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Hammel A, Cucos LM, Caras I, Ionescu I, Tucureanu C, Tofan V, Costache A, Onu A, Hoepfner L, Hippler M, Neupert J, Popescu CI, Stavaru C, Branza-Nichita N, Bock R. The red alga Porphyridium as a host for molecular farming: Efficient production of immunologically active hepatitis C virus glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400145121. [PMID: 38833465 PMCID: PMC11181018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400145121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are promising production platforms for the cost-effective production of recombinant proteins. We have recently established that the red alga Porphyridium purpureum provides superior transgene expression properties, due to the episomal maintenance of transformation vectors as multicopy plasmids in the nucleus. Here, we have explored the potential of Porphyridium to synthesize complex pharmaceutical proteins to high levels. Testing expression constructs for a candidate subunit vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), we show that the soluble HCV E2 glycoprotein can be produced in transgenic algal cultures to high levels. The antigen undergoes faithful posttranslational modification by N-glycosylation and is recognized by conformationally selective antibodies, suggesting that it adopts a proper antigenic conformation in the endoplasmic reticulum of red algal cells. We also report the experimental determination of the structure of the N-glycan moiety that is attached to glycosylated proteins in Porphyridium. Finally, we demonstrate the immunogenicity of the HCV antigen produced in red algae when administered by injection as pure protein or by feeding of algal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hammel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department of Organelle Biology, Biotechnology and Molecular Ecophysiology, D-14476Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lia-Maria Cucos
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Department of Viral Glycoproteins, 060031Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iuliana Caras
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Ionescu
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Tucureanu
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Tofan
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Costache
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Onu
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lara Hoepfner
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki710-0046, Japan
| | - Juliane Neupert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department of Organelle Biology, Biotechnology and Molecular Ecophysiology, D-14476Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Costin-Ioan Popescu
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Department of Viral Glycoproteins, 060031Bucharest, Romania
| | - Crina Stavaru
- ”Cantacuzino” Medico-Military National Research Institute, 050096Bucharest, Romania
| | - Norica Branza-Nichita
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Department of Viral Glycoproteins, 060031Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department of Organelle Biology, Biotechnology and Molecular Ecophysiology, D-14476Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
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2
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Ries F, Weil HL, Herkt C, Mühlhaus T, Sommer F, Schroda M, Willmund F. Competition co-immunoprecipitation reveals the interactors of the chloroplast CPN60 chaperonin machinery. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3371-3391. [PMID: 37606545 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of all metabolic processes in chloroplasts depends on a balanced integration of nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded polypeptides into the plastid's proteome. The chloroplast chaperonin machinery is an essential player in chloroplast protein folding under ambient and stressful conditions, with a more intricate structure and subunit composition compared to the orthologous GroEL/ES chaperonin of Escherichia coli. However, its exact role in chloroplasts remains obscure, mainly because of very limited knowledge about the interactors. We employed the competition immunoprecipitation method for the identification of the chaperonin's interactors in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Co-immunoprecipitation of the target complex in the presence of increasing amounts of isotope-labelled competitor epitope and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis specifically allowed to distinguish true interactors from unspecifically co-precipitated proteins. Besides known substrates such as RbcL and the expected complex partners, we revealed numerous new interactors with high confidence. Proteins that qualify as putative substrate proteins differ from bulk chloroplast proteins by a higher content of beta-sheets, lower alpha-helical conformation and increased aggregation propensity. Immunoprecipitations targeted against a subunit of the co-chaperonin lid revealed the ClpP protease as a specific partner complex, pointing to a close collaboration of these machineries to maintain protein homeostasis in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ries
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lukas Weil
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claudia Herkt
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix Willmund
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Plant Physiology/Synmikro, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Kreis E, König K, Misir M, Niemeyer J, Sommer F, Schroda M. TurboID reveals the proxiomes of Chlamydomonas proteins involved in thylakoid biogenesis and stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1772-1796. [PMID: 37310689 PMCID: PMC10602608 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), the VESICLE-INDUCING PROTEIN IN PLASTIDS 1 and 2 (VIPP1 and VIPP2) play roles in the sensing and coping with membrane stress and in thylakoid membrane biogenesis. To gain more insight into these processes, we aimed to identify proteins interacting with VIPP1/2 in the chloroplast and chose proximity labeling (PL) for this purpose. We used the transient interaction between the nucleotide exchange factor CHLOROPLAST GRPE HOMOLOG 1 (CGE1) and the stromal HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70B (HSP70B) as test system. While PL with APEX2 and BioID proved to be inefficient, TurboID resulted in substantial biotinylation in vivo. TurboID-mediated PL with VIPP1/2 as baits under ambient and H2O2 stress conditions confirmed known interactions of VIPP1 with VIPP2, HSP70B, and the CHLOROPLAST DNAJ HOMOLOG 2 (CDJ2). Proteins identified in the VIPP1/2 proxiomes can be grouped into proteins involved in the biogenesis of thylakoid membrane complexes and the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport, including PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5-LIKE 1 (PGRL1). A third group comprises 11 proteins of unknown function whose genes are upregulated under chloroplast stress conditions. We named them VIPP PROXIMITY LABELING (VPL). In reciprocal experiments, we confirmed VIPP1 in the proxiomes of VPL2 and PGRL1. Our results demonstrate the robustness of TurboID-mediated PL for studying protein interaction networks in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas and pave the way for analyzing functions of VIPPs in thylakoid biogenesis and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kreis
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Katharina König
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Melissa Misir
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Justus Niemeyer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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4
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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Malla A, Rosales-Mendoza S, Vimolmangkang S. Harnessing the advances of genetic engineering in microalgae for the production of cannabinoids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:823-834. [PMID: 35762029 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2071672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is widely recognized as a medicinal plant owing to bioactive cannabinoids. However, it is still considered a narcotic plant, making it hard to be accessed. Since the biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids is disclosed, biotechnological methods can be employed to produce cannabinoids in heterologous systems. This would pave the way toward biosynthesizing any cannabinoid compound of interest, especially minor substances that are less produced by a plant but have a high medicinal value. In this context, microalgae have attracted increasing scientific interest given their unique potential for biopharmaceutical production. In the present review, the current knowledge on cannabinoid production in different hosts is summarized and the biotechnological potential of microalgae as an emerging platform for synthetic production is put in perspective. A critical survey of genetic requirements and various transformation approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Carrera-Pacheco SE, Hankamer B, Oey M. Environmental and nuclear influences on microalgal chloroplast gene expression. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:955-967. [PMID: 37080835 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal chloroplasts, such as those of the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, are emerging as a new platform to produce recombinant proteins, including industrial enzymes, diagnostics, as well as animal and human therapeutics. Improving transgene expression and final recombinant protein yields, at laboratory and industrial scales, require optimization of both environmental and cellular factors. Most studies on C. reinhardtii have focused on optimization of cellular factors. Here, we review the regulatory influences of environmental factors, including light (cycle time, intensity, and quality), carbon source (CO2 and organic), and temperature. In particular, we summarize their influence via the redox state, cis-elements, and trans-factors on biomass and recombinant protein production to support the advancement of emerging large-scale light-driven biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya E Carrera-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Ben Hankamer
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Australia.
| | - Melanie Oey
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Australia.
