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Zhang M, Chai ZH, Zhang C, Chen L. Unbalanced Expression of Structural Genes in Carotenoid Pathway Contributes to the Flower Color Formation of the Osmanthus Cultivar 'Yanzhi Hong'. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10198. [PMID: 39337681 PMCID: PMC11432492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are important natural pigments that are responsible for the fruit and flower colors of many plants. The composition and content of carotenoid can greatly influence the color phenotype of plants. However, the regulatory mechanism underling the divergent behaviors of carotenoid accumulation, especially in flower, remains unclear. In this study, a new cultivar Osmanthus fragrans 'Yanzhi Hong' was used to study the regulation of carotenoid pigmentation in flower. Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis showed that β-carotene, phytoene, lycopene, γ-carotene, and lutein were the top five pigments enriched in the petals of 'Yanzhi Hong'. Through transcriptome analysis, we found that the expression of the structural genes in carotenoid pathway was imbalanced: most of the structural genes responsible for lycopene biosynthesis were highly expressed throughout the flower developmental stages, while those for lycopene metabolism kept at a relatively lower level. The downregulation of LYCE, especially at the late developmental stages, suppressed the conversion from lycopene to α-carotene but promoted the accumulation of β-carotene, which had great effect on the carotenoid composition of 'Yanzhi Hong'. Ethylene response factor (ERF), WRKY, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), auxin response factor (ARF), and other transcription factors (TFs) have participated in the flower color regulation of 'Yanzhi Hong', which formed co-expression networks with the structural genes and functioned in multiple links of the carotenoid pathway. The results suggested that the cyclization of lycopene is a key link in determining flower color. The modification of the related TFs will break the expression balance between the upstream and downstream genes and greatly influence the carotenoid profile in flowers, which can be further used for creating colorful plant germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zi-Han Chai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Huang X, Liu L, Qiang X, Meng Y, Li Z, Huang F. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Profiles Provide Insights into the Mechanisms of Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Petals of Medicago sativa ssp. sativa and Medicago sativa ssp. falcata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:700. [PMID: 38475545 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The petals of Medicago sativa ssp. sativa and M. sativa ssp. falcata are purple and yellow, respectively. Free hybridization between M. sativa ssp. sativa and M. sativa ssp. falcata has created hybrids with various flower colors in nature. Moreover, the flower colors of alfalfa are closely correlated with yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance and other agronomic characteristics. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of flower color formation in M. sativa ssp. sativa and M. sativa ssp. falcata, we conducted an integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of alfalfa with three different petal colors (purple, yellow and cream). The metabolic profiles suggested that anthocyanins and carotenoids are the crucial pigments in purple and yellow flowers, respectively. A quantitative exploration of the anthocyanin and carotenoid components indicated that the accumulations of cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, malvidin, pelargonidin and petunidin derivatives are significantly higher in purple flowers than in cream flowers. In addition, the content of carotenes (phytoene, α-carotene and β-carotene) and xanthophylls (α-cryptoxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and violaxanthin derivatives) was markedly higher in yellow flowers than in cream flowers. Furthermore, we found that delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside and lutein were the predominant pigments accumulated in purple and yellow flowers, respectively. The transcriptomic results revealed that twenty-five upregulated structural genes (one C4H, three 4CL, twelve CHS, two CHI, one F3H, one F3'H, one F3'5'H and four DFR) are involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins in purple flowers, and nine structural genes (two PSY, one ZDS, two CRTISO, two BCH, one ZEP and one ECH) exert an effect on the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in yellow flowers. The findings of this study reveal the underlying mechanisms of anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis in alfalfa with three classic flower colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzheng Huang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China
| | - Xiaojing Qiang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China
| | - Yuanfa Meng
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China
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Cao YL, Chen YY, Li YL, Li CI, Lin ST, Lee BR, Hsieh CL, Hsiao YY, Fan YF, Luo Q, Zhao JH, Yin Y, An W, Shi ZG, Chow CN, Chang WC, Huang CL, Chang WH, Liu ZJ, Wu WS, Tsai WC. Wolfberry genome database: integrated genomic datasets for studying molecular biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1310346. [PMID: 38444537 PMCID: PMC10912414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1310346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Wolfberry, also known as goji berry or Lycium barbarum, is a highly valued fruit with significant health benefits and nutritional value. For more efficient and comprehensive usage of published L. barbarum genomic data, we established the Wolfberry database. The utility of the Wolfberry Genome Database (WGDB) is highlighted through the Genome browser, which enables the user to explore the L. barbarum genome, browse specific chromosomes, and access gene sequences. Gene annotation features provide comprehensive information about gene functions, locations, expression profiles, pathway involvement, protein domains, and regulatory transcription factors. The transcriptome feature allows the user to explore gene expression patterns using transcripts per kilobase million (TPM) and fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads (FPKM) metrics. The Metabolism pathway page provides insights into metabolic pathways and the involvement of the selected genes. In addition to the database content, we also introduce six analysis tools developed for the WGDB. These tools offer functionalities for gene function prediction, nucleotide and amino acid BLAST analysis, protein domain analysis, GO annotation, and gene expression pattern analysis. The WGDB is freely accessible at https://cosbi7.ee.ncku.edu.tw/Wolfberry/. Overall, WGDB serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the genomics and transcriptomics of L. barbarum. Its user-friendly web interface and comprehensive data facilitate the exploration of gene functions, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of wolfberry and its potential applications in agronomy and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Long Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiaiyi, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Long Li
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chung-I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ting Lin
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ru Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fang Fan
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qing Luo
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Shi
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- Institute of Wolfberry Engineering Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chi-Nga Chow
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Huang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Collage of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Douliu, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization and International Orchid Research Center at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Lan Y, Xiong R, Zhang K, Wang L, Wu M, Yan H, Xiang Y. Geranyl diphosphate synthase large subunits OfLSU1/2 interact with small subunit OfSSUII and are involved in aromatic monoterpenes production in Osmanthus fragrans. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128328. [PMID: 38000574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans is a famous ornamental tree species for its pleasing floral fragrance. Monoterpenoids are the core floral volatiles of O. fragrans flowers, which have tremendous commercial value. Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the formation of GPP, the precursor of monoterpenoids. However, there are no reports of GPPSs in O. fragrans. Here, we performed RNA sequencing on the O. fragrans flowers and identified three GPPSs. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OfLSU1/2 belonged to the GPPS.LSU branch, while the OfSSUII belonged to the GPPS.SSU branch. OfLSU1, OfLSU2 and OfSSUII were all localized in chloroplasts. Y2H and pull-down assays showed that OfLSU1 or OfLSU2 interacted with OfSSUII to form heteromeric GPPSs. Site mutation experiments revealed that the conserved CXXXC motifs of OfLSU1/2 and OfSSUII were essential for the interaction between OfLSU1/2 and OfSSUII. Transient expression experiments showed that OfLSU1, OfLSU2 and OfSSUII co-expressed with monoterpene synthase genes OfTPS1 or OfTPS2 improved the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids (E)-β-ocimene and linalool. The heteromeric GPPSs formed by OfLSU1/2 interacting with OfSSUII further improves the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids. Overall, these preliminary results suggested that the GPPSs play a key role in regulating the production of aromatic monoterpenes in O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Lan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kaimei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linna Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Min Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hanwei Yan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Zheng J, Yang X, Ye J, Su D, Wang L, Liao Y, Zhang W, Wang Q, Chen Q, Xu F. Multiomics analysis provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in yellow peach peel. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:23. [PMID: 37919829 PMCID: PMC10623742 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids, as natural tetraterpenes, play a pivotal role in the yellow coloration of peaches and contribute to human dietary health. Despite a relatively clear understanding of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs involved in carotenoid synthesis in yellow peaches remain poorly elucidated. This study investigated a total of 14 carotenoids and 40 xanthophyll lipids, including six differentially accumulated carotenoids: violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, and (E/Z)-phytoene. An integrated analysis of RNA-seq, miRNA-seq and degradome sequencing revealed that miRNAs could modulate structural genes such as PSY2, CRTISO, ZDS1, CHYB, VDE, ZEP, NCED1, NCED3 and the transcription factors NAC, ARF, WRKY, MYB, and bZIP, thereby participating in carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism. The authenticity of miRNAs and target gene was corroborated through quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, through weighted gene coexpression network analysis and a phylogenetic evolutionary study, coexpressed genes and MYB transcription factors potentially implicated in carotenoid synthesis were identified. The results of transient expression experiments indicated that mdm-miR858 inhibited the expression of PpMYB9 through targeted cleavage. Building upon these findings, a regulatory network governing miRNA-mediated carotenoid synthesis was proposed. In summary, this study comprehensively identified miRNAs engaged in carotenoid biosynthesis and their putative target genes, thus enhancing the understanding of carotenoid accumulation and regulatory mechanism in yellow peach peel and expanding the gene regulatory network of carotenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Dongxue Su
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qijian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qiangwen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
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Liu X, Zheng R, Radani Y, Gao H, Yue S, Fan W, Tang J, Shi J, Zhu J. Transcriptional deciphering of the metabolic pathways associated with the bioactive ingredients of wolfberry species with different quality characteristics. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:658. [PMID: 37919673 PMCID: PMC10621208 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wolfberry is rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, betaines and other bioactive ingredients. For over 2,000 years, wolfberry has been used in China as a medicinal and edible plant resource. Nevertheless, the content of bioactive ingredients varies by cultivars, resulting in uneven quality across wolfberry cultivars and species. To date, research has revealed little about the underlying molecular mechanism of the metabolism of flavonoids, carotenoids, and other bioactive ingredients in wolfberry. RESULTS In this context, the transcriptomes of the Lycium barbarum L. cultivar 'Ningqi No. 1' and Lycium chinense Miller were compared during the fruit maturity stage using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform, and subsequently, the changes of the gene expression profiles in two types of wolfberries were analysed. In total, 256,228,924 clean reads were obtained, and 8817 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, then assembled by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) similarity searches and annotated using Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (KOG), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). By combining these transcriptome data with data from the PubMed database, 36 DEGs related to the metabolism of bioactive ingredients and implicated in the metabolic pathway of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, vitamins, etc., were identified. In addition, among the 9 differentially expressed transcription factors, LbAPL, LbPHL11 and LbKAN4 have raised concerns. The protein physicochemical properties, structure prediction and phylogenetic analysis indicated that LbAPL and LbPHL11 may be good candidate genes involved in regulating the flavonoid metabolism pathway in wolfberry. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence for the differences in bioactive ingredient content at the transcription level among different wolfberry species, as well as a research and theoretical basis for the screening, cloning and functional analysis of key genes involved in the metabolism of bioactive ingredients in wolfberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Yasmina Radani
