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Bellucci M, Mostofa MG, Weraduwage SM, Xu Y, Abdelrahman M, De Gara L, Loreto F, Sharkey TD. The effect of constitutive root isoprene emission on root phenotype and physiology under control and salt stress conditions. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e617. [PMID: 38973810 PMCID: PMC11227114 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Isoprene, a volatile hydrocarbon, is typically emitted from the leaves of many plant species. Given its well-known function in plant growth and defense aboveground, we examined its effects on root physiology. We used isoprene-emitting (IE) lines and a non-emitting (NE) line of Arabidopsis and investigated their performance by analyzing root phenotype, hormone levels, transcriptome, and metabolite profiles under both normal and salt stress conditions. We show that IE lines emitted tiny amounts of isoprene from roots and showed an increased root/shoot ratio compared with NE line. Isoprene emission exerted a noteworthy influence on hormone profiles related to plant growth and stress response, promoting root development and salt-stress resistance. Methyl erythritol 4-phosphate pathway metabolites, precursors of isoprene and hormones, were higher in the roots of IE lines than in the NE line. Transcriptome data indicated that the presence of isoprene increased the expression of key genes involved in hormone metabolism/signaling. Our findings reveal that constitutive root isoprene emission sustains root growth under saline conditions by regulating and/or priming hormone biosynthesis and signaling mechanisms and expression of key genes relevant to salt stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bellucci
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the EnvironmentUniversità Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Mostafa Abdelrahman
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress ToleranceTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the EnvironmentUniversità Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionThe National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐IPSP)Sesto Fiorentino (Florence)Italy
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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2
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Yu J, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Li M, Varotto C. A Novel Isoprene Synthase from the Monocot Tree Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15329. [PMID: 37895009 PMCID: PMC10607627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to emit isoprene, among other stresses, protects plants from drought, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this trait are only partly understood. The Arecaceae (palms) constitute a very interesting model system to test the involvement of isoprene in enhancing drought tolerance, as their high isoprene emissions may have contributed to make them hyperdominant in neotropical dry forests, characterized by recurrent and extended periods of drought stress. In this study we isolated and functionally characterized a novel isoprene synthase, the gene responsible for isoprene biosynthesis, from Copernicia prunifera, a palm from seasonally dry tropical forests. When overexpressed in the non-emitter Arabidopsis thaliana, CprISPS conferred significant levels of isoprene emission, together with enhanced tolerance to water limitation throughout plant growth and development, from germination to maturity. CprISPS overexpressors displayed higher germination, cotyledon/leaf greening, water usage efficiency, and survival than WT Arabidopsis under various types of water limitation. This increased drought tolerance was accompanied by a marked transcriptional up-regulation of both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent key drought response genes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the capacity of CprISPS to enhance drought tolerance in Arabidopsis and suggest that isoprene emission could have evolved in Arecaceae as an adaptive mechanism against drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Yu
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Food and Nutrition Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (I.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Food and Nutrition Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (I.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Mingai Li
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Kännaste A, Jürisoo L, Runno-Paurson E, Kask K, Talts E, Pärlist P, Drenkhan R, Niinemets Ü. Impacts of Dutch elm disease-causing fungi on foliage photosynthetic characteristics and volatiles in Ulmus species with different pathogen resistance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:57-74. [PMID: 36106799 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global warming affects the abiotic and biotic growth environment of plants, including the spread of fungal diseases such as Dutch elm disease (DED). Dutch elm disease-resistance of different Ulmus species varies, but how this is reflected in leaf-level physiological pathogen responses has not been investigated. We studied the impacts of mechanical injury alone and mechanical injury plus inoculation with the DED-causing pathogens Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi and O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana on Ulmus glabra, a more vulnerable species, and U. laevis, a more resistant species. Plant stress responses were evaluated for 12 days after stress application by monitoring leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), ratio of ambient to intercellular CO2 concentration (Ca/Ci) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/gs), and by measuring biogenic volatile (VOC) release by plant leaves. In U. glabra and U. laevis, A was not affected by time, stressors or their interaction. Only in U. glabra, gs and Ca/Ci decreased in time, yet recovered by the end of the experiment. Although the emission compositions were affected in both species, the stress treatments enhanced VOC emission rates only in U. laevis. In this species, mechanical injury especially when combined with the pathogens increased the emission of lipoxygenase pathway volatiles and dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate pathway volatiles. In conclusion, the more resistant species U. laevis had a more stable photosynthesis, but stronger pathogen-elicited volatile response, especially after inoculation by O. novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi. Thus, stronger activation of defenses might underlay higher DED-resistance in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kännaste
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Liina Jürisoo
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Eve Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Kaia Kask
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Eero Talts
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Piret Pärlist
