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Anand AC, Acharya SK. The Story of Ammonia in Liver Disease: An Unraveling Continuum. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101361. [PMID: 38444405 PMCID: PMC10910335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia and liver disease are closely linked. Most of the ammonia in our body is produced by transamination and deamination activities involving amino acid, purine, pyrimidines, and biogenic amines, and from the intestine by bacterial splitting of urea. The only way of excretion from the body is by hepatic conversion of ammonia to urea. Hyperammonemia is associated with widespread toxicities such as cerebral edema, hepatic encephalopathy, immune dysfunction, promoting fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Over the past two decades, it has been increasingly utilized for prognostication of cirrhosis, acute liver failure as well as acute on chronic liver failure. The laboratory assessment of hyperammonemia has certain limitations, despite which its value in the assessment of various forms of liver disease cannot be negated. It may soon become an important tool to make therapeutic decisions about the use of prophylactic and definitive treatment in various forms of liver disease.
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2
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Bakhtina AA, Campbell MD, Sibley BD, Sanchez-Contreras M, Sweetwyne MT, Bruce JE. Intra-organ cell specific mitochondrial quantitative interactomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598354. [PMID: 38915719 PMCID: PMC11195139 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Almost every organ consists of many cell types, each with its unique functions. Proteomes of these cell types are thus unique too. But it is reasonable to assume that interactome (inter and intra molecular interactions of proteins) are also distinct since protein interactions are what ultimately carry out the function. Podocytes and tubules are two cell types within kidney with vastly different functions: podocytes envelop the blood vessels in the glomerulus and act as filters while tubules are located downstream of the glomerulus and are responsible for reabsorption of important nutrients. It has been long known that for tubules mitochondria plays an important role as they require a lot of energy to carry out their functions. In podocytes, however, it has been assumed that mitochondria might not matter as much in both normal physiology and pathology1. Here we have applied quantitative cross-linking mass spectrometry to compare mitochondrial interactomes of tubules and podocytes using a transgenic mitochondrial tagging strategy to immunoprecipitate cell-specific mitochondria directly from whole kidney. We have uncovered that mitochondrial proteomes of these cell types are quite similar, although still showing unique features that correspond to known functions, such as high energy production through TCA cycle in tubules and requirements for detoxification in podocytes which are on the frontline of filtration where they encounter toxic compounds and therefore, as a non-renewing cell type they must have ways to protect themselves from cellular toxicity. But we gained much deeper insight with the interactomics data. We were able to find pathways differentially regulated in podocytes and tubules based on changing cross-link levels and not just protein levels. Among these pathways are betaine metabolism, lysine degradation, and many others. We have also demonstrated how quantitative interactomics could be used to detect different activity levels of an enzyme even when protein abundances of it are the same between cell types. We have validated this finding with an orthogonal activity assay. Overall, this work presents a new view of mitochondrial biology for two important, but functionally distinct, cell types within the mouse kidney showing both similarities and unique features. This data can continue to be explored to find new aspects of mitochondrial biology, especially in podocytes, where mitochondria has been understudied. In the future this methodology can also be applied to other organs to uncover differences in the function of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bakhtina
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences
| | - M D Campbell
- University of Washington, Department of Anesthesiology
| | - B D Sibley
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | - M T Sweetwyne
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - J E Bruce
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences
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3
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Jones AG, Aquilino M, Tinker RJ, Duncan L, Jenkins Z, Carvill GL, DeWard SJ, Grange DK, Hajianpour MJ, Halliday BJ, Holder-Espinasse M, Horvath J, Maitz S, Nigro V, Morleo M, Paul V, Spencer C, Esterhuizen AI, Polster T, Spano A, Gómez-Lozano I, Kumar A, Poke G, Phillips JA, Underhill HR, Gimenez G, Namba T, Robertson SP. Clustered de novo start-loss variants in GLUL result in a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy via stabilization of glutamine synthetase. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:729-741. [PMID: 38579670 PMCID: PMC11023914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), encoded by GLUL, catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. GS is pivotal for the generation of the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid and is the primary mechanism of ammonia detoxification in the brain. GS levels are regulated post-translationally by an N-terminal degron that enables the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of GS in a glutamine-induced manner. GS deficiency in humans is known to lead to neurological defects and death in infancy, yet how dysregulation of the degron-mediated control of GS levels might affect neurodevelopment is unknown. We ascertained nine individuals with severe developmental delay, seizures, and white matter abnormalities but normal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry with de novo variants in GLUL. Seven out of nine were start-loss variants and two out of nine disrupted 5' UTR splicing resulting in splice exclusion of the initiation codon. Using transfection-based expression systems and mass spectrometry, these variants were shown to lead to translation initiation of GS from methionine 18, downstream of the N-terminal degron motif, resulting in a protein that is stable and enzymatically competent but insensitive to negative feedback by glutamine. Analysis of human single-cell transcriptomes demonstrated that GLUL is widely expressed in neuro- and glial-progenitor cells and mature astrocytes but not in post-mitotic neurons. One individual with a start-loss GLUL variant demonstrated periventricular nodular heterotopia, a neuronal migration disorder, yet overexpression of stabilized GS in mice using in utero electroporation demonstrated no migratory deficits. These findings underline the importance of tight regulation of glutamine metabolism during neurodevelopment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Jones
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matilde Aquilino
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rory J Tinker
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura Duncan
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zandra Jenkins
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin J Halliday
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Silvia Maitz
- Medical Genetics Service, Oncology Department of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Morleo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Careni Spencer
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alina I Esterhuizen
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tilman Polster
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara, Bethel Epilepsy Center) Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alice Spano
- Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Inés Gómez-Lozano
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Centre for Protein Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Poke
- Genetics Health Service New Zealand, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Gregory Gimenez
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Namba
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Litso I, Plaitakis A, Fadouloglou VE, Providaki M, Kokkinidis M, Zaganas I. Structural Evolution of Primate Glutamate Dehydrogenase 2 as Revealed by In Silico Predictions and Experimentally Determined Structures. Biomolecules 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 38254622 PMCID: PMC10812971 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) interconverts glutamate to a-ketoglutarate and ammonia, interconnecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In humans, two functional GDH genes, GLUD1 and GLUD2, encode for hGDH1 and hGDH2, respectively. GLUD2 evolved from retrotransposition of the GLUD1 gene in the common ancestor of modern apes. These two isoenzymes are involved in the pathophysiology of human metabolic, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders. The 3D structures of hGDH1 and hGDH2 have been experimentally determined; however, no information is available about the path of GDH2 structure changes during primate evolution. Here, we compare the structures predicted by the AlphaFold Colab method for the GDH2 enzyme of modern apes and their extinct primate ancestors. Also, we analyze the individual effect of amino acid substitutions emerging during primate evolution. Our most important finding is that the predicted structure of GDH2 in the common ancestor of apes was the steppingstone for the structural evolution of primate GDH2s. Two changes with a strong functional impact occurring at the first evolutionary step, Arg443Ser and Gly456Ala, had a destabilizing and stabilizing effect, respectively, making this step the most important one. Subsequently, GDH2 underwent additional modifications that fine-tuned its enzymatic properties to adapt to the functional needs of modern-day primate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Litso
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Mary Providaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
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5
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St-Louis JL, El Jellas K, Velasco K, Slipp BA, Hu J, Helgeland G, Steine SJ, De Jesus DF, Kulkarni RN, Molven A. Deficiency of the metabolic enzyme SCHAD in pancreatic β-cells promotes amino acid-sensitive hypoglycemia. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104986. [PMID: 37392854 PMCID: PMC10407745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy (CHI) can be caused by a deficiency of the ubiquitously expressed enzyme short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD). To test the hypothesis that SCHAD-CHI arises from a specific defect in pancreatic β-cells, we created genetically engineered β-cell-specific (β-SKO) or hepatocyte-specific (L-SKO) SCHAD knockout mice. While L-SKO mice were normoglycemic, plasma glucose in β-SKO animals was significantly reduced in the random-fed state, after overnight fasting, and following refeeding. The hypoglycemic phenotype was exacerbated when the mice were fed a diet enriched in leucine, glutamine, and alanine. Intraperitoneal injection of these three amino acids led to a rapid elevation in insulin levels in β-SKO mice compared to controls. Consistently, treating isolated β-SKO islets with the amino acid mixture potently enhanced insulin secretion compared to controls in a low-glucose environment. RNA sequencing of β-SKO islets revealed reduced transcription of β-cell identity genes and upregulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, protein metabolism, and Ca2+ handling. The β-SKO mouse offers a useful model to interrogate the intra-islet heterogeneity of amino acid sensing given the very variable expression levels of SCHAD within different hormonal cells, with high levels in β- and δ-cells and virtually absent α-cell expression. We conclude that the lack of SCHAD protein in β-cells results in a hypoglycemic phenotype characterized by increased sensitivity to amino acid-stimulated insulin secretion and loss of β-cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L St-Louis
