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Moore V, Vermaas W. Functional consequences of modification of the photosystem I/photosystem II ratio in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0045423. [PMID: 38695523 PMCID: PMC11112997 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00454-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The stoichiometry of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) varies between photoautotrophic organisms. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 maintains two- to fivefold more PSI than PSII reaction center complexes, and we sought to modify this stoichiometry by changing the promoter region of the psaAB operon. We thus generated mutants with varied psaAB expression, ranging from ~3% to almost 200% of the wild-type transcript level, but all showing a reduction in PSI levels, relative to wild type, suggesting a role of the psaAB promoter region in translational regulation. Mutants with 25%-70% of wild-type PSI levels were photoautotrophic, with whole-chain oxygen evolution rates on a per-cell basis comparable to that of wild type. In contrast, mutant strains with <10% of the wild-type level of PSI were obligate photoheterotrophs. Variable fluorescence yields of all mutants were much higher than those of wild type, indicating that the PSI content is localized differently than in wild type, with less transfer of PSII-absorbed energy to PSI. Strains with less PSI saturate at a higher light intensity, enhancing productivity at higher light intensities. This is similar to what is found in mutants with reduced antennae. With 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea present, P700+ re-reduction kinetics in the mutants were slower than in wild type, consistent with the notion that there is less cyclic electron transport if less PSI is present. Overall, strains with a reduction in PSI content displayed surprisingly vigorous growth and linear electron transport. IMPORTANCE Consequences of reduction in photosystem I content were investigated in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 where photosystem I far exceeds the number of photosystem II complexes. Strains with less photosystem I displayed less cyclic electron transport, grew more slowly at lower light intensity and needed more light for saturation but were surprisingly normal in their whole-chain electron transport rates, implying that a significant fraction of photosystem I is dispensable for linear electron transport in cyanobacteria. These strains with reduced photosystem I levels may have biotechnological relevance as they grow well at higher light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Moore
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wim Vermaas
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Zhen S, van Iersel MW, Bugbee B. Photosynthesis in sun and shade: the surprising importance of far-red photons. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:538-546. [PMID: 35832002 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current definition of photosynthetically active radiation includes only photons from 400 up to 700 nm, despite evidence of the synergistic interaction between far-red photons and shorter-wavelength photons. The synergy between far-red and shorter-wavelength photons has not been studied in sunlight under natural conditions. We used a filter to remove photons above 700 nm to quantify the effects on photosynthesis in diverse species under full sun, medium light intensity and vegetation shade. Far-red photons (701 to 750 nm) in sunlight are used efficiently for photosynthesis. This is especially important for leaves in vegetation shade, where far-red photons can be > 50% of the total incident photons between 400 and 750 nm. Far-red photons accounted for 24-25% of leaf gross photosynthesis (Pgross ) in a C3 and a C4 species when sunlight was filtered through a leaf, and 10-14% of leaf Pgross in a tree and an understory species in deep shade. Accounting for the photosynthetic activity of far-red photons is critical for accurate measurement and modeling of photosynthesis at single leaf, canopy and ecosystem scales. This, in turn, is crucial in understanding crop productivity, the global carbon cycle and climate change impacts on agriculture and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhen
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Marc W van Iersel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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3
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Fu L, Govindjee G, Tan J, Guo Y. Development of a minimized model structure and a feedback control framework for regulating photosynthetic activities. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 146:213-225. [PMID: 31813097 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the main activities of the plant photosynthesis process are discussed to yield a minimized mathematical model structure with photosystem II (PSII) chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) as a measurable output. After experimental validation of the model structure, we demonstrate that the states of the photosynthetic process may be observed by using this model and the extended Kalman filter method. We then show a feedback control framework that can be used to alter a given photosynthetic activity. The control framework is demonstrated with an example in which PSII ChlF is used as the feedback signal and light intensity is used as a controllable process input to regulate plastoquinone reduction. Although there are caveats, and further research is needed, the results lay the groundwork for further research on novel methods for optimization and regulation of photosynthetic activities, with a goal for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jinglu Tan
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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5