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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Ding S, Su P, Wang D, Chen X, Tang C, Hou J, Wu L. Blue and red light proportion affects growth, nutritional composition, antioxidant properties and volatile compounds of Toona sinensis sprouts. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Li Y, He C, Yu X, Zhou J, Ntezimana B, Yu Z, Chen Y, Ni D. Study on improving aroma quality of summer-autumn black tea by red-light irradiation during withering. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Rosenkranz M, Chen Y, Zhu P, Vlot AC. Volatile terpenes - mediators of plant-to-plant communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:617-631. [PMID: 34369010 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with other organisms employing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The largest group of plant-released VOCs are terpenes, comprised of isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Mono- and sesquiterpenes are well-known communication compounds in plant-insect interactions, whereas the smallest, most commonly emitted terpene, isoprene, is rather assigned a function in combating abiotic stresses. Recently, it has become evident that different volatile terpenes also act as plant-to-plant signaling cues. Upon being perceived, specific volatile terpenes can sensitize distinct signaling pathways in receiver plant cells, which in turn trigger plant innate immune responses. This vastly extends the range of action of volatile terpenes, which not only protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses, but also convey information about environmental constraints within and between plants. As a result, plant-insect and plant-pathogen interactions, which are believed to influence each other through phytohormone crosstalk, are likely equally sensitive to reciprocal regulation via volatile terpene cues. Here, we review the current knowledge of terpenes as volatile semiochemicals and discuss why and how volatile terpenes make good signaling cues. We discuss how volatile terpenes may be perceived by plants, what are possible downstream signaling events in receiver plants, and how responses to different terpene cues might interact to orchestrate the net plant response to multiple stresses. Finally, we discuss how the signal can be further transmitted to the community level leading to a mutually beneficial community-scale response or distinct signaling with near kin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peiyuan Zhu
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Protein expression plasticity contributes to heat and drought tolerance of date palm. Oecologia 2021; 197:903-919. [PMID: 33880635 PMCID: PMC8591023 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of warming and drought periods around the globe, currently representing a threat to many plant species. Understanding the resistance and resilience of plants to climate change is, therefore, urgently needed. As date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) evolved adaptation mechanisms to a xeric environment and can tolerate large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, we studied the protein expression changes in leaves, volatile organic compound emissions, and photosynthesis in response to variable growth temperatures and soil water deprivation. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions of simulated Saudi Arabian summer and winter climates challenged with drought stress. We show that date palm is able to counteract the harsh conditions of the Arabian Peninsula by adjusting the abundances of proteins related to the photosynthetic machinery, abiotic stress and secondary metabolism. Under summer climate and water deprivation, these adjustments included efficient protein expression response mediated by heat shock proteins and the antioxidant system to counteract reactive oxygen species formation. Proteins related to secondary metabolism were downregulated, except for the P. dactylifera isoprene synthase (PdIspS), which was strongly upregulated in response to summer climate and drought. This study reports, for the first time, the identification and functional characterization of the gene encoding for PdIspS, allowing future analysis of isoprene functions in date palm under extreme environments. Overall, the current study shows that reprogramming of the leaf protein profiles confers the date palm heat- and drought tolerance. We conclude that the protein plasticity of date palm is an important mechanism of molecular adaptation to environmental fluctuations.
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8
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Miloradovic van Doorn M, Merl-Pham J, Ghirardo A, Fink S, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Root isoprene formation alters lateral root development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2207-2223. [PMID: 32495947 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a C5 volatile organic compound, which can protect aboveground plant tissue from abiotic stress such as short-term high temperatures and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we uncover new roles for isoprene in the plant belowground tissues. By analysing Populus x canescens isoprene synthase (PcISPS) promoter reporter plants, we discovered PcISPS promoter activity in certain regions of the roots including the vascular tissue, the differentiation zone and the root cap. Treatment of roots with auxin or salt increased PcISPS promoter activity at these sites, especially in the developing lateral roots (LR). Transgenic, isoprene non-emitting poplar roots revealed an accumulation of O2- in the same root regions where PcISPS promoter activity was localized. Absence of isoprene emission, moreover, increased the formation of LRs. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity suppressed LR development, suggesting the involvement of ROS in this process. The analysis of the fine root proteome revealed a constitutive shift in the amount of several redox balance, signalling and development related proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, various peroxidases and linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase, in isoprene non-emitting poplar roots. Together our results indicate for isoprene a ROS-related function, eventually co-regulating the plant-internal signalling network and development processes in root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Miloradovic van Doorn
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Fink
- Forest Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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9
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Parveen S, Iqbal MA, Mutanda I, Rashid MHU, Inafuku M, Oku H. Plant hormone effects on isoprene emission from tropical tree in Ficus septica. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1715-1728. [PMID: 30610754 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones and the circadian rhythm have been implicated in coordinated control of isoprene emission in plants. To gain insights into the signalling networks, foliar application of plant hormones was conducted in a native emitter, Ficus septica. Spraying of 50 μM jasmonic acid (JA) gradually decreased isoprene emission by 88% compared with initial levels within 5 days, and emission increased after relief from JA application. We further explored the molecular regulatory mechanism of isoprene emission by analysing photosynthetic rate, gene expression of 2-C-methyl-D-erythrytol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, hormone signalling and circadian rhythm processes, and metabolite pool sizes of MEP pathway. Results show that isoprene emission strongly correlated with isoprene synthase (IspS) gene expression and IspS protein levels over the period of JA treatment, indicating transcriptional and possible translational modulation of IspS by JA. Application of JA coordinately modulated genes in the auxin, cytokinin (CK), and circadian rhythm signal transduction pathways. Among the transcriptional factors analysed, MYC2 (JA) and LHY (circadian clock) negatively correlated with isoprene emission. Putative cis-elements predicted on IspS promoter (G-box for MYC2 and circadian for LHY) supports our proposal that isoprene emission is regulated by coordinated transcriptional modulation of IspS gene by phytohormone and circadian rhythm signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanaz Parveen
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asif Iqbal
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ishmael Mutanda