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Li C, Li P, Fu H, Chen J, Ye M, Zhai S, Hu F, Zhang C, Ge Y, Fortin C. A comparative study of the accumulation and detoxification of copper and zinc in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: The role of extracellular polymeric substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161995. [PMID: 36739008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) form an interface between microalgae and the surrounding water environment. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrients but may negatively affect microbial growth when their concentrations reach toxic thresholds. However, how EPS affect the accumulation and resistance of Cu and Zn in microalgae remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated EPS production upon Cu/Zn exposure and compared the tolerance strategies to the two metals by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with and without EPS. Microalgal EPS synthesis was induced by Cu/Zn treatments, and the functional groups of polysaccharides and proteins were involved in complexation with metal ions. The extraction of EPS aggravated the toxicity and reduced the removal of metals from solution, but the effect was more pronounced for Cu than for Zn. Copper bound on the cell surface accounted for 54.6 ± 2.0 % of the Cu accumulated by C. reinhardtii, whose EPS components strongly correlated with Cu adsorption. In contrast, 74.3 ± 3.0 % of accumulated Zn was absorbed in cells, and glutathione synthesis was significantly induced. Redundancy and linear correlation analyses showed that the polysaccharide, protein and DNA contents in EPS were significantly correlated with Cu accumulation, absorption and adsorption but not with Zn. Data fitted to a Michaelis-Menten model further showed that the EPS-intact cells had higher binding capacity for Cu2+ but not for Zn2+. These differential impacts of EPS on Cu/Zn sorption and detoxification contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of microalgal EPS in the biogeochemical cycle of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peihuan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongxuan Fu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Menglei Ye
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suhua Zhai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Claude Fortin
- EcotoQ, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
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Masi A, Leonelli F, Scognamiglio V, Gasperuzzo G, Antonacci A, Terzidis MA. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A Factory of Nutraceutical and Food Supplements for Human Health. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031185. [PMID: 36770853 PMCID: PMC9921279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) is one of the most well-studied microalgae organisms that revealed important information for the photosynthetic and metabolic processes of plants and eukaryotes. Numerous extensive studies have also underpinned its great potential as a biochemical factory, capable of producing various highly desired molecules with a direct impact on human health and longevity. Polysaccharides, lipids, functional proteins, pigments, hormones, vaccines, and antibodies are among the valuable biomolecules that are produced spontaneously or under well-defined conditions by C. reinhardtii and can be directly linked to human nutrition and diet. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances in the field focusing on the most relevant applications related to the production of important biomolecules for human health that are also linked with human nutrition and diet. The limitations and challenges are critically discussed along with the potential future applications of C. reinhardtii biomass and processed products in the field of nutraceuticals and food supplements. The increasing need for high-value and low-cost biomolecules produced in an environmentally and economy sustainable manner also underline the important role of C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Masi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Giulia Gasperuzzo
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.A.T.); Tel.: +39-0690675597 (A.A.); +30-2310013224 (M.A.T.)
| | - Michael A. Terzidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.A.T.); Tel.: +39-0690675597 (A.A.); +30-2310013224 (M.A.T.)
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8
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Boshoff A. Chaperonin: Co-chaperonin Interactions. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:213-246. [PMID: 36520309 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Co-chaperonins function together with chaperonins to mediate ATP-dependent protein folding in a variety of cellular compartments. Chaperonins are evolutionarily conserved and form two distinct classes, namely, group I and group II chaperonins. GroEL and its co-chaperonin GroES form part of group I and are the archetypal members of this family of protein folding machines. The unique mechanism used by GroEL and GroES to drive protein folding is embedded in the complex architecture of double-ringed complexes, forming two central chambers that undergo conformational rearrangements that enable protein folding to occur. GroES forms a lid over the chamber and in doing so dislodges bound substrate into the chamber, thereby allowing non-native proteins to fold in isolation. GroES also modulates allosteric transitions of GroEL. Group II chaperonins are functionally similar to group I chaperonins but differ in structure and do not require a co-chaperonin. A significant number of bacteria and eukaryotes house multiple chaperonin and co-chaperonin proteins, many of which have acquired additional intracellular and extracellular biological functions. In some instances, co-chaperonins display contrasting functions to those of chaperonins. Human HSP60 (HSPD) continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, in particular autoimmune diseases and cancer. A greater understanding of the fascinating roles of both intracellular and extracellular Hsp10 on cellular processes will accelerate the development of techniques to treat diseases associated with the chaperonin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
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9
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Production of Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to present Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an alternative for heterologous protein production, especially for biopharmaceuticals, and its general characteristics when compared with other expression systems. The need to produce heterologous proteins for industrial interest, therapeutic ends, and diagnostic kits has led to the development of recombinant microalgal technology. This technology presents some interesting features, such as rapid growth and low transgene dispersion compared to plants, the ability to fold complex proteins compared to bacteria, and low production costs compared to other expression systems, such as yeast and mammalian cells. Overall, C. reinhardtii heterologous protein expression is coming of age with several research groups focused on developing an optimal producer strain.
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10
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Harnessing the Algal Chloroplast for Heterologous Protein Production. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040743. [PMID: 35456794 PMCID: PMC9025058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic microbes are gaining increasing attention as heterologous hosts for the light-driven, low-cost production of high-value recombinant proteins. Recent advances in the manipulation of unicellular algal genomes offer the opportunity to establish engineered strains as safe and viable alternatives to conventional heterotrophic expression systems, including for their use in the feed, food, and biopharmaceutical industries. Due to the relatively small size of their genomes, algal chloroplasts are excellent targets for synthetic biology approaches, and are convenient subcellular sites for the compartmentalized accumulation and storage of products. Different classes of recombinant proteins, including enzymes and peptides with therapeutical applications, have been successfully expressed in the plastid of the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and of a few other species, highlighting the emerging potential of transplastomic algal biotechnology. In this review, we provide a unified view on the state-of-the-art tools that are available to introduce protein-encoding transgenes in microalgal plastids, and discuss the main (bio)technological bottlenecks that still need to be addressed to develop robust and sustainable green cell biofactories.
