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Ramarushton B, Blumenthal H, Slavish DC, Kaminski PL, Ramadan T, Lewis S. Perceived psychological control relates to coping-related drinking motives via social anxiety among adolescents: A cross-sectional mediation analysis. Alcohol 2024; 118:17-24. [PMID: 37944869 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that particular parenting behaviors (e.g., elevated psychological control) may increase risk for both problematic social anxiety and alcohol use among youth; however, no work has yet examined these factors together in a single model. Building developmentally sensitive models of problematic alcohol use trajectories is key to developing effective prevention and intervention strategies. The present study includes 94 adolescents (ages 14-17 years; 53.3% girls; 89.2% White) entering a treatment facility for a variety of internalizing and externalizing forms of psychological distress. Levels of perceived parental psychological control, social anxiety, and coping-related drinking motives were assessed. Higher levels of perceived psychological control were associated with a greater endorsement of coping-related drinking motives; however, a significant proportion of that association was accounted for by elevated social anxiety symptoms. These data extend the existing literature and lay groundwork for more sophisticated experimental and longitudinal designs to corroborate the findings. Moreover, personality-targeted drinking interventions for adolescents may benefit from identifying elevated perceived psychological control as a developmentally relevant risk factor for social anxiety and problematic drinking motives and administering relevant interventions (e.g., personality-targeted coping skills training, parent-involved care) before drinking patterns are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banan Ramarushton
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, Denton, TX, United States.
| | | | - Danica C Slavish
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Patricia L Kaminski
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Taqwa Ramadan
- University at Albany, Department of Psychology, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Center for Research, Assessment, and Treatment Efficacy (CReATE), Asheville, NC, United States
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Armstrong GM, Hopper KM, Friedman HP, Bilsky SA. Adolescent Sleep Quality and Alcohol Use: An Initial Examination of the Serial Indirect Effects of Anxiety Symptoms and Coping Motives for Alcohol Use. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1383-1393. [PMID: 38769730 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2352107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background: Insufficient sleep and insomnia are associated with alcohol use as well as anxiety during adolescence and young adulthood. A negative reinforcement path to explain the association between sleep difficulties and alcohol misuse has been proposed. Within this pathway, it is speculated that while sober, insomnia and insufficient sleep lead to increased anxiety as well as anxiolytic responses to alcohol, thereby increasing the risk for both alcohol use and alcohol use problems. No work to date has examined the negative reinforcement path to alcohol use among adolescents who have consumed alcohol. Objectives: The current study aims to address this gap in the literature by examining if sleep quality is related to adolescent alcohol use problems and frequency through serial indirect effects of adolescent anxiety symptoms and coping motives for alcohol use. A total of 147 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 years (Mage = 16.31; SD = 0.96) from all geographic regions in the US were recruited using social media platforms (i.e., Facebook and Instagram). Participants who reported having tried alcohol at least once completed self-report measures to examine sleep quality, anxiety symptoms, alcohol use problems, alcohol use frequency, and coping motives for alcohol use. Results: Adolescent sleep quality was found to be associated with higher levels of both alcohol use problems and alcohol use frequency through the serial indirect effect of anxiety symptoms and coping motives for alcohol use. Conclusions: Overall, these findings represent a step towards understanding the complex relationship between sleep quality, alcohol, anxiety, and coping motives among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayce M Hopper
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Hannah P Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sarah A Bilsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
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Muniz FB, Kalina E, Patock-Peckham JA, Berberian S, Fulop B, Williams J, Leeman RF. A Test of the Self-Medication Hypothesis Using a Latent Measurement Model: Are Stress and Impaired Control over Alcohol Mediating Mechanisms of Parenting Styles on Heavy Episodic Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems among University Students? Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:384. [PMID: 38785875 PMCID: PMC11117968 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The self-medication hypothesis (SMH) suggests that individuals consume alcohol to alleviate stressful emotions. Still, the underlying mechanisms between stress and heavy episodic drinking remain to be explored. Impaired control over drinking (IC) reflects a failure of self-regulation specific to the drinking context, with individuals exceeding self-prescribed limits. Parenting styles experienced during childhood have a lasting influence on the stress response, which may contribute to IC. METHOD We examined the indirect influences of parenting styles (e.g., permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative) on heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related problems through the mediating mechanisms of stress and IC. We fit a latent measurement model with 938 (473 men; 465 women) university students, utilizing bootstrap confidence intervals, in Mplus 8.0. RESULTS Higher levels of authoritative parenting (mother and father) were indirectly linked to fewer alcohol-related problems and less heavy episodic drinking through less stress and IC. Maternal permissiveness was indirectly linked to more alcohol-related problems and heavy episodic drinking through more stress and, in turn, more IC. Impaired control appeared to be a mediator for stress and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS Maternal permissiveness contributes to the use of alcohol to alleviate stress. Thus, reducing stress may reduce problematic heavy drinking and alcohol problems among emerging adults with high IC who may also have experienced permissive parenting. Stress may exacerbate behavioral dysregulation of drinking within self-prescribed limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix B. Muniz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Elena Kalina
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Julie A. Patock-Peckham
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Sophia Berberian
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Brittney Fulop
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Jason Williams
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Robert F. Leeman
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Holder S, Sifat M, Kuo C, Green K. The Role of Adolescent Anxious Mood, Marijuana Use, and Locus of Control in the School to Prison Pipeline. EDUCATION AND URBAN SOCIETY 2024; 56:472-492. [PMID: 39036337 PMCID: PMC11259312 DOI: 10.1177/00131245221124871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Racial disparities are evident in both educational outcomes and incarceration rates when comparing African American and white youth. It is essential to understand the school-to-prison pipeline and the ways in which school discipline practices and other factors disproportionately affect African American students, limit educational attainment, and increase risk for future incarceration in order to improve students' educational and life outcomes. This study explores how marijuana, anxiety and locus of control interact with school disciplinary practices in pushing students out of schools and into the criminal justice system. Analyses utilizing data from the Woodlawn Study, a longitudinal study of African Americans followed from first grade through adolescence, young adulthood, and midlife (n = 1,242), reveal that suspension or expulsion, frequent marijuana use, and locus of control (males only) all predict criminal justice system involvement above and beyond not graduating from high school, but do not interact significantly. This study offers avenues for intervention to reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Holder
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Munjireen Sifat
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Charlene Kuo
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Green
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
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Peeters M, Prior K, Salemink E, Sunderland M, Stevens G, Oldehinkel T, Stapinski L. Dynamic Associations Between Anxiety Symptoms and Drinking Behavior From Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:933-940. [PMID: 38416098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research is inconclusive with respect to the possible risk-increasing effect of anxiety symptoms on heavy drinking behavior among adolescents and young adults. Adult role transitions and changes in the social context from early adolescence into young adulthood may impact the association between anxiety symptoms and alcohol use. METHODS The TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, including 2,229 individuals at baseline, was used to evaluate the bi-directional and longitudinal associations between anxiety symptoms and alcohol use, using data at 14, 16, 19, 22, and 25 years of age. RESULTS Cross-lagged models revealed a relatively stable negative association at 14, 16, and 19 years, showing that relatively higher anxiety symptoms were associated with relatively lower drinking levels three years later. This effect was absent in young adulthood. There was no evidence for significant associations between alcohol use and subsequent anxiety symptoms, with the exception of alcohol use at age 19, which predicted relatively lower levels of anxiety symptoms at age 22. DISCUSSION Overall, the results indicated that anxiety symptoms may withhold adolescents from (heavy) drinking, although this protective effect disappeared in young adulthood. Transitions in social contexts as well as autonomy and adult responsibilities could underlie the changing association between alcohol use and anxiety symptoms throughout adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Peeters