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Sijun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jianning Tang
- Ningxia Wolfberry Industry Development Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Jing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhu
- Qixin Wolfberry Seedling Professional Cooperatives, Zhongning, 755100, China
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Wei Y, Meng N, Wang Y, Cheng J, Duan C, Pan Q. Transcription factor VvWRKY70 inhibits both norisoprenoid and flavonol biosynthesis in grape. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2055-2070. [PMID: 37471439 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Norisoprenoids and flavonols are important secondary metabolites in grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.). The former is a class of ubiquitous flavor and fragrance compounds produced by the cleavage of carotenoids, and the latter, which is derived from the flavonoid metabolic pathway, has been proposed as a general quality marker for red grapes. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying norisoprenoid and flavonol production are still not fully understood. In this study, we characterized a transcription factor, VvWRKY70, as a repressor of both norisoprenoid and flavonol biosynthesis in grape berries, and its expression was downregulated by light and high-temperature treatment. Overexpressing VvWRKY70 in grape calli reduced norisoprenoid and flavonol production, particularly under light exposure or at high temperature, by repressing the expression of several related genes in the isoprenoid and flavonoid metabolic pathways. VvWRKY70 downregulated β-CAROTENE HYDROXYLASE 2 (VvBCH2) and CHALCONE SYNTHASE 3 (VvCHS3) expression based on yeast 1-hybrid analysis combined with electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR. We discuss the role of VvWRKY70 in the coordinated regulatory network of isoprenoid and flavonoid metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical basis to improve flavor, color, and other comprehensive qualities of fruit crops and their processing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yachen Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Changqing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiuhong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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Lan Y, Zhang K, Wang L, Liang X, Liu H, Zhang X, Jiang N, Wu M, Yan H, Xiang Y. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor OfMYB21 positively regulates linalool biosynthesis in Osmanthus fragrans flowers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126099. [PMID: 37543267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known landscape ornamental tree species for its pleasing floral fragrance and abundance of flowers. Linalool, the core floral volatiles of O. fragrans, has tremendous economic value in the pharmaceuticals, cleaning products and cosmetics industries. However, the transcriptional regulatory network for the biosynthesis of linalool in O. fragrans remains unclear. Here, OfMYB21, a potential transcription factor regulating the linalool synthetase OfTPS2, was identified using RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase and EMSA showed that OfMYB21 directly binds to the promoter of OfTPS2 and activates its expression. Overexpression of OfMYB21 in the petals of O. fragrans led to up-regulation of OfTPS2 and increased accumulation of linalool, while silencing of OfMYB21 led to down-regulation of OfTPS2 and decreased biosynthesis of linalool. Subsequently, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down and BiFC experiments showed that OfMYB21 interacts with JA signaling factors OfJAZ2/3 and OfMYC2. Interestingly, the interaction between OfMYC2 and OfMYB21 further enhanced the transcription of OfTPS2, whereas OfJAZ3 attenuated this effect. Overall, our studies provided novel finding on the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of the volatile monoterpenoid linalool in O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Lan
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kaimei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linna Wang
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Honxia Liu
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Nianqin Jiang
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Min Wu
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hanwei Yan
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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9
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Ding A, Bao F, Yuan X, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Revealed Lutein Metabolism Contributed to Yellow Flower Formation in Prunus mume. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3333. [PMID: 37765497 PMCID: PMC10537319 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Prunus mume is a famous ornamental woody tree with colorful flowers. P. mume with yellow flowers is one of the most precious varieties. Regretfully, metabolites and regulatory mechanisms of yellow flowers in P. mume are still unclear. This hinders innovation of flower color breeding in P. mume. To elucidate the metabolic components and molecular mechanisms of yellow flowers, we analyzed transcriptome and metabolome between 'HJH' with yellow flowers and 'ZLE' with white flowers. Comparing the metabolome of the two varieties, we determined that carotenoids made contributions to the yellow flowers rather than flavonoids. Lutein was the key differential metabolite to cause yellow coloration of 'HJH'. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) between the two varieties. Specifically, the expression level of PmCCD4 was higher in 'ZLE' than that in 'HJH'. Moreover, we identified six major transcription factors that probably regulated PmCCD4 to affect lutein accumulation. We speculated that carotenoid cleavage genes might be closely related to the yellow flower phenotype in P. mume. Further, the coding sequence of PmCCD4 has been cloned from the 'HJH' petals, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmCCD4 possessed conserved histidine residues, ensuring its enzymatic activity. PmCCD4 was closely related to PpCCD4, with a homology of 98.16%. Instantaneous transformation analysis in petal protoplasts of P. mume revealed PmCCD4 localization in the plastid. The overexpression of PmCCD4 significantly reduced the carotenoid content in tobacco plants, especially the lutein content, indicating that lutein might be the primary substrate for PmCCD4. We speculated that PmCCD4 might be involved in the cleavage of lutein in plastids, thereby affecting the formation of yellow flowers in P. mume. This work could establish a material and molecular basis of molecular breeding in P. mume for improving the flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Ni Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Hu Q, Lin J, Lin H, Hao Z, Wang Y, Zhou J, Sun Y. Dynamic change of the carotenoid metabolic pathway profile during oolong tea processing with supplementary LED light. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112839. [PMID: 37254414 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid-derived volatiles are important contributors to tea aroma quality. However, the profile of the carotenoid pathway and carotenoid-derived volatiles (CDVs) artificial regulation in oolong tea processing has yet to be investigated. In the present work, the content and varieties of carotenoid-derived volatiles, the genome-wide identification of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CsCCD) gene family, the expression level of CsCCD and other key genes in the carotenoid pathway, and the profile of carotenoid substances were analyzed by multi-omics and bioinformatics methods with innovative postharvest supplementary LED light during oolong tea processing. The results showed that during oolong tea processing, a total of 17 CDVs were identified. The content of β-ionone increased up to 26.07 times that of fresh leaves and its formation was significantly promoted with supplementary LED light from 0.54 μg/g to 0.83 μg/g in the third turning over treatment. A total of 11 CsCCD gene family members were identified and 119 light response cis-acting regulatory elements of CsCCD were found. However, the expression level of most genes in the carotenoid pathway including CsCCD were reduced due to mechanical stress. 'Huangdan' fresh tea leaves had a total of 1 430.46 μg/g 22 varieties of carotenoids, which mainly composed of lutein(78.10%), β-carotene(8.24%) and zeaxanthin(8.18%). With supplementary LED light, the content of antherxanthin and zeaxanthin in xanthophyll cycle was regulated and CDVs such as α-ionone, β-ionone, pseudoionone, damascenone, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, citral, geranyl acetate and α-farnesene were promoted significantly in different phases during oolong tea processing. Our results revealed the profile of the carotenoid metabolism pathway in oolong tea processing from the perspective of precursors, gene expression and products, and put forward an innovative way to improve CDVs by postharvest supplementary LED light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Ni
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Tea Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Yang
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qingcai Hu
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongzheng Lin
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhilong Hao
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jihong Zhou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Horticulture/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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11
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Yang J, Gu T, Lu Y, Xu Y, Gan RY, Ng SB, Sun Q, Peng Y. Edible Osmanthus fragrans flowers: aroma and functional components, beneficial functions, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:10055-10068. [PMID: 37287270 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2220130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) has been cultivated in China for over 2,500 years as a traditional fragrant plant. Recently, O. fragrans has drawn increasing attention due to its unique aroma and potential health benefits. In this review, the aroma and functional components of O. fragrans are summarized, and their biosynthetic mechanism is discussed. The beneficial functions and related molecular mechanism of O. fragrans extract are then highlighted. Finally, potential applications of O. fragrans are summarized, and future perspectives are proposed and discussed. According to the current research, O. fragrans extracts and components have great potential to be developed into value-added functional ingredients with preventive effects on certain chronic diseases. However, it is crucial to develop efficient, large-scale, and commercially viable extraction methods to obtain the bioactive components from O. fragrans. Furthermore, more clinical studies are highly needed to explore the beneficial functions of O. fragrans and guide its development into functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yongtong Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | | | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Bee Ng
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quancai Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Peng
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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12
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Diao Q, Tian S, Cao Y, Yao D, Fan H, Zhang Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals association of carotenoid metabolism pathway with fruit color in melon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5004. [PMID: 36973323 PMCID: PMC10043268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractFlesh color is an important quality of melon (Cucumis melo L.) and is determined mainly by carotenoid content, awarding them with colors, aromas, and nutrients. enhancing the nutritional and health benefits of fruits and vegetables for humans. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of two melon inbred line “B-14” (orange-flesh) and “B-6” (white-flesh) at three developmental stages. We observed that the β-carotene content of inbred line “B-6” (14.232 μg/g) was significantly lower than that of inbred line “B-14” (0.534 μg/g). RNA-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two inbred lines at different stages; the DEGs were analyzed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases (KEGG). We identified 33 structural DEGs in different developmental periods of the two lines that were related to carotenoid metabolism. Among them, PSY, Z-ISO, ZDS, CRTISO, CCD4, VDE1, and NCED2 were highly correlated with carotenoid content. Thus, this study provides a basis for molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis and flesh color in melon fruit.