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kelly Velasco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Brittany A Slipp
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Geir Helgeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Solrun J Steine
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dario F De Jesus
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Section for Cancer Genomics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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6
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De Leon DD, Arnoux JB, Banerjee I, Bergada I, Bhatti T, Conwell LS, Fu J, Flanagan SE, Gillis D, Meissner T, Mohnike K, Pasquini TL, Shah P, Stanley CA, Vella A, Yorifuji T, Thornton PS. International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Hyperinsulinism. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 97:279-298. [PMID: 37454648 PMCID: PMC11124746 DOI: 10.1159/000531766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperinsulinism (HI) due to dysregulation of pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion is the most common and most severe cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infants and children. In the 65 years since HI in children was first described, there has been a dramatic advancement in the diagnostic tools available, including new genetic techniques and novel radiologic imaging for focal HI; however, there have been almost no new therapeutic modalities since the development of diazoxide. SUMMARY Recent advances in neonatal research and genetics have improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of both transient and persistent forms of neonatal hyperinsulinism. Rapid turnaround of genetic test results combined with advanced radiologic imaging can permit identification and localization of surgically-curable focal lesions in a large proportion of children with congenital forms of HI, but are only available in certain centers in "developed" countries. Diazoxide, the only drug currently approved for treating HI, was recently designated as an "essential medicine" by the World Health Organization but has been approved in only 16% of Latin American countries and remains unavailable in many under-developed areas of the world. Novel treatments for HI are emerging, but they await completion of safety and efficacy trials before being considered for clinical use. KEY MESSAGES This international consensus statement on diagnosis and management of HI was developed in order to assist specialists, general pediatricians, and neonatologists in early recognition and treatment of HI with the ultimate aim of reducing the prevalence of brain injury caused by hypoglycemia. A previous statement on diagnosis and management of HI in Japan was published in 2017. The current document provides an updated guideline for management of infants and children with HI and includes potential accommodations for less-developed regions of the world where resources may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva D. De Leon
- Congenital Hyperinsulinism Center and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Indraneel Banerjee
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ignacio Bergada
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CONICET – FEI), Division de Endrocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tricia Bhatti
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louise S. Conwell
- Australia and Children’s Health Queensland Clinical Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Children’s Health Queensland, Greater Brisbane Clinical School, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Junfen Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sarah E. Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - David Gillis
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew-University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Mohnike
- Department of General Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tai L.S. Pasquini
- Research and Policy Director, Congenital Hyperinsulinism International, Glen Ridge, NJ, USA
| | - Pratik Shah
- Pediatric Endocrinology, The Royal London Children’s Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charles A. Stanley
- Congenital Hyperinsulinism Center and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tohru Yorifuji
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children’s Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul S. Thornton
- Congenital Hyperinsulinism Center, Cook Children’s Medical Center and Texas Christian University Burnett School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Komal FNU, Olajide O. A Very Rare Case of Diabetes Mellitus Occurring in a Patient With Hyperinsulinism Hyperammonemia Syndrome. AACE Clin Case Rep 2023; 9:122-124. [PMID: 37520762 PMCID: PMC10382607 DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective To illustrate an unusual case of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) developing many years after the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome. Case Report This article reports about a 36-year-old female with a history of congenital hyperinsulinism due to HI/HA syndrome, which was diagnosed in infancy. The patient presented with hypoglycemia and seizures as an infant and was treated with diazoxide and a low-protein diet for many years with reduction in her hypoglycemic events. She subsequently developed T2DM >30 years later. Genetic analysis was positive for a glutamate dehydrogenase 1 gene (GLUD1) alteration. She was treated with metformin and a glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist, with significant improvement in her blood glucose control and weight loss. Discussion HI/HA syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome that manifests in childhood with signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and neurologic symptoms. This is the first case reported in the literature of a patient with HI/HA syndrome due to a GLUD1 alteration who developed T2DM much later in life. Patients with this disorder usually have recurrent hypoglycemia and require long-term medical therapy or very occasionally may have a resolution. She had class 3 obesity and evidence of insulin resistance, which likely contributed to her risk of diabetes. Conclusion This is a rare case of T2DM presenting in a patient with HI/HA syndrome. This should be considered a possible outcome in patients with this disorder, especially in the presence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omolola Olajide
- Address correspondence to Dr Omolola Olajide, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232.
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8
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Tokatly Latzer I, Pearl PL. Treatment of neurometabolic epilepsies: Overview and recent advances. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 142:109181. [PMID: 37001467 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rarity and heterogeneity of neurometabolic diseases make it challenging to reach evidence-based principles for their specific treatments. Indeed, current treatments for many of these diseases remain symptomatic and supportive. However, an ongoing scientific and medical revolution has led to dramatic breakthroughs in molecular sciences and genetics, revealing precise pathophysiologic mechanisms. Accordingly, this has led to significant progress in the development of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at treating epilepsy resulting from these conditions, as well as their other manifestations. We overview recent notable treatment advancements, from vitamins, trace minerals, and diets to unique medications targeting the elemental pathophysiology at a molecular or cellular level, including enzyme replacement therapy, enzyme enhancing therapy, antisense oligonucleotide therapy, stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Aftab S, Gubaeva D, Houghton JAL, Dastamani A, Sotiridou E, Gilbert C, Flanagan SE, Tiulpakov A, Melikyan M, Shah P. Spectrum of neuro-developmental disorders in children with congenital hyperinsulinism due to activating mutations in GLUD1. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e220008. [PMID: 35951311 PMCID: PMC10077222 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is the second most common type of congenital hyperinsulinism caused by an activating GLUD1 mutation. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the clinical profile and long-term neurological outcomes in children with HI/HA syndrome. Method This study is a retrospective review of patients with GLUD1 mutation, treated at two centers in the UK and Russia, over a 15-year period. Different risk factors for neuro-developmental disorders were analysed by Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact P test. Results We identified 25 cases with GLUD1 mutations (12 males). Median age of presentation was 7 months (12 h-18 months). Hypoglycaemic seizures were the presenting feature in 24 (96%) cases. Twenty four cases responded to diazoxide and protein restriction whilst one patient underwent partial pancreatectomy. In total, 13 cases (52%) developed neurodevelopmental manifestations. Epilepsy (n = 9/25, 36%), learning difficulties (n = 8/25, 32%) and speech delay (n = 8/25, 32%) were the most common neurological manifestation. Median age of presentation for epilepsy was 12 months with generalised tonic-clonic seizures being the most common (n = 4/9, 44.4%) followed by absence seizures (n = 3/9, 33.3%). Early age of presentation (P = 0.02), diazoxide dose (P = 0.04) and a mutation in exon 11 or 12 (P = 0.01) were associated with neurological disorder. Conclusion HI/HA syndrome is associated with wide spectrum of neurological disorders. These neurological manifestations were more frequent in cases with mutations affecting the GTP-binding site of GLUD1 in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sommayya Aftab
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diliara Gubaeva
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jayne A L Houghton
- The Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Antonia Dastamani
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ellada Sotiridou
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Clare Gilbert
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anatoly Tiulpakov
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Melikyan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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10
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Zeng Q, Sang YM. Glutamate dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:21. [PMID: 36721237 PMCID: PMC9887739 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a genetically heterogeneous disease, in which intractable, persistent hypoglycemia is induced by excessive insulin secretion and increased serum insulin concentration. To date,15 genes have been found to be associated with the pathogenesis of CHI. Glutamate dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism (GDH-HI) is the second most common type of CHI and is caused by mutations in the glutamate dehydrogenase 1 gene. The objective of this review is to summarize the genetic mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment progress of GDH-HI. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important to prevent long-term neurological complications in children with GDH-HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zeng
- grid.411360.1Department of Anesthesiology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052 China
| | - Yan-Mei Sang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism Centre, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Centre for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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11