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Katrina Prior
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elske Salemink
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gonneke Stevens
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Oldehinkel
- Department of Medical Science, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lexine Stapinski
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Julian K, Allbaugh LJ. Shame, guilt, and drinking motives as mediators between child maltreatment and problematic alcohol use in college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38626427 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2338412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Drinking for emotion regulation may be a concern for college students who have experienced childhood maltreatment, due to high levels of shame and guilt. The present cross-sectional survey study tested how trait shame-proneness, trait guilt-proneness, and trauma-related guilt are differently related to drinking motives and how these pathways mediate the links between maltreatment severity and alcohol outcomes. Participants: Undergraduate student drinkers (n = 464; M age = 19.50, SD = 2.20) from a midsized midwestern University. Methods: Participants completed an online survey inquiring about demographics, childhood maltreatment, shame, guilt, drinking motives, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences. Results: There were several significant serial indirect effects of maltreatment on alcohol consumption and related consequences, through trauma-related guilt, shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, drinking-to-cope, and drinking for mood enhancement. Conclusions: On college campuses, to address problematic drinking among childhood maltreatment survivors, interventions may target maladaptive feelings of shame and guilt stemming from trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Julian
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucy J Allbaugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Joyce LR, Crossin R, Jin S, Young W, Mulder R. Presence of alcohol and other drug use within youth mental health presentations to the emergency department: A single-site retrospective observational study. Emerg Med Australas 2024; 36:213-220. [PMID: 37899072 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Youth mental health is a growing issue, which can be worsened by alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. The present study aimed to characterise the association of AOD use in youth presenting to an ED with a mental health crisis. METHODS A retrospective observational study of paediatric patients presenting with mental health concerns to a tertiary ED in New Zealand in 2019-2020, with an examination of use of alcohol or other drugs before presentation. RESULTS There were 842 ED presentations, made up of 491 unique individuals, examined from the 2-year period. Overdose (63.1%) was the most common reason for presentation, with 39.9% of overdoses involving prescription-only medications, 36.7% over-the-counter, and 20.0% a combination. Seventy-four (8.8%) presentations had documented use of alcohol or other drugs (excluding those taken in overdose) before arrival, with alcohol (51 presentations), followed by cannabis (19 presentations), being the most commonly recorded drugs used. Concurrent AOD use was not associated with any significant difference in triage, length of stay or admission status. CONCLUSION In New Zealand, it is not legal to sell alcohol to persons under 18 years; however, this was the most commonly identified drug impacting on youth mental health presentations. There is a known association between alcohol use and adverse mental health symptoms; therefore, efforts to decrease access to alcohol in this age group must continue, and harm reduction interventions to reduce clinically significant overdoses recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Joyce
- Department of Surgery and Critical Care, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Emergency Department, Te Whatu Ora Waitaha Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rose Crossin
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sangjun Jin
- Resident Medical Officer Unit, Te Whatu Ora, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - William Young
- Specialist Mental Health Services, Te Whatu Ora Waitaha Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roger Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Rogers AH, Heggeness LF, Smit T, Zvolensky MJ. Opioid coping motives and pain intensity among adults with chronic low back pain: associations with mood, pain reactivity, and opioid misuse. J Behav Med 2023; 46:860-870. [PMID: 37148396 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a significant public health problem that is associated with opioid misuse and use disorder. Despite limited evidence for the efficacy of opioids in the management of chronic pain, they continue to be prescribed and people with CLBP are at increased risk for misuse. Identifying individual difference factors involved in opioid misuse, such as pain intensity as well as reasons for using opioids (also known as motives), may provide pertinent clinical information to reduce opioid misuse among this vulnerable population. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to examine the relationships between opioid motives-to cope with pain-related distress and pain intensity, in terms of anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, pain-related anxiety, and opioid misuse among 300 (Mage= 45.69, SD = 11.17, 69% female) adults with CLBP currently using opioids. Results from the current study suggest that both pain intensity and motives to cope with pain-related distress with opioids were associated with all criterion variables, but the magnitude of variance explained by coping motives was larger than pain intensity in terms of opioid misuse. The present findings provide initial empirical evidence for the importance of motives to cope with pain-related distress with opioids and pain intensity in efforts to better understand opioid misuse and related clinical correlates among adults with CLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Luke F Heggeness
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tanya Smit
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- Health Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA
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9
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Kosted R, Kirsch DE, Le V, Fromme K, Lippard ETC. Subjective response to alcohol: Interactive effects of early life stress, parental risk for mood and substance use disorders, and drinking context. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 229:173591. [PMID: 37353164 PMCID: PMC10902860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress, specifically childhood maltreatment, and parental risk for mood and substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with increased risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). There is limited data on how these factors interact to contribute to alcohol-related outcomes. Prior work has suggested early life stress may increase sensitivity to psychostimulants and that subjective response to alcohol is heritable. It is unclear if early life stress alters sensitivity to alcohol and interacts with parental risk for mood/SUDs, which in turn may act as a risk factor for AUD. The current study uses within-subjects placebo-controlled alcohol administration methods to investigate the effects of childhood maltreatment on subjective response to alcohol in young adults with and without parental risk of mood/SUDs. Additionally, we explored interactions with drinking context (i.e., drinking in a bar vs. non-bar context). Within individuals with parental risk for mood/SUDs, there was a positive relation between total Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) score and how drunk individuals reported feeling across both alcohol and placebo conditions (parental risk group-by-CTQ interaction p = .01; main effect of CTQ within individuals with parental risk for mood/SUDs p = .005). When exploring interactions with drinking context (bar vs. non-bar context), we observed a significant drinking context-by-parental risk-by-CTQ interaction (p = .03), with CTQ score positively associated with greater positive valence/positive arousal feelings in the parental risk group if they consumed their beverages in the bar context (p = .004) but not if they consumed their beverages in the non-bar context. Results suggest childhood maltreatment may contribute to variation in subjective response to the positive effects of alcohol-possibly mediated by alcohol cues and/or expectancies-in young adults with parental risk for mood/SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Kosted
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dylan E Kirsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Le
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kim Fromme
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth T C Lippard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