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Md Harun-Ur- Rashid
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Adebesin F, Widhalm JR, Boachon B, Lefèvre F, Pierman B, Lynch JH, Alam I, Junqueira B, Benke R, Ray S, Porter JA, Yanagisawa M, Wetzstein HY, Morgan JA, Boutry M, Schuurink RC, Dudareva N. Emission of volatile organic compounds from petunia flowers is facilitated by an ABC transporter. Science 2018; 356:1386-1388. [PMID: 28663500 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a diversity of volatile molecules that are important for reproduction and defense, serve as practical products for humans, and influence atmospheric chemistry and climate. Despite progress in deciphering plant volatile biosynthesis, their release from the cell has been poorly understood. The default assumption has been that volatiles passively diffuse out of cells. By characterization of a Petunia hybrida adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, PhABCG1, we demonstrate that passage of volatiles across the plasma membrane relies on active transport. PhABCG1 down-regulation by RNA interference results in decreased emission of volatiles, which accumulate to toxic levels in the plasma membrane. This study provides direct proof of a biologically mediated mechanism of volatile emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilayo Adebesin
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - François Lefèvre
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Box L7-04-14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Pierman
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Box L7-04-14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Iftekhar Alam
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Box L7-04-14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruna Junqueira
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Box L7-04-14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ryan Benke
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shaunak Ray
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USA
| | - Justin A Porter
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Makoto Yanagisawa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Hazel Y Wetzstein
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USA
| | - Marc Boutry
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Box L7-04-14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Maksym RP, Ghirardo A, Zhang W, von Saint Paul V, Lange B, Geist B, Hajirezaei MR, Schnitzler JP, Schäffner AR. The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 29937770 PMCID: PMC6002512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) related 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid isoleucic acid (ILA) enhances salicylic acid-mediated pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. ILA has been identified in A. thaliana as its glucose conjugate correlated with the activity of the small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1, which can glucosylate both salicylic acid and ILA in vitro. However, endogenous levels of the ILA aglycon have not yet been determined in planta. To quantify ILA as well as the related leucic acid (LA) and valic acid (VA) in plant extracts, a sensitive method based on the derivatization of small carboxylic acids by silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was developed. ILA was present in all species tested including several monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants as well as broadleaf and coniferous trees, whereas LA and VA were only detectable in a few species. In A. thaliana both ILA and LA were found. However, their levels varied during plant growth and in root vs. leaves. ILA levels were higher in 2-week-old leaves and decreased in older plants, whereas LA exhibited a reverted accumulation pattern. Roots displayed higher ILA and LA levels compared to leaves. ILA was inversely related to UGT76B1 expression level indicating that UGT76B1 glucosylates ILA in planta. In contrast, LA was not affected by the expression of UGT76B1. To address the relation of both 2-hydroxy acids to plant defense, we studied ILA and LA levels upon infection by Pseudomonas syringae. LA abundance remained unaffected, whereas ILA was reduced. This change suggests an ILA-related attenuation of the salicylic acid response. Collectively, the BCAA-related ILA and LA differentially accumulated in Arabidopsis, supporting a specific role and regulation of the defense-modulating small-molecule ILA among these 2-hydroxy acids. The new sensitive method will pave the way to further unravel their role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał P. Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anton R. Schäffner,
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Barta CE, Bolander B, Bilby SR, Brown JH, Brown RN, Duryee AM, Edelman DR, Gray CE, Gossett C, Haddock AG, Helsel MM, Jones AD, Klingseis ME, Leslie K, Miles EW, Prawitz RA. In Situ Dark Adaptation Enhances the Efficiency of DNA Extraction from Mature Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) Leaves, Facilitating the Identification of Partial Sequences of the 18S rRNA and Isoprene Synthase (IspS) Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E52. [PMID: 29073736 PMCID: PMC5750628 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mature oak (Quercus spp.) leaves, although abundantly available during the plants' developmental cycle, are rarely exploited as viable sources of genomic DNA. These leaves are rich in metabolites difficult to remove during standard DNA purification, interfering with downstream molecular genetics applications. The current work assessed whether in situ dark adaptation, to deplete sugar reserves and inhibit secondary metabolite synthesis could compensate for the difficulties encountered when isolating DNA from mature leaves rich in secondary metabolites. We optimized a rapid, commercial kit based method to extract genomic DNA from dark- and light-adapted leaves. We demonstrated that in situ dark adaptation increases the yield and quality of genomic DNA obtained from mature oak leaves, yielding templates of sufficiently high quality for direct downstream applications, such as PCR amplification and gene identification. The quality of templates isolated from dark-adapted pin oak leaves particularly improved the amplification of larger fragments in our experiments. From DNA extracts prepared with our optimized method, we identified for the first time partial segments of the genes encoding 18S rRNA and isoprene synthase (IspS) from pin oak (Quercus palustris), whose full genome has not yet been sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csengele E Barta
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Bethany Bolander
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Steven R Bilby
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Jeremy H Brown
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Reid N Brown
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Alexander M Duryee
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Danielle R Edelman
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Christina E Gray
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Chandler Gossett
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Amie G Haddock
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Mackenzie M Helsel
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Alyssa D Jones
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Marissa E Klingseis
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Kalif Leslie
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Edward W Miles
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
| | - Rachael A Prawitz
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA.