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Arnold PK, Finley LW. Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102838. [PMID: 36581208 PMCID: PMC9871338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, otherwise known as the Krebs cycle, is a central metabolic pathway that performs the essential function of oxidizing nutrients to support cellular bioenergetics. More recently, it has become evident that TCA cycle behavior is dynamic, and products of the TCA cycle can be co-opted in cancer and other pathologic states. In this review, we revisit the TCA cycle, including its potential origins and the history of its discovery. We provide a detailed accounting of the requirements for sustained TCA cycle function and the critical regulatory nodes that can stimulate or constrain TCA cycle activity. We also discuss recent advances in our understanding of the flexibility of TCA cycle wiring and the increasingly appreciated heterogeneity in TCA cycle activity exhibited by mammalian cells. Deeper insight into how the TCA cycle can be differentially regulated and, consequently, configured in different contexts will shed light on how this pathway is primed to meet the requirements of distinct mammalian cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K. Arnold
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lydia W.S. Finley
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,For correspondence: Lydia W. S. Finley
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12
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Mao X, Chen H, Lin AZ, Kim S, Burczynski ME, Na E, Halasz G, Sleeman MW, Murphy AJ, Okamoto H, Cheng X. Glutaminase 2 knockdown reduces hyperammonemia and associated lethality of urea cycle disorder mouse model. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:470-480. [PMID: 34988999 PMCID: PMC9302672 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins in the cells and tissues, are of fundamental importance for cell survival, maintenance, and proliferation. The liver plays a critical role in amino acid metabolism and detoxication of byproducts such as ammonia. Urea cycle disorders with hyperammonemia remain difficult to treat and eventually necessitate liver transplantation. In this study, ornithine transcarbamylase deficient (Otcspf-ash ) mouse model was used to test whether knockdown of a key glutamine metabolism enzyme glutaminase 2 (GLS2, gene name: Gls2) or glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1, gene name: Glud1) could rescue the hyperammonemia and associated lethality induced by a high protein diet. We found that reduced hepatic expression of Gls2 but not Glud1 by AAV8-mediated delivery of a short hairpin RNA in Otcspf-ash mice diminished hyperammonemia and reduced lethality. Knockdown of Gls2 but not Glud1 in Otcspf-ash mice exhibited reduced body weight loss and increased plasma glutamine concentration. These data suggest that Gls2 hepatic knockdown could potentially help alleviate risk for hyperammonemia and other clinical manifestations of patients suffering from defects in the urea cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Mao
- Regeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | - Helen Chen
- Regeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Sun Kim
- Regeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Erqian Na
- Regeneron PharmaceuticalsTarrytownNew YorkUSA
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13
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Hyperinsulinism. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital or monogenic hyperinsulinism (HI) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion and is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in children. Knowledge of normal glucose homeostasis allows for a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, facilitating timely diagnosis and management. The goal of management is to prevent cerebral insults secondary to hypoglycemia, which can result in poor neurologic outcomes and intellectual disability. Responsiveness to diazoxide, the first-line pharmacologic therapy for persistent hypoglycemia, is also the first step to distinguishing the different genotypic causes of monogenic hyperinsulinism. Early genetic testing becomes necessary when monogenic HI is strongly considered. Knowledge of specific gene mutations allows the determination of a clinical prognosis and definite therapeutic options, such as identifying those with focal forms of hyperinsulinism, who may attain a complete cure through surgical removal of specific affected parts of the pancreas. However, the lack of identifiable cause in a considerable number of patients identified with HI suggests there may be other genetic loci that are yet to be discovered. Furthermore, continued research is needed to explore new forms of therapy, particularly in severe, diazoxide-nonresponsive cases.
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14
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New Insight in Hyperinsulinism/Hyperammonemia Syndrome by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030389. [PMID: 35326344 PMCID: PMC8946637 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome (HI/HA) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by monoallelic activating mutations in the glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) gene. While hyperinsulinism may be explained by a reduction in the allosteric inhibition of GLUD1, the pathogenesis of HA in HI/HA remains uncertain; interestingly, HA in the HI/HA syndrome is not associated with acute hyperammonemic intoxication events. We obtained a brain magnetic resonance (MR) in a woman with HI/HA syndrome with chronic asymptomatic HA. On MR spectroscopy, choline and myoinositol were decreased as in other HA disorders. In contrast, distinct from other HA disorders, combined glutamate and glutamine levels were normal (not increased). This observation suggests that brain biochemistry in HI/HA may differ from that of other HA disorders. In HI/HA, ammonia overproduction may come to the expense of glutamate levels, and this seems to prevent the condensation of ammonia with glutamate to produce glutamine that is typical of the other HA disorders. The absence of combined glutamate and glutamine elevation might be correlated to the absence of acute cerebral ammonia toxicity.
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15
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Zhang W, Sang YM. Genetic pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:467. [PMID: 34736508 PMCID: PMC8567654 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), a major cause of persistent and recurrent hypoglycemia in infancy and childhood. Numerous pathogenic genes have been associated with 14 known genetic subtypes of CHI. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel hyperinsulinism (KATP-HI) is the most common and most severe subtype, accounting for 40–50% of CHI cases. Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism (SCHAD-HI) is a rare subtype that accounts for less than 1% of all CHI cases that are caused by homozygous mutations in the hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) gene. This review provided a systematic description of the genetic pathogenesis and current progress in the diagnosis and treatment of SCHAD-HI to improve our understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan-Mei Sang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
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16
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Casertano A, De Matteis A, Mozzillo E, Rosanio FM, Buono P, Fattorusso V, Franzese A. Diagnosis of congenital Hyperinsulinism can occur not only in infancy but also in later age: a new flow chart from a single center experience. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:131. [PMID: 32928245 PMCID: PMC7490857 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital Hyperinsulinism typically occurs with a neonatal hypoglycemia but can appear even in childhood or in adolescence with different types of glucose metabolism derangements. Current diagnostic algorithms don't take into account cases with a late presentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical and laboratory data of twenty-two subjects diagnosed at Federico II University of Naples have been described: patients have been divided according to the molecular defect into channel defects, metabolic defects and unidentified molecular defects. A particular focus has been made on three cases with a late presentation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Late presentation cases may not be identified by previous diagnostic algorithms. Consequently, it seems appropriate to design a new flow-chart starting from the age of presentation, also considering that late presentation cases can show glucose metabolism derangements other than hypoglycaemic crises such as diabetes, glucose intolerance, postprandial hypoglycaemia and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Casertano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna De Matteis
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Maria Rosanio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Buono
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Fattorusso
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Franzese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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He Y, Lang X, Cheng D, Zhang T, Yang Z, Xiong R. miR‑30a‑5p inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation‑induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HK‑2 renal tubular epithelial cells by targeting glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1). Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1539-1549. [PMID: 32945480 PMCID: PMC7448462 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to be involved in renal hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) damage. To investigate this further, human kidney (HK-2) cells were cultured, subjected to H/R and the function of miR-30a-5p and glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) was evaluated. The results showed that, miR-30-5p was downregulated and GLUD1 was upregulated in HK-2 cells exposed to H/R. The relationship between miR-30a-5p and GLUD1 was determined using dual luciferase assays. Primary HK-2 cells were cultured in H/R and transfected with negative control 1 (NC1), negative control 2 (NC2), mimic, inhibitor or GLUD1 siRNA plasmids. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and the rate of apoptosis in HK-2 cells were assessed. The results showed that, miR-30a-5p mimic reduced the production of ROS in HK-2 cells treated with H/R, but increased the activity of SOD, CAT and GPx. In addition, miR-30a-5p mimic significantly decreased H/R-mediated apoptosis, decreased the expression of bax and activity of caspase-3 and enhanced the expression of bcl-2. However, miR-30a-5p inhibitor showed the opposite effect with regard to the degree of oxidative damage and apoptosis in H/R-induced HK-2 cells. Silencing GLUD1 rescued the influence of miR-30a-5p inhibitor on oxidative injury and apoptosis in HK-2 cells stimulated with H/R. These results demonstrated that under H/R conditions, miR-30a-5p can reduce oxidative stress in vitro by targeting GLUD1, which may be a novel therapeutic target for liver failure and worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbiao He
- Department of Nephrology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, P.R. China
| | - Xujun Lang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, P.R. China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, P.R. China
| | - Rongbing Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321017, P.R. China
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18
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Benner BJM, Bazelmans M, Huidekoper H, Langeveld M, Langendonk J, Schoenmakers S. Multidisciplinary approach in medicine: successful pregnancy in a patient with hyperinsulinism/hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/8/e234055. [PMID: 32747595 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-234055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This case illustrates the importance of multidisciplinary counselling and management of pregnancies in women with complex medical conditions, especially concerning women with cognitive impairment. We present a woman with hyperinsulinism/hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome. This syndrome is characterised by recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia and elevated ammonia levels, which are potentially harmful to both the patient and a developing fetus. We describe a successful multidisciplinary approach during the pregnancy of a mentally challenged patient with HI/HA syndrome. This case illustrates the importance of personalised counselling during the preconception period and emphasises to include all disciplines involved in the medical and daily care of such a patient. In our case, the extensive multidisciplinary care during the preconception period, pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period resulted in a good maternal and neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette J M Benner
