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Kilian S, Pawęska K, Bawiec A. Evaluation of post-treatment after wastewater stabilization ponds at municipal wastewater treatment plant. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22257. [PMID: 39333231 PMCID: PMC11437007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the operational conditions of the municipal wastewater treatment system. This system comprises a wastewater treatment plant that employs the activated sludge process, along with wastewater stabilization ponds as the third stage of treatment. The operating conditions of the wastewater stabilization ponds were observed during both normal operation and malfunction scenarios. The average values of the pollutant parameters at the inlet and outlet of the ponds did not differ significantly. However, an increase in the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and phosphates was observed at the ponds' outlet. Specifically, the TOC increased from 2.25 mg/dm3 (inlet) to 5.02 mg/dm3 (outlet), while phosphates rose from 0.34 mg/dm3 (inlet) to 3.02 mg/dm3 (outlet). The analyzed pollutants in the wastewater stabilization ponds samples were characterized by seasonal variability, particularly concerning TOC, dissolved oxygen, ammonium nitrogen, and phosphates. During malfunctions, the highest pollutant load (including activated sludge and precipitated phosphorus) was delivered to the first wastewater stabilization pond, inducing the phenomenon of internal loading, leading to increase in phosphates concentrations. To mitigate such issues, the main force should be focused on the proper operation of the wastewater stabilization ponds and wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kilian
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawęska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Bawiec
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Butterworth S, Fallowfield H. Comparison of the wastewater treatment performance of continuously and discontinuously mixed high-rate algal ponds at Kingston on Murray. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:505-512. [PMID: 38358485 PMCID: wst_2024_020 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
High-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) incorporate shallow raceway designs and paddlewheel mixing. HRAPs use UV disinfection and the symbiotic environment between microalgal photosynthesis and heterotrophic bacteria for the assimilation of nutrients for efficient wastewater treatment. Mixing of a HRAP provides a homogenous environment and influences both the disinfection of pathogens and algal growth by exposing the wastewater to sunlight. Guidelines require continuous mixing of the HRAP. This study aimed to determine the effect of cessation of mixing for 10 days, on wastewater treatment by comparison with a continuously mixed pond operated over the same period. The period of 10 days was equivalent to the HRAP hydraulic retention time. Samples of inlet and HRAP-treated wastewater were collected from the HRAP at Kingston on Murray. Parameters measured were Escherichia coli, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids (TSS), NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4-P and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The discontinuously mixed and the continuously mixed HRAPs complied with the wastewater effluent guidelines, of an E. coli concentration ≤104 MPN100 mL-1 and a BOD5 of <20 mg L-1. An E. coli log reduction value of >1 was also recorded. This study shows that cessation of mixing for 10 days had no significant effect on HRAP wastewater treatment performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Butterworth
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia E-mail:
| | - Howard Fallowfield
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
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3
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Carbone DA, Melkonian M. Potential of Porous Substrate Bioreactors for Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater Using Microalgae. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1173. [PMID: 37892903 PMCID: PMC10604345 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous substrate bioreactors (PSBRs) are a new technology to grow microalgae immobilized in a dense culture and solve some problems linked to suspended cultivation. During recent years, this technology has been used in laboratory and pilot setups in different fields of environmental biotechnology, such as wastewater treatment. The aim of this short review is to introduce the PSBR technology, summarize the results obtained in removing some pollutants from wastewater, provide an assessment of the potential of PSBRs for wastewater treatment, and the subsequent use of the algal biomass for other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Allegra Carbone
- Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Stazione Zoologica “A. Dohrn”, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Integrative Bioinformatics, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Carvalho VCF, Fradinho JC, Oehmen A, Reis MAM. Long term operation of a phototrophic biological nutrient removal system: Impact of CO 2 concentration and light exposure on process performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117490. [PMID: 36801686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of non-aerated microalgae-bacterial consortia for phototrophic biological nutrient removal (photo-BNR) has emerged as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment. Photo-BNR systems are operated under transient illumination, with alternating dark-anaerobic, light-aerobic and dark-anoxic conditions. A deep understanding of the impact of operational parameters on the microbial consortium and respective nutrient removal efficiency in photo-BNR systems is required. The present study evaluates, for the first time, the long-term operation (260 days) of a photo-BNR system, fed with a COD:N:P mass ratio of 7.5:1:1, to understand its operational limitations. In particular, different CO2 concentrations in the feed (between 22 and 60 mg C/L of Na2CO3) and variations of light exposure (from 2.75 h to 5.25 h per 8 h cycle) were studied to determine their impact on key parameters, like oxygen production and availability of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), on the performance of anoxic denitrification by polyphosphate accumulating organisms. Results indicate that oxygen production was more dependent on the light availability than on the CO2 concentration. Also, under operational conditions with a COD:Na2CO3 ratio of 8.3 mg COD/mg C and an average light availability of 5.4 ± 1.3 W h/g TSS, no internal PHA limitation was observed, and 95 ± 7%, 92 ± 5% and 86 ± 5% of removal efficiency could be achieved for phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen, respectively. 81 ± 1.7% of the ammonia was assimilated into the microbial biomass and 19 ± 1.7% was nitrified, showing that biomass assimilation was the main N removal mechanism taking place in the bioreactor. Overall, the photo-BNR system presented a good settling capacity (SVI ∼60 mL/g TSS) and was able to remove 38 ± 3.3 mg P/L and 33 ± 1.7 mg N/L, highlighting its potential for achieving wastewater treatment without the need of aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C F Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - J C Fradinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - A Oehmen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - M A M Reis