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Schick MR, Hostetler KL, Kirk-Provencher KT, Spillane NS. Depressive symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences: the moderating role of gender among American Indian adolescents. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37222686 PMCID: PMC10667562 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2216162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Depression, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences are experienced disproportionately by American Indian (AI) adolescents. The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol use is clinically relevant, as it is associated with increased risk for suicide, among other negative consequences. Understanding how the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use and related consequences is influenced by gender is important to understand for whom intervention efforts might be particularly relevant. Thus, the present study seeks to evaluate gender differences in these associations among AI adolescents. METHODS Participants were a representative sample of AI adolescents (N = 3,498, Mage=14.76, 47.8% female) residing on or near reservations who completed self-report questionnaires in school classrooms. Study activities were approved by IRB, school boards, and tribal authorities. RESULTS The interaction of depressive symptoms and gender was significant in predicting past-year alcohol use frequency (b=.02, p=.02) and, among youth reporting lifetime alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences (b=.03, p=.001). Analysis of simple slopes revealed that, for females, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with past-year alcohol use frequency (b=.02, p<.001) and alcohol-related consequences (b=.05, p<.001). For males, depressive symptoms were only significantly associated with alcohol-related consequences (b=.02, p=.04), and this effect was weaker than for females. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study may inform the development of gender-sensitive recommendations for the assessment and treatment of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences among AI adolescents. For instance, results suggest that treatments focusing on depressive symptoms may subsequently reduce alcohol use and related consequences for female AI adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- Divisision of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, New Haven CT 06511
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
| | | | - Katelyn T. Kirk-Provencher
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
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Rezai R, Hayati Rezvan P, Comulada WS, Lee SJ, Ocasio MA, Swendeman D, Fernández MI. Alcohol Misuse Among Youth Living With and at High Risk for Acquiring HIV During the COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders: A Study in Los Angeles and New Orleans. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:238-246. [PMID: 36806545 PMCID: PMC10168714 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To slow the spread of the COVID-19 virus, governments across the globe instituted stay-at-home orders leading to increased stress and social isolation. Not surprisingly, alcohol sales increased during this period. While most studies primarily focused on alcohol consumption among college students or adults, this study investigates alcohol misuse among marginalized youth in the USA. We examined risk factors associated with hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking including risk behaviors, life stressors and demographic characteristics. METHODS In October 2020, youth living with or at high risk for acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), participating in community-based research to improve HIV prevention and care, were invited to complete an online survey to assess the impact of the stay-at-home orders on multiple aspects of their daily life. RESULTS Respondents (n = 478) were on average 23 years old; cisgender (84%), not-heterosexual (86.6%), Latino or Black/African American (73%) and assigned male at birth (83%); 52% reported being employed and 14% reported living with HIV. White participants and those who use drugs had higher odds of hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking, compared with other race categories and non-drug users, respectively. CONCLUSION Contrary to findings from adult studies, we did not observe an increase in hazardous or binge drinking among youth at risk for HIV. Hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking was more likely among White participants, those who use drugs and those who were hazardous/binge drinkers prior to the COVID-19 lockdown, which points to the importance of identifying and treating youth who misuse alcohol early to prevent future alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Rezai
- Center for Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Panteha Hayati Rezvan
- Center for Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Warren Scott Comulada
- Center for Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Sung-Jae Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Nathanson Family Resilience Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manuel A Ocasio
- Department of Pediatrics/Adolescent Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Dallas Swendeman
- Center for Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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12
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Harmanci D, Edelman N, Richardson D, Lunt A, Llewellyn C. How are young people's mental health related to their sexual health and substance use? A systematic review of UK literature. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 35:131-158. [PMID: 36636992 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The transition from childhood to adulthood is complex and presents challenges to young people's mental health. Mental health impacts and is impacted by a range of contextual and personal factors. Adolescence and young adulthood also coincide with increased experimentation with sex, sexuality and substance use. Addressing the mental health, sexual health and substance-use challenges experienced by young people therefore necessitates an understanding of how these elements relate to one another. By collecting and analysing existing literature, this review aims to identify associations between young people's mental health and sexual health, their mental health and substance use and any resulting gaps-in-knowledge. CONTENT Seven electronic databases were searched between March and May 2021 and updated in May 2022 with terms collated under the categories of "young people", "mental health", "sexual health" and "substance use". English-language articles, presenting data from the UK & Ireland, on young people aged 16-24 years inclusive were screened and subjected to a selection process in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (preregistered on PROSPERO, ref. number CRD42021245096). The quality of the resulting articles were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and findings were tabulated through a data extraction process. SUMMARY 27 articles were included in the review. Various mental health indices such as depression, anxiety, self-harm, psychotic-like experiences, hypomanic symptoms and binge-purge type eating disorders were found to be associated with higher use of substances such as alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy and generalised drug use. Additionally, mental health indices such as depression, anxiety and self-harm were found to be associated with sex before age 16 and/or unprotected sex at age 16, positive Chlamydia infection and higher levels of sexual activity at a younger age. Overall, cross-sectional associations were stronger than the longitudinal associations presented in the articles. OUTLOOK This review into the specific relations between young people's mental health, sexual health and substance use has revealed the complex and bi-directional nature of these associations, with some conditions and substances having been more extensively investigated (e.g., alcohol and depression/anxiety) as opposed to the relations between young people's sexual health and mental health which is lacking in the UK and Irish context. The findings can help inform mental health related policies and service provisions targeted at young people in the UK and Ireland. Areas for future work are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Harmanci
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Natalie Edelman
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK.,School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniel Richardson
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK.,University Hospitals Sussex NHS foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Alexandria Lunt
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Carrie Llewellyn
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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Lager S, Gidén K, Axfors C, Sigvardsson F, Kollia N, Nylander I, Fransson E, Skalkidou A. Alcohol consumption habits and associations with anxiety or depressive symptoms postpartum in women with high socioeconomic status in Sweden. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:1087-1095. [PMID: 36161365 PMCID: PMC9734201 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Postpar tum depression and anxiety are common among new mothers. It is well-established that in the general population alcohol use is associated with depression and anxiety. Linking alcohol consumption to symptoms of postpartum depression (PPDS) or postpartum anxiety (PPAS) is presently less established. This study aims to determine if alcohol consumption pre-pregnancy, 6 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum, or changes in alcohol consumption are associated with PPDS or PPAS. Longitudinal data on 3849 women from a Swedish perinatal cohort were analyzed using logistic regression analyses for associations between alcohol consumption and symptoms of anxiety or depression, as assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. There was no association between pre-pregnancy drinking habits and PPDS (p = 0.588, n = 2479) or PPAS (p = 0.942; n = 2449) at 6 weeks postpartum. Similarly, no associations were observed between concurrent drinking habits at 6 weeks postpartum and PPAS (p = 0.070, n = 3626), 6 months postpartum and PPDS (0.647, n = 3461) or PPAS (p = 0.700, n = 3431). However, there was an association between drinking habits at 6 weeks postpartum and concurrent PPDS (p = 0.047, n = 3659). In conclusion, robust associations were not found between postpartum alcohol consumption and mood symptoms. This lack of association between poor mental health and risk behaviors in new mothers could be interpreted as a result of long-term policy work and high participation in Swedish maternity care. Future studies need to address these research questions in more diverse socio-cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lager
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Gidén