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mijke Bazelmans
- Obstetric Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Huidekoper
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Langeveld
- Division of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Langendonk
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Schoenmakers
- Obstetric Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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19
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Chugh A, Younis M, Shah K, Hart L, Hu S, Hart J, Azzam R. Hepatic Dysfunction and Hypoglycemia in a Newborn. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2020; 59:834-836. [PMID: 32338042 DOI: 10.1177/0009922820916896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Chugh
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Lara Hart
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shaomin Hu
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Hart
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruba Azzam
- Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Brandt A, Agarwal N, Giri D, Yung Z, Didi M, Senniappan S. Hyperinsulinism hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome due to GLUD1 mutation: phenotypic variations ranging from late presentation to spontaneous resolution. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:675-679. [PMID: 32229669 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome is the second most common cause of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, caused by activating mutations in GLUD1. In this article, we report a series of three unrelated patients with HI/HA syndrome who demonstrated variable phenotypes, ranging from delayed presentation to spontaneous resolution of hypoglycaemia, thereby expanding the current knowledge and understanding of GLUD1 mutations. Case presentation This paper is a retrospective analysis of patients with HI/HA syndrome who demonstrated a variable disease course. Patient 1 presented with hypoglycaemic seizures at the age of 7 months and was diagnosed with HI/HA syndrome. Patient 2, a 5-year-old boy, on anti-convulsants since 8 months of age, was diagnosed with HI/HA at the age of 4 years. Patient 3, an 11-year-old girl with a history of transient neonatal hypoglycaemia, was diagnosed with HI/HA at the age of 12 months following evaluation for absence seizures. Patients 1 and 2 had raised ammonia levels, whilst patient 3 had normal ammonia level. The genetic analysis in all three patients confirmed GLUD1 mutation. Good glycaemic control was observed in all following diazoxide treatment. All patients have learning difficulties. Patient 1 demonstrated spontaneous resolution of hypoglycaemia at the age of 8 years, enabling discontinuation of diazoxide. Conclusions The cases highlight the diagnostic challenges in HI/HA syndrome due to a highly variable presentation. Knowledge of variable phenotypes would enable early diagnosis, thereby decreasing the risk of long-term neurological damage. Spontaneous resolution of hyperinsulinism could occur, and it is important to consider a trial off diazoxide therapy especially if the patients are on a small dose of diazoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Brandt
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neha Agarwal
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dinesh Giri
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Zoe Yung
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammad Didi
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Senthil Senniappan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
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Luczkowska K, Stekelenburg C, Sloan-Béna F, Ranza E, Gastaldi G, Schwitzgebel V, Maechler P. Hyperinsulinism associated with GLUD1 mutation: allosteric regulation and functional characterization of p.G446V glutamate dehydrogenase. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:9. [PMID: 32143698 PMCID: PMC7060525 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gain-of-function mutations in the GLUD1 gene, encoding for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), result in the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia HI/HA syndrome. HI/HA patients present with harmful hypoglycemia secondary to protein-induced HI and elevated plasma ammonia levels. These symptoms may be accompanied by seizures and mental retardation. GDH is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, under allosteric regulations mediated by its inhibitor GTP and its activator ADP. The present study investigated the functional properties of the GDH-G446V variant (alias c.1496G > T, p.(Gly499Val) (NM_005271.4)) in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells. Results The calculated energy barrier between the opened and closed state of the enzyme was 41% lower in GDH-G446V compared to wild-type GDH, pointing to altered allosteric regulation. Computational analysis indicated conformational changes of GDH-G446V in the antenna region that is crucial for allosteric regulators. Enzymatic activity measured in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells showed impaired allosteric responses of GDH-G446V to both regulators GTP and ADP. In particular, as opposed to control lymphoblastoid cells, GDH-G446V cells were not responsive to GTP in the lower range of ADP concentrations. Assessment of the metabolic rate revealed higher mitochondrial respiration in response to GDH-dependent substrates in the GDH-G446V lymphoblastoid cells compared to control cells. This indicates a shift toward glutaminolysis for energy provision in cells carrying the GDH-G446V variant. Conclusions Substitution of the small amino acid glycine for the hydrophobic branched-chain valine altered the allosteric sensitivity to both inhibitory action of GTP and activation by ADP, rendering cells metabolically responsive to glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Luczkowska
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Stekelenburg
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Sloan-Béna
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Laboratory, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Laboratory, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Gastaldi
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Schwitzgebel
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
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22
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Rumping L, Vringer E, Houwen RHJ, van Hasselt PM, Jans JJM, Verhoeven‐Duif NM. Inborn errors of enzymes in glutamate metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:200-215. [PMID: 31603991 PMCID: PMC7078983 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in a variety of metabolic pathways. We reviewed the literature on genetic defects of enzymes that directly metabolise glutamate, leading to inborn errors of glutamate metabolism. Seventeen genetic defects of glutamate metabolising enzymes have been reported, of which three were only recently identified. These 17 defects affect the inter-conversion of glutamine and glutamate, amino acid metabolism, ammonia detoxification, and glutathione metabolism. We provide an overview of the clinical and biochemical phenotypes of these rare defects in an effort to ease their recognition. By categorising these by biochemical pathway, we aim to create insight into the contributing role of deviant glutamate and glutamine levels to the pathophysiology. For those disorders involving the inter-conversion of glutamine and glutamate, these deviant levels are postulated to play a pivotal pathophysiologic role. For the other IEM however-with the exception of urea cycle defects-abnormal glutamate and glutamine concentrations were rarely reported. To create insight into the clinical consequences of disturbed glutamate metabolism-rather than individual glutamate and glutamine levels-the prevalence of phenotypic abnormalities within the 17 IEM was compared to their prevalence within all Mendelian disorders and subsequently all disorders with metabolic abnormalities notated in the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) database. For this, a hierarchical database of all phenotypic abnormalities of the 17 defects in glutamate metabolism based on HPO was created. A neurologic phenotypic spectrum of developmental delay, ataxia, seizures, and hypotonia are common in the inborn errors of enzymes in glutamate metabolism. Additionally, ophthalmologic and skin abnormalities are often present, suggesting that disturbed glutamate homeostasis affects tissues of ectodermal origin: brain, eye, and skin. Reporting glutamate and glutamine concentrations in patients with inborn errors of glutamate metabolism would provide additional insight into the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Rumping
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Esmee Vringer
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Roderick H. J. Houwen
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van Hasselt
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Judith J. M. Jans
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Nanda M. Verhoeven‐Duif
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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23
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Aleshin VA, Mkrtchyan GV, Kaehne T, Graf AV, Maslova MV, Bunik VI. Diurnal regulation of the function of the rat brain glutamate dehydrogenase by acetylation and its dependence on thiamine administration. J Neurochem 2020; 153:80-102. [PMID: 31886885 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is essential for the brain function and highly regulated, according to its role in metabolism of the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Here we show a diurnal pattern of the GDH acetylation in rat brain, associated with specific regulation of GDH function. Mornings the acetylation levels of K84 (near the ADP site), K187 (near the active site), and K503 (GTP-binding) are highly correlated. Evenings the acetylation levels of K187 and K503 decrease, and the correlations disappear. These daily variations in the acetylation adjust the GDH responses to the enzyme regulators. The adjustment is changed when the acetylation of K187 and K503 shows no diurnal variations, as in the rats after a high dose of thiamine. The regulation of GDH function by acetylation is confirmed in a model system, where incubation of the rat brain GDH with acetyl-CoA changes the enzyme responses to GTP and ADP, decreasing the activity at subsaturating concentrations of substrates. Thus, the GDH acetylation may support cerebral homeostasis, stabilizing the enzyme function during diurnal oscillations of the brain metabolome. Daytime and thiamine interact upon the (de)acetylation of GDH in vitro. Evenings the acetylation of GDH from control animals increases both IC50 GTP and EC50 ADP . Mornings the acetylation of GDH from thiamine-treated animals increases the enzyme IC50 GTP . Molecular mechanisms of the GDH regulation by acetylation of specific residues are proposed. For the first time, diurnal and thiamine-dependent changes in the allosteric regulation of the brain GDH due to the enzyme acetylation are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily A Aleshin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Garik V Mkrtchyan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thilo Kaehne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia V Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational, Cognitive and Socio-humanistic Sciences and Technologies at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Maslova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria I Bunik
