France.
| | - Alice Panchaud
- Service of Pharmacy Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PB. 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Anthony DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
| | - Isabelle Huys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, ON II Herestraat 49 - bus, 521 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michele Bouisset-Leonard
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Werk Klybeck Postfach, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland.
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, ON II Herestraat 49 - bus, 521 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Annaert
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Henze LJ, Koehl NJ, Bennett-Lenane H, Holm R, Grimm M, Schneider F, Weitschies W, Koziolek M, Griffin BT. Characterization of gastrointestinal transit and luminal conditions in pigs using a telemetric motility capsule. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105627. [PMID: 33122007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Within preclinical research, the pig has become an important model in regulatory toxicology and pharmacokinetics, to assess oral dosage forms and to compare different formulation strategies. In addition, there are emerging application of the pig model to asses clinical dosing conditions in the fasted and fed state. In this study, the gastrointestinal transit conditions in male landrace pigs were studied with a telemetric motility capsule under fasted and postprandial conditions. The whole gut transit time (WGTT) was determined by administering a SmartPill® capsule to four landrace pigs, under both fasted and fed state conditions in a cross-over study design. Overall, this study found that small intestinal transit in landrace pigs ranged from 2.3 - 4.0 h, and was broadly similar to reported human estimates and was not affected by the intake conditions. Gastric emptying was highly variable and prolonged in landrace pigs ranging from 20 - 233 h and up to 264 h in one specific case. Under dynamic conditions pigs have a low gastric pH comparable to humans, however a high variability under fasted conditions could be observed. The comparison of the data from this study with a recent similar study in beagle dogs revealed major differences between gastric maximum pressures observed in landrace pigs and dogs. In the porcine stomach maximum pressures of up to 402 mbar were observed, which are comparable to reported human data. Intestinal maximum pressures in landrace pigs were in the same range as in humans. Overall, the study provides new insights of gastrointestinal conditions in landrace pigs, which can lead to more accurate interpretation of in vivo results obtained of pharmacokinetic studies in preclinical models. While small intestinal transit conditions, GI pH and pressures were similar to humans, the prolonged gastric emptying observed in pigs need to be considered in assessing the suitability of the pig model for assessing in vivo performance of large non-disintegrated oral drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Stroe M, Valenzuela A, Allegaert K, Smits A, Annaert P, Mulder A, Carpentier S, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 33396805 PMCID: PMC7823749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Marina Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonius Mulder
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
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21
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Ewing P, Oag S, Lundqvist A, Stomilovic S, Stellert I, Antonsson M, Nunes SF, Andersson PU, Tehler U, Sjöberg C, Péterffy A, Gerde P. Airway Epithelial Lining Fluid and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol Xinafoate in Mechanically Ventilated Pigs. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 34:231-241. [PMID: 33216656 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lower respiratory tract of the landrace pig has close anatomical and physiological similarities with that of the human, and hence, for inhalation studies this species is well suited for biopharmaceutical research. Methods: The objective of this study was to evaluate pharmacokinetics in pigs following one dose of Diskus™ Seretide™ forte device, labeled 500/50 fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol xinafoate (SX), respectively. The PreciseInhale™ (PI) instrument was used to actuate the inhaler for in vitro testing and aerosol dosing to pigs. In vitro, the aerosol was characterized with a cascade impactor with respect to mass median aerodynamic diameter, geometric standard deviation, and fine particle dose. In vivo, dry powder inhalation exposure was delivered as a short bolus dose, to anesthetized and mechanically ventilated landrace pigs. In addition to plasma PK, PK assessment of airway epithelial lining fluid (ELF) was used in this study. ELF of the depth of three to fourth airway generation of the right lung was accessed using standard bronchoscopy and a synthetic absorptive matrix. Results and Conclusions: Dry powder inhalation exposures with good consistency and well characterized aerosols to the pig lung were achieved by the use of the PreciseInhale™ instrument. Drug concentrations of ELF for both FP and SX were demonstrated to be four to five orders of magnitude higher than its corresponding systemic plasma drug concentrations. Clinical PK following inhalation of the same dose was used as benchmark, and the clinical study did demonstrate similar plasma PK profiles and drug exposures of both FP and SX as the current pig study. Two factors explain the close similarity of PK (1) similiar physiology between species and (2) the consistency of dosing to animals. To conclude, our study demonstrated the utility and translational potential of conducting PK studies in pigs in the development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Ewing
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven Oag
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundqvist
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stina Stomilovic
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida Stellert