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cathrine Axfors
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frida Sigvardsson
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natasa Kollia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Fransson
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Magee KE, Connell AM. The role of substance use coping in linking depression and alcohol use from late adolescence through early adulthood. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:659-669. [PMID: 33539119 PMCID: PMC9563008 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although theoretical models highlight the role of coping motivations in promoting co-development of depression and alcohol use, few longitudinal studies have examined such processes across early adulthood. The current study examined the role of coping in the association between depression and alcohol use across late adolescence and early adulthood. A control sample of adolescents (N = 498) from a longitudinal prevention trial completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, Life Events Coping Inventory, and a self-report survey on alcohol use at ages 17, 22, and 23, as well as the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at age 28-30. Path analyses integrated self-report and diagnostic measures. Although gender differences were observed in mean levels of depression, alcohol use, and the use of substances to cope, we did not find gender differences in structural relations across these domains over time. Substance use coping served as an intervening pathway in the association between alcohol use and depression both at the symptom level from age 17 to 23, and in predicting longer term diagnostic outcomes at ages 28-30. Depressive symptoms in early adulthood were indirectly related to major depressive disorder (MDD) through two independent paths, including the stability of depressive symptoms over time, and through the influence of depression on increasing the tendency to use substances to cope with stress. Our results underscore that coping effects provide unique predictive power across developmental transitions, over and above the stability of depressive symptoms and alcohol use, underscoring coping motives as a promising intervention target that may prevent co-occurring depression and substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Magee
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences,Corresponding Author 11220 Bellflower Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106, , (p) 216-282-6320, (f) 216-368-4891
| | - Arin M. Connell
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences
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Zhang X, Huang R, Ho SY, Lo WS, Lam TH, Wang MP. Alcohol drinking, especially light drinking, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108932. [PMID: 34365224 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of depressive symptoms with moderate and heavy drinking in adolescents have been reported in many studies, but that with light drinking is unclear. METHODS In a 2012-13 school-based survey, 20,951 secondary school students (aged 11-20 years, 51.3 % boys) from 44 schools in Hong Kong reported their sociodemographic information, depressive symptoms, drinking patterns and other lifestyle factors. The associations of depressive symptoms with drinking status, drinking frequency and quantity, and the usual type of alcohol beverage consumed were examined using robust Poisson regression accounting for school clustering and covariates. RESULTS The prevalence of current drinking and depressive symptoms was 13.6 % and 19.0 %, respectively. Depressive symptoms were associated with former drinking (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.48, 95 % confidence interval 1.30-1.68) and measures of light drinking: experimental drinking (1.29, 1.19-1.39), less-than-monthly drinking (1.40, 1.18-1.67) and consuming half a drink or less (1.33, 1.12-1.58), and such associations were stronger in younger adolescents. Associations were also observed for light drinking patterns of 1-2 drinks less than monthly (1.72, 1.40-2.11) and half a drink monthly (1.51, 1.21-1.88). Consuming fruit wine (1.51, 1.27-1.79) and beer (1.63, 1.42-1.88) with relatively low alcohol contents was also associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided first evidence that even light drinking in terms of the amount, frequency and type of alcohol beverages or light drinking patterns such as consuming 1-2 drinks less than monthly and half a drink monthly were associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Our results support total alcohol abstinence in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sai Yin Ho
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing Sze Lo
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Ping Wang
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Martínez-Cao C, de la Fuente-Tomás L, Menéndez-Miranda I, Velasco Á, Zurrón-Madera P, García-Álvarez L, Sáiz PA, Garcia-Portilla MP, Bobes J. Factors associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption as a coping strategy to deal with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown in Spain. Addict Behav 2021; 121:107003. [PMID: 34111653 PMCID: PMC8172276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim To provide a population-based characterization of sociodemographic and clinical risk and protective factors associated with consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or both as a coping strategy in a sample of the Spanish general population during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Cross-sectional study based on an online snowball recruiting questionnaire. The survey consisted of an ad hoc questionnaire comprising clinical and sociodemographic information and the Spanish versions of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES). Results The final sample included 21,207 individuals [mean age (SD) = 39.7 (14.0); females: 14,768 (69.6%)]. Up to 2867 (13.5%) of participants reported using alcohol, 2545 (12%) tobacco and 1384 (6.5%) both substances as a strategy to cope with the pandemic. Sex-related factors were associated with alcohol consumption as a coping strategy [female, OR = 0.600, p < 0.001]. However, education level, work status, and income played different roles depending on the substance used to cope. Having a current mental disorder was associated only with tobacco consumption as a coping strategy [OR = 1.391, p < 0.001]. Finally, sex differences were also identified. Conclusions Sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors were associated with consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or both as a coping method for the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Our findings may help develop specific intervention programs reflecting sex differences, which could minimize negative long-term outcomes of substance use after this pandemic.
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Longitudinal predictors of problematic alcohol use in adolescence: A 2-year follow-up study. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106952. [PMID: 33895660 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption in adolescence is widespread. Several studies have investigated alcohol use in minors and its consequences in adulthood, but prospective findings on psychosocial predictors for problematic alcohol use (PAU) already in youth are still limited. Next to genetic aspects, psychosocial predictors appear to be particularly relevant. The objective of the present longitudinal survey was to explore psychosocial influences on PAU in adolescence. At baseline, 1,444 adolescents (52.1% girls, average age: 14.65 years) were surveyed. Two years later (at follow-up), we were able to re-assess 515 adolescents (mean age: 16.60 years). Both times, a standardized questionnaire was applied to explore PAU and various psychosocial aspects. We conducted multiple imputation, created 100 datasets with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm and calculated regression analyses to identify predictors for PAU. In a multivariable analysis, we found that female gender (protective factor), school-type 'Gymnasium' (highest level of school education, protective factor), PAU, more conduct problems and lower psychological well-being (all at baseline) predicted adolescent PAU at follow-up. In supplementary analyses for frequent alcohol use (regardless of quantity) and high alcohol consumption quantity (regardless of frequency), these predictors could only partially be found again. According to the findings of the present study, psychosocial aspects are relevant for PAU in adolescence, and particularly psychological well-being should be given more attention in primary prevention measures and treatment approaches.
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Le TP, Iwamoto DK, Samee AA. Examining the association between sexism, self-objectification, empowerment, and alcohol-related problems: Pathways through drinking to cope. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106964. [PMID: 33940338 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While research suggests that sexism is associated with college women's hazardous alcohol use, few studies have investigated the psychological factors that underlie the association between sexism and alcohol-related problems. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effect of gender-relevant sociocultural factors, including sexism, self-objectification, and empowerment, on college women's alcohol-related problems through drinking to cope. 450 women attending a large public university completed a cross-sectional survey that assessed these gender-relevant sociocultural factors and alcohol-related outcomes. Controlling for Greek membership, perceived drinking norms, and alcohol use, sexism and empowerment were both directly associated with alcohol-related problems, while sexism, self-objectification, and empowerment were indirectly associated with alcohol-related problems through the mechanism of drinking to cope. The results of this study highlight the importance of taking into account gender-relevant risk factors for women's alcohol-related problems, as well as the role of psychological processes such as drinking to cope. Pathways for intervention on both individual and systemic levels are discussed.