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Paauw ND, Stegeman R, de Vroede MAMJ, Termote JUM, Freund MW, Breur JMPJ. Neonatal cardiac hypertrophy: the role of hyperinsulinism-a review of literature. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:39-50. [PMID: 31840185 PMCID: PMC6942572 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in neonates is a rare and heterogeneous disorder which is characterized by hypertrophy of heart with histological and functional disruption of the myocardial structure/composition. The prognosis of HCM depends on the underlying diagnosis. In this review, we emphasize the importance to consider hyperinsulinism in the differential diagnosis of HCM, as hyperinsulinism is widely associated with cardiac hypertrophy (CH) which cannot be distinguished from HCM on echocardiographic examination. We supply an overview of the incidence and treatment strategies of neonatal CH in a broad spectrum of hyperinsulinemic diseases. Reviewing the literature, we found that CH is reported in 13 to 44% of infants of diabetic mothers, in approximately 40% of infants with congenital hyperinsulinism, in 61% of infants with leprechaunism and in 48 to 61% of the patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. The correct diagnosis is of importance since there is a large variation in prognoses and there are various strategies to treat CH in hyperinsulinemic diseases.Conclusion: The relationship between CH and hyperinsulism has implications for clinical practice as it might help to establish the correct diagnosis in neonates with cardiac hypertrophy which has both prognostic and therapeutic consequences. In addition, CH should be recognized as a potential comorbidity which might necessitate treatment in all neonates with known hyperinsulinism.What is Known:• Hyperinsulinism is currently not acknowledged as a cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in textbooks and recent Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry publications.What is New:• This article presents an overview of the literature of hyperinsulinism in neonates and infants showing that hyperinsulinism is associated with cardiac hypertrophy (CH) in a broad range of hyperinsulinemic diseases.• As CH cannot be distinguished from HCM on echocardiographic examination, we emphasize the importance to consider hyperinsulinism in the differential diagnosis of HCM/CH as establishing the correct diagnosis has both prognostic and therapeutic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina D. Paauw
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Obstetrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital Birth Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Stegeman
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital Birth Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique A. M. J. de Vroede
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline U. M. Termote
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital Birth Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias W. Freund
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Johannes M. P. J. Breur
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Rosenfeld E, Ganguly A, De León DD. Congenital hyperinsulinism disorders: Genetic and clinical characteristics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:682-692. [PMID: 31414570 PMCID: PMC7229866 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most frequent cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infants and children. Delays in diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment contribute to a high risk of neurocognitive impairment. HI represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells, which in utero, may result in somatic overgrowth. There are at least nine known monogenic forms of HI as well as several syndromic forms. Molecular diagnosis allows for prediction of responsiveness to medical treatment and likelihood of surgically-curable focal hyperinsulinism. Timely genetic mutation analysis has thus become standard of care. However, despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of this disorder, the number of patients without an identified genetic diagnosis remains high, suggesting that there are likely additional genetic loci that have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rosenfeld
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diva D. De León
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Nassar OM, Wong KY, Lynch GC, Smith TJ, Pettitt BM. Allosteric discrimination at the NADH/ADP regulatory site of glutamate dehydrogenase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:2080-2088. [PMID: 31610054 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a target for treating insulin-related disorders, such as hyperinsulinism hyperammonemia syndrome. Modeling native ligand binding has shown promise in designing GDH inhibitors and activators. Our computational investigation of the nicotinamide adenine diphosphate hydride (NADH)/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) site presented in this paper provides insight into the opposite allosteric effects induced at a single site of binding inhibitor NADH versus activator ADP to GDH. The computed binding free-energy difference between NADH and ADP using thermodynamic integration is -0.3 kcal/mol, which is within the -0.275 and -1.7 kcal/mol experimental binding free-energy difference range. Our simulations show an interesting model of ADP with dissimilar binding conformations at each NADH/ADP site in the GDH trimer, which explains the poorly understood strong binding but weak activation shown in experimental studies. In contrast, NADH showed similar inhibitory binding conformations at each NADH/ADP site. The structural analysis of the important residues in the NADH/ADP binding site presented in this paper may provide potential targets for mutation studies for allosteric drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omneya M Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ka-Yiu Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gillian C Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - B Montgomery Pettitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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27
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Hoffpauir ZA, Sherman E, Smith TJ. Dissecting the Antenna in Human Glutamate Dehydrogenase: Understanding Its Role in Subunit Communication and Allosteric Regulation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4195-4206. [PMID: 31577135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a homohexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate. While GDH is found in all living organisms, only that from animals is highly allosterically regulated by a wide array of metabolites. Because only animal GDH has a 50-residue antenna domain, we hypothesized that it was critical for allostery. To this end, we previously replaced the antenna with the loop found in bacteria, and the resulting chimera was no longer regulated by purine nucleotides. Hence, it seemed logical that the purpose of the antenna is to exert the subunit communication necessary for heterotrophic allosteric regulation. Here, we revisit the antenna deletion studies by retaining 10 more of the human GDH (hGDH) residues without adding the bacterial loop. Unexpectedly, the results were profoundly different than before. The basal activity of the mutant is only ∼13% of that of the wild type but ∼100 times more sensitive to all allosteric activators. In contrast, the mutant is still affected by all of the tested inhibitors to approximately the same degree. The resulting antenna-less mutant retained its negative cooperativity with respect to the coenzyme, again suggesting that intersubunit communication is intact. Finally, the mutant still exhibits substrate inhibition, albeit there are differences in the details. We present a model in which the majority of the antenna is not directly involved in allosteric regulation per se but rather may be responsible for improving enzymatic efficiency by acting as a conduit for substrate binding energy between subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Hoffpauir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, Route 0645 , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Eleena Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, Route 0645 , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , 301 University Boulevard, Route 0645 , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
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28
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Mallet M, Weiss N, Thabut D, Rudler M. Why and when to measure ammonemia in cirrhosis? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2018; 42:505-511. [PMID: 29551609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia plays a key role in the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and most HE treatments are ammonia-lowering drugs. However, the usefulness of measuring ammonemia in routine practice remains controversial and not recommended systematically even when neurological symptoms are present. First, ammonemia measurement should be carefully performed in order to avoid a falsely elevated result. When performed, a normal ammonemia in a cirrhotic patient with neurological symptoms should lead to reconsider the diagnosis of HE. Indeed, literature data show that most cirrhotic patients with HE have an elevated ammonemia, which is however individually poorly correlated with the severity of symptoms. Nevertheless, elevated ammonemia seems to be a factor of bad prognosis in cirrhosis. A decrease in ammonemia after treatments is well proven but it is not determined whether it is associated with clinical efficacy. Repeated measurements could be useful in this context, especially in non-responders, to help differentiating other causes of encephalopathy, such as drug induced. In acute liver failure, the prognostic value of hyperammonemia is well described and could help an early recognition the most severe forms of this disease. We will also discuss how integrating ammonemia into the diagnostic work-up of liver failure and/or encephalopathy. Ammonemia is also essential to diagnose urea cycle disorders or drug toxicity that both need specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mallet
- Unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, & Sorbonne universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Weiss
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, France & unité de réanimation neurologique, département de neurologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, pôle des maladies du système nerveux et institut de neurosciences translationnelles, IHU-A-ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, & Sorbonne universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marika Rudler
- Unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, & Sorbonne universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infants and children. Early and appropriate recognition and treatment of hypoglycemia is vital to minimize neurocognitive impairment. RECENT FINDINGS There are at least 11 known monogenic forms of hyperinsulinism and several associated syndromes. Molecular diagnosis allows for prediction of the effectiveness of diazoxide and the likelihood of focal hyperinsulinism. Inactivating mutations in the genes encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP hyperinsulinism) account for 60% of all identifiable mutations, including 85% of diazoxide-unresponsive cases. Syndromes or disorders associated with hyperinsulinism include Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, Turner syndrome, and congenital disorders of glycosylation. Although focal hyperinsulinism can be cured by resection of the lesion, therapeutic options for nonfocal hyperinsulinism remain limited and include diazoxide, octreotide, long-acting somatostatin analogs, and near-total pancreatectomy. Although sirolimus has been reported to improve glycemic control in infants with diazoxide-unresponsive hyperinsulinism, the extent of improvement has been limited, and significant adverse events have been reported. SUMMARY Identification of the cause of congenital hyperinsulinism helps guide management decisions. Use of therapies with limited benefit and significant potential risks should be avoided.