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11
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Wang N, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Peng C, Zhang W, Liu Y, Vallon O, Schroda M, Cong Y, Liu C. The cryo-EM structure of the chloroplast ClpP complex. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1505-1515. [PMID: 34782772 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein homoeostasis in plastids is strategically regulated by the protein quality control system involving multiple chaperones and proteases, among them the Clp protease. Here, we determined the structure of the chloroplast ClpP complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by cryo-electron microscopy. ClpP contains two heptameric catalytic rings without any symmetry. The top ring contains one ClpR6, three ClpP4 and three ClpP5 subunits while the bottom ring is composed of three ClpP1C subunits and one each of the ClpR1-4 subunits. ClpR3, ClpR4 and ClpT4 subunits connect the two rings and stabilize the complex. The chloroplast Cpn11/20/23 co-chaperonin, a co-factor of Cpn60, forms a cap on the top of ClpP by protruding mobile loops into hydrophobic clefts at the surface of the top ring. The co-chaperonin repressed ClpP proteolytic activity in vitro. By regulating Cpn60 chaperone and ClpP protease activity, the co-chaperonin may play a role in coordinating protein folding and degradation in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Vallon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Ramos-Vega A, Angulo C, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Monreal-Escalante E. Microalgae-made vaccines against infectious diseases. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Nagaraju M, Kumar A, Jalaja N, Rao DM, Kishor PBK. Functional Exploration of Chaperonin (HSP60/10) Family Genes and their Abiotic Stress-induced Expression Patterns in Sorghum bicolor. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:137-152. [PMID: 34220300 PMCID: PMC8188580 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210324154336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sorghum, the C4 dry-land cereal, important for food, fodder, feed and fuel, is a model crop for abiotic stress tolerance with smaller genome size, genetic diversity, and bio-energy traits. The heat shock proteins/chaperonin 60s (HSP60/Cpn60s) assist the plastid proteins, and participate in the folding and aggregation of proteins. However, the functions of HSP60s in abiotic stress tolerance in Sorghum remain unclear. Methods Genome-wide screening and in silico characterization of SbHSP60s were carried out along with tissue and stress-specific expression analysis. Results A total of 36 HSP60 genes were identified in Sorghum bicolor. They were subdivided into 2 groups, the HSP60 and HSP10 co-chaperonins encoded by 30 and 6 genes, respectively. The genes are distributed on all the chromosomes, chromosome 1 being the hot spot with 9 genes. All the HSP60s were found hydrophilic and highly unstable. The HSP60 genes showed a large number of introns, the majority of them with more than 10. Among the 12 paralogs, only 1 was tandem and the remaining 11 segmental, indicating their role in the expansion of SbHSP60s. Majority of the SbHSP60 genes expressed uniformly in leaf while a moderate expression was observed in the root tissues, with the highest expression displayed by SbHSP60-1. From expression analysis, SbHSP60-3 for drought, SbHSP60-9 for salt, SbHSP60-9 and 24 for heat and SbHSP60-3, 9 and SbHSP10-2 have been found implicated for cold stress tolerance and appeared as the key regulatory genes. Conclusion This work paves the way for the utilization of chaperonin family genes for achieving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagaraju
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India.,Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Advance Center for Computational & Applied Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Silk Park, Prem Nagar, Dehradun 248 007, India
| | - N Jalaja
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Manohar Rao
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - P B Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
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14
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OsCpn60β1 is Essential for Chloroplast Development in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114023. [PMID: 32512821 PMCID: PMC7313468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chaperonin 60 (Cpn60) protein is of great importance to plants due to its involvement in modulating the folding of numerous chloroplast protein polypeptides. In chloroplasts, Cpn60 is differentiated into two subunit types—Cpn60α and Cpn60β and the rice genome encodes three α and three β plastid chaperonin subunits. However, the functions of Cpn60 family members in rice were poorly understood. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of OsCpn60β1, we attempted to disrupt the OsCpn60β1 gene by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in this study. We succeeded in the production of homozygous OsCpn60β1 knockout rice plants. The OsCpn60β1 mutant displayed a striking albino leaf phenotype and was seedling lethal. Electron microscopy observation demonstrated that chloroplasts were severely disrupted in the OsCpn60β1 mutant. In addition, OsCpn60β1 was located in the chloroplast and OsCpn60β1 is constitutively expressed in various tissues particularly in the green tissues. The label-free qualitative proteomics showed that photosynthesis-related pathways and ribosomal pathways were significantly inhibited in OsCpn60β1 mutants. These results indicate that OsCpn60β1 is essential for chloroplast development in rice.
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15
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Towards a new avenue for producing therapeutic proteins: Microalgae as a tempting green biofactory. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Solís-Andrade KI, Márquez-Escobar VA, González-Ortega O, Bañuelos-Hernandez B. Current advances in the algae-made biopharmaceuticals field. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:751-766. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1739643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Karla I. Solís-Andrade
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Verónica A. Márquez-Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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17
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Magni S, Succurro A, Skupin A, Ebenhöh O. Data-driven dynamical model indicates that the heat shock response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is tailored to handle natural temperature variation. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0965. [PMID: 29720454 PMCID: PMC6000179 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming exposes plants to severe heat stress, with consequent crop yield reduction. Organisms exposed to high temperature stresses typically protect themselves with a heat shock response (HSR), where accumulation of unfolded proteins initiates the synthesis of heat shock proteins through the heat shock transcription factor HSF1. While the molecular mechanisms are qualitatively well characterized, our quantitative understanding of the underlying dynamics is still very limited. Here, we study the dynamics of HSR in the photosynthetic model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a data-driven mathematical model of HSR. We based our dynamical model mostly on mass action kinetics, with a few nonlinear terms. The model was parametrized and validated by several independent datasets obtained from the literature. We demonstrate that HSR quantitatively and significantly differs if an increase in temperature of the same magnitude occurs abruptly, as often applied under laboratory conditions, or gradually, which would rather be expected under natural conditions. In contrast to rapid temperature increases, under gradual changes only negligible amounts of misfolded proteins accumulate, indicating that the HSR of C. reinhardtii efficiently avoids the accumulation of misfolded proteins under conditions most likely to prevail in nature. The mathematical model we developed is a flexible tool to simulate the HSR to different conditions and complements the current experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Magni
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antonella Succurro
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Zhao Q, Zhang X, Sommer F, Ta N, Wang N, Schroda M, Cong Y, Liu C. Hetero-oligomeric CPN60 resembles highly symmetric group-I chaperonin structure revealed by Cryo-EM. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:798-812. [PMID: 30735603 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast chaperonin system is indispensable for the biogenesis of Rubisco, the key enzyme in photosynthesis. Using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system, we found that in vivo the chloroplast chaperonin consists of CPN60α, CPN60β1 and CPN60β2 and the co-chaperonin of the three subunits CPN20, CPN11 and CPN23. In Escherichia coli, CPN20 homo-oligomers and all possible other chloroplast co-chaperonin hetero-oligomers are functional, but only that consisting of CPN11/20/23-CPN60αβ1β2 can fully replace GroES/GroEL under stringent stress conditions. Endogenous CPN60 was purified and its stoichiometry was determined to be 6:2:6 for CPN60α:CPN60β1:CPN60β2. The cryo-EM structures of endogenous CPN60αβ1β2/ADP and CPN60αβ1β2/co-chaperonin/ADP were solved at resolutions of 4.06 and 3.82 Å, respectively. In both hetero-oligomeric complexes the chaperonin subunits within each ring are highly symmetric. Through hetero-oligomerization, the chloroplast co-chaperonin CPN11/20/23 forms seven GroES-like domains, which symmetrically interact with CPN60αβ1β2. Our structure also reveals an uneven distribution of roof-forming domains in the dome-shaped CPN11/20/23 co-chaperonin and potentially diversified surface properties in the folding cavity of the CPN60αβ1β2 chaperonin that might enable the chloroplast chaperonin system to assist in the folding of specific substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Na Ta
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger Str. 70, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yao Cong
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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19