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Stapinski LA, Prior K, Newton NC, Biswas RK, Kelly E, Deady M, Lees B, Teesson M, Baillie AJ. Are we making Inroads? A randomized controlled trial of a psychologist-supported, web-based, cognitive behavioral therapy intervention to reduce anxiety and hazardous alcohol use among emerging adults. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 39:101048. [PMID: 34622183 PMCID: PMC8478683 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and alcohol use disorders are common and disabling conditions that people typically endure for many years before accessing treatment. The link between anxiety and alcohol use is well-established, with these issues commonly emerging and/or escalating during emerging adulthood. This randomized controlled trial evaluated a psychologist-supported, web-based intervention, designed with and for emerging adults, that aims to promote adaptive coping strategies, and prevent anxiety and alcohol use from progressing to chronic, mutually-reinforcing disorders. METHODS Between December 2017 and September 2018, 123 emerging adults (aged 17-24) reporting anxiety symptoms and hazardous alcohol use were randomized to receive the Inroads or control (assessment plus alcohol information) intervention. The Inroads program combined five web-based cognitive behavioral therapy modules with weekly psychologist support via email/phone. Primary outcomes were alcohol consumption, severity of alcohol-related consequences, and general anxiety symptoms, assessed at baseline, 2 and 6-months post-baseline. Secondary outcomes included hazardous alcohol use and social anxiety. Trial Registration: Prospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617001609347. FINDINGS Alcohol consumption and associated consequences reduced in both groups, with the Inroads group reporting greater alcohol reductions by 6-month follow-up (mean difference -0.74, 95% CI: -1.47 to -0.01, d = 0.24). Relative to controls, hazardous alcohol use reduced among Inroads participants at both follow-ups (2-month mean difference -2.14, 95% CI: -4.06 to -0.22). Inroads participants also reported reduced symptoms of general (mean difference -3.06, 95% CI: -4.97 to -1.15, d = 0.88) and social anxiety (mean difference -3.21, 95% CI: -6.34 to -0.07, d = 0.32) at 2-month follow-up, with improvements in social anxiety sustained at 6-months. INTERPRETATION The Inroads program demonstrated beneficial effects on alcohol consumption, hazardous alcohol use, and anxiety symptoms. The web-based format is aligned with youth treatment preferences and can be delivered at scale to achieve wide dissemination and reduce the significant burden associated with these chronic, mutually reinforcing conditions. FUNDING Australian Rotary Health, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexine A. Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Katrina Prior
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola C. Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Raaj Kishore Biswas
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Erin Kelly
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Deady
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Briana Lees
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Baillie
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Brauner C, Wöhrmann AM, Michel A. Work availability types and well-being in Germany – a latent class analysis among a nationally representative sample. WORK AND STRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2021.1969475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Brauner
- Department Changing World of Work, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Behavioural and Cultural Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne M. Wöhrmann
- Department Changing World of Work, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandra Michel
- Department Changing World of Work, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Behavioural and Cultural Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Vaughan E, Flack M. Depression Symptoms, Problem Gambling and the Role of Escape and Excitement Gambling Outcome Expectancies. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:265-278. [PMID: 33942207 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between problem gambling and depression is well documented. However, there are few studies that have explored the mechanisms that may help maintain the association between depression symptoms and problem gambling. This study tests the assumption that gambling for escape and excitement may either mediate or moderate the relationship between depression and problem gambling. To test these propositions, 282 adults who gambled at least once a month were recruited to complete an online survey that assessed depression severity, the gambling outcomes expectancies of escape and excitement and problem gambling. The study did not find evidence for a mediation effect for either escape or excitement, although escape moderated the relationship between depression and problem gambling. In particular, there was not a relationship between depression and problem gambling when there was low endorsement of the escape gambling outcomes expectancies. However, the relationship between depression and problem gambling strengthened when endorsement of gambling as an escape increased. This indicates that individuals with elevated levels of depression symptoms, and who view gambling as a way to moderate mood states, may be at higher risk for problem gambling than those who hold less favourable views towards gambling as a mood modifier. This suggests it may be helpful to consider the gambling expectancies of gamblers experiencing problems when formulating educational and treatment initiatives, especially with those experiencing heightened levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Vaughan
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Mal Flack
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia.
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Park CL, Williams MK, Hernandez PR, Agocha VB, Lee SY, Carney LM, Loomis D. Development of emotion regulation across the first two years of college. J Adolesc 2020; 84:230-242. [PMID: 33011579 PMCID: PMC7588228 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotion regulation is thought to develop substantially from late adolescence into early adulthood; further, the rate of development purportedly varies based on personal and contextual characteristics. However, little research has explicitly documented this maturation in young adulthood or identified its determinants. We aimed to (1) characterize how adaptive (positive reappraisal, emotional social support-seeking) and maladaptive (suppression, substance use coping) emotion regulation strategies changed over time and (2) predict change in each strategy based on baseline personal, social, and motivational characteristics. METHODS We followed a sample of 1578 students entering university in the northeastern United States across their first two years, assessing them four times. RESULTS As expected, social support-seeking increased and suppression decreased. However, contrary to expectations, cognitive reappraisal declined over time while substance use coping increased. Women generally used more adaptive emotion regulation strategies than did men; social engagement and connection and eudaimonic well-being were generally predictive of using more adaptive coping over time. CONCLUSIONS Overall, students did not consistently demonstrate maturation to more adaptive emotion regulation and in fact exhibited decrements over the first two years of college. Students' baseline characteristics accounted for substantial degrees of change in emotion regulation. These findings suggest potentially fruitful directions for interventions to assist college students in developing more adaptive emotion regulation skills.
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Lees B, Stapinski LA, Prior K, Sunderland M, Newton N, Baillie A, Teesson M, Mewton L. Exploring the complex inter-relations between internalising symptoms, executive functioning and alcohol use in young adults. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106351. [PMID: 32145497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Globally, the prevalence of hazardous drinking peaks in young adulthood, and there is mixed evidence on whether internalising symptoms and executive functioning deficits are associated with this increased risk. This study tested whether internalising symptoms in interaction with executive functioning deficits are associated with high alcohol use disorder symptoms in emerging adulthood, via drinking motives to cope with negative affect and alcohol consumption. METHOD An Australian sample of 155 young adults aged 17 to 24 years (M = 20.97, SD = 2.40) provided self-report data on internalising symptom severity and alcohol-related outcomes (n = 155), and neuropsychological data measuring executive functioning (n = 104). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify two latent variables representing internalising symptoms and executive functions. A series of latent moderated structural equation models and a latent mediated moderation structural equation model examined the inter-relations between internalising symptoms, executive functions and alcohol measures. RESULTS High levels of internalising symptoms in interaction with executive functioning deficits were associated with strong drinking motives to cope with negative affect, high past month alcohol consumption and greater alcohol use disorder symptoms. Drinking motives to cope with negative affect and alcohol consumption mediated the relationship between the internalising symptoms and executive functioning latent interaction term with alcohol use disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights greater executive functioning resources are associated with low desires to drink hazardous amounts of alcohol as a maladaptive way to cope with negative feelings among young people. It therefore may be useful to target executive functioning ability alongside internalising symptomology in alcohol prevention and intervention initiatives.
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Benschop A, Urbán R, Kapitány-Fövény M, Van Hout MC, Dąbrowska K, Felvinczi K, Hearne E, Henriques S, Kaló Z, Kamphausen G, Silva JP, Wieczorek Ł, Werse B, Bujalski M, Korf D, Demetrovics Z. Why do people use new psychoactive substances? Development of a new measurement tool in six European countries. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:600-611. [PMID: 32043399 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120904951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a public health threat. Many studies have tried to identify the reasons of NPS use; however, none of them have so far used any standardised measures. The aim of this study was (i) to develop and cross-culturally validate the New Psychoactive Substance Use Motives Measure (NPSMM) and (ii) to compare motives of NPS use across countries and user types. METHODS Three subgroups (socially marginalised users, nightlife attendees and members of online communities) of NPS users (N = 3023) were recruited from six EU member countries. Demographics, motives and types of NPS used were assessed. NPS use motives were measured by adapting the extended six-factor version of the Marijuana Motives Measure. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a similar five-factor solution across most of the countries: coping, enhancement, social, conformity and expansion motives. Marginalised users scored higher on coping and conformity motives, nightlife groups showed higher endorsement of social motive, whereas online community users showed higher scores on expansion motives. Various types of NPS were also associated with different motives. CONCLUSION NPS use motives might be associated with both the groups of users and the specific types of NPS being consumed. Expansion (psychedelics) and enhancement (stimulants) motives seemed to be linked to the chosen NPS product type, while coping, social and conformity motives were rather associated with user groups. NPSMM was found to be a valid instrument to measure NPS motives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Kapitány-Fövény