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Antonsson
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandro Filipe Nunes
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrika Tehler
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Sjöberg
- Flexura AB, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences AB, Sweden
| | - AnnaMaria Péterffy
- Late-stage Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences AB, Sweden.,Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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22
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Extent and rate of oral drug absorption in minipigs: Comparison with mice, rats and humans. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Smits A, Annaert P, Van Cruchten S, Allegaert K. A Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic Framework to Support Drug Development and Dose Precision During Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonates. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32477113 PMCID: PMC7237643 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is standard treatment for neonates (≥36 weeks) with perinatal asphyxia (PA) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. TH reduces mortality and neurodevelopmental disability due to reduced metabolic rate and decreased neuronal apoptosis. Since both hypothermia and PA influence physiology, they are expected to alter pharmacokinetics (PK). Tools for personalized dosing in this setting are lacking. A neonatal hypothermia physiology-based PK (PBPK) framework would enable precision dosing in the clinic. In this literature review, the stepwise approach, benefits and challenges to develop such a PBPK framework are covered. It hereby contributes to explore the impact of non-maturational PK covariates. First, the current evidence as well as knowledge gaps on the impact of PA and TH on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in neonates is summarized. While reduced renal drug elimination is well-documented in neonates with PA undergoing hypothermia, knowledge of the impact on drug metabolism is limited. Second, a multidisciplinary approach to develop a neonatal hypothermia PBPK framework is presented. Insights on the effect of hypothermia on hepatic drug elimination can partly be generated from in vitro (human/animal) profiling of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Also, endogenous biomarkers may be evaluated as surrogate for metabolic activity. To distinguish the impact of PA versus hypothermia on drug metabolism, in vivo neonatal animal data are needed. The conventional pig is a well-established model for PA and the neonatal Göttingen minipig should be further explored for PA under hypothermia conditions, as it is the most commonly used pig strain in nonclinical drug development. Finally, a strategy is proposed for establishing and fine-tuning compound-specific PBPK models for this application. Besides improvement of clinical exposure predictions of drugs used during hypothermia, the developed PBPK models can be applied in drug development. Add-on pharmacotherapies to further improve outcome in neonates undergoing hypothermia are under investigation, all in need for dosing guidance. Furthermore, the hypothermia PBPK framework can be used to develop temperature-driven PBPK models for other populations or indications. The applicability of the proposed workflow and the challenges in the development of the PBPK framework are illustrated for midazolam as model drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Elmorsi Y, Al Feteisi H, Al-Majdoub ZM, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Achour B. Proteomic characterisation of drug metabolising enzymes and drug transporters in pig liver. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1208-1219. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1763513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Elmorsi
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hajar Al Feteisi
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zubida M. Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Certara UK Ltd., Simcyp Division, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Ventrella D, Forni M, Bacci ML, Annaert P. Non-clinical Models to Determine Drug Passage into Human Breast Milk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:534-548. [PMID: 30894104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190320165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful practice of clinical perinatal pharmacology requires a thorough understanding of the pronounced physiological changes during lactation and how these changes affect various drug disposition processes. In addition, pharmacokinetic processes unique to lactation have remained understudied. Hence, determination of drug disposition mechanisms in lactating women and their babies remains a domain with important knowledge gaps. Indeed, lack of data regarding infant risk during breastfeeding far too often results in discontinuation of breastfeeding and subsequent loss of all the associated benefits to the breastfed infant. In the absence of age-specific toxicity data, human lactation data alone are considered insufficient to rapidly generate the required evidence regarding risks associated with medication use during lactation. METHODS Systematic review of literature to summarize state-of-the art non-clinical approaches that have been developed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. RESULTS Several studies have reported methods to predict (to some extent) milk drug excretion rates based on physicochemical properties of the compounds. In vitro studies with primary mammary epithelial cells appear excellent approaches to determine transepithelial drug transport rates across the mammary epithelium. Several of these in vitro tools have been characterized in terms of transporter expression and activity as compared to the mammary gland tissue. In addition, with the advent of physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, these in vitro transport data may prove instrumental in predicting drug milk concentration time profiles prior to the availability of data from clinical lactation studies. In vivo studies in lactating animals have proven their utility in elucidating the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. CONCLUSION By combining various non-clinical tools (physicochemistry-based, in vitro and PBPK, in vivo animal) for drug milk excretion, valuable and unique information regarding drug milk concentrations during lactation can be obtained. The recently approved IMI project ConcePTION will address several of the challenges outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ventrella