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13
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Insights into the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Superfamily in Osmanthus fragrans and the Role of OfCYP142 in Linalool Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012150. [PMID: 36293004 PMCID: PMC9602793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans flowers have long been used as raw materials in food, tea, beverage, and perfume industries due to their attractive and strong fragrance. The P450 superfamily proteins have been reported to widely participate in the synthesis of plant floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To investigate the potential functions of P450 superfamily proteins in the fragrance synthesis of O. fragrans, we investigated the P450 superfamily genome wide. A total of 276 P450 genes were identified belonging to 40 families. The RNA-seq data suggested that many OfCYP genes were preferentially expressed in the flower or other organs, and some were also induced by multiple abiotic stresses. The expression patterns of seven flower-preferentially expressed OfCYPs during the five different flower aroma content stages were further explored using quantitative real-time PCR, showing that the CYP94C subfamily member OfCYP142 had the highest positive correlation with linalool synthesis gene OfTPS2. The transient expression of OfCYP142 in O. fragrans petals suggested that OfCYP142 can increase the content of linalool, an important VOC of the O. fragrans floral aroma, and a similar result was also obtained in flowers of OfCYP142 transgenic tobacco. Combined with RNA-seq data of the transiently transformed O. fragrans petals, we found that the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites was significantly enriched, and many 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway genes were also upregulated. This evidence indicated that the OfCYP proteins may play critical roles in the flower development and abiotic response of O. fragrans, and that OfCYP142 can participate in linalool synthesis. This study provides valuable information about the functions of P450 genes and a valuable guide for studying further functions of OfCYPs in promoting fragrance biosynthesis of ornamental plants.
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14
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Huang H, Gao X, Gao X, Zhang S, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Hong B, Zhao X, Gu Z. Flower color mutation, pink to orange, through CmGATA4 - CCD4a-5 module regulates carotenoids degradation in chrysanthemum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111290. [PMID: 35753140 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoids biosynthesis pathway in plants has been studied extensively, yet little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process, especially for ornamental horticulture plants. In this study, a natural variation of chrysanthemum with orange coloration was identified and compared with the wild type with pink coloration; the content and component of carotenoids were largely enriched in the mutant with orange coloration. CmCCD4a-5, the DNA sequence in both 'Pink yan' and the mutant, was identified and shown to function as a carotenoid degradation enzyme. Compared with 'Pink yan', the mutant shows lower expression level of CmCCD4a-5. Furthermore, CmGATA4 was found to have an opposite expression trend to CmCCD4a-5, and it could directly bind with the CmCCD4a-5 promoter. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CmGATA4 acts as a negative regulator of CmCCD4a-5 and, furthermore, low expression of CmCCD4a-5 resulted in carotenoid accumulation in the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xuekai Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ying Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bo Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Li Z, Wang J, Fu Y, Jing Y, Huang B, Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang XB, Meng C, Yang Q, Xu L. The Musa troglodytarum L. genome provides insights into the mechanism of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids. BMC Biol 2022; 20:186. [PMID: 36002843 PMCID: PMC9400310 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Karat (Musa troglodytarum L.) is an autotriploid Fe'i banana of the Australimusa section. Karat was domesticated independently in the Pacific region, and karat fruit are characterized by a pink sap, a deep yellow-orange flesh colour, and an abundance of β-carotene. Karat fruit showed non-climacteric behaviour, with an approximately 215-day bunch filling time. These features make karat a valuable genetic resource for studying the mechanisms underlying fruit development and ripening and carotenoid biosynthesis. RESULTS Here, we report the genome of M. troglodytarum, which has a total length of 603 Mb and contains 37,577 predicted protein-coding genes. After divergence from the most recent common ancestors, M. troglodytarum (T genome) has experienced fusion of ancestral chromosomes 8 and 9 and multiple translocations and inversions, unlike the high synteny with few rearrangements found among M. schizocarpa (S genome), M. acuminata (A genome) and M. balbisiana (B genome). Genome microsynteny analysis showed that the triplication of MtSSUIIs due to chromosome rearrangement may lead to the accumulation of carotenoids and ABA in the fruit. The expression of duplicated MtCCD4s is repressed during ripening, leading to the accumulation of α-carotene, β-carotene and phytoene. Due to a long terminal repeat (LTR)-like fragment insertion upstream of MtERF11, karat cannot produce large amounts of ethylene but can produce ABA during ripening. These lead to non-climacteric behaviour and prolonged shelf-life, which contributes to an enrichment of carotenoids and riboflavin. CONCLUSIONS The high-quality genome of M. troglodytarum revealed the genomic basis of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids, riboflavin, flavonoids and free galactose and provides valuable resources for further research on banana domestication and breeding and the improvement of nutritional and bioactive qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Yunliu Fu
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Yonglin Jing
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Bilan Huang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.428986.90000 0001 0373 6302College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China
| | - Xiao Bing Wang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Chunyang Meng
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Qingquan Yang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Li Xu
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
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16
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes and Pathways Associated with the Petal Color Formation in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126656. [PMID: 35743099 PMCID: PMC9224331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Petal color is an important agronomic trait in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Although the key gene BoCCD4 has been functionally characterized, the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism of petal color formation in cabbage is still unclear. In this study, we applied the transcriptome analysis of yellow petals from the cabbage inbred line YL-1 and white petals from the Chinese kale inbred line A192-1 and the BoCCD4-overexpressing transgenic line YF-2 (YL-1 background), which revealed 1928 DEGs common to both the A192-1 vs. YL-1 and the YL-1 vs. YF-2 comparison groups. One key enzyme-encoding gene, BoAAO3, and two key TF-encoding genes, Bo2g151880 (WRKY) and Bo3g024180 (SBP), related to carotenoid biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in both the A192-1 and YF-2 petals, which was consistent with the expression pattern of BoCCD4. We speculate that these key genes may interact with BoCCD4 to jointly regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in cabbage petals. This study provides new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying petal color formation in cabbage.
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17
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Xu B, Fu J, Du Y, Fang Q, Dong B, Zhao H. Temperature regulation of carotenoid accumulation in the petals of sweet osmanthus via modulating expression of carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation genes. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:418. [PMID: 35659179 PMCID: PMC9166602 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temperature is involved in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation in many plants. The floral color of sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) which is mainly contributed by carotenoid content, is affected by temperature in autumn. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, to reveal how temperature regulates the floral color of sweet osmanthus, potted sweet osmanthus ‘Jinqiu Gui’ were treated by different temperatures (15 °C, 19 °C or 32 °C). The floral color, carotenoid content, and the expression level of carotenoid-related genes in petals of sweet osmanthus ‘Jinqiu Gui’ under different temperature treatments were investigated. Results Compared to the control (19 °C), high temperature (32 °C) changed the floral color from yellow to yellowish-white with higher lightness (L*) value and lower redness (a*) value, while low temperature (15 °C) turned the floral color from yellow to pale orange with decreased L* value and increased a* value. Total carotenoid content and the content of individual carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin) were inhibited by high temperature, but were enhanced by low temperature. Lower carotenoid accumulation under high temperature was probably attributed to transcriptional down-regulation of the biosynthesis gene OfPSY1, OfZ-ISO1 and OfLCYB1, and up-regulation of degradation genes OfNCED3, OfCCD1-1, OfCCD1-2, and OfCCD4-1. Up-regulation of OfLCYB1, and down-regulation of OfNCED3 and OfCCD4-1 were predicted to be involved in low-temperature-regulated carotenoid accumulation. Luciferase assays showed that the promoter activity of OfLCYB1 was activated by low temperature, and repressed by high temperature. However, the promoter activity of OfCCD4-1 was repressed by low temperature, and activated by high temperature. Conclusions Our study revealed that high temperature suppressed the floral coloration by repressing the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, and activating the expression of carotenoid degradation genes. However, the relative low temperature had opposite effects on floral coloration and carotenoid biosynthesis in sweet osmanthus. These results will help reveal the regulatory mechanism of temperature on carotenoid accumulation in the petals of sweet osmanthus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08643-0.