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Xie M, Sun Y, Feng J, Gao Y, Zhu L. Predicting the toxic effects of Cu and Cd on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a DEBtox model. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:106-116. [PMID: 30844631 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the sublethal effects of pollutants to aquatic organism is essential in realistic chemical risk assessment. However, only a few dynamics models for sublethal endpoints are available. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of the essential metal Cu and the nonessential metal Cd on Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiunder both single and combined exposure, compared the effectiveness of different effect endpoints as toxic effect factors, and developed a Dynamic Energy Budget toxicology (DEBtox) model to predict the sublethal effects of Cu and Cd on C. reinhardtii. The results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter is a better toxic effect indicator than others for short-term exposure (<24 h), while algal cell growth is preferred for long-term exposure (2-6 days). The developed DEBtox model could successfully predict single metal toxicity to C. reinhardtii, while the combined metal DEBtox model slightly overestimates the joint toxicity of Cu-Cd due to the antagonistic effect of Cu-Cd on C. reinhardtii. This study is helpful to understanding and better predictions of metal sublethal toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingxue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yongfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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20
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Lian J, Wijffels RH, Smidt H, Sipkema D. The effect of the algal microbiome on industrial production of microalgae. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:806-818. [PMID: 29978601 PMCID: PMC6116740 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitously distributed, and they are also present in algae production systems. The algal microbiome is a pivotal part of the alga holobiont and has a key role in modulating algal populations in nature. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the role of bacteria in artificial systems ranging from laboratory flasks to industrial ponds. Coexisting microorganisms, and predominantly bacteria, are often regarded as contaminants in algal research, but recent studies manifested that many algal symbionts not only promote algal growth but also offer advantages in downstream processing. Because of the high expectations for microalgae in a bio‐based economy, better understanding of benefits and risks of algal–microbial associations is important for the algae industry. Reducing production cost may be through applying specific bacteria to enhance algae growth at large scale as well as through preventing the growth of a broad spectrum of algal pathogens. In this review, we highlight the latest studies of algae–microbial interactions and their underlying mechanisms, discuss advantages of large‐scale algal–bacterial cocultivation and extend such knowledge to a broad range of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lian
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detmer Sipkema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Traewachiwiphak S, Yokthongwattana C, Ves-Urai P, Charoensawan V, Yokthongwattana K. Gene expression and promoter characterization of heat-shock protein 90B gene (HSP90B) in the model unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:107-116. [PMID: 29807581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones or heat shock proteins are a large protein family with important functions in every cellular organism. Among all types of the heat shock proteins, information on the ER-localized HSP90 protein (HSP90B) and its encoding gene is relatively scarce in the literature, especially in photosynthetic organisms. In this study, expression profiles as well as promoter sequence of the HSP90B gene were investigated in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We have found that HSP90B is strongly induced by heat and ER stresses, while other short-term exposure to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, dark-to-light transition or light stress does not appear to affect the expression. Promoter truncation analysis as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation using the antibodies recognizing histone H3 and acetylated histone H3, revealed a putative core constitutive promoter sequence between -1 to -253 bp from the transcription start site. Our results also suggested that the nucleotides upstream of the core promoter may contain repressive elements such as putative repressor binding site(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somchoke Traewachiwiphak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Parthompong Ves-Urai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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22
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Vitlin Gruber A, Feiz L. Rubisco Assembly in the Chloroplast. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:24. [PMID: 29594130 PMCID: PMC5859369 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the Calvin-Benson cycle, which transforms atmospheric carbon into a biologically useful carbon source. The slow catalytic rate of Rubisco and low substrate specificity necessitate the production of high levels of this enzyme. In order to engineer a more efficient plant Rubisco, we need to better understand its folding and assembly process. Form I Rubisco, found in green algae and vascular plants, is a hexadecamer composed of 8 large subunits (RbcL), encoded by the chloroplast genome and 8 small, nuclear-encoded subunits (RbcS). Unlike its cyanobacterial homolog, which can be reconstituted in vitro or in E. coli, assisted by bacterial chaperonins (GroEL-GroES) and the RbcX chaperone, biogenesis of functional chloroplast Rubisco requires Cpn60-Cpn20, the chloroplast homologs of GroEL-GroES, and additional auxiliary factors, including Rubisco accumulation factor 1 (Raf1), Rubisco accumulation factor 2 (Raf2) and Bundle sheath defective 2 (Bsd2). The discovery and characterization of these factors paved the way for Arabidopsis Rubisco assembly in E. coli. In the present review, we discuss the uniqueness of hetero-oligomeric chaperonin complex for RbcL folding, as well as the sequential or concurrent actions of the post-chaperonin chaperones in holoenzyme assembly. The exact stages at which each assembly factor functions are yet to be determined. Expression of Arabidopsis Rubisco in E. coli provided some insight regarding the potential roles for Raf1 and RbcX in facilitating RbcL oligomerization, for Bsd2 in stabilizing the oligomeric core prior to holoenzyme assembly, and for Raf2 in interacting with both RbcL and RbcS. In the long term, functional characterization of each known factor along with the potential discovery and characterization of additional factors will set the stage for designing more efficient plants, with a greater biomass, for use in biofuels and sustenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vitlin Gruber
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leila Feiz
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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23
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Zhao Q, Liu C. Chloroplast Chaperonin: An Intricate Protein Folding Machine for Photosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 4:98. [PMID: 29404339 PMCID: PMC5780408 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group I chaperonins are large cylindrical-shaped nano-machines that function as a central hub in the protein quality control system in the bacterial cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplasts. In chloroplasts, proteins newly synthesized by chloroplast ribosomes, unfolded by diverse stresses, or translocated from the cytosol run the risk of aberrant folding and aggregation. The chloroplast chaperonin system assists these proteins in folding into their native states. A widely known protein folded by chloroplast chaperonin is the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), an enzyme responsible for the fixation of inorganic CO2 into organic carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Chloroplast chaperonin was initially identified as a Rubisco-binding protein. All photosynthetic eucaryotes genomes encode multiple chaperonin genes which can be divided into α and β subtypes. Unlike the homo-oligomeric chaperonins from bacteria and mitochondria, chloroplast chaperonins are more complex and exists as intricate hetero-oligomers containing both subtypes. The Group I chaperonin requires proper interaction with a detachable lid-like co-chaperonin in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ for substrate encapsulation and conformational transition. Besides the typical Cpn10-like co-chaperonin, a unique co-chaperonin consisting of two tandem Cpn10-like domains joined head-to-tail exists in chloroplasts. Since chloroplasts were proposed as sensors to various environmental stresses, this diversified chloroplast chaperonin system has the potential to adapt to complex conditions by accommodating specific substrates or through regulation at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels. In this review, we discuss recent progress on the unique structure and function of the chloroplast chaperonin system based on model organisms Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis thaliana. Knowledge of the chloroplast chaperonin system may ultimately lead to successful reconstitution of eukaryotic Rubisco in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Lee S, Lee YJ, Choi S, Park SB, Tran QG, Heo J, Kim HS. Development of an alcohol-inducible gene expression system for recombinant protein expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2018; 30:2297-2304. [PMID: 30147236 PMCID: PMC6096782 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-018-1480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been widely considered for the production of valuable products, such as lipid-based biofuel, value-added pigments, and anti-photo aging reagents. More recently, microalgae have been considered an alternative host for recombinant protein production because of their economic benefits and ecofriendly characteristics. Additionally, many microalgal strains identified to date are generally recognized as safe (GRAS); therefore, the use of microalgae-based technology is promising. However, basic studies on the genetic engineering of microalgae are rare, despite their importance. Particularly, inducible promoter systems that can be applied for strain engineering or recombinant protein production are rarely studied; hence, a number of challenging issues remain unsolved. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the development of a convenient and compact-inducible promoter system that can be used in microalgae. Based on previous success with plant systems, we employed the alcohol-inducible AlcR-P alcA system, which originates from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans. This system comprises only two components, a regulatory protein, AlcR, and an inducible promoter, P alcA. Therefore, construction and transformation of the gene cassettes can be easily performed. Ethanol-dependent gene expression was observed in the transformants with no significant growth retardation or inducer consumption observed in the cells cultivated under optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Saehae Choi