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Bures J, Kvetina J, Radochova V, Tacheci I, Peterova E, Herman D, Dolezal R, Kopacova M, Rejchrt S, Douda T, Sestak V, Douda L, Karasova JZ. The pharmacokinetic parameters and the effect of a single and repeated doses of memantine on gastric myoelectric activity in experimental pigs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227781. [PMID: 31978146 PMCID: PMC6980640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Memantine, currently available for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is an uncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type of glutamate receptors. Under normal physiologic conditions, these unstimulated receptor ion channels are blocked by magnesium ions, which are displaced after agonist-induced depolarization. In humans, memantine administration is associated with different gastrointestinal dysmotility side effects (vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, motor-mediated abdominal pain), thus limiting its clinical use. Mechanism of these motility disorders has not been clarified yet. Pigs can be used in various preclinical experiments due to their relatively very similar gastrointestinal functions compared to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a single and repeated doses of memantine on porcine gastric myoelectric activity evaluated by means of electrogastrography (EGG). Methods Six adult female experimental pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica, mean weight 41.7±5.0 kg) entered the study for two times. The first EGG was recorded after a single intragastric dose of memantine (20 mg). In the second part, EGG was accomplished after 7-day intragastric administration (20 mg per day). All EGG recordings were performed under general anaesthesia. Basal (15 minutes) and study recordings (120 minutes) were accomplished using an EGG stand (MMS, Enschede, the Netherlands). Running spectral analysis based on Fourier transform was used. Results were expressed as dominant frequency of gastric slow waves (DF) and power analysis (areas of amplitudes). Results Single dose of memantine significantly increased DF, from basic values (1.65±1.05 cycles per min.) to 2.86 cpm after 30 min. (p = 0.008), lasting till 75 min. (p = 0.014). Basal power (median 452; inter-quartile range 280–1312 μV^2) raised after 15 min. (median 827; IQR 224–2769; p = 0.386; NS), lasting next 30 min. Repetitively administrated memantine caused important gastric arrhythmia. Basal DF after single and repeated administration was not different, however, a DF increase in the second part was more prominent (up to 3.18±2.16 after 15 and 30 min., p<0.001). In comparison with a single dose, basal power was significantly higher after repetitively administrated memantine (median 3940; IQR 695–15023 μV^2; p<0.001). Next dose of 20 mg memantine in the second part induced a prominent drop of power after 15 min. (median 541; IQR 328–2280 μV^2; p<0.001), lasting till 120 min. (p<0.001). Conclusions Both single and repeated doses of memantine increased DF. Severe gastric arrhythmia and long-lasting low power after repeated administration might explain possible gastric dysmotility side effects in the chronic use of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bures
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaroslav Kvetina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Radochova
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Tacheci
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Peterova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Kopacova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Douda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Sestak
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Douda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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27
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Investigation of age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in weaned piglets. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:417-425. [PMID: 31834428 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol (DON) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) were studied. DON3G [55.7 µg/kg bodyweight (BW)] and an equimolar dose of DON (36 µg/kg BW) were administered to weaned piglets (4 weeks old) by single intravenous and oral administration in a double two-way cross-over design. Systemic and portal blood was sampled at different time points pre- and post-administration and plasma concentrations of DON, DON3G and their metabolites were quantified using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) methods. Data were processed using tailor-made compartmental toxicokinetic (TK) models to accurately estimate TK parameters. Results were statistically compared to data obtained in a previous study on 11-week-old pigs using identical experimental conditions. Significant age-related differences in intestinal and systemic exposure to both DON and DON3G were noted. Most remarkably, a significant difference was found for the absorbed fraction of DON3G, after presystemic hydrolysis to DON, in weaned piglets compared to 11-week-old piglets (83% vs 16%, respectively), assumed to be mainly attributed to the higher intestinal permeability of weaned piglets. Other differences in TK parameters could be assigned to a higher water/fat body ratio and longer gastrointestinal transit time of weaned piglets. Results may further refine current risk assessment concerning DON and DON3G in animals. Additionally, since piglets possibly serve as a human paediatric surrogate model, results may be extrapolated to human infants.