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Zhen S, Bugbee B. Steady-state stomatal responses of C 3 and C 4 species to blue light fraction: Interactions with CO 2 concentration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1259-1272. [PMID: 32929764 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Blue light induced stomatal opening has been studied by applying a short pulse (~5 to 60 s) of blue light to a background of saturating photosynthetic red photons, but little is known about steady-state stomatal responses. Here we report stomatal responses to blue light at high and low CO2 concentrations. Steady-state stomatal conductance (gs ) of C3 plants increased asymptotically with increasing blue light to a maximum at 20% blue (120 μmol m-2 s-1 ). This response was consistent from 200 to 800 μmol mol-1 atmospheric CO2 (Ca ). In contrast, blue light induced only a transient stomatal opening (~5 min) in C4 species above a Ca of 400 μmol mol-1 . Steady-state gs of C4 plants generally decreased with increasing blue intensity. The net photosynthetic rate of all species decreased above 20% blue because blue photons have lower quantum yield (moles carbon fixed per mole photons absorbed) than red photons. Our findings indicate that photosynthesis, rather than a blue light signal, plays a dominant role in stomatal regulation in C4 species. Additionally, we found that blue light affected only stomata on the illuminated side of the leaf. Contrary to widely held belief, the blue light-induced stomatal opening minimally enhanced photosynthesis and consistently decreased water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhen
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Cerqueira JVA, Silveira JAG, Carvalho FEL, Cunha JR, Lima Neto MC. The regulation of P700 is an important photoprotective mechanism to NaCl-salinity in Jatropha curcas. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:404-417. [PMID: 30737801 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinity commonly affects photosynthesis and crop production worldwide. Salt stress disrupts the fine balance between photosynthetic electron transport and the Calvin cycle reactions, leading to over-reduction and excess energy within the thylakoids. The excess energy triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction that causes photoinhibition in both photosystems (PS) I and II. However, the role of PSI photoinhibition and its physiological mechanisms for photoprotection have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of 15 consecutive days of 100 mM NaCl in Jatropha curcas plants, primarily focusing on the photosynthetic electron flow at PSI level. We found that J. curcas plants have important photoprotective mechanisms to cope with the harmful effects of salinity. We show that maintaining P700 in an oxidized state is an important photoprotector mechanism, avoiding ROS burst in J. curcas exposed to salinity. In addition, upon photoinhibition of PSI, the highly reduced electron transport chain triggers a significant increase in H2 O2 content which can lead to the production of hydroxyl radical by Mehler reactions in chloroplast, thereby increasing PSI photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V A Cerqueira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A G Silveira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E L Carvalho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Cunha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Milton C Lima Neto
- Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, Brazil
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de Oliveira HO, de Castro GLS, Correa LO, Silvestre WVD, do Nascimento SV, da Silva Valadares RB, de Oliveira GC, Santos RIN, Festucci-Buselli RA, Pinheiro HA. Coupling physiological analysis with proteomic profile to understand the photosynthetic responses of young Euterpe oleracea palms to drought. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:189-205. [PMID: 30357677 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether drought sensitivity in açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is associated with reductions in photosynthesis and increasing oxidative stress in response to down-regulation of proteins related to photosynthetic reactions, photorespiration, and antioxidant system. Well-watered (Control) and drought-stressed plants were compared when leaf water potential in stressed plants reached around - 1.5 and - 3.0 MPa, representing moderate and severe drought. Drought caused 84 and 96% decreases in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance. Stress-mediated changes in maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry were unobserved, but drought decreased photochemical quenching, actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport, and apparent electron transport rate (ETR). Moderate and severe drought induced, respectively, decreases and increases in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and 74 and 273% increases in ETR/Pn. Moderate drought down-regulated PSII protein D2, chlorophyll a-b binding protein 8, photosystem I reaction center subunit N, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and transketolase; while severe drought down-regulated LHC II proteins, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, ATP synthase subunits ε and ß, and carbonic anhydrase isoform X2. The glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 and glycine dehydrogenase were down-regulated upon moderate drought, while catalase 2 and glycine cleavage system H protein 3 were up-regulated. Severe drought up-regulated glycolate oxidase, glycine cleavage system H protein 3, and aminomethyl transferase, but most of photorespiration-related proteins were only found in control plants. Down-regulation of chaperones and antioxidant enzymes and increased lipid peroxidation in stressed plants were observed upon both stress severities. Therefore, the decreases in Pn and failure in preventing oxidative damages through adjustments in NPQ and photorespiration- and antioxidant-related proteins accounted for drought sensitivity in açaí.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Oliveira de Oliveira
- Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Oliveira Correa
- Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodolfo Inacio Nunes Santos
- Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Alves Pinheiro
- Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil.