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Ye L, Lv X, Yu H. Engineering microbes for isoprene production. Metab Eng 2016; 38:125-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mutanda I, Inafuku M, Saitoh S, Iwasaki H, Fukuta M, Watanabe K, Oku H. Temperature controls on the basal emission rate of isoprene in a tropical tree Ficus septica: exploring molecular regulatory mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2260-2275. [PMID: 27425779 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene emission from plants is very sensitive to environmental temperature both at short-term and long-term scales. Our previous study demonstrated suppression of isoprene emission by cold temperatures in a high emitting tropical tree Ficus septica and revealed a strong correlation of emission to isoprene synthase (IspS) protein levels. When challenged with decreasing daily temperatures from 30 to 12 °C, F. septica completely stopped isoprene emission at 12 °C, only to recover on the second day after re-exposure to 30 °C. Here, we explored this regulation of isoprene emission in response to environmental temperature by a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome data, gene expressions and metabolite pools of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. MEP pathway genes and metabolites dynamics did not support substrate-level limitations as major control over observed basal emission, but transcriptome data, network inferences and putative regulatory elements on IspS promoter suggested transcriptional regulation of IspS gene through circadian rhythm and phytohormone signalling processes. Expression levels of 29 genes involved in these pathways were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. We propose that temperature controls over basal isoprene emission at a time-scale of hours to few days are regulated by phytohormone-mediated transcriptional modulation of IspS gene under synchronization by the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Mutanda
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Seikoh Saitoh
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hironori Iwasaki
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fukuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Keiichi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
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15
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Mutanda I, Saitoh S, Inafuku M, Aoyama H, Takamine T, Satou K, Akutsu M, Teruya K, Tamotsu H, Shimoji M, Sunagawa H, Oku H. Gene expression analysis of disabled and re-induced isoprene emission by the tropical tree Ficus septica before and after cold ambient temperature exposure. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:873-882. [PMID: 27126228 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant type of nonmethane, biogenic volatile organic compound in the atmosphere, and it is produced mainly by terrestrial plants. The tropical tree species Ficus septica Burm. F. (Rosales: Moraceae) has been shown to cease isoprene emissions when exposed to temperatures of 12 °C or lower and to re-induce isoprene synthesis upon subsequent exposure to temperatures of 30 °C or higher for 24 h. To elucidate the regulation of genes underlying the disabling and then induction of isoprene emission during acclimatization to ambient temperature, we conducted gene expression analyses of F. septica plants under changing temperature using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Transcription levels were analyzed for 17 genes that are involved in metabolic pathways potentially associated with isoprene biosynthesis, including isoprene synthase (ispS). The protein levels of ispS were also measured. Changes in transcription and protein levels of the ispS gene, but not in the other assessed genes, showed identical temporal patterns to isoprene emission capacity under the changing temperature regime. The ispS protein levels strongly and positively correlated with isoprene emission capacity (R(2) = 0.92). These results suggest that transcriptional regulation of ispS gave rise to the temporal variation in isoprene emission capacity in response to changing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Mutanda
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Seikoh Saitoh
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan;
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Aoyama
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Tomonori Takamine
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satou
- Okinawa Institute of Advanced Sciences, Suzaki 5-1, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Masako Akutsu
- Tokai University, Toroku 9-1-1, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Kuniko Teruya
- Okinawa Institute of Advanced Sciences, Suzaki 5-1, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Hinako Tamotsu
- Okinawa Institute of Advanced Sciences, Suzaki 5-1, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimoji
- Okinawa Institute of Advanced Sciences, Suzaki 5-1, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Haruki Sunagawa
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, Makabe 820, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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16
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Jud W, Vanzo E, Li Z, Ghirardo A, Zimmer I, Sharkey TD, Hansel A, Schnitzler JP. Effects of heat and drought stress on post-illumination bursts of volatile organic compounds in isoprene-emitting and non-emitting poplar. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1204-15. [PMID: 26390316 PMCID: PMC4982041 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, post-illumination bursts (PIBs) of isoprene, acetaldehyde and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) following rapid light-to-dark transitions have been reported for a variety of different plant species. However, the mechanisms triggering their release still remain unclear. Here we measured PIBs of isoprene-emitting (IE) and isoprene non-emitting (NE) grey poplar plants grown under different climate scenarios (ambient control and three scenarios with elevated CO2 concentrations: elevated control, periodic heat and temperature stress, chronic heat and temperature stress, followed by recovery periods). PIBs of isoprene were unaffected by elevated CO2 and heat and drought stress in IE, while they were absent in NE plants. On the other hand, PIBs of acetaldehyde and also GLVs were strongly reduced in stress-affected plants of all genotypes. After recovery from stress, distinct differences in PIB emissions in both genotypes confirmed different precursor pools for acetaldehyde and GLV emissions. Changes in PIBs of GLVs, almost absent in stressed plants and enhanced after recovery, could be mainly attributed to changes in lipoxygenase activity. Our results indicate that acetaldehyde PIBs, which recovered only partly, derive from a new mechanism in which acetaldehyde is produced from methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates, driven by deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Brilli F, Gioli B, Fares S, Terenzio Z, Zona D, Gielen B, Loreto F, Janssens IA, Ceulemans R. Rapid leaf development drives the seasonal pattern of volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes in a 'coppiced' bioenergy poplar plantation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:539-555. [PMID: 26386252 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of fast-growing, woody bioenergy crops often emit volatile organic compounds (VOC). Some reactive VOC (especially isoprene) play a key role in climate forcing and may negatively affect local air quality. We monitored the seasonal exchange of VOC using the eddy covariance technique in a 'coppiced' poplar plantation. The complex interactions of VOC fluxes with climatic and physiological variables were also explored by using an artificial neural network (Self Organizing Map). Isoprene and methanol were the most abundant VOC emitted by the plantation. Rapid development of the canopy (and thus of the leaf area index, LAI) was associated with high methanol emissions and high rates of gross primary production (GPP) since the beginning of the growing season, while the onset of isoprene emission was delayed. The highest emissions of isoprene, and of isoprene photo-oxidation products (Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein, iox ), occurred on the hottest and sunniest days, when GPP and evapotranspiration were highest, and formaldehyde was significantly deposited. Canopy senescence enhanced the exchange of oxygenated VOC. The accuracy of methanol and isoprene emission simulations with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature increased by applying a function to modify their basal emission factors, accounting for seasonality of GPP or LAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
- National Research Council, Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF-CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00016, Roma, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), National Research Council, Via Madonna del piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50017, Italy
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Biometeorology Institute (IBIMET-CNR), National Research Council, Via G. Caproni 8, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System (RPS-CREA), Via della Navicella 2-4, Roma, 00184, Italy
| | - Zenone Terenzio
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Donatella Zona
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), National Research Council, Via Madonna del piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50017, Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DISBA), National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
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18
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Widhalm JR, Jaini R, Morgan JA, Dudareva N. Rethinking how volatiles are released from plant cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:545-50. [PMID: 26189793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be emitted, they must cross membrane(s), the aqueous cell wall, and sometimes the cuticle, before moving into the gas phase. It is presumed that VOC movement through each barrier occurs via passive diffusion. However, VOCs, which are primarily nonpolar compounds, will preferentially partition into membranes, making diffusion into aqueous compartments slow. Using Fick's first law, we calculated that to achieve observed VOC emission rates by diffusion alone would necessitate toxic VOC levels in membranes. Here, we propose that biological mechanisms, such as those involved in trafficking other hydrophobic compounds, must contribute to VOC emission. Such parallel biological pathways would lower barrier resistances and, thus, steady-state emission rates could be maintained with significantly reduced intramembrane VOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | - Rohit Jaini
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA; School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA.