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28
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Henze LJ, Koehl NJ, O'Shea JP, Holm R, Vertzoni M, Griffin BT. Toward the establishment of a standardized pre-clinical porcine model to predict food effects - Case studies on fenofibrate and paracetamol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100017. [PMID: 31517282 PMCID: PMC6733283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A preclinical porcine model that reliably predicts human food effect of fenofibrate was developed. Fenofibrate was administered to pigs as model compound with a positive food effect. Two different types of fed conditions were explored: a FDA style breakfast and a standard pig pellet feed. In order to assess if complete stomach emptying had been achieved under the employed fasting protocol, the amount of gastric and intestinal content was evaluated post-mortem. In addition, the protocol was designed to evaluate gastric emptying in the pre- and postprandial state using paracetamol as a marker. The study confirmed that micronized fenofibrate displayed a positive food effect with a similar fold difference to humans in FDA style fed state. Post-mortem assessment of stomach and intestinal content confirmed significantly lower content in the fasted compared to the pig pellet fed state. In the case of paracetamol, a delayed gastric emptying in the fed state was not observed, which may suggest that the Magenstrasse phenomena reported in humans, may also occur in landrace pigs. The study demonstrated the utility of a food effect protocol in landrace pigs as a pre-clinical approach to predict human food effects and provided new insights into gastric emptying in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Poulin P, Collet SH, Atrux-Tallau N, Linget JM, Hennequin L, Wilson CE. Application of the Tissue Composition-Based Model to Minipig for Predicting the Volume of Distribution at Steady State and Dermis-to-Plasma Partition Coefficients of Drugs Used in the Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Model in Dermatology. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:603-619. [PMID: 30222978 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The minipig continues to build a reputation as a viable alternative large animal model to predict humans in dermatology and toxicology studies. Therefore, it is essential to describe and predict the pharmacokinetics in that species to speed up the clinical candidate selection. Essential input parameters in whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients and the resulting volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss). Mechanistic in vitro- and in silico-based models used for predicting these parameters of tissue distribution of drugs refer to the tissue composition-based model (TCM). Robust TCMs were initially developed for some preclinical species (e.g., rat and dog) and human; however, there is currently no model available for the minipig. Therefore, the objective of this present study was to develop a TCM for the minipig and to estimate the corresponding tissue composition data. Drug partitioning into the tissues was predominantly governed by lipid and protein binding effects in addition to drug solubilization and pH gradient effects in the aqueous phase on both sides of the biological membranes; however, some more complex tissue distribution processes such as drug binding to the collagen-laminin material in dermis and a restricted drug partitioning into membranes of tissues for compounds that are amphiphilic and contain sulfur atom(s) were also challenged. The model was validated by predicting Vss and the dermis-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kp-dermis) of 68 drugs. The prediction of Kp-dermis was extended to humans for comparison with the minipig. The results indicate that the extended TCM provided generally good agreements with observations in the minipig showing that it is also applicable to this preclinical species. In general, up to 86% and 100% of the predicted Vss values are respectively within 2-fold and 3-fold errors compared to the experimentally determined values, whereas these numbers are 78% and 94% for Kp-dermis when the anticipated outlier compounds are not included. Binding data to dermis are comparable between minipigs and humans. Overall, this study is a first step toward developing a mechanistic TCM for the minipig, with the aim of increasing the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of drugs for that species in addition to rats, dogs, and humans because such models are used in preclinical and clinical transdermal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | - Claire E Wilson
- DMPK - Research, Nestlé Skin Health R & D, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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30
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Tang H, Mayersohn M. Porcine Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Parameters in People: A Pig in a Poke? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1712-1724. [PMID: 30171162 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The minipig has become an animal of considerable interest in preclinical drug development. It has been used in toxicology research and in examining/establishing regulatory guidelines as a nonrodent animal model. We have reviewed some basic issues that one would want to consider in the development and testing of any animal model for humans. The pig is a reasonable alternative to the dog, but there are some clear limitations and unexplained disparities in the literature, which require further study; primary among these is the need for standardization in choice of breed and sex and routine protocols. The minipig offers numerous advantages over other established animal models, and it has similarities to the human with regard to anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. The gastrointestinal tract is structurally and functionally similar to humans. This appears to be true for enzymes and transporters in the gut as well, but more study is needed. One major concern is assessment of oral drug absorption, especially with regard to potential food effects due to gastric emptying differences, yet this does not appear to be a consistent observation. Hepatic metabolism seems to reflect enzymatic patterns in humans, with some differences. Kidney function seems similar to humans but requires further study. We have analyzed literature data that suggest the pig would offer a reasonable model for human oral bioavailability and for allometric predictions of clearance. The minipig appears to be the model for dermal absorption in humans, and we discuss this in terms of literature data and our own in-house experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tang