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Appraising efficacy of existing and advanced technologies for the remediation of beta-blockers from wastewater: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25427-25451. [PMID: 35094282 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of emerging pollutants, such as beta-blockers (BB), has been recognized as one of the major threats to the environment due to the ecotoxicity associated with these emerging pollutants. The BB are prescribed to treat high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases; however, even at lower concentration, these pollutants can pose eco-toxic impacts towards aquatic organisms. Additionally, owing to their recalcitrant nature, BB are not effectively removed through conventional technologies, such as activated sludge process, trickling filter and moving bed bioreactor; thus, it is essential to understand the degradation mechanism of BB in established as well as embryonic technologies, like adsorption, electro-oxidation, Fenton process, ultraviolet-based advance oxidation process, ozonation, membrane systems, wetlands and algal treatment. In this regard, this review articulates the recalcitrant nature of BB and their associated removal technologies. Moreover, the major advantages and limitations of these BB removal technologies along with the recent advancements with regard to the application of innovative materials and strategies have also been elucidated. Therefore, the present review intends to aid the researchers in improving the BB removal efficiency of these technologies, thus alleviating the problem of the release of BB into the environment.
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Álvarez-González A, Uggetti E, Serrano L, Gorchs G, Ferrer I, Díez-Montero R. Can microalgae grown in wastewater reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116224. [PMID: 36126597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilizers are needed to cope with the growing global population and contamination due to the production and use of those inorganic compounds. The recovery of nutrients from wastewater and organic wastes is a promising option to provide fertilization in a circular economy approach. In this context, microalgae-based systems are an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment systems, reducing the treatment costs and improving the sustainability of the process, while producing nutrient-rich microalgal biomass. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the use of microalgal biomass produced during domestic wastewater treatment in high rate algal ponds as a biofertilizer in basil crops (Ocimum basilicum L.). Wastewater was successfully treated, with removal efficiencies in the secondary treatment of 69, 91 and 81% in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and phosphates (PO43-P), respectively. The microalgal biomass, composed mainly by Scenedesmus, presented the following composition: 12% of dry weight and nutrients concentration of 7.6% nitrogen (N), 1.6% phosphorus (P) and 0.9% potassium (K). The study compared the performance of 3 different fertilizers: 1) microalgae fertilizer (MF), 2) inorganic fertilizer (IF) as positive control and 3) the combination of both microalgae and inorganic fertilizer (MF + IF). Comparable plant growth (i.e., number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry weight and leaf fresh weight) was observed among treatments, except for leaf dry weight, which was significantly higher in the IF + MF and MF treatments (28 and 27%, respectively) in comparison with the control. However, the microalgae treatment provided the lowest chlorophyll, N and K leaf content. In conclusion, this study suggests that combining microalgae grown in wastewater with an inorganic fertilizer is a promising nutrients source for basil crops, enhancing the circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Álvarez-González
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lydia Serrano
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/ Esteve Terradas 8, 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Gil Gorchs
- Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, c/ Esteve Terradas 8, 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Díez-Montero
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; GIA - Group of Environmental Engineering, Department of Water and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
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7
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Mousazadeh M, Kabdaşlı I, Khademi S, Sandoval MA, Moussavi SP, Malekdar F, Gilhotra V, Hashemi M, Dehghani MH. A critical review on the existing wastewater treatment methods in the COVID-19 era: What is the potential of advanced oxidation processes in combatting viral especially SARS-CoV-2? JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2022; 49:103077. [PMID: 35990175 PMCID: PMC9381433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic has put the risk of virus contamination in water bodies on the horizon of health authorities. Hence, finding effective ways to remove the virus, especially SARS-CoV-2, from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has emerged as a hot issue in the last few years. Herein, this study first deals with the fate of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in WWTPs, then critically reviews and compares different wastewater treatment methods for combatting COVID-19 as well as to increase the water quality. This critical review sheds light the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to inactivate virus, specially SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Although several physicochemical treatment processes (e.g. activated sludge) are commonly used to eliminate pathogens, AOPs are the most versatile and effective virus