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: K-Biohealth, Osong, Chungbuk, 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh-Giao Tran
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Heo
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
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Rütgers M, Muranaka LS, Schulz-Raffelt M, Thoms S, Schurig J, Willmund F, Schroda M. Not changes in membrane fluidity but proteotoxic stress triggers heat shock protein expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2987-3001. [PMID: 28875560 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A conserved reaction of all organisms exposed to heat stress is an increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Several studies have proposed that HSP expression in heat-stressed plant cells is triggered by an increased fluidity of the plasma membrane. Among the main lines of evidence in support of this model are as follows: (a) the degree of membrane lipid saturation was higher in cells grown at elevated temperatures and correlated with a lower amplitude of HSP expression upon a temperature upshift, (b) membrane fluidizers induce HSP expression at physiological temperatures, and (c) membrane rigidifier dimethylsulfoxide dampens heat-induced HSP expression. Here, we tested whether this holds also for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that heat-induced HSP expression in cells grown at elevated temperatures was reduced because they already contained elevated levels of cytosolic HSP70A/90A that apparently act as negative regulators of heat shock factor 1. We find that membrane rigidifier dimethylsulfoxide impaired translation under heat stress conditions and that membrane fluidizer benzyl alcohol not only induced HSP expression but also caused protein aggregation. These findings support the classical model for the cytosolic unfolded protein response, according to which HSP expression is induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins. Hence, the membrane fluidity model should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rütgers
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ligia Segatto Muranaka
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Miriam Schulz-Raffelt
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sylvia Thoms
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Juliane Schurig
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix Willmund
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Ries F, Carius Y, Rohr M, Gries K, Keller S, Lancaster CRD, Willmund F. Structural and molecular comparison of bacterial and eukaryotic trigger factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10680. [PMID: 28878399 PMCID: PMC5587573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerably small fraction of approximately 60–100 proteins of all chloroplast proteins are encoded by the plastid genome. Many of these proteins are major subunits of complexes with central functions within plastids. In comparison with other subcellular compartments and bacteria, many steps of chloroplast protein biogenesis are not well understood. We report here on the first study of chloroplast-localised trigger factor. In bacteria, this molecular chaperone is known to associate with translating ribosomes to facilitate the folding of newly synthesized proteins. Chloroplast trigger factors of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the vascular land plant Arabidopsis thaliana were characterized by biophysical and structural methods and compared to the Escherichia coli isoform. We show that chloroplast trigger factor is mainly monomeric and displays only moderate stability against thermal unfolding even under mild heat-stress conditions. The global shape and conformation of these proteins were determined in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering and subsequent ab initio modelling. As observed for bacteria, plastidic trigger factors have a dragon-like structure, albeit with slightly altered domain arrangement and flexibility. This structural conservation despite low amino acid sequence homology illustrates a remarkable evolutionary robustness of chaperone conformations across various kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ries
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 70, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology, Saarland University, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Faculty of Medicine Building 60, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marina Rohr
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 70, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karin Gries
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 70, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sandro Keller
- Molecular Biophysics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - C Roy D Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology, Saarland University, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Faculty of Medicine Building 60, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Willmund
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 70, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Llamas E, Pulido P, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Interference with plastome gene expression and Clp protease activity in Arabidopsis triggers a chloroplast unfolded protein response to restore protein homeostasis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007022. [PMID: 28937985 PMCID: PMC5627961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of protein homeostasis in chloroplasts impairs the correct functioning of essential metabolic pathways, including the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for the production of plastidial isoprenoids involved in photosynthesis and growth. We previously found that misfolded and aggregated forms of the first enzyme of the MEP pathway are degraded by the Clp protease with the involvement of Hsp70 and Hsp100/ClpC1 chaperones in Arabidopsis thaliana. By contrast, the combined unfolding and disaggregating actions of Hsp70 and Hsp100/ClpB3 chaperones allow solubilization and hence reactivation of the enzyme. The repair pathway is promoted when the levels of ClpB3 proteins increase upon reduction of Clp protease activity in mutants or wild-type plants treated with the chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin (LIN). Here we show that LIN treatment rapidly increases the levels of aggregated proteins in the chloroplast, unleashing a specific retrograde signaling pathway that up-regulates expression of ClpB3 and other nuclear genes encoding plastidial chaperones. As a consequence, folding capacity is increased to restore protein homeostasis. This sort of chloroplast unfolded protein response (cpUPR) mechanism appears to be mediated by the heat shock transcription factor HsfA2. Expression of HsfA2 and cpUPR-related target genes is independent of GUN1, a central integrator of retrograde signaling pathways. However, double mutants defective in both GUN1 and plastome gene expression (or Clp protease activity) are seedling lethal, confirming that the GUN1 protein is essential for protein homeostasis in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Llamas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Castellanos-Huerta I, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Téllez G, Rosales-Mendoza S, Brieba LG, Esquivel-Ramos E, Beltrán-López JI, Velazquez G, Fernandez-Siurob I. Recombinant Hemagglutinin of Avian Influenza Virus H5 Expressed in the Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Evaluation of Its Immunogenicity in Chickens. Avian Dis 2017; 60:784-791. [PMID: 27902910 DOI: 10.1637/11427-042816-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Globally, avian influenza (AI) is a serious problem in poultry farming. Despite vaccination, the prevalence of AI in México highlights the need for new approaches to control AI and to reduce the economic losses associated with its occurrence in susceptible birds. Recombinant proteins from avian influenza virus (AIV) have been expressed in different organisms, such as plants. The present study investigated the feasibility of designing and expressing the HA protein of AIV in the transplastomic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a novel approach for AIV control and taking advantage of culture conditions, its reproductive range, and safe use in consideration of the generally regarded as safe food ingredient regulatory classification. The results showed that the HA protein of AIV in C. reinhardtii presents antigenic activity by western blot test and through its application in chickens, demonstrating its feasibility as a recombinant antigen against AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkar Castellanos-Huerta
- A Viren SA de CV, Presidente Benito Juárez 110B, José María Arteaga, Querétaro, Querétaro. 76135, México
| | | | - Guillermo Téllez
- B Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- C Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Luis G Brieba
- D Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, CP 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Elizabeth Esquivel-Ramos
- A Viren SA de CV, Presidente Benito Juárez 110B, José María Arteaga, Querétaro, Querétaro. 76135, México
| | - Josué I Beltrán-López
- A Viren SA de CV, Presidente Benito Juárez 110B, José María Arteaga, Querétaro, Querétaro. 76135, México
| | - Gilberto Velazquez
- E Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamento de Química, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, CP 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Isidro Fernandez-Siurob
- A Viren SA de CV, Presidente Benito Juárez 110B, José María Arteaga, Querétaro, Querétaro. 76135, México
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Bracher A, Whitney SM, Hartl FU, Hayer-Hartl M. Biogenesis and Metabolic Maintenance of Rubisco. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:29-60. [PMID: 28125284 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) mediates the fixation of atmospheric CO2 in photosynthesis by catalyzing the carboxylation of the 5-carbon sugar ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). Rubisco is a remarkably inefficient enzyme, fixing only 2-10 CO2 molecules per second. Efforts to increase crop yields by bioengineering Rubisco remain unsuccessful, owing in part to the complex cellular machinery required for Rubisco biogenesis and metabolic maintenance. The large subunit of Rubisco requires the chaperonin system for folding, and recent studies have shown that assembly of hexadecameric Rubisco is mediated by specific assembly chaperones. Moreover, Rubisco function can be inhibited by a range of sugar-phosphate ligands, including RuBP. Metabolic repair depends on remodeling of Rubisco by the ATP-dependent Rubisco activase and hydrolysis of inhibitory sugar phosphates by specific phosphatases. Here, we review our present understanding of the structure and function of these auxiliary factors and their utilization in efforts to engineer more catalytically efficient Rubisco enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bracher