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
| | - Michael Mayersohn
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
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31
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The effects of hemorrhage on the pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in a swine model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 85:S44-S48. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Henze LJ, Koehl NJ, O'Shea JP, Kostewicz ES, Holm R, Griffin BT. The pig as a preclinical model for predicting oral bioavailability and in vivo performance of pharmaceutical oral dosage forms: a PEARRL review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 71:581-602. [PMID: 29635685 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In pharmaceutical drug development, preclinical tests in animal models are essential to demonstrate whether the new drug is orally bioavailable and to gain a first insight into in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters that can subsequently be used to predict human values. Despite significant advances in the development of bio-predictive in vitro models and increasing ethical expectations for reducing the number of animals used for research purposes, there is still a need for appropriately selected pre-clinical in vivo testing to provide guidance on the decision to progress to testing in humans. The selection of the appropriate animal models is essential both to maximise the learning that can be obtained from such experiments and to avoid unnecessary testing in a range of species. KEY FINDINGS The present review, provides an insight into the suitability of the pig model for predicting oral bioavailability in humans, by comparing the conditions in the GIT. It also contains a comparison between the bioavailability of compounds dosed to both humans and pigs, to provide an insight into the relative correlation and examples on why a lack of correlation may be observed. SUMMARY While there is a general trend towards predicting human bioavailability from pig data, there is considerable variability in the data set, most likely reflecting species specific differences in individual drug metabolism. Nonetheless, the correlation between pigs vs. humans was comparable to that reported for dogs vs. humans. The presented data demonstrate the suitability of the pig as a preclinical model to predict bioavailability in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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Viel A, Henri J, Bouchène S, Laroche J, Rolland JG, Manceau J, Laurentie M, Couet W, Grégoire N. A Population WB-PBPK Model of Colistin and its Prodrug CMS in Pigs: Focus on the Renal Distribution and Excretion. Pharm Res 2018. [PMID: 29532176 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was the development of a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model for colistin, and its prodrug colistimethate sodium (CMS), in pigs to explore their tissue distribution, especially in kidneys. METHODS Plasma and tissue concentrations of CMS and colistin were measured after systemic administrations of different dosing regimens of CMS in pigs. The WB-PBPK model was developed based on these data according to a non-linear mixed effect approach and using NONMEM software. A detailed sub-model was implemented for kidneys to handle the complex disposition of CMS and colistin within this organ. RESULTS The WB-PBPK model well captured the kinetic profiles of CMS and colistin in plasma. In kidneys, an accumulation and slow elimination of colistin were observed and well described by the model. Kidneys seemed to have a major role in the elimination processes, through tubular secretion of CMS and intracellular degradation of colistin. Lastly, to illustrate the usefulness of the PBPK model, an estimation of the withdrawal periods after veterinary use of CMS in pigs was made. CONCLUSIONS The WB-PBPK model gives an insight into the renal distribution and elimination of CMS and colistin in pigs; it may be further developed to explore the colistin induced-nephrotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Viel
- Inserm U1070, Pôle Biologie Santé, Poitiers, France
- Anses, Laboratoire de Fougères, Fougères, France
- Université de Poitiers, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
| | - Jérôme Henri
- Anses, Laboratoire de Fougères, Fougères, France
| | | | - Julian Laroche
- Inserm U1070, Pôle Biologie Santé, Poitiers, France
- CHU Poitiers, Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | | | - William Couet
- Inserm U1070, Pôle Biologie Santé, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
- CHU Poitiers, Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Grégoire
- Inserm U1070, Pôle Biologie Santé, Poitiers, France.
- Université de Poitiers, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.
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Rao RT, Scherholz ML, Hartmanshenn C, Bae SA, Androulakis IP. On the analysis of complex biological supply chains: From Process Systems Engineering to Quantitative Systems Pharmacology. Comput Chem Eng 2017; 107:100-110. [PMID: 29353945 DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of models in biology has become particularly relevant as it enables investigators to develop a mechanistic framework for understanding the operating principles of living systems as well as in quantitatively predicting their response to both pathological perturbations and pharmacological interventions. This application has resulted in a synergistic convergence of systems biology and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling techniques that has led to the emergence of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP). In this review, we discuss how the foundational principles of chemical process systems engineering inform the progressive development of more physiologically-based systems biology models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit T Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Megerle L Scherholz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Clara Hartmanshenn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Seul-A Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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35