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Han Y, Lu M, Yue S, Li K, Dong M, Liu L, Wang H, Shang F. Comparative methylomics and chromatin accessibility analysis in Osmanthus fragrans uncovers regulation of genic transcription and mechanisms of key floral scent production. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac096. [PMID: 35795393 PMCID: PMC9250655 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linalool and ionone are two important aromatic components in sweet osmanthus petals, and the regulatory mechanisms that produce these two components remain unclear. In this study, we employed whole-genome methylation sequencing and ATAC-seq technology to analyze the genomic DNA methylation status and chromatin accessibility of the sweet osmanthus cultivars 'Zaohuang' and 'Chenghong Dangui'. Results showed that the promoter region of TPS2, a key gene in the linalool synthesis pathway, was less methylated in 'Chenghong Dangui' than in 'Zaohuang'. The chromatin was more accessible in 'Chenghong Dangui' than in 'Zaohuang', which resulted in a much stronger expression of this gene in 'Chenghong Dangui' than in 'Zaohuang'. This eventually led to a high quantity of linalool and its oxides in the petals of 'Chenghong Dangui', but there were lower levels present in the petals of 'Zaohuang'. These results suggest that DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility play major roles in linalool synthesis in sweet osmanthus. The methylation level of the promoter region of CCD4, a key gene for ionone synthesis, was higher in 'Zaohuang' than in 'Chenghong Dangui'. The chromatin accessibility was lower in 'Zaohuang' than in 'Chenghong Dangui', although the expression of this gene was significantly higher in 'Zaohuang' than in 'Chenghong Dangui'. ChIP-seq analysis and a series of experiments showed that the differential expression of CCD4 and CCD1 in the two cultivars may predominantly be the result of regulation by ERF2 and other transcription factors. However, a 183-bp deletion involving the CCD4 promoter region in 'Chenghong Dangui' may be the main reason for the low expression of this gene in its petals. This study provides an important theoretical basis for improving selective breeding of key floral fragrance components in sweet osmanthus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miaomiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Shumin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Meifang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Luxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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Huang X, Hu L, Kong W, Yang C, Xi W. Red light-transmittance bagging promotes carotenoid accumulation of grapefruit during ripening. Commun Biol 2022; 5:303. [PMID: 35379890 PMCID: PMC8980019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light, a crucial environmental signal, is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites. To understand the mechanism by which light influences carotenoid metabolism, grapefruits were bagged with four types of light-transmitting bags that altered the transmission of solar light. We show that light-transmitting bagging induced changes in carotenoid metabolism during fruit ripening. Compared with natural light, red light (RL)-transmittance treatment significantly increases the total carotenoid content by 62%. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), ‘blue’ and ‘turquoise’ modules are remarkably associated with carotenoid metabolism under different light treatment (p < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis identifies transcription factors (TFs) bHLH128, NAC2-like/21/72, MYB-like, AGL11/AGL61, ERF023/062, WRKY20, SBPlike-7/13 as being involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism in response to RL. Under RL treatment, these TFs regulate the accumulation of carotenoids by directly modulating the expression of carotenogenic genes, including GGPPS2, PDS, Z-ISO, ZDS2/7, CRTISO3, CYP97A, CHYB, ZEP2, CCD1-2. Based on these results, a network of the regulation of carotenoid metabolism by light in citrus fruits is preliminarily proposed. These results show that RL treatments have great potential to improve coloration and nutritional quality of citrus fruits. Grapefruits ripened in red light-transmitting bags have 62% more carotenoid content than those ripened in natural light, leading to better coloration and higher nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Huang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Linping Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenbin Kong
- Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Chongqing, 401121, China
| | - Can Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Yan X, Ding W, Wu X, Wang L, Yang X, Yue Y. Insights Into the MYB-Related Transcription Factors Involved in Regulating Floral Aroma Synthesis in Sweet Osmanthus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:765213. [PMID: 35356120 PMCID: PMC8959829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.765213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an important member of the MYB transcription factor (TF) family, the MYB-related TFs play multiple roles in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites and developmental processes, as well as in response to numerous biotic and abiotic stressors in plants. However, little is known regarding their roles in regulating the formation of floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of MYB-related proteins in sweet osmanthus; 212 OfMYB-related TFs were divided into three distinct subgroups based on the phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, we found that the expansion of the OfMYB-related genes occurred primarily through segmental duplication events, and purifying selection occurred in all duplicated gene pairs. RNA-seq data revealed that the OfMYB-related genes were widely expressed in different organs of sweet osmanthus, and some showed flower organ/development stage-preferential expression patterns. Here, three OfMYB-related genes (OfMYB1R70/114/201), which were expressed nuclearly in floral organs, were found to be significantly involved in regulating the synthesis of floral VOCs. Only, OfMYB1R201 had transcriptional activity, thus implying that this gene participates in regulating the expression of VOC synthesis related genes. Remarkably, the transient expression results suggested that OfMYB1R70, OfMYB1R114, and OfMYB1R201 are involved in the regulation of VOC synthesis; OfMYB1R114 and OfMYB1R70 are involved in accelerating β-ionone formation. In contrast, OfMYB1R201 decreases the synthesis of β-ionone. Our results deepen our knowledge of the functions of MYB-related TFs and provide critical candidate genes for the floral aroma breeding of sweet osmanthus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Lu C, Qu J, Deng C, Liu F, Zhang F, Huang H, Dai S. The transcription factor complex CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 modulates carotenoid metabolism by directly regulating carotenogenic gene CmCCD4a-2 in chrysanthemum. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac020. [PMID: 35184172 PMCID: PMC9125392 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most important pigments for the coloring in many plants, fruits and flowers. Recently, significant progress has been made in carotenoid metabolism. However, the specific understanding on transcriptional regulation controlling the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes remains extremely limited. Anemone-type chrysanthemum, as a special group of chrysanthemum cultivars, contain elongated disc florets in capitulum, which usually appear in different colors compared with the ray florets since accumulating distinct content of carotenoids. In this study, the carotenoid composition and content of the ray and disc florets of an anemone-type chrysanthemum cultivar 'Dong Li Fen Gui' were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and the key structural gene CmCCD4a-2, of which differential expression resulted in the distinct content of carotenoids accumulated in these two types of florets, was identified. Then the promoter sequence of CmCCD4a-2 was used as bait to screen a chrysanthemum flower cDNA library and two transcription factors, CmAP3 and CmUIF1 were identified. Y2H, BiFC and Y3H experiments demonstrated that these two TFs were connected by CmPI to form CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 TF complex. This TF complex regulated carotenoid metabolism through activating the expression of CmCCD4a-2 directly. Furthermore, a large number of target genes regulated directly by the CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 TF complex, including carotenoid biosynthetic genes, flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flower development-related genes, were identified by DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq), which indicated that the CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 TF complex might participate in multiple processes. These findings expand our knowledge for the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolism in plants and will be helpful to manipulating carotenoid accumulation in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaping Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fangye Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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22
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Zheng X, Yang Y, Al-Babili S. Exploring the Diversity and Regulation of Apocarotenoid Metabolic Pathways in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:787049. [PMID: 34956282 PMCID: PMC8702529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In plants, carotenoids are subjected to enzyme-catalyzed oxidative cleavage reactions as well as to non-enzymatic degradation processes, which produce various carbonyl products called apocarotenoids. These conversions control carotenoid content in different tissues and give rise to apocarotenoid hormones and signaling molecules, which play important roles in plant growth and development, response to environmental stimuli, and in interactions with surrounding organisms. In addition, carotenoid cleavage gives rise to apocarotenoid pigments and volatiles that contribute to the color and flavor of many flowers and several fruits. Some apocarotenoid pigments, such as crocins and bixin, are widely utilized as colorants and additives in food and cosmetic industry and also have health-promoting properties. Considering the importance of this class of metabolites, investigation of apocarotenoid diversity and regulation has increasingly attracted the attention of plant biologists. Here, we provide an update on the plant apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathway, especially highlighting the diversity of the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) from different plant species with respect to substrate specificity and regioselectivity, which contribute to the formation of diverse apocarotenoid volatiles and pigments. In addition, we summarize the regulation of apocarotenoid metabolic pathway at transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels. Finally, we describe inter- and intraspecies variation in apocarotenoid production observed in many important horticulture crops and depict recent progress in elucidating the genetic basis of the natural variation in the composition and amount of apocarotenoids. We propose that the illustration of biochemical, genetic, and evolutionary background of apocarotenoid diversity would not only accelerate the discovery of unknown biosynthetic and regulatory genes of bioactive apocarotenoids but also enable the identification of genetic variation of causal genes for marker-assisted improvement of aroma and color of fruits and vegetables and CRISPR-based next-generation metabolic engineering of high-value apocarotenoids.