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ; , ,
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ; , ,
| | - Manajit Hayer-Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany ; , ,
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Maikova A, Zalutskaya Z, Lapina T, Ermilova E. The HSP70 chaperone machines of Chlamydomonas are induced by cold stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 204:85-91. [PMID: 27543887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells to low temperatures have not been extensively studied compared with other stresses. Like other organisms, this green alga has heat shock protein 70s (HSP70s) that are located in chloroplast, mitochondrion and cytosol. To test whether temperature downshifts affected HSP70s synthesis, we used real-time PCR and protein gel blot analysis. C. reinhardtii cells exposed to cold stress show increased HSP70s mRNA levels. Genes encoding other components of HSP70 chaperone machines (e.g. CGE1, CDJ1, HSP90C and HSP90A) are also up-regulated in response to decreased temperature. We demonstrated that the accumulation of all analyzed mRNA occur more slowly and with reduced amplitude in cells exposed to cold than in cells treated with heat. Furthermore, C. reinhardtii cells display the splicing of the CGE1 transcript that was dependent on low temperature. Finally, the transcription regulator of C. reinhardtii HSF1 is also cold-responsive, suggesting its role in the transcriptional regulation of HSP genes at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maikova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Zhanneta Zalutskaya
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lapina
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Elena Ermilova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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31
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Zhang S, Zhou H, Yu F, Gao F, He J, Liu C. Functional Partition of Cpn60α and Cpn60β Subunits in Substrate Recognition and Cooperation with Co-chaperonins. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1210-1213. [PMID: 27179919 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianhua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a heat shock protein 10 (Hsp10) from Pennisetum glaucum (L.), a C4 cereal plant from the semi-arid tropics. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:861-70. [PMID: 27206926 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp10) belong to the ubiquitous family of heat-shock molecular chaperones found in the organelles of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Chaperonins assist the folding of nascent and stress-destabilized proteins. A cDNA clone encoding a 10 kDa Hsp was isolated from pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) by screening a heat stress cDNA library. The fulllength PgHsp10 cDNA consisted of 297 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 98 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 10.61 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point (pI) of 7.95. PgHsp10 shares 70-98 % sequence identity with other plant homologs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PgHsp10 is evolutionarily close to the maize Hsp10 homolog. The predicted 3D model confirmed a conserved eight-stranded ß-barrel with active site between the ß-barrel comprising of eight-strands, with conserved domain VLLPEYGG sandwiched between two ß-sheets. The gene consisted of 3 exons and 2 introns, while the position and phasing of these introns were conserved similar to other plant Hsp10 family genes. In silico analysis of the promoter region of PgHsp10 presented several distinct set of cis-elements and transcription factor binding sites. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that PgHsp10 gene was differentially expressed in response to abiotic stresses with the highest level of expression under heat stress conditions. Results of this study provide useful information regarding the role of chaperonins in stress regulation and generated leads for further elucidation of their function in plant stress tolerance.
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Yusibov V, Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ. Antibody Production in Plants and Green Algae. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:669-701. [PMID: 26905655 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a wide range of modern applications, including research, diagnostic, therapeutic, and industrial uses. Market demand for mAbs is high and continues to grow. Although mammalian systems, which currently dominate the biomanufacturing industry, produce effective and safe recombinant mAbs, they have a limited manufacturing capacity and high costs. Bacteria, yeast, and insect cell systems are highly scalable and cost effective but vary in their ability to produce appropriate posttranslationally modified mAbs. Plants and green algae are emerging as promising production platforms because of their time and cost efficiencies, scalability, lack of mammalian pathogens, and eukaryotic posttranslational protein modification machinery. So far, plant- and algae-derived mAbs have been produced predominantly as candidate therapeutics for infectious diseases and cancer. These candidates have been extensively evaluated in animal models, and some have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Here, we review ongoing efforts to advance the production of mAbs in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware 19711; , ,
| | - Natasha Kushnir
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware 19711; , ,
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Structural insight into the cooperation of chloroplast chaperonin subunits. BMC Biol 2016; 14:29. [PMID: 27072913 PMCID: PMC4828840 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroplast chaperonin, consisting of multiple subunits, mediates folding of the highly abundant protein Rubisco with the assistance of co-chaperonins. ATP hydrolysis drives the chaperonin allosteric cycle to assist substrate folding and promotes disassembly of chloroplast chaperonin. The ways in which the subunits cooperate during this cycle remain unclear. Results Here, we report the first crystal structure of Chlamydomonas chloroplast chaperonin homo-oligomer (CPN60β1) at 3.8 Å, which shares structural topology with typical type I chaperonins but with looser compaction, and possesses a larger central cavity, less contact sites and an enlarged ATP binding pocket compared to GroEL. The overall structure of Cpn60 resembles the GroEL allosteric intermediate state. Moreover, two amino acid (aa) residues (G153, G154) conserved among Cpn60s are involved in ATPase activity regulated by co-chaperonins. Domain swapping analysis revealed that the monomeric state of CPN60α is controlled by its equatorial domain. Furthermore, the C-terminal segment (aa 484–547) of CPN60β influenced oligomer disassembly and allosteric rearrangement driven by ATP hydrolysis. The entire equatorial domain and at least one part of the intermediate domain from CPN60α are indispensable for functional cooperation with CPN60β1, and this functional cooperation is strictly dependent on a conserved aa residue (E461) in the CPN60α subunit. Conclusions The first crystal structure of Chlamydomonas chloroplast chaperonin homo-oligomer (CPN60β1) is reported. The equatorial domain maintained the monomeric state of CPN60α and the C-terminus of CPN60β affected oligomer disassembly driven by ATP. The cooperative roles of CPN60 subunits were also established. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0251-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hempel F, Maier UG. Microalgae as Solar-Powered Protein Factories. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:241-62. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Improving Heat Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46340-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ferreira-Camargo LS, Tran M, Beld J, Burkart MD, Mayfield SP. Selenocystamine improves protein accumulation in chloroplasts of eukaryotic green algae. AMB Express 2015; 5:126. [PMID: 26137911 PMCID: PMC4489976 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic green algae have become an increasingly popular platform for recombinant proteins production. In particular, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, has garnered increased attention for having the necessary biochemical machinery to produce vaccines, human antibodies and next generation cancer targeting immunotoxins. While it has been shown that chloroplasts contain chaperones, peptidyl prolylisomerases and protein disulfide isomerases that facilitate these complex proteins folding and assembly, little has been done to determine which processes serve as rate-limiting steps for protein accumulation. In other expression systems, as Escherichia coli, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and insect cells, recombinant protein accumulation can be hampered by cell's inability to fold the target polypeptide into the native state, resulting in aggregation and degradation. To determine if chloroplasts' ability to oxidize proteins that require disulfide bonds into a stable conformation is a rate-limiting step of protein accumulation, three recombinant strains, each expressing a different recombinant protein, were analyzed. These recombinant proteins included fluorescent GFP, a reporter containing no disulfide bonds; Gaussia princeps luciferase, a luminescent reporter containing disulfide bonds; and an immunotoxin, an antibody-fusion protein containing disulfide bonds. Each strain was analyzed for its ability to accumulate proteins when supplemented with selenocystamine, a small molecule capable of catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds. Selenocystamine supplementation led to an increase in luciferase and immunotoxin but not GFP accumulation. These results demonstrated that selenocystamine can increase the accumulation of proteins containing disulfide bonds and suggests that a rate-limiting step in chloroplast protein accumulation is the disulfide bonds formation in recombinant proteins native structure.