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19
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Müller A, Kaling M, Faubert P, Gort G, Smid HM, Van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Isoprene emission by poplar is not important for the feeding behaviour of poplar leaf beetles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:165. [PMID: 26122266 PMCID: PMC4486431 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysomela populi (poplar leaf beetle) is a common herbivore in poplar plantations whose infestation causes major economic losses. Because plant volatiles act as infochemicals, we tested whether isoprene, the main volatile organic compound (VOC) produced by poplars (Populus x canescens), affects the performance of C. populi employing isoprene emitting (IE) and transgenic isoprene non-emitting (NE) plants. Our hypothesis was that isoprene is sensed and affects beetle orientation or that the lack of isoprene affects plant VOC profiles and metabolome with consequences for C. populi feeding. RESULTS Electroantennographic analysis revealed that C. populi can detect higher terpenes, but not isoprene. In accordance to the inability to detect isoprene, C. populi showed no clear preference for IE or NE poplar genotypes in the choice experiments, however, the beetles consumed a little bit less leaf mass and laid fewer eggs on NE poplar trees in field experiments. Slight differences in the profiles of volatile terpenoids between IE and NE genotypes were detected by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer revealed genotype-, time- and herbivore feeding-dependent metabolic changes both in the infested and adjacent undamaged leaves under field conditions. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that C. populi is unable to sense isoprene. The detected minor differences in insect feeding in choice experiments and field bioassays may be related to the revealed changes in leaf volatile emission and metabolite composition between the IE and NE poplars. Overall our results indicate that lacking isoprene emission is of minor importance for C. populi herbivory under natural conditions, and that the lack of isoprene is not expected to change the economic losses in poplar plantations caused by C. populi infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Müller
- Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Faubert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Chaire en éco-conseil, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boul. de l'Université, Chicoutimi, Qc, G7H 2B1, Canada.
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 100, 6700 AC, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Joop J A Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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20
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Ghirardo A, Wright LP, Bi Z, Rosenkranz M, Pulido P, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Niinemets Ü, Brüggemann N, Gershenzon J, Schnitzler JP. Metabolic flux analysis of plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplar leaves emitting and nonemitting isoprene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:37-51. [PMID: 24590857 PMCID: PMC4012595 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is one of the most important pathways in plants and produces a large variety of essential isoprenoids. Its regulation, however, is still not well understood. Using the stable isotope 13C-labeling technique, we analyzed the carbon fluxes through the MEP pathway and into the major plastidic isoprenoid products in isoprene-emitting and transgenic isoprene-nonemitting (NE) gray poplar (Populus×canescens). We assessed the dependence on temperature, light intensity, and atmospheric [CO2]. Isoprene biosynthesis was by far (99%) the main carbon sink of MEP pathway intermediates in mature gray poplar leaves, and its production required severalfold higher carbon fluxes compared with NE leaves with almost zero isoprene emission. To compensate for the much lower demand for carbon, NE leaves drastically reduced the overall carbon flux within the MEP pathway. Feedback inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by accumulated plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate almost completely explained this reduction in carbon flux. Our data demonstrate that short-term biochemical feedback regulation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate is an important regulatory mechanism of the MEP pathway. Despite being relieved from the large carbon demand of isoprene biosynthesis, NE plants redirected only approximately 0.5% of this saved carbon toward essential nonvolatile isoprenoids, i.e. β-carotene and lutein, most probably to compensate for the absence of isoprene and its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Louwrance Peter Wright
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Zhen Bi
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
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Rasulov B, Bichele I, Laisk A, Niinemets Ü. Competition between isoprene emission and pigment synthesis during leaf development in aspen. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:724-41. [PMID: 24033429 PMCID: PMC4411569 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In growing leaves, lack of isoprene synthase (IspS) is considered responsible for delayed isoprene emission, but competition for dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), the substrate for both isoprene synthesis and prenyltransferase reactions in photosynthetic pigment and phytohormone synthesis, can also play a role. We used a kinetic approach based on post-illumination isoprene decay and modelling DMADP consumption to estimate in vivo kinetic characteristics of IspS and prenyltransferase reactions, and to determine the share of DMADP use by different processes through leaf development in Populus tremula. Pigment synthesis rate was also estimated from pigment accumulation data and distribution of DMADP use from isoprene emission changes due to alendronate, a selective inhibitor of prenyltransferases. Development of photosynthetic activity and pigment synthesis occurred with the greatest rate in 1- to 5-day-old leaves when isoprene emission was absent. Isoprene emission commenced on days 5 and 6 and increased simultaneously with slowing down of pigment synthesis. In vivo Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) values obtained were 265 nmol m(-2) (20 μm) for DMADP-consuming prenyltransferase reactions and 2560 nmol m(-2) (190 μm) for IspS. Thus, despite decelerating pigment synthesis reactions in maturing leaves, isoprene emission in young leaves was limited by both IspS activity and competition for DMADP by prenyltransferase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtijor Rasulov
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23 Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Irina Bichele
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23 Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Agu Laisk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23 Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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22