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Katalin Felvinczi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Evelyn Hearne
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susana Henriques
- Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology, ISCTE Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal.,Universidade Aberta de Portugal, Aberta, Portugal
| | - Zsuzsa Kaló
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Korf
- Bonger Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Jongenelis M, Pettigrew S, Lawrence D, Rikkers W. Factors Associated with Poly Drug Use in Adolescents. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020; 20:695-704. [PMID: 30707340 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-019-00993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Poly drug use in adolescents represents a significant public health issue, heightening risk for abuse, dependency, and a variety of short- and long-term psychological, psychosocial, and health consequences. However, past studies have typically examined just one or two substances in isolation and there is a lack of research that has comprehensively examined possible predictors of poly drug use in adolescents. To inform the development of comprehensive prevention programs that can simultaneously target multiple substances, the present study sought to identify psychological, environmental, and demographic factors that are most strongly associated with alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis poly drug use. Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years (n = 1661; 50.9% male) completed a survey on their use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis over the last 30 days. Various psychological, environmental, and demographic factors were also assessed. Weighted multiple-level logistic regression was conducted to assess the factors associated with poly drug use. In total, 20.3% of respondents had used at least one substance, 6.7% reported using two substances, and 3.3% reported using all three substances. The most common combined pattern of use was alcohol and tobacco, followed by alcohol and cannabis. Several factors emerged as significant, with conduct problems, depression, and the school environment accounting for the most variance. Specific psychological and environmental factors appear to be particularly important domains to target in adolescent substance use prevention programs. Early identification of adolescent depression and conduct problems and the development of programs that address these symptoms in youth may be effective approaches to delaying or preventing poly drug use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jongenelis
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - David Lawrence
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Wavne Rikkers
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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26
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Bray BC, Dziak JJ, Patrick ME, Lanza ST. Inverse Propensity Score Weighting with a Latent Class Exposure: Estimating the Causal Effect of Reported Reasons for Alcohol Use on Problem Alcohol Use 16 Years Later. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020. [PMID: 29542004 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Latent class analysis (LCA) has proven to be a useful tool for identifying qualitatively different population subgroups who may be at varying levels of risk for negative outcomes. Recent methodological work has improved techniques for linking latent class membership to distal outcomes; however, these techniques do not adjust for potential confounding variables that may provide alternative explanations for observed relations. Inverse propensity score weighting provides a way to account for many confounders simultaneously, thereby strengthening causal inference of the effects of predictors on outcomes. Although propensity score weighting has been adapted to LCA with covariates, there has been limited work adapting it to LCA with distal outcomes. The current study proposes a step-by-step approach for using inverse propensity score weighting together with the "Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars" approach to LCA with distal outcomes (i.e., the BCH approach), in order to estimate the causal effects of reasons for alcohol use latent class membership during the year after high school (at age 19) on later problem alcohol use (at age 35) with data from the longitudinal sample in the Monitoring the Future study. A supplementary appendix provides evidence for the accuracy of the proposed approach via a small-scale simulation study, as well as sample programming code to conduct the step-by-step approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Bray
- The Methodology Center, Penn State, 404 Health & Human Development Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- College of Health and Human Development, Penn State, 304 Health & Human Development Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - John J Dziak
- The Methodology Center, Penn State, 404 Health & Human Development Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- The Methodology Center, Penn State, 404 Health & Human Development Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Penn State, 314 Biobehavioral Health Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State, 219 Biobehavioral Health Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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27
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Moitra E, Anderson BJ, Herman DS, Hayaki J, Pinkston MM, Kim HN, Stein MD. Examination of using alcohol to cope, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support in persons with HIV and Hepatitis C. AIDS Care 2020; 32:1238-1245. [PMID: 32098484 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1734177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) and some likely turn to alcohol to cope with this emotional distress. Using alcohol to cope is associated with increased alcohol use, persistent longitudinal alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. This association is particularly concerning among PLWH who are co-infected with Hepatitis C (HCV) because alcohol adds to the damage already caused by HCV. Despite data showing the associated risks of using alcohol to cope, scant research has examined factors that might contribute to coping-based alcohol use in HIV-HCV patients, such as limited social support. Baseline data from a randomized trial of strategies to reduce alcohol use in co-infected HIV and HCV adult patients (n=110) were analyzed. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the association between using alcohol to cope, depression, and four aspects of social support, controlling for demographic variables. Results showed that using alcohol to cope was not significantly correlated with social support but was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. In fact, depressive symptoms and severity of alcohol consumption accounted for nearly 45% of the variance related to coping-based alcohol use. These data highlight the central role of depression in the coping motives-alcohol use relationship among co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Moitra
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - Bradley J Anderson
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence RI, USA
| | - Debra S Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI, USA.,Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence RI, USA
| | - Jumi Hayaki
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester MA, USA
| | - Megan M Pinkston
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI, USA.,Lifespan Physicians Group, Providence RI, USA
| | - H Nina Kim
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Michael D Stein
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
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28
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Almeida LYD, Oliveira JLD, Almeida LCD, Zanetti ACG, Pillon SC, Souza JD. THE ROLE OF MOOD STATES IN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, A STUDY WITH WORKERS. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2019-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors related to harmful alcohol consumption, considering both sociodemographic characteristics and mood states. Method: a quantitative cross-sectional study, carried out with 395 non-teaching workers on a campus of a public university in the interior of the state of São Paulo, from July 2017 to June 2018. Information on the sociodemographic profile, mood state and alcohol use pattern were used. Pearson's Chi Square, Fischer Exact and Logistic Regression Tests were performed for data analysis, using the SPSS statistical program. Results: it was identified that 66% of workers had consumed alcoholic beverages in the last 12 months. Of these, 19% were classified in the range of harmful alcohol consumption. It is noteworthy that 35.2% (n=139) of workers mentioned the use in binge and 26.5% (n=105) consume alcohol two to four times a month. These variables were statistically associated with gender, religion and educational level. In addition, a negative correlation was identified between the AUDIT score and the “fatigue” factor of the mood scale. In the end, it was observed that male individuals and those with less education were more likely to consume alcohol in the harmful pattern. Conclusion: it is suggested the development of health promotion and disease prevention initiatives through health education actions and other psychosocial strategies for welcoming these workers.
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Brauner C, Wöhrmann AM, Frank K, Michel A. Health and work-life balance across types of work schedules: A latent class analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 81:102906. [PMID: 31422269 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explores how different aspects of working time demands (e.g., shift work) and working time control (e.g., beginning/end of workday) can be clustered into distinct types of work schedules and how they relate to health and work-life balance. Data from 13,540 full-time employees interviewed in the 2015 BAuA-Working Time Survey was used. By means of latent class analysis, we extracted six types of work schedules. Subjective health was highest in the flexible extended and flexible standard schedules, both featuring high working time control. Work-life balance was highest in the flexible standard and rigid standard schedules and lowest in schedules with high working time demands, namely the extended shift, rigid all-week, and rigid extended schedules. Employees with high working time demands and low control represent risk groups prone to impairments of well-being. Overall, this study offers an intuitive taxonomy for the design of sustainable work schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Brauner
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Anne M Wöhrmann
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Kilian Frank
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Michel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany.