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Roles of Hsp70s in Stress Responses of Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:510319. [PMID: 26649306 PMCID: PMC4663327 DOI: 10.1155/2015/510319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70s (heat shock protein 70s) are a class of molecular chaperones that are highly conserved and ubiquitous in organisms ranging from microorganisms to plants and humans. Most research on Hsp70s has focused on the mechanisms of their functions as molecular chaperones, but recently, studies on stress responses are coming to the forefront. Hsp70s play key roles in cellular development and protecting living organisms from environmental stresses such as heat, drought, salinity, acidity, and cold. Moreover, functions of human Hsp70s are related to diseases including neurological disorders, cancer, and virus infection. In this review, we provide an overview of the specific roles of Hsp70s in response to stress, particularly abiotic stress, in all living organisms.
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39
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Bai C, Guo P, Zhao Q, Lv Z, Zhang S, Gao F, Gao L, Wang Y, Tian Z, Wang J, Yang F, Liu C. Protomer Roles in Chloroplast Chaperonin Assembly and Function. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1478-92. [PMID: 26057234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The individual roles of three chloroplast CPN60 protomers (CPN60α, CPN60β1, and CPN60β2) and whether and how they are assembled into functional chaperonin complexes are investigated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Protein complexes containing all three potential subunits were identified in Chlamydomonas, and their co-expression in Escherichia coli yielded a homogeneous population of oligomers containing all three subunits (CPN60αβ1β2), with a molecular weight consistent with a tetradecameric structure. While homo-oligomers of CPN60β could form, they were dramatically reduced when CPN60α was present and homo-oligomers of CPN60β2 were readily changed into hetero-oligomers in the presence of ATP and other protomers. ATP hydrolysis caused CPN60 oligomers to disassemble and drove the purified protomers to reconstitute oligomers in vitro, suggesting that the dynamic nature of CPN60 oligomers is dependent on ATP. Only hetero-oligomeric CPN60αβ1β2, containing CPN60α, CPN60β1, and CPN60β2 subunits in a 5:6:3 ratio, cooperated functionally with GroES. The combination of CPN60α and CPN60β subunits, but not the individual subunits alone, complemented GroEL function in E. coli with subunit recognition specificity. Down-regulation of the CPN60α subunit in Chlamydomonas resulted in a slow growth defect and an inability to grow autotrophically, indicating the essential role of CPN60α in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zongyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals and Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Guo P, Jiang S, Bai C, Zhang W, Zhao Q, Liu C. Asymmetric functional interaction between chaperonin and its plastidic cofactors. FEBS J 2015; 282:3959-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Cuicui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Schroda M, Hemme D, Mühlhaus T. The Chlamydomonas heat stress response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:466-480. [PMID: 25754362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat waves occurring at increased frequency as a consequence of global warming jeopardize crop yield safety. One way to encounter this problem is to genetically engineer crop plants toward increased thermotolerance. To identify entry points for genetic engineering, a thorough understanding of how plant cells perceive heat stress and respond to it is required. Using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system to study the fundamental mechanisms of the plant heat stress response has several advantages. Most prominent among them is the suitability of Chlamydomonas for studying stress responses system-wide and in a time-resolved manner under controlled conditions. Here we review current knowledge on how heat is sensed and signaled to trigger temporally and functionally grouped sub-responses termed response elements to prevent damage and to maintain cellular homeostasis in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dorothea Hemme
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Rasala BA, Mayfield SP. Photosynthetic biomanufacturing in green algae; production of recombinant proteins for industrial, nutritional, and medical uses. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:227-39. [PMID: 24659086 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are widely used for industrial, nutritional, and medical applications. Green microalgae have attracted considerable attention recently as a biomanufacturing platform for the production of recombinant proteins for a number of reasons. These photosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms are safe, scalable, easy to genetically modify through transformation, mutagenesis, or breeding, and inexpensive to grow. Many microalgae species are genetically transformable, but the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the most widely used host for recombinant protein expression. An extensive suite of molecular genetic tools has been developed for C. reinhardtii over the last 25 years, including a fully sequenced genome, well-established methods for transformation, mutagenesis and breeding, and transformation vectors for high levels of recombinant protein accumulation and secretion. Here, we review recent successes in the development of C. reinhardtii as a biomanufacturing host for recombinant proteins, including antibodies and immunotoxins, hormones, industrial enzymes, an orally-active colostral protein for gastrointestinal health, and subunit vaccines. In addition, we review the biomanufacturing potential of other green algae from the genera Dunaliella and Chlorella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Rasala
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0368, USA
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Trösch R, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M, Willmund F. ATP-dependent molecular chaperones in plastids--More complex than expected. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:872-88. [PMID: 25596449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plastids are a class of essential plant cell organelles comprising photosynthetic chloroplasts of green tissues, starch-storing amyloplasts of roots and tubers or the colorful pigment-storing chromoplasts of petals and fruits. They express a few genes encoded on their organellar genome, called plastome, but import most of their proteins from the cytosol. The import into plastids, the folding of freshly-translated or imported proteins, the degradation or renaturation of denatured and entangled proteins, and the quality-control of newly folded proteins all require the action of molecular chaperones. Members of all four major families of ATP-dependent molecular chaperones (chaperonin/Cpn60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp100 families) have been identified in plastids from unicellular algae to higher plants. This review aims not only at giving an overview of the most current insights into the general and conserved functions of these plastid chaperones, but also into their specific plastid functions. Given that chloroplasts harbor an extreme environment that cycles between reduced and oxidized states, that has to deal with reactive oxygen species and is highly reactive to environmental and developmental signals, it can be presumed that plastid chaperones have evolved a plethora of specific functions some of which are just about to be discovered. Here, the most urgent questions that remain unsolved are discussed, and guidance for future research on plastid chaperones is given. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trösch
- TU Kaiserslautern, Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; HU Berlin, Institute of Biology, Chausseestraße 117, 10115 Berlin, Germany; TU Kaiserslautern, Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- TU Kaiserslautern, Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Michael Schroda
- TU Kaiserslautern, Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Felix Willmund
- TU Kaiserslautern, Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Abstract
Co-chaperonins function together with chaperonins to mediate ATP-dependant protein folding in a variety of cellular compartments. GroEL and its co-chaperonin GroES are the only essential chaperones in Escherichia coli and are the archetypal members of this family of protein folding machines. The unique mechanism used by GroEL and GroES to drive protein folding is embedded in the complex architecture of double-ringed complexes, forming two central chambers that undergo structural rearrangements as part of the folding mechanism. GroES forms a lid over the chamber, and in doing so dislodges bound substrate into the chamber, thereby allowing non-native proteins to fold in isolation. GroES also modulates allosteric transitions of GroEL. A significant number of bacteria and eukaryotes house multiple chaperonin and co-chaperonin proteins, many of which have acquired additional intracellular and extracellular biological functions. In some instances co-chaperonins display contrasting functions to those of chaperonins. Human Hsp60 continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, in particular autoimmune diseases and cancer. A greater understanding of the fascinating roles of both intracellular and extracellular Hsp10, in addition to its role as a co-chaperonin, on cellular processes will accelerate the development of techniques to treat diseases associated with the chaperonin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Boshoff
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, 6140, Grahamstown, South Africa,