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Nedelcovych MT, Tenora L, Kim BH, Kelschenbach J, Chao W, Hadas E, Jančařík A, Prchalová E, Zimmermann SC, Dash RP, Gadiano AJ, Garrett C, Furtmüller G, Oh B, Brandacher G, Alt J, Majer P, Volsky DJ, Rais R, Slusher BS. N-(Pivaloyloxy)alkoxy-carbonyl Prodrugs of the Glutamine Antagonist 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) as a Potential Treatment for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7186-7198. [PMID: 28759224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant excitatory neurotransmission associated with overproduction of glutamate has been implicated in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON, 14) attenuates glutamate synthesis in HIV-infected microglia/macrophages, offering therapeutic potential for HAND. We show that 14 prevents manifestation of spatial memory deficits in chimeric EcoHIV-infected mice, a model of HAND. 14 is not clinically available, however, because its development was hampered by peripheral toxicities. We describe the synthesis of several substituted N-(pivaloyloxy)alkoxy-carbonyl prodrugs of 14 designed to circulate inert in plasma and be taken up and biotransformed to 14 in the brain. The lead prodrug, isopropyl 6-diazo-5-oxo-2-(((phenyl(pivaloyloxy)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)hexanoate (13d), was stable in swine and human plasma but liberated 14 in swine brain homogenate. When dosed systemically in swine, 13d provided a 15-fold enhanced CSF-to-plasma ratio and a 9-fold enhanced brain-to-plasma ratio relative to 14, opening a possible clinical path for the treatment of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Boe-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jennifer Kelschenbach
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Wei Chao
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Eran Hadas
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Andrej Jančařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prchalová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David J Volsky
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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36
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Wilkinson DJ, Southall RL, Li M, Wright LM, Corfield LJ, Heeley TA, Bratby B, Mannu R, Johnson SL, Shaw V, Friett HL, Blakeburn LA, Kendrick JS, Otteneder MB. Minipig and Human Metabolism of Aldehyde Oxidase Substrates: In Vitro–In Vivo Comparisons. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1163-1174. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Choi SS, Yoon SB, Lee SR, Kim SU, Cha YJ, Lee D, Kim SU, Chang KT, Lee HJ. Establishment and Characterization of Immortalized Minipig Neural Stem Cell Line. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:271-281. [PMID: 27524466 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of minipigs in biomedical research, there has been relatively little research concerning minipig-derived adult stem cells as a promising research tool that could be used to develop stem cell-based therapies. We first generated immortalized neural stem cells (iNSCs) from primary minipig olfactory bulb cells (pmpOBCs) and defined the characteristics of the cell line. Primary neural cells were prepared from minipig neonate olfactory bulbs and immortalized by infection with retrovirus carrying the v-myc gene. The minipig iNSCs (mpiNSCs) had normal karyotypes and expressed NSC-specific markers, including nestin, vimentin, Musashi1, and SOX2, suggesting a similarity to human NSCs. On the basis of the global gene expression profiles from the microarray analysis, neurogenesis-associated transcript levels were predominantly altered in mpiNSCs compared with pmpOBCs. These findings increase our understanding of minipig stem cells and contribute to the utility of mpiNSCs as resources for immortalized stem cell experiments.
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Lopera-Madrid J, Osorio JE, He Y, Xiang Z, Adams LG, Laughlin RC, Mwangi W, Subramanya S, Neilan J, Brake D, Burrage TG, Brown WC, Clavijo A, Bounpheng MA. Safety and immunogenicity of mammalian cell derived and Modified Vaccinia Ankara vectored African swine fever subunit antigens in swine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 185:20-33. [PMID: 28241999 PMCID: PMC7112906 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology was applied to identify and rank ASFV immunogenic candidates . Selected ASFV immunogenic candidate proteins were expressed in HEK-293 mammalian cells and MVA constructs . Immunizations with antigens purified from HEK-293 cells and MVA constructs in swine were safe . Immunizations with selected antigens induced ASFV-specific antibodies and T-cell responses in swine.
A reverse vaccinology system, Vaxign, was used to identify and select a subset of five African Swine Fever (ASF) antigens that were successfully purified from human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells and produced in Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) viral vectors. Three HEK-purified antigens [B646L (p72), E183L (p54), and O61R (p12)], and three MVA-vectored antigens [B646L, EP153R, and EP402R (CD2v)] were evaluated using a prime-boost immunization regimen swine safety and immunogenicity study. Antibody responses were detected in pigs following prime-boost immunization four weeks apart with the HEK-293-purified p72, p54, and p12 antigens. Notably, sera from the vaccinees were positive by immunofluorescence on ASFV (Georgia 2007/1)-infected primary macrophages. Although MVA-vectored p72, CD2v, and EP153R failed to induce antibody responses, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ+) spot forming cell responses against all three antigens were detected one week post-boost. The highest IFN-γ+ spot forming cell responses were detected against p72 in pigs primed with MVA-p72 and boosted with the recombinant p72. Antigen-specific (p12, p72, CD2v, and EP153R) T-cell proliferative responses were also detected post-boost. Collectively, these results are the first demonstration that ASFV subunit antigens purified from mammalian cells or expressed in MVA vectors are safe and can induce ASFV-specific antibody and T-cell responses following a prime-boost immunization regimen in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Lopera-Madrid
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Zuoshuang Xiang
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - L Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, United States.
| | - Richard C Laughlin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, United States.