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23
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhao S, Fu Y, Zhu L. HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 mediates the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid to indole-3-acetic acid to promote root hair elongation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2057-2070. [PMID: 34480752 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a predominant form of active auxin in plants. In addition to de novo biosynthesis and release from its conjugate forms, IAA can be converted from its precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The IBA-derived IAA may help drive root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but how the IBA-to-IAA conversion is regulated and affects IAA function requires further investigation. In this study, HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 (HB24), a transcription factor in the zinc finger-homeodomain family (ZF-HD family) of proteins, was identified. With loss of HB24 function, defective growth occurred in root hairs. INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE 1 (IBR1), which encodes an enzyme involved in the IBA-to-IAA conversion, was identified as a direct target of HB24 for the control of root hair elongation. The exogenous IAA or auxin analogue 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) both rescued the root hair growth phenotype of hb24 mutants, but IBA did not, suggesting a role for HB24 in the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Therefore, HB24 participates in root hair elongation by upregulating the expression of IBR1 and subsequently promoting the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Moreover, IAA also elevated the expression of HB24, suggesting a feedback loop is involved in IBA-to-IAA conversion-mediated root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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24
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Varghese R, S UK, C GPD, Ramamoorthy S. Unraveling the versatility of CCD4: Metabolic engineering, transcriptomic and computational approaches. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110991. [PMID: 34315605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are economically valuable isoprenoids synthesized by plants and microorganisms, which play a paramount role in their overall growth and development. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are a vast group of enzymes that specifically cleave thecarotenoids to produce apocarotenoids. Recently, CCDs are a subject of talk because of their contributions to different aspects of plant growth and due to their significance in the production of economically valuable apocarotenoids. Among them, CCD4 stands unique because of its versatility in performing metabolic roles. This review focuses on the multiple functionalities of CCD4 like pigmentation, volatile apocarotenoid production, stress responses, etc. Interestingly, through our literature survey we arrived at a conclusion that CCD4 could perform functions of other carotenoid cleaving enzymes.The metabolic engineering, transcriptomic, and computational approaches adopted to reveal the contributions of CCD4 were also considered here for the study.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to delve into the evolutionary relationships of CCD4 in different plant groups. A tree of 81CCD genes from 64 plant species was constructed, signifying the presence of well-conserved families. Gene structures were illustrated and the difference in the number and position of exons could be considered as a factor behind functional versatility and substrate tolerance of CCD4 in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Udhaya Kumar S
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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25
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Edwards MB, Choi GPT, Derieg NJ, Min Y, Diana AC, Hodges SA, Mahadevan L, Kramer EM, Ballerini ES. Genetic architecture of floral traits in bee- and hummingbird-pollinated sister species of Aquilegia (columbine). Evolution 2021; 75:2197-2216. [PMID: 34270789 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with animal pollinators have helped shape the stunning diversity of flower morphologies across the angiosperms. A common evolutionary consequence of these interactions is that some flowers have converged on suites of traits, or pollination syndromes, that attract and reward specific pollinator groups. Determining the genetic basis of these floral pollination syndromes can help us understand the processes that contributed to the diversification of the angiosperms. Here, we characterize the genetic architecture of a bee-to-hummingbird pollination shift in Aquilegia (columbine) using QTL mapping of 17 floral traits encompassing color, nectar composition, and organ morphology. In this system, we find that the genetic architectures underlying differences in floral color are quite complex, and we identify several likely candidate genes involved in anthocyanin and carotenoid floral pigmentation. Most morphological and nectar traits also have complex genetic underpinnings; however, one of the key floral morphological phenotypes, nectar spur curvature, is shaped by a single locus of large effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Gary P T Choi
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142
| | - Nathan J Derieg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Angie C Diana
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Scott A Hodges
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Babara, California, 93106
| | - L Mahadevan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138.,School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Evangeline S Ballerini
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Babara, California, 93106.,Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, 95819
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Strategies to meet the global demand for natural food colorant bixin: A multidisciplinary approach. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:40-51. [PMID: 34271054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bixin is an apocarotenoid derived from Bixa orellana L. well known as a food colorant along with its numerous industrial and therapeutic applications. With the current surge in usage of natural products, bixin has contributed immensely to the world carotenoid market and showcases a spike in its requirement globally. To bridge the gap between bixin availability and utility, owed to its bioactivity and demand as a colouring agent in industries the sustainable production of bixin is critical. Therefore, to meet up this challenge effective use of multidisciplinary strategies is a promising choice to enhance bixin quantity and quality. Here we report, an optimal blend of approaches directed towards manipulation of bixin biosynthesis pathway with an insight into the impact of regulatory mechanisms and environmental dynamics, engineering carotenoid degradation in plants other than annatto, usage of tissue culture techniques supported with diverse elicitations, molecular breeding, application of in silico predictive tools, screening of microbial bio-factories as alternatives, preservation of bixin bioavailability, and promotion of eco-friendly extraction techniques to play a collaborative role in promoting sustainable bixin production.
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27
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Zhang S, Dong R, Wang Y, Li X, Ji M, Wang X. NAC domain gene VvNAC26 interacts with VvMADS9 and influences seed and fruit development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:63-72. [PMID: 33965765 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera), as one of the potential gardening fruit have important economic and nutritional values. Seedless grapes are popular due to their convenience and excellent taste. As multifunctional proteins, the NAC family involves hormonal pathways, plant aging, and biological stress. However, reports of NAC affecting seed development are rare. Here, the role of grapevine VvNAC26 in regulating fruit ripening and seed size was characterized. There were remarkable differences in the expression of VvNAC26 in seeded and seedless grape varieties during ovule development. The exogenous transformation of VvNAC26 in tomato decreased the cells size of pericarp, fruits and seeds. In addition, led to cotyledon cells arranged more closely and narrowly and obviously decreased seeds at the fruit ripening stage. The tomato fruit of transgenic lines was darker red and underwent color conversion earlier than that of the wild type in the same period. Furthermore, the expression of some genes associated with hormone and fruit development was changed in overexpressed lines. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays showed that VvNAC26 interacted with VvMADS9. In conclusion, these results suggest that VvNAC26 may regulate fruit and seed development by influencing multiple hormone pathways and interacting with VvMADS9 in grape. VvNAC26 may also serve as a candidate for future understanding of the potential regulatory mechanism of seed development and molecular breeding in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Ruzhuang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xingmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Miaomiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Chen H, Zeng X, Yang J, Cai X, Shi Y, Zheng R, Wang Z, Liu J, Yi X, Xiao S, Fu Q, Zou J, Wang C. Whole-genome resequencing of Osmanthus fragrans provides insights into flower color evolution. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:98. [PMID: 33931610 PMCID: PMC8087690 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known ornamental plant that has been domesticated in China for 2500 years. More than 160 cultivars have been found during this long period of domestication, and they have subsequently been divided into four cultivar groups, including the Yingui, Jingui, Dangui, and Sijigui groups. These groups provide a set of materials to study genetic evolution and variability. Here, we constructed a reference genome of O. fragrans 'Liuyejingui' in the Jingui group and investigated its floral color traits and domestication history by resequencing a total of 122 samples, including 119 O. fragrans accessions and three other Osmanthus species, at an average sequencing depth of 15×. The population structure analysis showed that these 119 accessions formed an apparent regional cluster. The results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay analysis suggested that varieties with orange/red flower color in the Dangui group had undergone more artificial directional selection; these varieties had the highest LD values among the four groups, followed by the Sijigui, Jingui, and Yingui groups. Through a genome-wide association study, we further identified significant quantitative trait loci and genomic regions containing several genes, such as ethylene-responsive transcription factor 2 and Arabidopsis pseudoresponse regulator 2, that are positively associated with petal color. Moreover, we found a frameshift mutation with a 34-bp deletion in the first coding region of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 gene. This frameshift mutation existed in at least one site on both alleles in all varieties of the Dangui group. The results from this study shed light on the genetic basis of domestication in woody plants, such as O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguo Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
- Xianning Research Academy of Industrial Technology of Osmanthus fragrans, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Xiangling Zeng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
- Xianning Research Academy of Industrial Technology of Osmanthus fragrans, Xianning, 437100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
- Xianning Research Academy of Industrial Technology of Osmanthus fragrans, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
- Xianning Research Academy of Industrial Technology of Osmanthus fragrans, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Yumin Shi
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
- Xianning Research Academy of Industrial Technology of Osmanthus fragrans, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- Xianning Vocational Technical College, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Xianning Forestry Academy of Sciences, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Xinxin Yi
- Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Siwei Xiao
- Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Zou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China.
- Xianning Research Academy of Industrial Technology of Osmanthus fragrans, Xianning, 437100, China.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Yu X, Pan Y, Dong Y, Lu B, Zhang C, Yang M, Zuo L. Cloning and overexpression of PeWRKY31 from Populus × euramericana enhances salt and biological tolerance in transgenic Nicotiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:80. [PMID: 33549055 PMCID: PMC7866765 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As important forest tree species, biological stress and soil salinization are important factors that restrict the growth of Populus × euramericana. WRKYs are important transcription factors in plants that can regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, PeWRKY31 was isolated from Populus × euramericana, and its bioinformation, salt resistance and insect resistance were analyzed. This study aims to provide guidance for producing salt-resistant and insect-resistant poplars. RESULTS PeWRKY31 has a predicted open reading frame (ORF) of 1842 bp that encodes 613 amino acids. The predicted protein is the unstable, acidic, and hydrophilic protein with a molecular weight of 66.34 kDa, and it has numerous potential phosphorylation sites, chiefly on serines and threonines. PeWRKY31 is a zinc-finger C2H2 type-II WRKY TF that is closely related to WRKY TFs of Populus tomentosa, and localizes to the nucleus. A PeWRKY31 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. Overexpression of PeWRKY31 improved the salt tolerance and insect resistance of the transgenic tobacco. Transcriptome sequencing and KEGG enrichment analysis showed the elevated expression of genes related to glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathways, the functions of which were important in plant salt tolerance and insect resistance in the overexpressing tobacco line. CONCLUSIONS PeWRKY31 was isolated from Populus × euramericana. Overexpression of PeWRKY31 improved the resistance of transgenic plant to salt stress and pest stress. The study provides references for the generation of stress-resistant lines with potentially great economic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yu
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, 071000, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Yu Pan
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Tianjin nuohe medical laboratory co. LTD, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, 071000, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Bin Lu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, 071000, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Minsheng Yang
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Tree Genetic Resources and Forest Protection, 071000, Baoding, P. R. China.
| | - Lihui Zuo
- Forest Department, Forestry College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, 056000, Handan, P. R. China.