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ATP compartmentation in plastids and cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed by fluorescent protein sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10778-E10787. [PMID: 30352850 PMCID: PMC6233094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711497115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By studying in vivo changes of ATP levels in the plastids and cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana using a FRET-based ATP sensor, we show that the plastidic ATP concentrations in cotyledon, hypocotyl, and root of 10-day-old seedlings are significantly lower than the cytosolic concentrations. We show that chloroplasts consume ATP rapidly and the import of ATP into mature chloroplasts is impeded by the low density of NTT transporter. Hence, unlike in diatoms, where ATP is imported into chloroplasts to support the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, mature chloroplasts of Arabidopsis do not balance the ATP:NADPH ratio by importing ATP from the cytosol. Rather, chloroplasts can export surplus reducing equivalents, which can be used by the mitochondria to supply ATP to the cytosol. Matching ATP:NADPH provision and consumption in the chloroplast is a prerequisite for efficient photosynthesis. In terms of ATP:NADPH ratio, the amount of ATP generated from the linear electron flow does not meet the demand of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle. Several different mechanisms to increase ATP availability have evolved, including cyclic electron flow in higher plants and the direct import of mitochondrial-derived ATP in diatoms. By imaging a fluorescent ATP sensor protein expressed in living Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, we found that MgATP2− concentrations were lower in the stroma of mature chloroplasts than in the cytosol, and exogenous ATP was able to enter chloroplasts isolated from 4- and 5-day-old seedlings, but not chloroplasts isolated from 10- or 20-day-old photosynthetic tissues. This observation is in line with the previous finding that the expression of chloroplast nucleotide transporters (NTTs) in Arabidopsis mesophyll is limited to very young seedlings. Employing a combination of photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors with compartment-specific imaging of ATP, we corroborate the dependency of stromal ATP production on mitochondrial dissipation of photosynthetic reductant. Our data suggest that, during illumination, the provision and consumption of ATP:NADPH in chloroplasts can be balanced by exporting excess reductants rather than importing ATP from the cytosol.
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Cunha JR, Carvalho FEL, Lima-Neto MC, Jardim-Messeder D, Cerqueira JVA, Martins MO, Fontenele AV, Márgis-Pinheiro M, Komatsu S, Silveira JAG. Proteomic and physiological approaches reveal new insights for uncover the role of rice thylakoidal APX in response to drought stress. J Proteomics 2018; 192:125-136. [PMID: 30170113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast APX isoforms display controversial roles as H2O2 scavengers and signaling players in response to abiotic stress and conclusive results are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that thylakoidal APX displays an important role for drought tolerance, especially by regulating abundance of essential protein species. For this, OsApx8 RNAi-silenced rice (apx8) and non-transformed plants (NT) were exposed to mild water deficit. The drought-sensitivity in apx8 plants was revealed by decreases in shoot growth, relative water content and photosynthesis, which was accompanied by increased membrane damage, all compared to NT plants. This higher sensitivity of apx8 plants to mild drought stress was also related to a lower accumulation of important protein species involved in several metabolic processes, especially photosynthesis, photorespiration and redox metabolism. Despite apx8 plants have displayed an effective induction of compensatory antioxidant mechanisms in well-watered conditions, it was not enough to maintain H2O2 homeostasis and avoid oxidative and physiological disturbances under mild drought conditions. Thus, thylakoidal APX is involved in several phenotypic modifications at proteomic profile level, possibly via a H2O2-induced signaling mechanism. Consequently, this APX isoform is crucial for rice plants effectively cope with a mild drought condition. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides for the first time an integrative study involving proteomic, physiological and biochemical analyses directed to elucidation of thylakoidal APX roles for drought tolerance in rice plants. Our data reveal that this enzyme is crucial for maintaining of growth and photosynthesis under mild water deficit conditions. This essential role is related to maintaining of H2O2 homeostasis and accumulation of essential proteins involved in several important metabolic pathways. Remarkably, for drought resistance was essential the accumulation of proteins involved with metabolism of photosynthesis, signaling, carbohydrates, protein synthesis/degradation and stress. These results can contribute to understand the role of chloroplast ascorbate peroxidases in drought tolerance, highlighting the physiological importance of key proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E L Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Milton C Lima-Neto
- Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP-CLP), São Vicente CEP 11380-972, Brazil
| | - Douglas Jardim-Messeder
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - João Victor A Cerqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Marcio O Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Adilton V Fontenele
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Márcia Márgis-Pinheiro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Joaquim A G Silveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
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Jokel M, Johnson X, Peltier G, Aro EM, Allahverdiyeva Y. Hunting the main player enabling Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth under fluctuating light. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:822-835. [PMID: 29575329 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms have evolved numerous photoprotective mechanisms and alternative electron sinks/pathways to fine-tune the photosynthetic apparatus under dynamic environmental conditions, such as varying carbon supply or fluctuations in light intensity. In cyanobacteria flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage under fluctuating light (FL). In Arabidopsis thaliana, which does not possess FDPs, the PGR5-related pathway enables FL photoprotection. The direct comparison of the pgr5, pgrl1 and flv knockout mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown under ambient air demonstrates that all three proteins contribute to the survival of cells under FL, but to varying extents. The FDPs are crucial in providing a rapid electron sink, with flv mutant lines unable to survive even mild FL conditions. In contrast, the PGRL1 and PGR5-related pathways operate over relatively slower and longer time-scales. Whilst deletion of PGR5 inhibits growth under mild FL, the pgrl1 mutant line is only impacted under severe FL conditions. This suggests distinct roles, yet a close relationship, between the function of PGR5, PGRL1 and FDP proteins in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Jokel
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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Noridomi M, Nakamura S, Tsuyama M, Futamura N, Vladkova R. Opposite domination of cyclic and pseudocyclic electron flows in short-illuminated dark-adapted leaves of angiosperms and gymnosperms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:149-164. [PMID: 28689227 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work was aimed to explain the recently reported higher O2-dependent electron flow capacity in gymnosperms than in angiosperms and to search for other differences in the electron transport processes by simultaneous characterization of the relative capacities of pseudocyclic (direct or Flavodiiron proteins (Flv)-mediated O2-reduction, Mehler(-like) reactions) and cyclic electron flows around photosystem I (CEF-PSI). To this end, a comparative multicomponent analysis was performed on the fluorescence decay curves of dark-adapted leaves after illumination with a 1-s saturating light pulse. In both gymnosperms and angiosperms, two or three exponential decay components were resolved: fast (t 1/21 ~ 170-260 ms), middle (~1.0-2.3 s), and slow (>4.2 s). The sensitivity of the decay parameters (amplitudes A1-3, halftimes t 1/2 1-3) to the alternative electron flows was assessed using Arabidopsis pgr5 and ndhM mutants, defective in CEF-PSI, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Δflv1 mutant, defective in Flv-mediated O2-photoreduction, different O2 concentrations, and methyl viologen treatment. A1 reflected the part of electrons involved in linear and O2-photoreduction pathways after PSI. The middle component appeared in pgr5 (but not in ndhM), in gymnosperms under low O2, and in Δflv1, and reflected limitations at the PSI acceptor side. The slow component was sensitive to CEF-PSI. The comparison of decay parameters provided evidence that Flv mediate O2-photoreduction in gymnosperms, which explains their higher O2-dependent electron flow capacity. The concomitant quantification of relative electrons branching in O2-photoreduction and CEF-PSI pathways under the applied non-steady-state photosynthetic conditions reveals that CEF-PSI capacity significantly exceeds that of O2-photoreduction in angiosperms while the opposite occurs in gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Noridomi
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Plant Metabolic Physiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shouta Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Plant Metabolic Physiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Michito Tsuyama
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Plant Metabolic Physiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Futamura