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Way DA, Ghirardo A, Kanawati B, Esperschütz J, Monson RK, Jackson RB, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schnitzler JP. Increasing atmospheric CO2 reduces metabolic and physiological differences between isoprene- and non-isoprene-emitting poplars. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:534-546. [PMID: 23822651 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene, a volatile organic compound produced by some plant species, enhances abiotic stress tolerance under current atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but its biosynthesis is negatively correlated with CO2 concentrations. We hypothesized that losing the capacity to produce isoprene would require stronger up-regulation of other stress tolerance mechanisms at low CO2 than at higher CO2 concentrations. We compared metabolite profiles and physiological performance in poplars (Populus × canescens) with either wild-type or RNAi-suppressed isoprene emission capacity grown at pre-industrial low, current atmospheric, and future high CO2 concentrations (190, 390 and 590 ppm CO2 , respectively). Suppression of isoprene biosynthesis led to significant rearrangement of the leaf metabolome, increasing stress tolerance responses such as xanthophyll cycle pigment de-epoxidation and antioxidant levels, as well as altering lipid, carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Metabolic and physiological differences between isoprene-emitting and suppressed lines diminished as growth CO2 concentrations rose. The CO2 dependence of our results indicates that the effects of isoprene biosynthesis are strongest at pre-industrial CO2 concentrations. Rising CO2 may reduce the beneficial effects of biogenic isoprene emission, with implications for species competition. This has potential consequences for future climate warming, as isoprene emitted from vegetation has strong effects on global atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Way
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Research Unit Biogeochemistry and Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Esperschütz
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Soil Ecology, Technische Universität München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Laboratory for Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Biogeochemistry and Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Sun Z, Niinemets Ü, Hüve K, Rasulov B, Noe SM. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration leads to increased whole-plant isoprene emission in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:788-800. [PMID: 23442171 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on plant isoprene emissions are controversial. Relying on leaf-scale measurements, most models simulating isoprene emissions in future higher [CO2] atmospheres suggest reduced emission fluxes. However, combined effects of elevated [CO2] on leaf area growth, net assimilation and isoprene emission rates have rarely been studied on the canopy scale, but stimulation of leaf area growth may largely compensate for possible [CO2] inhibition reported at the leaf scale. This study tests the hypothesis that stimulated leaf area growth leads to increased canopy isoprene emission rates. We studied the dynamics of canopy growth, and net assimilation and isoprene emission rates in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) grown under 380 and 780 μmol mol(-1) [CO2]. A theoretical framework based on the Chapman-Richards function to model canopy growth and numerically compare the growth dynamics among ambient and elevated atmospheric [CO2]-grown plants was developed. Plants grown under elevated [CO2] had higher C : N ratio, and greater total leaf area, and canopy net assimilation and isoprene emission rates. During ontogeny, these key canopy characteristics developed faster and stabilized earlier under elevated [CO2]. However, on a leaf area basis, foliage physiological traits remained in a transient state over the whole experiment. These results demonstrate that canopy-scale dynamics importantly complements the leaf-scale processes, and that isoprene emissions may actually increase under higher [CO2] as a result of enhanced leaf area production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Sun
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Katja Hüve
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 510101, Estonia
| | - Steffen M Noe
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Giulia E, Alessandro B, Mariano D, Andrea B, Benedetto R, Angelo R. Early induction of apple fruitlet abscission is characterized by an increase of both isoprene emission and abscisic acid content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1952-69. [PMID: 23444344 PMCID: PMC3613467 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) fruitlet abscission represents an interesting model system to study the early phases of the shedding process, during which major transcriptomic changes and metabolic rearrangements occur within the fruit. In apple, the drop of fruits at different positions within the cluster can be selectively magnified through chemical thinners, such as benzyladenine and metamitron, acting as abscission enhancers. In this study, different abscission potentials were obtained within the apple fruitlet population by means of the above-cited thinners. A metabolomic study was conducted on the volatile organic compounds emitted by abscising fruitlets, allowing for identification of isoprene as an early marker of abscission induction. A strong correlation was also observed between isoprene production and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in the fruit cortex, which were shown to increase in abscising fruitlets with respect to nonabscising ones. Transcriptomic evidence indicated that abscission-related ABA is biologically active, and its increased biosynthesis is associated with the induction of a specific ABA-responsive 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene. According to a hypothetical model, ABA may transiently cooperate with other hormones and secondary messengers in the generation of an intrafruit signal leading to the downstream activation of the abscission zone. The shedding process therefore appears to be triggered by multiple interdependent pathways, whose fine regulation, exerted within a very short temporal window by both endogenous and exogenous factors, determines the final destiny of the fruitlets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimauro Mariano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy (G.E., A.Bot., B.R., A.R.); and
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation, National Research Council-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, 38123 Trento, Italy (M.D., A.Bos.)
| | - Boschetti Andrea
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy (G.E., A.Bot., B.R., A.R.); and
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation, National Research Council-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, 38123 Trento, Italy (M.D., A.Bos.)
| | | | - Ramina Angelo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy (G.E., A.Bot., B.R., A.R.); and
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation, National Research Council-Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, 38123 Trento, Italy (M.D., A.Bos.)