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Liang MH, He YJ, Liu DM, Jiang JG. Regulation of carotenoid degradation and production of apocarotenoids in natural and engineered organisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:513-534. [PMID: 33541157 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1873242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important precursors of a wide range of apocarotenoids with their functions including: hormones, pigments, retinoids, volatiles, and signals, which can be used in the food, flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This article focuses on the formation of these multifaceted apocarotenoids and their diverse biological roles in all living systems. Carotenoid degradation pathways include: enzymatic oxidation by specific carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) or nonspecific enzymes such as lipoxygenases and peroxidases and non-enzymatic oxidation by reactive oxygen species. Recent advances in the regulation of carotenoid cleavage genes and the biotechnological production of multiple apocarotenoids are also covered. It is suggested that different developmental stages and environmental stresses can influence both the expression of carotenoid cleavage genes and the formation of apocarotenoids at multiple levels of regulation including: transcriptional, transcription factors, posttranscriptional, posttranslational, and epigenetic modification. Regarding the biotechnological production of apocarotenoids especially: crocins, retinoids, and ionones, enzymatic biocatalysis and metabolically engineered microorganisms have been a promising alternative route. New substrates, carotenoid cleavage enzymes, biosynthetic pathways for apocarotenoids, and new biological functions of apocarotenoids will be discussed with the improvement of our understanding of apocarotenoid biology, biochemistry, function, and formation from different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Jia L, Wang J, Wang R, Duan M, Qiao C, Chen X, Ma G, Zhou X, Zhu M, Jing F, Zhang S, Qu C, Li J. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of carotenoid biosynthesis reveal the basis of white petal color in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2021; 253:8. [PMID: 33387047 PMCID: PMC7778631 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying white petal color in Brassica napus was revealed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying flower color in this crop are known less. Here, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the yellow-flowered rapeseed cultivar 'Zhongshuang 11' (ZS11) and the white-flowered inbred line 'White Petal' (WP). The total carotenoid contents were 1.778-fold and 1.969-fold higher in ZS11 vs. WP petals at stages S2 and S4, respectively. Our findings suggest that white petal color in WP flowers is primarily due to decreased lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed 10,116 differentially expressed genes with a fourfold or greater change in expression (P-value less than 0.001) in WP vs. ZS11 petals, including 1,209 genes that were differentially expressed at four different stages and 20 genes in the carotenoid metabolism pathway. BnNCED4b, encoding a protein involved in carotenoid degradation, was expressed at abnormally high levels in WP petals, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the transcriptome data. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in rapeseed petals, and the candidate genes identified in this study provide a resource for the creation of new B. napus germplasms with different petal colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledong Jia
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mouzheng Duan
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cailin Qiao
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guoqiang Ma
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xintong Zhou
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Meichen Zhu
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fuyu Jing
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shengsen Zhang
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Liu S, Yang Q, Mao J, Bai M, Zhou J, Han X, Mao J. Feedback inhibition of the prephenate dehydratase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its mutation in huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) yeast. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fang Q, Li Y, Liu B, Meng X, Yang Z, Yang S, Bao T, Kimani S, Gao X, Wang L. Cloning and functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 gene in safranal and crocin biosynthesis from Freesia hybrida. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:439-450. [PMID: 32912484 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Safranal and crocin, commonly derived from the oxidative cleavage reaction of zeaxanthin in plants, are two kinds of apocarotenoids with versatile functions, which were only found in limited number of plant species. In this study, both metabolites were detected and varied concomitantly with the expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) genes in Freesia hybrida, Red River® and Ambiance cultivars. The newly isolated CCD, denoted here as FhCCD2, was phylogenetically clustered with other reported saffron CCD2s. Besides, ten introns were also observed in the genomic DNA sequence of FhCCD2 and the presence of N-terminal transporter peptide suggested its plastidial sub-localization. Biochemical analysis showed that the FhCCD2 cleaved zeaxanthin at the 7, 8 and 7', 8' double bonds to generate intermediates prerequisite for the biosynthesis of safranal and crocin. Further, gene transient expression analysis showed that the promoter of FhCCD2 was functional in Ambiance as well as Red River® cultivars, even with slight variation in their promoter sequence. At present, CCD2 proteins have only been found in Freesia and Crocus genus of Iridaceae family. Phylogenetic and intron position analysis infer that CCD2 perhaps emerged after the intron loss during evolutionary process of CCD1 or their shared ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shadrack Kimani
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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Fan FF, Liu F, Yang X, Wan H, Kang Y. Global analysis of expression profile of members of DnaJ gene families involved in capsaicinoids synthesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:326. [PMID: 32646388 PMCID: PMC7350186 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DnaJ proteins play critical roles in plant development and stress responses. Recently, seventy-six DnaJ genes were identified through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis in the pepper genome. However, there were no reports on understanding of phylogenetic relationships and diverse expression profile of pepper DnaJ genes to date. Herein, we performed the systemic analysis of the phylogenetic relationships and expression profile of pepper DnaJ genes in different tissues and in response to both abiotic stress and plant hormones. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the pepper DnaJ genes were grouped into 7 sub-families (sub-family I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII) according to sequence homology. The expression of pepper DnaJs in different tissues revealed that about 38% (29/76) of pepper DnaJs were expressed in at least one tissue. The results demonstrate the potentially critical role of DnaJs in pepper growth and development. In addition, to gain insight into the expression difference of pepper DnaJ genes in placenta between pungent and non-pungent, their expression patterns were also analyzed using RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR. Comparison analysis revealed that eight genes presented distinct expression profiles in pungent and non-pungent pepper. The CaDnaJs co-expressed with genes involved in capsaicinoids synthesis during placenta development. What is more, our study exposed the fact that these eight DnaJ genes were probably regulated by stress (heat, drought and salt), and were also regulated by plant hormones (ABA, GA3, MeJA and SA). CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results showed that some DnaJ genes expressed in placenta may be involved in plant response to abiotic stress during biosynthesis of compounds related with pungency. The study provides wide insights to the expression profiles of pepper DanJ genes and contributes to our knowledge about the function of DnaJ genes in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fei Fan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Fawan Liu
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650231, PR China
| | - Xian Yang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China.
- China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Yunyan Kang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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Gong AD, Lian SB, Wu NN, Zhou YJ, Zhao SQ, Zhang LM, Cheng L, Yuan HY. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of catechins, caffeine and theanine biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) over the course of seasons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:294. [PMID: 32600265 PMCID: PMC7322862 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechins, caffeine, and theanine as three important metabolites in the tea leaves play essential roles in the formation of specific taste and shows potential health benefits to humans. However, the knowledge on the dynamic changes of these metabolites content over seasons, as well as the candidate regulatory factors, remains largely undetermined. RESULTS An integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approach was used to analyze the dynamic changes of three mainly metabolites including catechins, caffeine, and theanine, and to explore the potential influencing factors associated with these dynamic changes over the course of seasons. We found that the catechins abundance was higher in Summer than that in Spring and Autumn, and the theanine abundance was significantly higher in Spring than that in Summer and Autumn, whereas caffeine exhibited no significant changes over three seasons. Transcriptomics analysis suggested that genes in photosynthesis pathway were significantly down-regulated which might in linkage to the formation of different phenotypes and metabolites content in the tea leaves of varied seasons. Fifty-six copies of nine genes in catechins biosynthesis, 30 copies of 10 genes in caffeine biosynthesis, and 12 copies of six genes in theanine biosynthesis were detected. The correlative analysis further presented that eight genes can be regulated by transcription factors, and highly correlated with the changes of metabolites abundance in tea-leaves. CONCLUSION Sunshine intensity as a key factor can affect photosynthesis of tea plants, further affect the expression of major Transcription factors (TFs) and structural genes in, and finally resulted in the various amounts of catechins, caffeine and theaine in tea-leaves over three seasons. These findings provide new insights into abundance and influencing factors of metabolites of tea in different seasons, and further our understanding in the formation of flavor, nutrition and medicinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Dong Gong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bin Lian
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Yu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China.
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Meng N, Wei Y, Gao Y, Yu K, Cheng J, Li XY, Duan CQ, Pan QH. Characterization of Transcriptional Expression and Regulation of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4b in Grapes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32457771 PMCID: PMC7227400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Norisoprenoids are important aromatic volatiles contributing to the pleasant floral/fruity odor in grapes and wine. They are produced from carotenoids through the cleavage of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). However, the underlying mechanisms regulating VvCCD expression remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that VvCCD4b expression was positively correlated with the accumulation of β-damascenone, β-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranylacetone, dihydroedulan I, and total norisoprenoids in developing grapes in two vintages from two regions. VvCCD4b was found to be principally expressed in flowers, mature leaves, and berries. Abscisic acid strongly induced the expression of this gene. Additionally, the present study preliminarily indicated that the activity of the VvCCD4b promoter was dropped under 37°C treatment and also responded to the illumination change. VvCCD4b was expressed in parallel with VvMADS4 in developing grape berries. The latter is a MADS family transcription factor and nucleus-localized protein that was captured by yeast one-hybrid. A dual-luciferase reporter assay in tobacco leaves revealed that VvMADS4 downregulated the activity of the VvCCD4b promoter. VvMADS4 overexpression in grape calli and Vitis quinquangularis Rehd. leaves repressed the VvCCD4b expression. In summary, this work demonstrates that VvCCD4b expression is positively correlated with the accumulation of norisoprenoids, and VvMADS4 is a potential negative regulator of VvCCD4b. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the regulation of VvCCD4b expression and norisoprenoid accumulation in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Meng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Keji Yu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Research Advances on Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Biological Activities of Apocarotenoid Aroma in Horticultural Plants. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2526956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids, which play important roles in the growth and development of horticultural plants, are produced by the action of carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) family members or nonenzymatic cleavage actions. Apocarotenoids are commonly found in leaves, flowers, and fruits of many horticultural plants and participate in the formation of pigments, flavors, hormones, and signaling compounds. Some of them are recognized as important aroma components of fruit and flower with aromatic odor, such as βß-ionone, β-damascenone, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one in tomato fruit, and have low odor thresholds with β-ionone having odor threshold of only 0.007 ppb. In this review, the main apocarotenoid aroma components in horticultural plants were listed, and factors influencing their production were discussed at first. Then, the biosynthetic pathway of apocarotenoid aromas was briefly introduced, and the CCDs gene family was highlighted, and the nonenzymatic production of apocarotenoid aromas was also mentioned. Next, chemical and molecular regulations of apocarotenoid aromas and their biological activities were summarized. Finally, further exploration aspects needed were suggested. We anticipate that this review can afford some crucial information for comprehensive application of apocarotenoid volatile compounds in horticultural plants.