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Dyer ML, Heron J, Hickman M, Munafò MR. Alcohol use in late adolescence and early adulthood: The role of generalized anxiety disorder and drinking to cope motives. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107480. [PMID: 31706711 PMCID: PMC6891250 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between anxiety and alcohol use is unclear, and moderating factors, such as drinking to cope (DTC) motives, may explain mixed findings. METHODS Using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we examined associations between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at age 18 and frequent drinking, frequent bingeing, hazardous drinking, and harmful drinking at ages 18 (unadjusted n = 3462) and 21 (unadjusted n = 2076), in a sample of late adolescent drinkers. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic, parental, and adolescent confounders. We also examined whether DTC motives influenced the strength and direction of associations between GAD and alcohol use. RESULTS GAD was positively associated with all alcohol outcomes at baseline (unadjusted OR (95% CI): frequent drinking 1.40 (1.02-1.91); frequent bingeing 1.40 (0.96-2.04); hazardous drinking 1.44 (1.08-1.92); harmful drinking 1.98 (1.22-3.23)). GAD increased the odds of harmful drinking at age 21 (unadjusted OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.09-2.73), but there was no clear evidence of a longitudinal relationship between GAD and the other alcohol use outcomes. There was no clear evidence of a GAD x DTC interaction on alcohol use at ages 18 or 21. Findings were consistent across various multiply imputed datasets. CONCLUSIONS In adolescence, GAD symptoms are associated with frequent drinking, frequent bingeing, hazardous drinking, and harmful drinking. In early adulthood, associations remain for harmful drinking only. DTC motives do not appear to moderate the relationship at either age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddy L Dyer
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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31
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Feczko E, Miranda-Dominguez O, Marr M, Graham AM, Nigg JT, Fair DA. The Heterogeneity Problem: Approaches to Identify Psychiatric Subtypes. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:584-601. [PMID: 31153774 PMCID: PMC6821457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The imprecise nature of psychiatric nosology restricts progress towards characterizing and treating mental health disorders. One issue is the 'heterogeneity problem': different causal mechanisms may relate to the same disorder, and multiple outcomes of interest can occur within one individual. Our review tackles this heterogeneity problem, providing considerations, concepts, and approaches for investigators examining human cognition and mental health. We highlight the difficulty of pure dimensional approaches due to 'the curse of dimensionality'. Computationally, we consider supervised and unsupervised statistical approaches to identify putative subtypes within a population. However, we emphasize that subtype identification should be linked to a particular outcome or question. We conclude with novel hybrid approaches that can identify subtypes tied to outcomes, and may help advance precision diagnostic and treatment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mollie Marr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alice M Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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32
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Stapinski LA, Prior K, Newton NC, Deady M, Kelly E, Lees B, Teesson M, Baillie AJ. Protocol for the Inroads Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet-Delivered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Early Intervention to Reduce Anxiety and Hazardous Alcohol Use Among Young People. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12370. [PMID: 30977742 PMCID: PMC6484258 DOI: 10.2196/12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transition to adulthood is a unique developmental period characterized by numerous personal and social role changes and increased opportunities for alcohol consumption. Using alcohol to cope with anxiety symptoms is commonly reported, and young people with anxiety are at a greater risk of hazardous alcohol use and progression to alcohol use disorder. Anxiety and alcohol use tend to fuel each other in an exacerbating feed-forward cycle, leading to difficult-to-treat chronic problems. The peak in onset of anxiety and alcohol disorders suggests this developmental window represents a promising opportunity for early intervention before these problems become entrenched. Objective This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Inroads program, a therapist-supported, internet-delivered early intervention for young adults that targets alcohol use, anxiety symptoms, and the interconnections between these problems. Methods A randomized controlled trial will be conducted nationally among young Australians (aged 17-24 years) who experience anxiety symptoms and drink alcohol at hazardous or harmful levels. Participants will be individually randomized on a 1:1 basis to receive the Inroads intervention or assessment plus alcohol guidelines. Participants randomized to the Inroads intervention will receive access to 5 Web-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) modules and weekly therapist support via email and/or phone. The primary outcome assessment will be 8 weeks post baseline, with follow-up assessment 6 months post baseline to determine the sustainability of the intervention effects. Primary outcomes will be the total number of standard drinks consumed in the past month (assessed by the Timeline Follow-Back procedure), severity of alcohol-related harms (assessed by the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire), and anxiety symptoms across multiple disorders (assessed by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). Secondary outcomes will include alcohol outcome expectancies; functional impairment and quality of life; and symptoms of social anxiety, anxious arousal, and depression. Results will be analyzed by intention-to-treat using multilevel mixed effects analysis for repeated measures. Results The study is funded from 2017 to 2020 by Australian Rotary Health. Recruitment is expected to be complete by late-2018, with the 6-month follow-ups to be completed by mid-2019. Results are expected to be published in 2020. Conclusions The study will be the first to evaluate the benefits of a youth-focused early intervention that simultaneously targets anxiety and hazardous alcohol use. By explicitly addressing the interconnections between anxiety and alcohol use and enhancing CBT coping skills, the Inroads program has the potential to interrupt the trajectory toward co-occurring anxiety and alcohol use disorders. The Web-based format of the program combined with minimal therapist support means that if effective, the program could be widely disseminated to reach young people who are not currently able or willing to access face-to-face treatment. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617001609347; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372748&isReview=true (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/77Au19jmf) International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12370
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexine A Stapinski
- Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katrina Prior
- Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicola C Newton
- Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Deady
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erin Kelly
- Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Briana Lees
- Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Baillie
- The Matilda Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Martin G, Inchley J, Currie C. Do Drinking Motives Mediate the Relationship between Neighborhood Characteristics and Alcohol Use among Adolescents? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E853. [PMID: 30857214 PMCID: PMC6427383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents not only vary in their alcohol use behavior but also in their motivations for drinking. Young people living in different neighborhoods may drink for different reasons. The aims of this study were to determine if neighborhood characteristics were associated with adolescent drinking motives, and whether drinking motives mediate the relationship between neighborhood context and regular alcohol use. Data from the Scottish Health Behaviours in School-aged Children 2010 survey of students in their 4th year of secondary school were used. The study included 1119 participants who had data on neighborhood characteristics and had used alcohol in the past year. Students were asked questions about the local area where they lived, their alcohol use, and their motives for drinking alcohol, based on the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised Short Form (DMQR-SF). Multilevel multivariable models and structural equation models were used in this study. Coping motives showed significant variation across neighborhoods. Structural equation models showed coping motives mediated the relationships between neighborhood deprivation, living in an accessible small-town, and neighborhood-level disorder with regular alcohol use. Public health policies that improve neighborhood conditions and develop adaptive strategies, aimed at improving alcohol-free methods for young people to cope better with life's stresses, may be particularly effective in reducing inequalities in adolescent alcohol use if targeted at small towns and areas of increased deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Martin
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Joanna Inchley
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK.
| | - Candace Currie
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
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Cloutier RM, Kearns NT, Knapp AA, Contractor AA, Blumenthal H. Heterogeneous Patterns of Marijuana Use Motives Using Latent Profile Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1485-1498. [PMID: 31017512 PMCID: PMC6833943 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1588325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Given that marijuana use is often associated with detrimental physical and mental health problems, research examining motives for its use is critical for effective remedial and preventive treatment. To date, the majority of research on marijuana use motives has used variable-centered analyses, which overlooks potentially meaningful heterogeneous response patterns and the associations of those patterns with other risk/protective factors. Methods: To address this gap, in the current study, we conducted a person-centered analysis (latent profile analysis) to identify subgroups of participants based on endorsed marijuana use motives, and examined the construct validity of the optimal class solution (covariates included sociodemographic (e.g., age), psychiatric (e.g., depression), and marijuana-use indices (e.g., use-frequency, use-related problems). Participants were 898 college students (Mage = 20.93, SDage = 3.10; 68.9% female) who completed an anonymous online survey examining substance use and psychological well-being, were 18 years or older, and endorsed lifetime marijuana use. Data were collected November 2016 through February 2018. Results: Results identified four unique classes of coping, conformity, social, and enhancement marijuana use motives: (a) "Low Motives" (37.6%), (b) "High Conformity" (4.9%), (c) "Low Conformity" (45.8%), and (d) "High Motives" (11.7%). In terms of covariates, higher motive classes tended to report more frequent and problematic use. The two classes uniquely characterized by conformity motives only differed on past-month marijuana use frequency. Conclusions/Importance: The current findings provide evidence that specific classes of motives were not only associated with marijuana use frequency and problems but other risk and protective factors, such as anxiety sensitivity and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Cloutier
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Nathan T Kearns
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Ashley A Knapp
- b Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Ateka A Contractor
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
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35
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Grigsby TJ, McLawhorn J. Missing Data Techniques and the Statistical Conclusion Validity of Survey-Based Alcohol and Drug Use Research Studies: A Review and Comment on Reproducibility. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042618795878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present review was to examine whether or not the use of modern missing data techniques impacts the statistical conclusion validity of research on alcohol and drug use outcomes in survey-based research studies. We identified 28 papers and received complete case data from the authors of 12 studies. Seven studies (25%) reported the missing data pattern (missing not at random [MNAR], missing at random [MAR], missing completely at random [MCAR]), 15 studies (53.6%) indicated the amount of missing observations in the data set, and a significant proportion of studies ( n = 13, 46.4%) did not report any of the conditions or assumptions under which the missing data analysis was performed or implemented. Six of the 12 (50%) studies analyzed reported a different number of statistically significant associations between the complete case and full sample analyses. Efforts should be made to make missing data analysis more accessible, easy to implement and report to improve transparency and reproducibility of findings.