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Mathioudakis L, Bourbouli M, Daklada E, Kargatzi S, Michaelidou K, Zaganas I. Localization of Human Glutamate Dehydrogenases Provides Insights into Their Metabolic Role and Their Involvement in Disease Processes. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:170-187. [PMID: 29943084 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. In mammals, GDH contributes to important processes such as amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, ammonia management, neurotransmitter recycling and insulin secretion. In humans, two isoforms of GDH are found, namely hGDH1 and hGDH2, with the former being ubiquitously expressed and the latter found mainly in brain, testis and kidney. These two iso-enzymes display highly divergent allosteric properties, especially concerning their basal activity, ADP activation and GTP inhibition. On the other hand, both enzymes are thought to predominantly localize in the mitochondrial matrix, even though alternative localizations have been proposed. To further study the subcellular localization of the two human iso-enzymes, we created HEK293 cell lines stably over-expressing hGDH1 and hGDH2. In these cell lines, immunofluorescence and enzymatic analyses verified the overexpression of both hGDH1 and hGDH2 iso-enzymes, whereas subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting showed their predominantly mitochondrial localization. Given that previous studies have only indirectly compared the subcellular localization of the two iso-enzymes, we co-expressed them tagged with different fluorescent dyes (green and red fluorescent protein for hGDH1 and hGDH2, respectively) and found them to co-localize. Despite the wealth of information related to the functional properties of hGDH1 and hGDH2 and the availability of the hGDH1 structure, there is still an ongoing debate concerning their metabolic role and their involvement in disease processes. Data on the localization of hGDHs, as the ones presented here, could contribute to better understanding of the function of these important human enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Mathioudakis
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elisavet Daklada
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Kargatzi
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kleita Michaelidou
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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31
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Grimaldi M, Karaca M, Latini L, Brioudes E, Schalch T, Maechler P. Identification of the molecular dysfunction caused by glutamate dehydrogenase S445L mutation responsible for hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3453-3465. [PMID: 28911206 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome gives rise to unregulated protein-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells, fasting hypoglycemia and elevated plasma ammonia levels. Mutations associated with HI/HA were identified in the Glud1 gene, encoding for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). We aimed at identifying the molecular causes of dysregulation in insulin secretion and ammonia production conferred by the most frequent HI/HA mutation Ser445Leu. Following transduction with adenoviruses carrying the human GDH-wild type or GDH-S445L-mutant gene, immunoblotting showed efficient expression of the transgenes in all the investigated cell types. Enzymatic activity tested in INS-1E beta-cells revealed that the mutant was much more sensitive to the allosteric activator ADP, rendering it highly responsive to substrates. INS-1E cells expressing either the wild type or mutant GDH responded similarly to glucose stimulation regarding mitochondrial activation and insulin secretion. However, at basal glucose glutamine stimulation increased mitochondrial activity and insulin release only in the mutant cells. In mouse and human islets, expression of mutant GDH resulted in robust elevation of insulin secretion upon glutamine stimulation, not observed in control islets. Hepatocytes expressing either the wild type or mutant GDH produced similar levels of ammonia when exposed to glutamine, although alanine response was strongly elevated with the mutant form. In conclusion, the GDH-S445L mutation confers hyperactivity to this enzyme due to higher sensitivity to ADP allosteric activation. This renders beta-cells responsive to amino acid stimulation, explaining protein-induced hypoglycemia secondary to non-physiological insulin release. Hepatocytes carrying mutant GDH produced more ammonia upon alanine exposure, which underscores hyperammonemia developed by the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Grimaldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melis Karaca
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Livia Latini
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Brioudes
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schalch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), Sciences III, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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Su C, Liang XJ, Li WJ, Wu D, Liu M, Cao BY, Chen JJ, Qin M, Meng X, Gong CX. Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Gene Defects in 26 Chinese Congenital Hyperinsulinemia Patients. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:2802540. [PMID: 30306091 PMCID: PMC6165593 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2802540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the genotype and phenotype of Chinese patients with congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) caused by activating mutations in GLUD1, the gene that encodes mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). METHODS The clinical data of glutamate dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism (GDH-HI) patients were reviewed, and gene mutations were confirmed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger DNA sequencing. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with GDH-HI heterozygous missense mutations were identified from 240 patients diagnosed as congenital hyperinsulinism over past 15 years. The median age at onset was 8 months (range: 1 day of life to 3 years). Seizure disorder was common in our cohort of patients (23/26). Four patients had normal serum ammonia levels; the median serum concentration was 101 μmol/L (range: 37-190 μmol/L). Hypoglycemic symptoms could be triggered by fasting or protein meals in all patients while blood glucose could be well controlled in all patients with diazoxide. Dosage of diazoxide could be reduced by protein restriction. Attempts to lower ammonia levels failed with different therapies such as protein restriction, benzoate, or N-carbamoyl glutamate. In follow-up, 15 of 26 patients had normal intelligence. Eleven patients developed epilepsy at the age of 6 months to 11 years. De novo mutations in GLUD1 were found in 24 cases, and dominant inheritance was observed in the other two; all were heterozygous. A total of 35% (9/26) patients carried c.1493C>T (p.S445L) mutation. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic heterogeneity of GDH-HI patients was observed within the Chinese cohort in the present study. The fact that most patients had a GLUD1 p. S445L mutation implies that this site could be a hotspot in Chinese patients. A high frequency of GDH-HI with normal ammonia has been reported in this study. Hence, GLUD1 mutational analysis may be an important method to differential diagnosis of GDH-HI from other diazoxide-responsive CHI in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xue-Jun Liang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Bing-Yan Cao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Miao Qin
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xi Meng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chun-Xiu Gong
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
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Successful treatment of a newborn with congenital hyperinsulinism having a novel heterozygous mutation in the ABCC8 gene using subtotal pancreatectomy. Tzu Chi Med J 2017; 28:162-165. [PMID: 28757749 PMCID: PMC5442909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in newborns and infants. CHI is characterized by unregulated secretion of insulin from pancreatic β: cells. Here, we reported the case of a large-for-gestational-age, full-term newborn that suffered from CHI and developed severe and persistent hypoglycemia at an early stage of life. The infant was nearly unresponsive to medical treatment, which included continuous intravenous glucagon infusion, oral diazoxide, and nifedipine. After medical treatment had failed, an 18-fluoro L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography scan of the patient showed a focal lesion at the neck of the pancreas. The patient received subtotal pancreatectomy, and shortly after the procedure, the patient's blood sugar returned to the normal range. The patient was confirmed to have a novel heterozygous mutation at position c.2475+1G>A of the ABCC8 gene. This is the first report of a focal form of CHI in a patient in Taiwan, which had preoperatively been confirmed using 18-fluoro L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography.