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Qi F, Shen P, Hu R, Xue T, Jiang X, Qin L, Chen Y, Huang J. Carotenoids and lipid production from Rhodosporidium toruloides cultured in tea waste hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:74. [PMID: 32322304 PMCID: PMC7161300 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, renewable tea waste hydrolysate was used as a sole carbon source for carotenoids and lipid production. A novel Rhodosporidium toruloides mutant strain, RM18, was isolated through atmospheric and room-temperature plasma mutagenesis and continuous domestication in tea waste hydrolysate from R. toruloides ACCC20341. RESULTS RM18 produced a larger biomass and more carotenoids and α-linolenic acid compared with the control strain cultured in tea waste hydrolysate. The highest yields of torularhodin (481.92 μg/g DCW) and torulene (501 μg/g DCW) from RM18 cultured in tea waste hydrolysate were 12.86- and 1.5-fold higher, respectively, than that of the control strain. In addition, α-linolenic acid production from RM18 in TWH accounted for 5.5% of total lipids, which was 1.58 times more than that of the control strain. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that enhanced central metabolism and terpene biosynthesis led to improved carotenoids production, whereas aromatic amino acid synthesis and DNA damage checkpoint and sensing were probably relevant to tea waste hydrolysate tolerance. CONCLUSION Tea waste is suitable for the hydrolysis of microbial cell culture mediums. The R. toruloides mutant RM18 showed considerable carotenoids and lipid production cultured in tea waste hydrolysate, which makes it viable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Peijie Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Rongfei Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Ting Xue
- Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianzhang Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Lina Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Youqiang Chen
- Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
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Ding W, Ouyang Q, Li Y, Shi T, Li L, Yang X, Ji K, Wang L, Yue Y. Genome-wide investigation of WRKY transcription factors in sweet osmanthus and their potential regulation of aroma synthesis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:557-572. [PMID: 31860707 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors, one of the largest transcription factor families, play important roles in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites. In sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), the monoterpenes have been demonstrated as the most important volatile compounds, and the W-box, which is the cognate binding site of WRKY transcription factors, could be identified in most of the terpene-synthesis-related genes' promoters. However, the role of the WRKY family in terpene synthesis in sweet osmanthus has rarely been examined. In this study, 154 WRKY genes with conserved WRKY domain were identified and classified into three groups. The group II was further divided into five subgroups, and almost all members of IId contained a plant zinc cluster domain. Eight OfWRKYs (OfWRKY7/19/36/38/42/84/95/139) were screened from 20 OfWRKYs for their flower-specific expression patterns in different tissues. Simultaneously, the expression patterns of OfWRKYs and emission patterns of volatile compounds during the flowering process were determined and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed that monoterpenes, such as linalool and ocimene, accounted for the highest proportion, contributing to the floral scent of sweet osmanthus in two cultivars. In addition, correlation analysis revealed the expression patterns of OfWRKYs (OfWRKY7/19/36/139) were each correlated with distinct monoterpenes (linalool, linalool derivatives, ocimene and ocimene derivatives). Subcellular localization analysis showed that p35S::GFP-OfWRKY7/38/95/139 were localized in the nucleus and OfWRKY139 had very strong transactivation activity. Collectively, the results indicated potential roles of OfWRKY139 and OfWRKYs with plant zinc cluster domain in regulating synthesis of aromatic compounds in sweet osmanthus, laying the foundation for use of OfWRKYs to improve the aroma of ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Qixia Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Kongshu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, 210037, PR China
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
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Wei H, Liu J, Guo Q, Pan L, Chai S, Cheng Y, Ruan M, Ye Q, Wang R, Yao Z, Zhou G, Wan H. Genomic Organization and Comparative Phylogenic Analysis of NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Family in Solanum pimpinellifolium and Arabidopsis thaliana. Evol Bioinform Online 2020; 16:1176934320911055. [PMID: 32214791 PMCID: PMC7065440 DOI: 10.1177/1176934320911055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat) is one of the largest resistance gene families in plants. The completion of the genome sequencing of wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium provided an opportunity to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the NBS-LRR gene superfamily at the genome-wide level. In this study, gene identification, chromosome mapping, and phylogenetic analysis of the NBS-LRR gene family were analyzed using the bioinformatics methods. The results revealed 245 NBS-LRRs in total, similar to that in the cultivated tomato. These genes are unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes, and ~59.6% of them form gene clusters, most of which are tandem duplications. Phylogenetic analysis divided the NBS-LRRs into 2 subfamilies (CNL-coiled-coil NBS-LRR and TNL-TIR NBS-LRR), and the expansion of the CNL subfamily was more extensive than the TNL subfamily. Novel conserved structures were identified through conserved motif analysis between the CNL and TNL subfamilies. Compared with the NBS-LRR sequences from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, wide genetic variation occurred after the divergence of S. pimpinellifolium and A thaliana. Species-specific expansion was also found in the CNL subfamily in S. pimpinellifolium. The results of this study provide the basis for the deeper analysis of NBS-LRR resistance genes and contribute to mapping and isolation of candidate resistance genes in S. pimpinellifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Wulanchabu Academy of Agricultural and Husbandry Sciences, Wulanchabu, China
| | - Qinwei Guo
- Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, China
| | - Luzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songlin Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjing Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Xu P, Guo Q, Pang X, Zhang P, Kong D, Liu J. New Insights into Evolution of Plant Heat Shock Factors (Hsfs) and Expression Analysis of Tea Genes in Response to Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E311. [PMID: 32131389 PMCID: PMC7154843 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (Hsf) is one of key regulators in plant abotic stress response. Although the Hsf gene family has been identified from several plant species, original and evolution relationship have been fragmented. In addition, tea, an important crop, genome sequences have been completed and function of the Hsf family genes in response to abiotic stresses was not illuminated. In this study, a total of 4208 Hsf proteins were identified within 163 plant species from green algae (Gonium pectorale) to angiosperm (monocots and dicots), which were distributed unevenly into each of plant species tested. The result indicated that Hsf originated during the early evolutionary history of chlorophytae algae and genome-wide genetic varies had occurred during the course of evolution in plant species. Phylogenetic classification of Hsf genes from the representative nine plant species into ten subfamilies, each of which contained members from different plant species, imply that gene duplication had occurred during the course of evolution. In addition, based on RNA-seq data, the member of the Hsfs showed different expression levels in the different organs and at the different developmental stages in tea. Expression patterns also showed clear differences among Camellia species, indicating that regulation of Hsf genes expression varied between organs in a species-specific manner. Furthermore, expression of most Hsfs in response to drought, cold and salt stresses, imply a possible positive regulatory role under abiotic stresses. Expression profiles of nineteen Hsf genes in response to heat stress were also analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Several stress-responsive Hsf genes were highly regulated by heat stress treatment. In conclusion, these results lay a solid foundation for us to elucidate the evolutionary origin of plant Hsfs and Hsf functions in tea response to abiotic stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Qinwei Guo
- Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Xin Pang
- Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou 215008, China;
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wulanchabu Academy of Agricultural and Husbandry Sciences, Wulanchabu 012000, Inner Mongolia, China; (P.Z.); (D.K.)
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Wulanchabu Academy of Agricultural and Husbandry Sciences, Wulanchabu 012000, Inner Mongolia, China; (P.Z.); (D.K.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Wulanchabu Academy of Agricultural and Husbandry Sciences, Wulanchabu 012000, Inner Mongolia, China; (P.Z.); (D.K.)