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Vitlin Gruber A, Zizelski G, Azem A, Weiss C. The Cpn10(1) co-chaperonin of A. thaliana functions only as a hetero-oligomer with Cpn20. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113835. [PMID: 25419702 PMCID: PMC4242682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The A. thaliana genome encodes five co-chaperonin homologs, three of which are destined to the chloroplast. Two of the proteins, Cpn10(2) and Cpn20, form functional homo-oligomers in vitro. In the current work, we present data on the structure and function of the third A. thaliana co-chaperonin, which exhibits unique properties. We found that purified recombinant Cpn10(1) forms inactive dimers in solution, in contrast to the active heptamers that are formed by canonical Cpn10s. Additionally, our data demonstrate that Cpn10(1) is capable of assembling into active hetero-oligomers together with Cpn20. This finding was reinforced by the formation of active co-chaperonin species upon mixing an inactive Cpn20 mutant with the inactive Cpn10(1). The present study constitutes the first report of a higher plant Cpn10 subunit that is able to function only upon formation of hetero-oligomers with other co-chaperonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vitlin Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Zizelski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Celeste Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Pérez-Martín M, Pérez-Pérez ME, Lemaire SD, Crespo JL. Oxidative stress contributes to autophagy induction in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:997-1008. [PMID: 25143584 PMCID: PMC4213124 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the activation of stress responses, such as the unfolded protein response or the catabolic process of autophagy to ultimately recover cellular homeostasis. ER stress also promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in autophagy regulation. However, it remains unknown whether reactive oxygen species are involved in ER stress-induced autophagy. In this study, we provide evidence connecting redox imbalance caused by ER stress and autophagy activation in the model unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Treatment of C. reinhardtii cells with the ER stressors tunicamycin or dithiothreitol resulted in up-regulation of the expression of genes encoding ER resident endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin1 oxidoreductase and protein disulfide isomerases. ER stress also triggered autophagy in C. reinhardtii based on the protein abundance, lipidation, cellular distribution, and mRNA levels of the autophagy marker ATG8. Moreover, increases in the oxidation of the glutathione pool and the expression of oxidative stress-related genes were detected in tunicamycin-treated cells. Our results revealed that the antioxidant glutathione partially suppressed ER stress-induced autophagy and decreased the toxicity of tunicamycin, suggesting that oxidative stress participates in the control of autophagy in response to ER stress in C. reinhardtii In close agreement, we also found that autophagy activation by tunicamycin was more pronounced in the C. reinhardtii sor1 mutant, which shows increased expression of oxidative stress-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Martín
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (M.P.-M., J.L.C.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.) andSorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06 (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (M.P.-M., J.L.C.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.) andSorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06 (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (M.P.-M., J.L.C.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.) andSorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06 (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (M.P.-M., J.L.C.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.) andSorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06 (M.E.P.-P.; S.D.L.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
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Kobayashi Y, Harada N, Nishimura Y, Saito T, Nakamura M, Fujiwara T, Kuroiwa T, Misumi O. Algae sense exact temperatures: small heat shock proteins are expressed at the survival threshold temperature in Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2731-40. [PMID: 25267447 PMCID: PMC4224343 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae inhabits acidic hot springs and shows robust resistance to heat shock treatments up to 63 °C. Microarray analysis was performed to identify the key genes underlying the high temperature tolerance of this organism. Among the upregulated genes that were identified, we focused on two small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) that belong to a unique class of HSP families. These two genes are located side by side in an inverted repeat orientation on the same chromosome and share a promoter. These two genes were simultaneously and rapidly upregulated in response to heat shock treatment (>1,000-fold more than the control). Interestingly, upregulation appeared to be triggered not by a difference in temperatures, but rather by the absolute temperature. Similar sHSP structural genes have been reported in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but the threshold temperature for the expression of these sHSP-encoding genes in Ch. reinhardtii was different from the threshold temperature for the expression of the sHSP genes from Cy. merolae. These results indicate the possible importance of an absolute temperature sensing system in the evolution and tolerance of high-temperature conditions among unicellular microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Botany, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kita-Shirakawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Harada
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Botany, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kita-Shirakawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Botany, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kita-Shirakawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Saito
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Mami Nakamura
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiwara
- Symbiosis and Cell Evolution Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST, JST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Osami Misumi
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST, JST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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48
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In vitro characterization of bacterial and chloroplast Hsp70 systems reveals an evolutionary optimization of the co-chaperones for their Hsp70 partner. Biochem J 2014; 460:13-24. [PMID: 24564700 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast Hsp70 (heat-shock protein of 70 kDa) system involved in protein folding in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii consists of HSP70B, the DnaJ homologue CDJ1 and the GrpE-type nucleotide-exchange factor CGE1. The finding that HSP70B needs to be co-expressed with HEP2 (Hsp70 escort protein 2) to become functional allowed the reconstitution of the chloroplast Hsp70 system in vitro and comparison with the homologous Escherichia coli system. Both systems support luciferase refolding and display ATPase and holdase activities. Steady-state activities are low and strongly stimulated by the co-chaperones, whose concentrations need to be balanced to optimally support luciferase refolding. Although the co-chaperones of either system generally stimulate ATPase and folding-assistance activities of the other, luciferase refolding is reduced ~10-fold and <2-fold if either Hsp70 is supplemented with the foreign DnaJ and GrpE protein respectively, suggesting an evolutionary specialization of the co-chaperones for their Hsp70 partner. Distinct features are that HSP70B's steady-state ATPase exhibits ~20-fold higher values for Vmax and Km and that the HSP70B system displays a ~6-fold higher folding assistance on denatured luciferase. Although truncating up to 16 N-terminal amino acids of CGE1 does not affect HSP70B's general ATPase and folding-assistance activities in the physiological temperature range, further deletions hampering dimerization of CGE1 via its N-terminal coiled coil do.
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Rasala BA, Chao SS, Pier M, Barrera DJ, Mayfield SP. Enhanced genetic tools for engineering multigene traits into green algae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94028. [PMID: 24710110 PMCID: PMC3978050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic microalgae have the potential to impact many diverse biotechnological industries including energy, human and animal nutrition, pharmaceuticals, health and beauty, and specialty chemicals. However, major obstacles to sophisticated genetic and metabolic engineering in algae have been the lack of well-characterized transformation vectors to direct engineered gene products to specific subcellular locations, and the inability to robustly express multiple nuclear-encoded transgenes within a single cell. Here we validate a set of genetic tools that enable protein targeting to distinct subcellular locations, and present two complementary methods for multigene engineering in the eukaryotic green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The tools described here will enable advanced metabolic and genetic engineering to promote microalgae biotechnology and product commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Rasala
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Syh-Shiuan Chao
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Pier
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Barrera
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Mayfield
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Cloning and expression of a cytosolic HSP90 gene in Chlorella vulgaris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:487050. [PMID: 24738061 PMCID: PMC3971552 DOI: 10.1155/2014/487050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a highly conserved molecular chaperone, plays essential roles in folding, keeping structural integrity, and regulating the subset of cytosolic proteins. We cloned the cDNA of Chlorella vulgaris HSP90 (named CvHSP90) by combining homology cloning with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Sequence analysis indicated that CvHSP90 is a cytosolic member of the HSP90 family. Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to determine the expression level of messenger RNA (mRNA) in CvHSP90 under different stress conditions. C. vulgaris was kept in different temperatures (5–45°C) for 1 h. The mRNA expression level of CvHSP90 increased with temperature from 5 to 10°C, went further from 35 to 40°C, and reached the maximum at 40°C. On the other hand, for C. vulgaris kept at 35°C for different durations, the mRNA expression level of CvHSP90 increased gradually and reached the peak at 7 h and then declined progressively. In addition, the expression level of CvHSP90 at 40 or 45 in salinity (‰) was almost fourfold of that at 25 in salinity (‰) for 2 h. Therefore, CvHSP90 may be a potential biomarker to monitor environment changes.
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