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Shi D, Zhao G, Ah Mew N, Tuchman M. Precision medicine in rare disease: Mechanisms of disparate effects of N-carbamyl-l-glutamate on mutant CPS1 enzymes. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:198-206. [PMID: 28007335 PMCID: PMC5346444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study documents the disparate therapeutic effect of N-carbamyl-l-glutamate (NCG) in the activation of two different disease-causing mutants of carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1). We investigated the effects of NCG on purified recombinant wild-type (WT) mouse CPS1 and its human corresponding E1034G (increased ureagenesis on NCG) and M792I (decreased ureagenesis on NCG) mutants. NCG activates WT CPS1 sub-optimally compared to NAG. Similar to NAG, NCG, in combination with MgATP, stabilizes the enzyme, but competes with NAG binding to the enzyme. NCG supplementation activates available E1034G mutant CPS1 molecules not bound to NAG enhancing ureagenesis. Conversely, NCG competes with NAG binding to the scarce M792I mutant enzyme further decreasing residual ureagenesis. These results correlate with the respective patient's response to NCG. Particular caution should be taken in the administration of NCG to patients with hyperammonemia before their molecular bases of their urea cycle disorders is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Shi
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Gengxiang Zhao
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nicholas Ah Mew
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Mendel Tuchman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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35
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Molven A, Hollister-Lock J, Hu J, Martinez R, Njølstad PR, Liew CW, Weir G, Kulkarni RN. The Hypoglycemic Phenotype Is Islet Cell-Autonomous in Short-Chain Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1672-8. [PMID: 26953163 PMCID: PMC4878426 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy (CHI) can be caused by inactivating mutations in the gene encoding short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation. The hypersecretion of insulin may be explained by a loss of interaction between SCHAD and glutamate dehydrogenase in the pancreatic β-cells. However, there is also a general accumulation of metabolites specific for the enzymatic defect in affected individuals. It remains to be explored whether hypoglycemia in SCHAD CHI can be uncoupled from the systemic effect on fatty acid oxidation. We therefore transplanted islets from global SCHAD knockout (SCHADKO) mice into mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. After transplantation, SCHADKO islet recipients exhibited significantly lower random and fasting blood glucose compared with mice transplanted with normal islets or nondiabetic, nontransplanted controls. Furthermore, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was improved in animals receiving SCHADKO islets compared with those receiving normal islets. Graft β-cell proliferation and apoptosis rates were similar in the two transplantation groups. We conclude that hypoglycemia in SCHAD-CHI is islet cell-autonomous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Molven
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachael Martinez
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Gordon Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
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36
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Sarajlija A, Milenkovic T, Djordjevic M, Mitrovic K, Todorovic S, Kecman B, Hussain K. Early Presentation of Hyperinsulinism/Hyperammonemia Syndrome in Three Serbian Patients. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:228-31. [PMID: 26759084 PMCID: PMC5096481 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is considered as the second most common type of hereditary HI. Correlation of genotype and phenotype in HI/HA syndrome has been described in several studies. We present three Serbian patients with HI/HA syndrome with emphasis on a possible correlation between genotype and clinical manifestations. Patient 1 was heterozygous for a de novo mutation p.S445L in the GLUD1 gene, while patients 2 and 3 (son and mother) both carry the p.R221C mutation. Early onset of hypoglycaemia with generalized seizures was recorded in infancy in all three patients. The two male patients had mild developmental delay, while the female patient presented with epilepsy. Analysis of Serbian patients with HI/HA syndrome confirms the association of p.S445L and p.R221C mutations with hypoglycaemic seizures noted within the first three months of life and with subsequent risk for cognitive impairment and/or epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijan Sarajlija
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic", Department of Metabolism and Clinical Genetics, Belgrade, Serbia E-mail:
| | - Tatjana Milenkovic
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Department of Endocrinology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Djordjevic
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Department of Metabolism and Clinical Genetics, Belgrade, Serbia
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University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mitrovic
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Department of Endocrinology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjana Todorovic
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Department of Endocrinology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bozica Kecman
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Department of Metabolism and Clinical Genetics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, London, United Kingdom
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University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Abstract
Vitamin-dependent epilepsies and multiple metabolic epilepsies are amenable to treatment that markedly improves the disease course. Knowledge of these amenably treatable severe pediatric epilepsies allows for early identification, testing, and treatment. These disorders present with various phenotypes, including early onset epileptic encephalopathy (refractory neonatal seizures, early myoclonic encephalopathy, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy), infantile spasms, or mixed generalized seizure types in infancy, childhood, or even adolescence and adulthood. The disorders are presented as vitamin responsive epilepsies such as pyridoxine, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, folinic acid, and biotin; transportopathies like GLUT-1, cerebral folate deficiency, and biotin thiamine responsive disorder; amino and organic acidopathies including serine synthesis defects, creatine synthesis disorders, molybdenum cofactor deficiency, and cobalamin deficiencies; mitochondrial disorders; urea cycle disorders; neurotransmitter defects; and disorders of glucose homeostasis. In each case, targeted intervention directed toward the underlying metabolic pathophysiology affords for the opportunity to significantly effect the outcome and prognosis of an otherwise severe pediatric epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Hussain J, Schlachterman A, Kamel A, Gupte A. Hyperinsulinism Hyperammonemia Syndrome, a Rare Clinical Constellation. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2016; 4:2324709616632552. [PMID: 26962538 PMCID: PMC4765817 DOI: 10.1177/2324709616632552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the unique case of adult hyperinsulinism hyperammonemia syndrome (HI/HA). This condition is rarely seen in children and even more infrequently in adults. A 27-year-old female with HI/HA, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, staring spells, and gastroesophageal reflux disease presented with diffuse abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, confusion, and sweating. She reported a history of significant nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which had been present intermittently over the past year. On examination, she was found to have a soft, nontender, and mildly distended abdomen without splenomegaly or masses. She had a normal blood pressure and was tachycardic (130 bpm). Her initial complete blood count and basic metabolic panel, excluding glucose, were within normal limits. She was found to have an elevated peripherally drawn venous ammonia (171 mmol/L) and near hypoglycemia (blood glucose 61 mg/dL), which were drawn given her history of HI/HA. She was continued on home carglumic acid and diazoxide, glucose was supplemented intravenously, and she was started on levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis. An upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]) was performed and was unremarkable, and biopsies taken were within normal limits. Following the EGD, she underwent a gastric emptying study that showed delayed emptying (216 minutes), consistent with a new diagnosis of gastroparesis, the likely etiology of her initial abdominal pain on presentation. This was subsequently treated with azithromycin oral solution. We present this case to raise awareness of this rarely encountered syndrome and to provide the basic principles of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir Kamel
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Biomarkers of Insulin for the Diagnosis of Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia in Infants and Children. J Pediatr 2016; 168:212-219. [PMID: 26490124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate thresholds of various biomarkers for defining excess insulin activity to recognize congenital hyperinsulinism. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective chart review of diagnostic fasting tests in children with ketotic hypoglycemia (n = 30) and genetically/pathology confirmed congenital hyperinsulinism (n = 28). Sensitivity and specificity for congenital hyperinsulinism were determined for plasma insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids (FFA), C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and the glycemic response to glucagon (through the glucagon stimulation test [GST]) at the time of hypoglycemia. RESULTS Only 23 of the 28 subjects with congenital hyperinsulinism had detectable insulin (median, 6.7 μIU/mL), and insulin was undetectable in all subjects with ketotic hypoglycemia. Compared with ketotic hypoglycemia, subjects with congenital hyperinsulinism had higher GST values (57 vs 13 mg/dL; ΔGST ≥30 mg/dL in 24 of 27 subjects with congenital hyperinsulinism vs 0 of 30 subjects with ketotic hypoglycemia) and C-peptide levels (1.55 vs 0.11 ng/mL), with lower levels of FFA (0.82 vs 2.51 mM) and IGFBP-1 (59.5 vs 634 ng/mL). At the time of hypoglycemia, the upper limits of β-hydroxybutyrate and FFA in subjects with congenital hyperinsulinism were higher than reported previously (β-hydroxybutyrate <1.8 mM and FFA <1.7 mM), providing the best sensitivity for congenital hyperinsulinism vs ketotic hypoglycemia. A C-peptide level ≥0.5 ng/mL was 89% sensitive and 100% specific, and an IGFBP-1 level ≤110 ng/mL was 85% sensitive and 96.6% specific. CONCLUSION Because low or undetectable insulin level during hypoglycemia does not exclude the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism, C-peptide and IGFBP-1 may inform the diagnosis of congenital hyperinsulinism. In this group of children with well-defined congenital hyperinsulinism, thresholds for "suppressed" β-hydroxybutyrate and FFA are higher than previously reported levels.