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Qin Y, Bai S, Li W, Sun T, Galbraith DW, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Sun G, Wang B. Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes involved in the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis at early time points after topping in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:30. [PMID: 31959100 PMCID: PMC6971868 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotiana tabacum is an important economic crop. Topping, a common agricultural practice employed with flue-cured tobacco, is designed to increase leaf nicotine contents by increasing nicotine biosynthesis in roots. Many genes are found to be differentially expressed in response to topping, particularly genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis, but comprehensive analyses of early transcriptional responses induced by topping are not yet available. To develop a detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating nicotine biosynthesis after topping, we have sequenced the transcriptomes of Nicotiana tabacum roots at seven time points following topping. RESULTS Differential expression analysis revealed that 4830 genes responded to topping across all time points. Amongst these, nine gene families involved in nicotine biosynthesis and two gene families involved in nicotine transport showed significant changes during the immediate 24 h period following topping. No obvious preference to the parental species was detected in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Significant changes in transcript levels of nine genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis and phytohormone signal transduction were validated by qRT-PCR assays. 549 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), found to exhibit significant changes in gene expression after topping, formed 15 clusters based on similarities of their transcript level time-course profiles. 336 DEGs involved in phytohormone signal transduction, including genes functionally related to the phytohormones jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, auxin, ethylene, and gibberellin, were identified at the earliest time point after topping. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides the first detailed analysis of the early transcriptional responses to topping in N. tabacum, and identifies excellent candidates for further detailed studies concerning the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Shenglong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Tobacco Breeding Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - David W. Galbraith
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Tobacco Breeding Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021 Yunnan China
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Wei H, Liu J, Zheng J, Zhou R, Cheng Y, Ruan M, Ye Q, Wang R, Yao Z, Zhou G, Deng M, Chen Y, Wan H. Sugar transporter proteins in Capsicum: identification, characterization, evolution and expression patterns. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1749529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Wei
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Wulanchabu Academy of Agricultural and Husbandry Sciences, Wulanchabu, China
| | - Jiaqiu Zheng
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park, Denmark
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjing Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yougen Chen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Guo Q, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang T, Li C, Xiang X, Cui W, Fang P, Wan H, Cao C, Zhao D. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the carotenoid metabolic pathway genes in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1824618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Guo
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Huiqin Liu
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Chaosen Li
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Xiang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Cui
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Pingping Fang
- Lab of Plant Quality and Safety Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunxin Cao
- Laboratory of Pepper Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
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45
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Zhang L, Zhang Q, Li W, Zhang S, Xi W. Identification of key genes and regulators associated with carotenoid metabolism in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruit using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:876. [PMID: 31747897 PMCID: PMC6865023 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are a class of terpenoid pigments that contribute to the color and nutritional value of many fruits. Their biosynthetic pathways have been well established in a number of plant species; however, many details of the regulatory mechanism controlling carotenoid metabolism remain to be elucidated. Apricot is one of the most carotenoid-rich fruits, making it a valuable system for investigating carotenoid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to identify key genes and regulators associated with carotenoid metabolism in apricot fruit based on transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS During fruit ripening in the apricot cultivar 'Luntaixiaobaixing' (LT), the total carotenoid content of the fruit decreased significantly, as did the levels of the carotenoids β-carotene, lutein and violaxanthin (p < 0.01). RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the fruit resulted in the identification of 44,754 unigenes and 6916 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during ripening. Among these genes, 33,498 unigenes were annotated using public protein databases. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that two of the 13 identified modules ('blue' and 'turquoise') were highly correlated with carotenoid metabolism, and 33 structural genes from the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were identified. Network visualization revealed 35 intramodular hub genes that putatively control carotenoid metabolism. The expression levels of these candidate genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis, which showed ripening-associated carotenoid accumulation. This analysis revealed that a range of genes (NCED1, CCD1/4, PIF3/4, HY5, ERF003/5/12, RAP2-12, AP2, AP2-like, BZR1, MADS14, NAC2/25, MYB1R1/44, GLK1/2 and WRKY6/31/69) potentially affect apricot carotenoid metabolism during ripening. Based on deciphering the molecular mechanism involved in ripening, a network model of carotenoid metabolism in apricot fruit was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our work provides new insights into the carotenoid metabolism of apricot and other species, which will facilitate future apricot functional studies and quality breeding through molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang CC, Zhang YF, Lin YJ, Chen Y, Lu XK. Illumina ® Sequencing Reveals Candidate Genes of Carotenoid Metabolism in Three Pummelo Cultivars ( Citrus Maxima) with Different Pulp Color. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092246. [PMID: 31067703 PMCID: PMC6539737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is one of important fruit trees, which belongs to Citrus species. The fruits of different pummelo cultivars have different colors and differ in the contents of carotenoid. Our results clearly showed that ‘Huangjinmiyou’ (HJMY) has the highest content of β-carotene, followed by ‘Hongroumiyou’ (HRMY) and ‘Guanximiyou’ (GXMY). Lycopene is dominantly accumulated in HRMY. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the carotenoid accumulation in pummelo flesh is not fully understood. In this study, we used the RNA-Seq technique to investigate the candidate genes of carotenoid metabolism in the flesh of pummelo cv. GXMY and its mutants HRMY and HJMY in three development periods of fruit. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, a total of 357 genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were isolated, of which 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Among these 12 DEGs, phytoene synthase (PSY2), lycopene β-cyclase (LYCB2), lycopene Ɛ-cyclase (LYCE), carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD4), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED2), aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3), and ABA 8′-hydroxylases (CYP707A1) are the most distinct DEGs in three pummelo cultivars. The co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, NAC and WRKY are highly correlated with DEGs, which are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. In addition, the expression patterns of 22 DEGs were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and the results are highly concordant with the RNA-Seq results. Our results provide a global vision of transcriptomic profile among three pummelo cultivars with different pulp colors. These results would be beneficial to further study the molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in pummelo flesh and help the breeding of citrus with high carotenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Jiang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yan-Fang Zhang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yan-Jin Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Xin-Kun Lu
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
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47
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Abd El-Kader EM, Serag A, Aref MS, Ewais EEA, Farag MA. Metabolomics reveals ionones upregulation in MeJA elicited Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) cell culture. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE (PCTOC) 2019; 137:309-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s11240-019-01572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Han Y, Wang H, Wang X, Li K, Dong M, Li Y, Zhu Q, Shang F. Mechanism of floral scent production in Osmanthus fragrans and the production and regulation of its key floral constituents, β-ionone and linalool. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:106. [PMID: 31645961 PMCID: PMC6804851 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) is among the top ten most well-known flowers in China and is recognized as both an aromatic plant and ornamental flower. Here, manual sectioning, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of sweet osmanthus petals revealed that large amounts of lipids are present inside the petal cells and on the cell surfaces. However, no secretory structures were observed. Instead, the petal cells protrude slightly outward, and the surfaces of the cells are adorned with highly regular brush-shaped hairs. The surfaces of the 'Yingui' petals possessed mostly curled and more numerous hairs, whereas the 'Dangui' petals possessed fewer brush-shaped and more sparsely arranged hairs. In addition, many granular substances were attached to the brush-shaped hairs, and the granules were denser on the hairs of the 'Yingui' petals compared to the hairs on the 'Dangui' petals. Furthermore, 35 aromatic components in the 'Yingui' petals and 30 aromatic components in the 'Dangui' petals were detected via GC-MS. The main aromatic component of the 'Yingui' petals was β-ionone, whereas that of the 'Dangui' petals was linalool and its oxides. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR indicated that the high β-ionone content in the 'Yingui' petals was due to the overexpression of CCD1 and CCD4 and that the high linalool content in the 'Dangui' petals was due to the overexpression of MECS, HDR, IDI1, and LIS1, which function upstream of the linalool synthetic pathway. In particular, the expression levels of CCD4 and LIS1 were upregulated by 5.5- and 5.1-fold in the 'Yingui' and 'Dangui' petals, respectively. One transcription factor (ERF61) was cloned and named, and the expression pattern of ERF61 in sweet osmanthus petals was found to be generally consistent with that of CCD4. Tobacco transformation experiments, yeast one-hybrid experiments, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that ERF61 binds to the CCD4 promoter and stimulates CCD4 expression, thereby regulating the synthesis of β-ionone in sweet osmanthus petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Han
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Meifang Dong
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Qian Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Fude Shang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
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Yang X, Yue Y, Li H, Ding W, Chen G, Shi T, Chen J, Park MS, Chen F, Wang L. The chromosome-level quality genome provides insights into the evolution of the biosynthesis genes for aroma compounds of Osmanthus fragrans. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:72. [PMID: 30479779 PMCID: PMC6246602 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) is a very popular ornamental tree species throughout Southeast Asia and USA particularly for its extremely fragrant aroma. We constructed a chromosome-level reference genome of O. fragrans to assist in studies of the evolution, genetic diversity, and molecular mechanism of aroma development. A total of over 118 Gb of polished reads was produced from HiSeq (45.1 Gb) and PacBio Sequel (73.35 Gb), giving 100× depth coverage for long reads. The combination of Illumina-short reads, PacBio-long reads, and Hi-C data produced the final chromosome quality genome of O. fragrans with a genome size of 727 Mb and a heterozygosity of 1.45 %. The genome was annotated using de novo and homology comparison and further refined with transcriptome data. The genome of O. fragrans was predicted to have 45,542 genes, of which 95.68 % were functionally annotated. Genome annotation found 49.35 % as the repetitive sequences, with long terminal repeats (LTR) being the richest (28.94 %). Genome evolution analysis indicated the evidence of whole-genome duplication 15 million years ago, which contributed to the current content of 45,242 genes. Metabolic analysis revealed that linalool, a monoterpene is the main aroma compound. Based on the genome and transcriptome, we further demonstrated the direct connection between terpene synthases (TPSs) and the rich aromatic molecules in O. fragrans. We identified three new flower-specific TPS genes, of which the expression coincided with the production of linalool. Our results suggest that the high number of TPS genes and the flower tissue- and stage-specific TPS genes expressions might drive the strong unique aroma production of O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gongwei Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min S. Park
- Nextomics Bioscience Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Dong B, Fu J, Hu S, Zhao H. Carotenoid Accumulation and Its Contribution to Flower Coloration of Osmanthus fragrans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1499. [PMID: 30459779 PMCID: PMC6232703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Among naturally occurring pigments, carotenoids are importantly involved in the photosynthesis of plants and responsible for the coloration of petals and fruits. Osmanthus fragrans Lour., a famous ornamental plant, has many cultivars with different flower color. Petal coloration in O. fragrans mainly depends on the kinds of carotenoids and their contents. To investigate the mechanism of flower coloration in different cultivars, an analysis of phenotypic classification, phytochemistry, as well as the expression of carotenoid metabolism genes based on different groups was performed in the present study. Two main clusters including the orange-red cluster containing Aurantiacus cultivars and the yellowish-white cluster containing the other three cultivar groups were classified using the CIEL∗a∗b∗ system. No significant differences in flavonoid contents were observed between these two clusters. However, carotenoids, especially α-carotene and β-carotene, were found to have crucial roles in the diversity of floral coloration among the different cultivars. Carotenoid compositions in the petals of cultivars from both clusters consisted of α-carotene, β-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin, but carotenoid accumulation patterns during the flowering process were different. The petals of the yellowish-white cultivars exhibited high contents of β-carotene, lutein and α-carotene, whereas the petals of the orange-red cultivars mainly contained β-carotene and α-carotene. The profound diversity in the total carotenoid concentrations in the two clusters was determined by the transcript levels of OfCCD4. Furthermore, the accumulation of upstream products with orange color in orange-red cultivars was partially due to the low expression of OfCHYB, whereas the relatively higher OfCHYB expression in the petals of the yellowish-white cultivars led to higher proportions of lutein, which is yellow. We also found that downregulation of OfLCYE, which encodes 𝜀-ring cyclase, indicated that the carotenoid flux of most cultivars mainly resulted in more β, β-branched products. Additionally, carotenoid biosynthesis in green tissues and petals was compared, revealing the tissue specificity of carotenoid accumulation in O. fragrans. Therefore, the effects of multiple genes on carotenoid accumulation give rise to the colorful O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Hu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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