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36
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Newton NC, Stapinski L, Slade T, Champion KE, Barrett EL, Chapman C, Smout A, Lawler S, Mather M, Castellanos-Ryan N, Conrod PJ, Teesson M. Pathways to prevention: protocol for the CAP (Climate and Preventure) study to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of school-based universal, selective and combined alcohol misuse prevention into early adulthood. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:643. [PMID: 29783974 PMCID: PMC5963131 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use and associated harms are among the leading causes of burden of disease among young people, highlighting the need for effective prevention. The Climate and Preventure (CAP) study was the first trial of a combined universal and selective school-based approach to preventing alcohol misuse among adolescents. Initial results indicate that universal, selective and combined prevention were all effective in delaying the uptake of alcohol use and binge drinking for up to 3 years following the interventions. However, little is known about the sustainability of prevention effects across the transition to early adulthood, a period of increased exposure to alcohol and other drug use. This paper describes the protocol for the CAP long-term follow-up study which will determine the effectiveness of universal, selective and combined alcohol misuse prevention up to 7 years post intervention, and across the transition from adolescence into early adulthood. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted between 2012 and 2015 with 2190 students (mean age: 13.3 yrs) from 26 Australian high schools. Participants were randomized to receive one of four conditions; universal prevention for all students (Climate); selective prevention for high-risk students (Preventure); combined universal and selective prevention (Climate and Preventure; CAP); or health education as usual (Control). The positive effect of the interventions on alcohol use at 12-, 24- and 36-month post baseline have previously been reported. This study will follow up the CAP study cohort approximately 5- and 7-years post baseline. The primary outcome will be alcohol use and related harms. Secondary outcomes will be cannabis use, alcohol and other drug harms including violent behavior, and mental health symptomatology. Analyses will be conducted using multi-level, mixed effects models within an intention-to-treat framework. DISCUSSION This study will provide the first ever evaluation of the long-term effectiveness of combining universal and selective approaches to alcohol prevention and will examine the durability of intervention effects into the longer-term, over a 7-year period from adolescence to early adulthood. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12612000026820 ) on January 6th 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Newton
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lexine Stapinski
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katrina E Champion
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Emma L Barrett
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Chapman
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Smout
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siobhan Lawler
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marius Mather
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Maree Teesson
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Birrell LE, Newton NC, Stapinski L, Prior K, Champion KE, Mackie CJ, Teesson M, Slade T. Trajectories of emotional symptoms in adolescence: impact on alcohol use. ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/add-08-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore how different trajectories of emotional symptoms relate to alcohol use in adolescence.
Design/methodology/approach
In all, 431 participants (majority female), aged approximately 13 years at baseline were followed over three years and reported on their emotional symptoms and alcohol use. Latent class growth analyses explored different trajectories of emotional symptoms and regression models were run to relate these trajectories to alcohol use (full standard drink, and binge drinking) at 36-month follow-up (age 16 years).
Findings
While the majority of adolescents were best characterised by low-stable emotional symptoms, those with high-stable symptoms were more likely to be have consumed a full standard drink of alcohol and binge drunk when aged 16 years.
Research limitations/implications
Findings highlight the importance of prevention and early intervention, particularly targeting adolescents with elevated stable emotional symptoms who were more likely to be using alcohol at 16 years of age.
Originality/value
The present study is one of the first longitudinal investigations into the use of alcohol by community adolescents with different emotional symptom trajectories.
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Sentenac M, Ehlinger V, Napoletano A, Spilka S, Gariepy G, Godeau E, Elgar FJ. Relative deprivation and episodes of drunkenness among French and Canadian adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:788-796. [PMID: 28470930 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Studies link socio-economic deprivation to alcohol consumption in adolescents, but the role of relative deprivation has been understudied and may be equally important. This study investigates the association between relative deprivation and episodes of drunkenness among adolescents in France and Canada. DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the 2014 Health Behaviours in School-aged Children study collected from 15-year-olds in Canada (n = 4276) and France (n = 1625). Students reported the number of times they had ever been drunk. The degree of relative deprivation was quantified through the student's rank in the deprivation distribution, measured through the Family Affluence Scale, within school and the extent of the inequality. Random intercept logistic regression models were used to examine the association between relative deprivation and drunkenness. RESULTS Canadian adolescents were more likely to have experienced drunkenness more than once in their lifetime compared with French adolescents (21.6% vs. 16.2%). Adolescents with high relative deprivation were not more likely to report episodes of drunkenness in Canada and were less likely to report episodes of drunkenness in France compared with those with low relative deprivation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the hypothesis that adolescents who experienced greater relative deprivation are more likely to report drunkenness. They suggest that policies and interventions on alcohol use should target adolescents across all levels of deprivation in Canada and particularly those that are relatively more affluent in France. The context of countries appears to matter to the socio-economic distribution of drinking behaviour in youth. [Sentenac M, Ehlinger V, Napoletano A, Spilka S, Gariepy G, Godeau E, Elgar FJ. Relative deprivation and episodes of drunkenness among French and Canadian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Sentenac
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, UMR 1027, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Ehlinger
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, UMR 1027, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Napoletano
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stanislas Spilka
- Observatoire Francais des Drogues et des Toxicomanies, Saint Denis, France.,French National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1178, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Gariepy
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Godeau
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, UMR 1027, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Service Médical du Rectorat, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank J Elgar
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
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Enoch MA, Albaugh BJ. Review: Genetic and environmental risk factors for alcohol use disorders in American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Am J Addict 2016; 26:461-468. [PMID: 27599369 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genetic and environmental predictors for alcohol use disorder (AUD) are both important in the general population. As a group, American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals (AI/AN) are at increased risk for alcohol-related morbidity /mortality, early onset problem drinking and AUD. METHODS Alcohol consumption behaviors amongst AI/AN tribes, environmental stressors and genetic studies in AI/AN and European-ancestry individuals are reviewed followed by an analysis of unique difficulties for undertaking research with AI/AN. RESULTS Some AI/AN tribes have high rates of childhood trauma that predict psychopathology including AUD. The deleterious effects of historical trauma and forced placement in boarding schools cross generations to the present day. There are scanty numbers of genetic studies of AUD in AI/AN and these derive from only a few tribes. However, it is important to note that the results are largely similar to findings in European-ancestry individuals indicating that AI/AN do not have increased genetic risk for AUD. Conducting AI/AN genetic studies has been challenging, in part because of tribe disillusionment and mistrust over past experiences and unique hurdles in getting consent from tribes, each a sovereign nation. However, it is encouraging that a new way forward has been established-community-based participatory research with tangible health benefits and a focus on strength-based approaches. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Given the high prevalence of AUD in many AI/AN tribes and limited knowledge about genetic risk-resilience factors, it is important for our understanding of prevention and treatment that AI/AN research progresses and that more tribes are represented. (Am J Addict 2017;26:461-468).
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