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Radka Vladkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Shevela D, Björn LO. Evolution of the Z-scheme of photosynthesis: a perspective. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:5-15. [PMID: 28160125 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of the Z-scheme of oxygenic photosynthesis is in all the textbooks. However, its evolution is not. We focus here mainly on some of the history of its biophysical aspects. We have arbitrarily divided here the 1941-2016 period into three sub-periods: (a) Origin of the concept of two light reactions: first hinted at, in 1941, by James Franck and Karl Herzfeld; described and explained, in 1945, by Eugene Rabinowitch; and a clear hypothesis, given in 1956 by Rabinowitch, of the then available cytochrome experiments: one light oxidizing it and another reducing it; (b) Experimental discovery of the two light reactions and two pigment systems and the Z-scheme of photosynthesis: Robert Emerson's discovery, in 1957, of enhancement in photosynthesis when two light beams (one in the far-red region, and the other of shorter wavelengths) are given together than when given separately; and the 1960 scheme of Robin Hill & Fay Bendall; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Olof Björn
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden
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Kirchhoff H, Li M, Puthiyaveetil S. Sublocalization of Cytochrome b 6f Complexes in Photosynthetic Membranes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:574-582. [PMID: 28483636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the majority of energy-converting photosynthetic protein complexes in plant thylakoid membrane are nonhomogenously distributed between stacked and unstacked membrane regions. Yet, the sublocalization of the central cytochrome b6f complex remains controversial. We present a structural model that explains the variation in cytochrome b6f sublocalization data. Small changes in the distance between adjacent membranes in stacked grana regions either allow or restrict access of cytochrome b6f complexes to grana. If the width of the gap falls below a certain threshold, then the steric hindrance prevents cytochrome b6f access to grana. Evidence is presented that the width of stromal gap is variable, demonstrating that the postulated mechanism can regulate the lateral distribution of the cytochrome b6f complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kirchhoff
- Insitute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Meng Li
- Insitute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Insitute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; Current address: Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Wientjes E, Philippi J, Borst JW, van Amerongen H. Imaging the Photosystem I/Photosystem II chlorophyll ratio inside the leaf. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:259-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Schöttler MA, Thiele W, Belkius K, Bergner SV, Flügel C, Wittenberg G, Agrawal S, Stegemann S, Ruf S, Bock R. The plastid-encoded PsaI subunit stabilizes photosystem I during leaf senescence in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1137-1155. [PMID: 28180288 PMCID: PMC5429015 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PsaI is the only subunit of PSI whose precise physiological function has not yet been elucidated in higher plants. While PsaI is involved in PSI trimerization in cyanobacteria, trimerization was lost during the evolution of the eukaryotic PSI, and the entire PsaI side of PSI underwent major structural remodelling to allow for binding of light harvesting complex II antenna proteins during state transitions. Here, we have generated a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) knockout mutant of the plastid-encoded psaI gene. We show that PsaI is not required for the redox reactions of PSI. Neither plastocyanin oxidation nor the processes at the PSI acceptor side are impaired in the mutant, and both linear and cyclic electron flux rates are unaltered. The PSI antenna cross section is unaffected, state transitions function normally, and binding of other PSI subunits to the reaction centre is not compromised. Under a wide range of growth conditions, the mutants are phenotypically and physiologically indistinguishable from wild-type tobacco. However, in response to high-light and chilling stress, and especially during leaf senescence, PSI content is reduced in the mutants, indicating that the I-subunit plays a role in stabilizing PSI complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wolfram Thiele
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Karolina Belkius
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sonja Verena Bergner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Claudia Flügel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gal Wittenberg
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sandra Stegemann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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