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, United States.
| | - Sandesh Subramanya
- Bioo Scientific Corporation, 7050 Burleson Rd., Austin, TX, 78744, United States.
| | - John Neilan
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, Greenport, New York, United States.
| | - David Brake
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, Greenport, New York, United States.
| | - Thomas G Burrage
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology, Greenport, New York, United States.
| | - William Clay Brown
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Institute for Infectious Animal Disease, 2501 Earl Rudder Hwy, Suite 701, College Station, TX, 77845, United States.
| | - Mangkey A Bounpheng
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory,1 Sippel Rd., College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
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Meidahl AC, Orlowski D, Sørensen JCH, Bjarkam CR. The Retrograde Connections and Anatomical Segregation of the Göttingen Minipig Nucleus Accumbens. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:117. [PMID: 27994542 PMCID: PMC5136552 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders such as treatment resistant depression (TRD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and has been an ongoing experimental target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in both rats and humans. In order to translate basic scientific results from rodents to the human setting a large animal model is needed to thoroughly study the effect of such therapeutic interventions. The aim of the study was, accordingly, to describe the basic anatomy of the Göttingen minipig NAcc and its retrograde connections. Tracing was carried out by MRI-guided stereotactic unilateral fluorogold injections in the NAcc of Göttingen minipigs. After 2 weeks the brains were sectioned and subsequently stained with Nissl-, autometallographic (AMG) development of myelin, and DARPP-32 and calbindin immunohistochemistry. The minipig NAcc was divided in a central core and an outer medial, ventral and lateral shell. We confirmed the NAcc to be a large and well-segregated structure toward its medial, ventral and lateral borders. The fluorogold tracing revealed inputs to NAcc from the medial parts of the prefrontal cortex, BA 25 (subgenual cortex), insula bilaterally, amygdala, the CA1-region of hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, paraventricular and anterior parts of thalamus, dorsomedial parts of hypothalamus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA), the retrorubral field and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. In conclusion the Göttingen minipig NAcc is a large ventral striatal structure that can be divided into a core and shell with prominent afferent connections from several subrhinal and infra-/prelimbic brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders C Meidahl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Center for Experimental Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Center for Experimental Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens C H Sørensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Center for Experimental Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten R Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg, Denmark
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40
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Characterization of Pharmacokinetics in the Göttingen Minipig with Reference Human Drugs: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2565-79. [PMID: 27469324 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Tachecí I, Radochová V, Květina J, Rejchrt S, Kopáčová M, Bureš J. Oesophageal Manometry in Experimental Pigs: Methods and Initial Experience. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2016; 58:131-4. [PMID: 26960826 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study project was to prepare our own method of porcine oesophageal manometry. Ten mature experimental pigs entered the study. Conventional water-perfused system was decided for manometry. Porcine resting and relaxed pressures of the lower oesophageal sphincter are fully comparable with healthy human subjects. Evocable swallowing is doable and oesophageal peristalsis is quantifiable. Basic manometric parameters were different in male and female animals. Oesophageal manometry in experimental pigs is feasible. Porcine oesophageal manometry will be usable for preclinical studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Tachecí
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Věra Radochová
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Květina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Kopáčová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bureš
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University in Praha, Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, Vemireddi V, Greeley M, Brocksmith D, Navratil N, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hollinger C. Pigs in Toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:575-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316639389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Both a rodent and a nonrodent species are required for evaluation in nonclinical safety studies conducted to support human clinical trials. Historically, dogs and nonhuman primates have been the nonrodent species of choice. Swine, especially the miniature swine or minipigs, are increasingly being used in preclinical safety as an alternate nonrodent species. The pig is an appropriate option for these toxicology studies based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. Both similarities and differences exist in phase I and phase II biotransformation pathways between humans and pigs. There are numerous breeds of pigs, yet only a few of these breeds are characterized with regard to both xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and background pathology findings. Some specific differences in these enzymes based on breed and sex are known. Although swine have been used extensively in biomedical research, there is also a paucity of information in the current literature detailing the incidence of background lesions and differences between commonly used breeds. Here, the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are compared between humans and pigs, and minipig background pathology changes are reviewed with emphasis on breed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- Charles River Laboratories, Spencerville, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Brocksmith
- Sinclair Research Center and Sinclair Bio Resources, Auxvasse, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hollinger