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40
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Abstract
In hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) there is dysregulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Insulin secretion becomes inappropriate for the level of blood glucose leading to severe hypoglycemia. HH is associated with a high risk of brain injury because insulin inhibits lipolysis and ketogenesis thus preventing the generation of alternative brain substrates (such as ketone bodies). Hence HH must be diagnosed as soon as possible and the management instituted appropriately to prevent brain damage. This article reviews the mechanisms of glucose physiology in the newborn, the mechanisms of insulin secretion, the etiologic types of HH, and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Güemes
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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41
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Jia G, Sowers JR. Interaction of islet α-cell and β-cell in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in HI/HA syndrome patients with the GDH(H454Y) mutation. Diabetes 2014; 63:4008-10. [PMID: 25414017 PMCID: PMC4237997 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - James R Sowers
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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42
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Abstract
Human adults produce around 1000 mmol of ammonia daily. Some is reutilized in biosynthesis. The remainder is waste and neurotoxic. Eventually most is excreted in urine as urea, together with ammonia used as a buffer. In extrahepatic tissues, ammonia is incorporated into nontoxic glutamine and released into blood. Large amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and small intestine. In the intestine, this yields ammonia, which is sequestered in portal blood and transported to the liver for ureagenesis, and citrulline, which is converted to arginine by the kidneys. The amazing developments in NMR imaging and spectroscopy and molecular biology have confirmed concepts derived from early studies in animals and cell cultures. The processes involved are exquisitely tuned. When they are faulty, ammonia accumulates. Severe acute hyperammonemia causes a rapidly progressive, often fatal, encephalopathy with brain edema. Chronic milder hyperammonemia causes a neuropsychiatric illness. Survivors of severe neonatal hyperammonemia have structural brain damage. Proposed explanations for brain edema are an increase in astrocyte osmolality, generally attributed to glutamine accumulation, and cytotoxic oxidative/nitrosative damage. However, ammonia neurotoxicity is multifactorial, with disturbances also in neurotransmitters, energy production, anaplerosis, cerebral blood flow, potassium, and sodium. Around 90% of hyperammonemic patients have liver disease. Inherited defects are rare. They are being recognized increasingly in adults. Deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, citrin, and pyruvate carboxylase demonstrate the roles of isolated pathways in ammonia metabolism. Phenylbutyrate is used routinely to treat inherited urea cycle disorders, and its use for hepatic encephalopathy is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Walker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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43
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Demirbilek H, Arya VB, Ozbek MN, Akinci A, Dogan M, Demirel F, Houghton J, Kaba S, Guzel F, Baran RT, Unal S, Tekkes S, Flanagan SE, Ellard S, Hussain K. Clinical characteristics and phenotype-genotype analysis in Turkish patients with congenital hyperinsulinism; predominance of recessive KATP channel mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:885-92. [PMID: 24686051 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the commonest cause of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in the neonatal, infancy and childhood periods. Its clinical presentation, histology and underlying molecular biology are extremely heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, analyse the genotype-phenotype correlations and describe the treatment outcome of Turkish CHI patients. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 35 patients with CHI were retrospectively recruited from four large paediatric endocrine centres in Turkey. Detailed clinical, biochemical and genotype information was collected. RESULTS Diazoxide unresponsiveness was observed in nearly half of the patients (n=17; 48.5%). Among diazoxide-unresponsive patients, mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 were identified in 16 (94%) patients. Among diazoxide-responsive patients (n=18), mutations were identified in two patients (11%). Genotype-phenotype correlation revealed that mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 were associated with an increased birth weight and early age of presentation. Five patients had p.L1171fs (c.3512del) ABCC8 mutations, suggestive of a founder effect. The rate of detection of a pathogenic mutation was higher in consanguineous families compared with non-consanguineous families (87.5 vs 21%; P<0.0001).Among the diazoxide-unresponsive group, ten patients were medically managed with octreotide therapy and carbohydrate-rich feeds and six patients underwent subtotal pancreatectomy. There was a high incidence of developmental delay and cerebral palsy among diazoxide-unresponsive patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to report genotype-phenotype correlations among Turkish patients with CHI. Mutations in ABCC8 and KCNJ11 are the commonest causes of CHI in Turkish patients (48.6%). There is a higher likelihood of genetic diagnosis in patients with early age of presentation, higher birth weight and from consanguineous pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Demirbilek
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Trainin
| | - Ved Bhushan Arya
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Ozbek
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Aysehan Akinci
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Murat Dogan
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demirel
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Jayne Houghton
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sultan Kaba
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Fatma Guzel
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Riza Taner Baran
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sevim Unal
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Selahattin Tekkes
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Sian Ellard
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Departments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of NeonatologyPaediatric EndocrinologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupMolecular Genetics Unit, The Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyAnkara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyChildren State Hospital, Diyarbakır, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyInönü University, Malatya, TurkeyDepartments of Paediatric EndocrinologyYüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyInstitute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UKDepartment of Medical Biology and GeneticsDicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Corrêa-Giannella ML, Freire DS, Cavaleiro AM, Fortes MAZ, Giorgi RR, Pereira MAA. Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome due to a mutation in the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 56:485-9. [PMID: 23295286 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease manifested by hypoglycemic symptoms triggered by fasting or high-protein meals, and by elevated serum ammonia. HI/HA is the second most common cause of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, and it is caused by activating mutations in GLUD1, the gene that encodes mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Biochemical evaluation, as well as direct sequencing of exons and exon-intron boundary regions of the GLUD1 gene, were performed in a 6-year old female patient presenting fasting hypoglycemia and hyperammonemia. The patient was found to be heterozygous for one de novo missense mutation (c.1491A>G; p.Il497Met) previously reported in a Japanese patient. Treatment with diazoxide 100 mg/day promoted complete resolution of the hypoglycemic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lúcia Corrêa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hiperamonemia en pacientes adultos sin cirrosis. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 141:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yu JY, Pearl PL. Metabolic causes of epileptic encephalopathy. EPILEPSY RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:124934. [PMID: 23762547 PMCID: PMC3674738 DOI: 10.1155/2013/124934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathy can be induced by inborn metabolic defects that may be rare individually but in aggregate represent a substantial clinical portion of child neurology. These may present with various epilepsy phenotypes including refractory neonatal seizures, early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, infantile spasms, and generalized epilepsies which in particular include myoclonic seizures. There are varying degrees of treatability, but the outcome if untreated can often be catastrophic. The importance of early recognition cannot be overemphasized. This paper provides an overview of inborn metabolic errors associated with persistent brain disturbances due to highly active clinical or electrographic ictal activity. Selected diseases are organized by the defective molecule or mechanism and categorized as small molecule disorders (involving amino and organic acids, fatty acids, neurotransmitters, urea cycle, vitamers and cofactors, and mitochondria) and large molecule disorders (including lysosomal storage disorders, peroxisomal disorders, glycosylation disorders, and leukodystrophies). Details including key clinical features, salient electrophysiological and neuroradiological findings, biochemical findings, and treatment options are summarized for prominent disorders in each category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Yuezhou Yu
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avnue, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Phillip L. Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avnue, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Pajęcka K, Nielsen CW, Hauge A, Zaganas I, Bak LK, Schousboe A, Plaitakis A, Waagepetersen HS. Glutamate dehydrogenase isoforms with N-terminal (His)6- or FLAG-tag retain their kinetic properties and cellular localization. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:487-99. [PMID: 23619558 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a crucial enzyme on the crossroads of amino acid and energy metabolism and it is operating in all domains of life. According to current knowledge GDH is present only in one functional isoform in most animals, including mice. In addition to this housekeeping enzyme (hGDH1 in humans), humans and apes have acquired a second isoform (hGDH2) with a distinct tissue expression profile. In the current study we have cloned both mouse and human GDH constructs containing FLAG and (His)6 small genetically-encoded tags, respectively. The hGDH1 and hGDH2 constructs containing N-terminal (His)6 tags were successfully expressed in Sf9 cells and the recombinant proteins were isolated to ≥95 % purity in a two-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation and Ni(2+)-based immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. To explore whether the presence of the FLAG and (His)6 tags affects the cellular localization and functionality of the GDH isoforms, we studied the subcellular distribution of the expressed enzymes as well as their regulation by adenosine diphosphate monopotassium salt (ADP) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt (GTP). Through immunoblot analysis of the mitochondrial and cytosolic fraction of the HEK cells expressing the recombinant proteins we found that neither FLAG nor (His)6 tag disturbs the mitochondrial localization of GDH. The addition of the small tags to the N-terminus of the mature mitochondrial mouse GDH1 or human hGDH1 and hGDH2 did not change the ADP activation or GTP inhibition pattern of the proteins as compared to their untagged counterparts. However, the addition of FLAG tag to the C-terminus of the mouse GDH left the recombinant protein fivefold less sensitive to ADP activation. This finding highlights the necessity of the functional characterization of recombinant proteins containing even the smallest available tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Pajęcka
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Intertissue Differences for the Role of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:516-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lord K, De León DD. Monogenic hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: current insights into the pathogenesis and management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:3. [PMID: 23384201 PMCID: PMC3573904 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinism (HI) is the leading cause of persistent hypoglycemia in children, which if unrecognized may lead to development delays and permanent neurologic damage. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment of HI are essential to avoid these sequelae. Major advances have been made over the past two decades in understanding the molecular basis of hyperinsulinism and mutations in nine genes are currently known to cause HI. Inactivating KATP channel mutations cause the most common and severe type of HI, which occurs in both a focal and a diffuse form. Activating mutations of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) lead to hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome, while activating mutations of glucokinase (GK), the “glucose sensor” of the beta cell, causes hyperinsulinism with a variable clinical phenotype. More recently identified genetic causes include mutations in the genes encoding short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA (SCHAD), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF-4α), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF-1α), and monocarboyxlate transporter 1 (MCT-1), which results in a very rare form of HI triggered by exercise. For a timely diagnosis, a critical sample and a glucagon stimulation test should be done when plasma glucose is < 50 mg/dL. A failure to respond to a trial of diazoxide, a KATP channel agonist, suggests a KATP defect, which frequently requires pancreatectomy. Surgery is palliative for children with diffuse KATPHI, but children with focal KATPHI are cured with a limited pancreatectomy. Therefore, distinguishing between diffuse and focal disease and localizing the focal lesion in the pancreas are crucial aspects of HI management. Since 2003, 18 F-DOPA PET scans have been used to differentiate diffuse and focal disease and localize focal lesions with higher sensitivity and specificity than more invasive interventional radiology techniques. Hyperinsulinism remains a challenging disorder, but recent advances in the understanding of its genetic basis and breakthroughs in management should lead to improved outcomes for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lord
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center Room 802A, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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