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Vickers CE, Possell M, Laothawornkitkul J, Ryan AC, Hewitt CN, Mullineaux PM. Isoprene synthesis in plants: lessons from a transgenic tobacco model. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1043-1053. [PMID: 21388420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a highly reactive gas, and is emitted in such large quantities from the biosphere that it substantially affects the oxidizing potential of the atmosphere. Relatively little is known about the control of isoprene emission at the molecular level. Using transgenic tobacco lines harbouring a poplar isoprene synthase gene, we examined control of isoprene emission. Isoprene synthase required chloroplastic localization for catalytic activity, and isoprene was produced via the methyl erythritol (MEP) pathway from recently assimilated carbon. Emission patterns in transgenic tobacco plants were remarkably similar to naturally emitting plants under a wide variety of conditions. Emissions correlated with photosynthetic rates in developing and mature leaves, and with the amount of isoprene synthase protein in mature leaves. Isoprene synthase protein levels did not change under short-term increase in heat/light, despite an increase in emissions under these conditions. A robust circadian pattern could be observed in emissions from long-day plants. The data support the idea that substrate supply and changes in enzyme kinetics (rather than changes in isoprene synthase levels or post-translational regulation of activity) are the primary controls on isoprene emission in mature transgenic tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England, UK
| | - Malcolm Possell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England, UK
| | - Jullada Laothawornkitkul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England, UK
| | - Annette C Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England, UK
| | - C Nicholas Hewitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England, UK
| | - Philip M Mullineaux
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England, UK
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Ghirardo A, Gutknecht J, Zimmer I, Brüggemann N, Schnitzler JP. Biogenic volatile organic compound and respiratory CO2 emissions after 13C-labeling: online tracing of C translocation dynamics in poplar plants. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17393. [PMID: 21387007 PMCID: PMC3046154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally plants are the primary sink of atmospheric CO(2), but are also the major contributor of a large spectrum of atmospheric reactive hydrocarbons such as terpenes (e.g. isoprene) and other biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC). The prediction of plant carbon (C) uptake and atmospheric oxidation capacity are crucial to define the trajectory and consequences of global environmental changes. To achieve this, the biosynthesis of BVOC and the dynamics of C allocation and translocation in both plants and ecosystems are important. METHODOLOGY We combined tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry (TDLAS) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for studying isoprene biosynthesis and following C fluxes within grey poplar (Populus x canescens) saplings. This was achieved by feeding either (13)CO(2) to leaves or (13)C-glucose to shoots via xylem uptake. The translocation of (13)CO(2) from the source to other plant parts could be traced by (13)C-labeled isoprene and respiratory (13)CO(2) emission. PRINCIPAL FINDING In intact plants, assimilated (13)CO(2) was rapidly translocated via the phloem to the roots within 1 hour, with an average phloem transport velocity of 20.3±2.5 cm h(-1). (13)C label was stored in the roots and partially reallocated to the plants' apical part one day after labeling, particularly in the absence of photosynthesis. The daily C loss as BVOC ranged between 1.6% in mature leaves and 7.0% in young leaves. Non-isoprene BVOC accounted under light conditions for half of the BVOC C loss in young leaves and one-third in mature leaves. The C loss as isoprene originated mainly (76-78%) from recently fixed CO(2), to a minor extent from xylem-transported sugars (7-11%) and from photosynthetic intermediates with slower turnover rates (8-11%). CONCLUSION We quantified the plants' C loss as respiratory CO(2) and BVOC emissions, allowing in tandem with metabolic analysis to deepen our understanding of ecosystem C flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jessica Gutknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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27
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Behnke K, Kaiser A, Zimmer I, Brüggemann N, Janz D, Polle A, Hampp R, Hänsch R, Popko J, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Ehlting B, Rennenberg H, Barta C, Loreto F, Schnitzler JP. RNAi-mediated suppression of isoprene emission in poplar transiently impacts phenolic metabolism under high temperature and high light intensities: a transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 74:61-75. [PMID: 20526857 PMCID: PMC3128716 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, isoprene plays a dual role: (a) as thermo-protective agent proposed to prevent degradation of enzymes/membrane structures involved in photosynthesis, and (b) as reactive molecule reducing abiotic oxidative stress. The present work addresses the question whether suppression of isoprene emission interferes with genome wide transcription rates and metabolite fluxes in grey poplar (Populus x canescens) throughout the growing season. Gene expression and metabolite profiles of isoprene emitting wild type plants and RNAi-mediated non-isoprene emitting poplars were compared by using poplar Affymetrix microarrays and non-targeted FT-ICR-MS (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry). We observed a transcriptional down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes of phenylpropanoid regulatory and biosynthetic pathways, as well as distinct metabolic down-regulation of condensed tannins and anthocyanins, in non-isoprene emitting genotypes during July, when high temperature and light intensities possibly caused transient drought stress, as indicated by stomatal closure. Under these conditions leaves of non-isoprene emitting plants accumulated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), a signaling molecule in stress response and negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The absence of isoprene emission under high temperature and light stress resulted transiently in a new chemo(pheno)type with suppressed production of phenolic compounds. This may compromise inducible defenses and may render non-isoprene emitting poplars more susceptible to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Behnke
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- Physiological Ecology of Plants, Botanical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, 38206 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Popko
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, 38206 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Ehlting
- Institute for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Csengele Barta
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF)—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca del CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Vickers CE, Possell M, Nicholas Hewitt C, Mullineaux PM. Genetic structure and regulation of isoprene synthase in Poplar (Populus spp.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:547-558. [PMID: 20467886 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a volatile 5-carbon hydrocarbon derived from the chloroplastic methylerythritol 2-C-methyl-D: -erythritol 4-phosphate isoprenoid pathway. In plants, isoprene emission is controlled by the enzyme isoprene synthase; however, there is still relatively little known about the genetics and regulation of this enzyme. Isoprene synthase gene structure was analysed in three poplar species. It was found that genes encoding stromal isoprene synthase exist as a small gene family, the members of which encode virtually identical proteins and are differentially regulated. Accumulation of isoprene synthase protein is developmentally regulated, but does not differ between sun and shade leaves and does not increase when heat stress is applied. Our data suggest that, in mature leaves, isoprene emission rates are primarily determined by substrate (dimethylallyl diphosphate, DMADP) availability. In immature leaves, where isoprene synthase levels are variable, emission levels are also influenced by the amount of isoprene synthase protein. No thylakoid isoforms could be identified in Populus alba or in Salix babylonica. Together, these data show that control of isoprene emission at the genetic level is far more complicated than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Essex University, Colchester C043SQ, UK.