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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Kesisoglou F, Balakrishnan A, Manser K. Utility of PBPK Absorption Modeling to Guide Modified Release Formulation Development of Gaboxadol, a Highly Soluble Compound With Region-Dependent Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:722-728. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic systemic bone disease of growing relevance due to the on-going demographic change. Since the underlying regulatory mechanisms of this critical illness are still not fully understood and treatment options are not satisfactorily resolved, there is still a great need for osteoporosis research in general and animal models in particular. Ovariectomized rodents are standard animal models for postmenopausal osteoporosis and highly attractive due to the possibility to specifically modify their genetic background. However, some aspects can only be addressed in large animal models; such as metaphyseal fracture healing and advancement of orthopedic implants. Among other large animal models sheep in particular have been proven invaluable for osteoporosis research in this context. In conclusion, today we are able to influence the bone metabolism in animals causing a more or less pronounced systemic bone loss and structural deterioration comparable to the situation found in patients suffering from osteoporosis. However, there is no perfect model for osteoporosis, but a variety of models appropriate for answering specific questions. Though, the appropriateness of an animal model is not only defined in regard to the similarity to human physiology and the disease itself, but also in regard to acquisition, housing requirements, handling, costs, and particularly ethical concerns and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pia Pogoda
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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45
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Van Peer E, Downes N, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Weeren A, Van Cruchten S. Organ data from the developing Göttingen minipig: first steps towards a juvenile PBPK model. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 43:179-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Heining P, Ruysschaert T. The Use of Minipig in Drug Discovery and Development: Pros and Cons of Minipig Selection and Strategies to Use as a Preferred Nonrodent Species. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:467-73. [PMID: 26674804 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315610823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pig was introduced more than 20 years ago in drug development following attempts of finding a species that shares better homology with human than the dog, based on biophysiological parameters. However, miniaturization, standardized breeding, and health status control were required before the pig could find a broader than niche application in pharmaceutical industry. During the years of experience with minipigs in pharmaceutical research and the science evolving rapidly, the selection of a nonrodent animal species for preclinical safety testing became primarily driven by pharmacological (target expression homologous function), pharmacokinetic, and biophysiological considerations. This offered a broad field of application for the minipig, besides the well-established use in dermal projects in all areas of drug development but also in novel approaches including genetically modified animals. In this article, we look at recent approaches and requirements in the optimal selection of a nonrodent model in pharmaceutical development and critically ask how good a choice the minipig offers for the scientist, how did the testing environment evolve, and what are the key requirements for a broader use of the minipig compared to the other well-established nonrodent species like dog or monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Heining
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Květina J, Tachecí I, Pavlík M, Kopáčová M, Rejchrt S, Douda T, Kuneš M, Bureš J. Use of electrogastrography in preclinical studies of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents in experimental pigs. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S647-52. [PMID: 26674291 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive method for the assessment of gastric myoelectrical activity. Porcine EGG is comparable with human one. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of atropine and neostigmine on the EGG in experimental pigs. Adult female pigs were administrated atropine (1.5 mg i.m., n=6) and neostigmine (0.5 mg i.m., n=6) after the baseline EGG, followed by a 90-min trial recording (MMS, Enschede, the Netherlands). Running spectral analysis was used for the evaluation. The results were expressed as dominant frequency of slow waves and EGG power (areas of amplitudes). Neostigmine increased continuously the dominant frequency and decreased significantly the EGG power. Atropine did not change the dominant frequency significantly. However, atropine increased significantly the EGG power (areas of amplitudes) from basal values to the maximum at the 10-20-min interval. After that period, the areas of amplitudes decreased significantly to the lowest values at the 60-90-min interval. In conclusion, cholinergic and anticholinergic agents affect differently EGG in experimental pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Květina
- Second Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University Teaching Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Christiansen ML, Müllertz A, Garmer M, Kristensen J, Jacobsen J, Abrahamsson B, Holm R. Evaluation of the Use of Göttingen Minipigs to Predict Food Effects on the Oral Absorption of Drugs in Humans. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:135-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Comparison of minipig, dog, monkey and human drug metabolism and disposition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 74:80-92. [PMID: 25545337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article gives an overview of the drug metabolism and disposition (ADME) characteristics of the most common non-rodent species used in toxicity testing of drugs (minipigs, dogs, and monkeys) and compares these to human characteristics with regard to enzymes mediating the metabolism of drugs and the transport proteins which contribute to the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. METHODS Literature on ADME and regulatory guidelines of relevance in drug development of small molecules has been gathered. RESULTS Non-human primates (monkeys) are the species that is closest to humans in terms of genetic homology. Dogs have an advantage due to the ready availability of comprehensive background data for toxicological safety assessment and dogs are easy to handle. Pigs have been used less than dogs and monkeys as a model in safety assessment of drug candidates. However, when a drug candidate is metabolised by aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) or cytochrome (CYP2C9-like) enzymes which are not expressed in dogs, but are present in pigs, this species may be a better choice than dogs, provided that adequate exposure can be obtained in pigs. Conversely, pigs might not be the right choice if sulfation, involving 3-phospho-adenosyl-5-phosphosulphate sulphotransferase (PAPS) is an important pathway in the human metabolism of a drug candidate. DISCUSSION In general, the species selection should be based on comparison between in vitro studies with human cell-based systems and animal-cell-based systems. Results from pharmacokinetic studies are also important for decision-making by establishing the obtainable exposure level in the species. Access to genetically humanized mouse models and highly sensitive analytical methods (accelerator mass spectrometry) makes it possible to improve the chance of finding all metabolites relevant for humans before clinical trials have been initiated and, if necessary, to include another animal species before long term toxicity studies are initiated. In conclusion, safety testing can be optimized by applying knowledge about species ADME differences and utilising advanced analytical techniques.
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [PMID: 24637348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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