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29
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Ghirardo A, Zimmer I, Brüggemann N, Schnitzler JP. Analysis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase activity in Grey poplar leaves using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:918-22. [PMID: 20303132 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Deoxy-xylulose phosphate synthase (DXS) catalyzes the first step of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and it might regulate the metabolic flux in plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis. We developed a sensitive assay suitable for plant extracts that is based on the decarboxylation of labeled pyruvate (1-(13)C)-PYR and detection of (13)CO(2) by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We tested our method investigating the DXS activity in poplar leaves. Apparent DXS activity showed Michaelis constants of 111 and 158 microM for glyceraldehyde phosphate and pyruvate, respectively; pH and temperature optima were found at pH 8.6 and 45 degrees C. DXS activity was inhibited when the competitive inhibitor beta-fluoropyruvate was added to the reaction mixture. DXS activity strongly depended on leaf development with higher activity in young leaves and correlated fairly well with leaf isoprene emission potential. In mature poplar leaves, isoprene emission is the main metabolic sink of plastidic isoprenoid intermediates. Consequently, we found lower DXS activity in non-isoprene-emitting lines of poplar than in emitting plants as indicator of a lower demand of metabolic flux within the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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30
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Guitton Y, Nicolè F, Moja S, Benabdelkader T, Valot N, Legrand S, Jullien F, Legendre L. Lavender inflorescence: a model to study regulation of terpenes synthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:749-51. [PMID: 20418661 PMCID: PMC3001579 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.6.11704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We analysed VOC composition of complete inflorescences and single flowers of lavender during the flowering period. Our analyses, focused on the 20 most abundant terpenes, showed that three groups of components could be separated according to their patterns of variation during inflorescence ontogeny. These three groups were associated with three developmental stages: flower in bud, flower in bloom and faded flower. The expression of two terpene synthases (TPS) was followed using qPCR during inflorescence ontogeny. A comparison of these chemical and molecular analyses suggested that VOC production in lavender spike is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. These results highlighted that lavender could be a model plant for future investigations on terpene biosynthesis and regulation, and could be used to explore the functions of terpene metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guitton
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Florence Nicolè
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sandrine Moja
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Tarek Benabdelkader
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
- Département de Biologie; Faculté des Sciences; Université M'hamed Bougara; Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Nadine Valot
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvain Legrand
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Jullien
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Legendre
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire BVpam; Saint-Etienne, France
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31
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Schnitzler JP, Louis S, Behnke K, Loivamäki M. Poplar volatiles - biosynthesis, regulation and (eco)physiology of isoprene and stress-induced isoprenoids. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:302-16. [PMID: 20398237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with their environment through a wide variety of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), with isoprenoids ( identical with terpenes), i.e. isoprene, mono- and sesquiterpenes, playing an important role. Isoprene, a hemiterpene, is the simplest isoprenoid compound mainly emitted by tree species like poplars, oaks and willows. Woody plants alone comprise 75% of the global isoprene emitted to the atmosphere. Due to its significant influence on atmospheric chemistry, research has been focused on this C5 compound, with poplar being the most prominent model system. Recent studies indicate that isoprene can enhance thermotolerance or quench oxidative stress, while also interfering with the attraction of herbivores and parasitoids to plants. In this paper, we report on biosynthesis, regulation and function of isoprene and other stress-induced volatile isoprenoids in poplar, and discuss the future scientific challenges in this genus with respect to the importance of plant volatiles in high-density poplar biomass plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Schnitzler
- Karlsruhe Institut for Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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32
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Niinemets U. Mild versus severe stress and BVOCs: thresholds, priming and consequences. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:145-53. [PMID: 20006534 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-generated volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play key roles in large-scale atmospheric processes and serve the plants as important defense and signal molecules. The main emphasis in quantitative BVOC studies has been on constitutive emissions of isoprene and specific monoterpene species that are present in only certain emitting plant species. However, environmental and biotic stresses can induce emissions of an array of organic compounds in any plant species, whereas the magnitude of emissions induced by given stress depends on stress tolerance, timing, duration and severity (mild versus strong) of the stress. The main view put forward in this review is that quantitative understanding of stress effects is the key for constructing realistic models of both constitutive and induced BVOC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
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33
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An SH, Choi HW, Hong JK, Hwang BK. Regulation and function of the pepper pectin methylesterase inhibitor (CaPMEI1) gene promoter in defense and ethylene and methyl jasmonate signaling in plants. PLANTA 2009; 230:1223-1237. [PMID: 19777255 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the promoters of defense-related genes is valuable for determining stress signaling and transcriptional activation during pathogen infection. Here, we have isolated and functionally characterized the promoter region of the pepper (Capsicum annuum) pectin methylesterase inhibitor 1 (CaPMEI1) gene in transiently transformed tobacco plants and stably transformed Arabidopsis plants. Among four 5' deletion constructs analyzed, the -958-bp CaPMEI1 promoter induced a high level of GUS reporter activity in tobacco leaf tissue, driven by pathogen infection as well as by ethylene and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The 204-bp region from -958 bp to -754 bp of the CaPMEI1 promoter is responsible for the stress-responsive expression. In addition, the pepper transcription factor CARAV1 activated the CaPMEI1 promoter in tobacco leaves, whereas the transcription factor CAbZIP1 did not. In the transgenic Arabidopsis plants, the -958 bp CaPMEI1 promoter was functionally regulated by developmental cues, bacterial and oomycete pathogen infections, and treatment with ethylene and MeJA. Histochemical GUS staining analyses of Arabidopsis tissues revealed that the CaPMEI1 promoter was mainly activated in leaf veins in response to various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Together, these results suggest that CaPMEI1 promoter activation may be a critical molecular event for host defense response and ethylene- and MeJA-mediated CaPMEI1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun An
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
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