inactivation methods. For instance, TiO2 is the most known and widely studied photo-catalyst innocuously utilized to degrade pollutants as well as to photo-induce bacterial and virus disinfection due to its high chemical resistance and efficient photo-activity. When ozone is dissolved in water and wastewater, it generates a wide spectrum of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are responsible to degrade materials in virus membranes resulting in destroying the cell wall. Furthermore, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes act through direct oxidation when pathogens react at the anode surface or by indirect oxidation through oxidizing species produced in the bulk solution. Consequently, they represent a feasible choice for the inactivation of a wide range of pathogens. Nonetheless, there are some challenges with AOPs which should be addressed for application at industrial-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mousazadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Işık Kabdaşlı
- İstanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazağa Campus, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sara Khademi
- Health, Safety, and Environment Specialist, North Drilling Company, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Miguel Angel Sandoval
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental, LEQMA, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Noria Alta S/N, 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Fatemeh Malekdar
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Vishakha Gilhotra
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Marjan Hashemi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Al Huraimel K, Alhosani M, Gopalani H, Kunhabdulla S, Stietiya MH. Elucidating the role of environmental management of forests, air quality, solid waste and wastewater on the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADVANCES 2022; 3:100006. [PMID: 37519421 PMCID: PMC9095661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heha.2022.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of zoonotic diseases is amongst several catastrophic repercussions of inadequate environmental management. Emergence, prevalence, and lethality of zoonotic diseases is intrinsically linked to environmental management which are currently at a destructive level globally. The effects of these links are complicated and interdependent, creating an urgent need of elucidating the role of environmental mismanagement to improve our resilience to future pandemics. This review focused on the pertinent role of forests, outdoor air, indoor air, solid waste and wastewater management in COVID-19 dissemination to analyze the opportunities prevailing to control infectious diseases considering relevant data from previous disease outbreaks. Global forest management is currently detrimental and hotspots of forest fragmentation have demonstrated to result in zoonotic disease emergences. Deforestation is reported to increase susceptibility to COVID-19 due to wildfire induced pollution and loss of forest ecosystem services. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 like viruses in multiple animal species also point to the impacts of biodiversity loss and forest fragmentation in relation to COVID-19. Available literature on air quality and COVID-19 have provided insights into the potential of air pollutants acting as plausible virus carrier and aggravating immune responses and expression of ACE2 receptors. SARS-CoV-2 is detected in outdoor air, indoor air, solid waste, wastewater and shown to prevail on solid surfaces and aerosols for prolonged hours. Furthermore, lack of protection measures and safe disposal options in waste management are evoking concerns especially in underdeveloped countries due to high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Inadequate legal framework and non-adherence to environmental regulations were observed to aggravate the postulated risks and vulnerability to future waves of pandemics. Our understanding underlines the urgent need to reinforce the fragile status of global environmental management systems through the development of strict legislative frameworks and enforcement by providing institutional, financial and technical supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al Huraimel
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company - Bee'ah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Alhosani
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company - Bee'ah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hetasha Gopalani
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company - Bee'ah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabana Kunhabdulla
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company - Bee'ah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Hashem Stietiya
- Division of Consultancy, Research & Innovation (CRI), Sharjah Environment Company - Bee'ah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Oruganti RK, Katam K, Show PL, Gadhamshetty V, Upadhyayula VKK, Bhattacharyya D. A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10412-10453. [PMID: 35441582 PMCID: PMC9161886 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of water resources and environmental pollution have highlighted the need for sustainable wastewater treatment. Existing conventional treatment systems are energy-intensive and not always able to meet stringent disposal standards. Recently, algal-bacterial systems have emerged as environmentally friendly sustainable processes for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. The algal-bacterial systems work on the principle of the symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria. This paper comprehensively discusses the most recent studies on algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment, factors affecting the treatment, and aspects of resource recovery from the biomass. The algal-bacterial interaction includes cell-to-cell communication, substrate exchange, and horizontal gene transfer. The quorum sensing (QS) molecules and their effects on algal-bacterial interactions are briefly discussed. The effect of the factors such as pH, temperature, C/N/P ratio, light intensity, and external aeration on the algal-bacterial systems have been discussed. An overview of the modeling aspects of algal-bacterial systems has been provided. The algal-bacterial systems have the potential for removing micropollutants because of the diverse possible interactions between algae-bacteria. The removal mechanisms of micropollutants - sorption, biodegradation, and photodegradation, have been reviewed. The harvesting methods and resource recovery aspects have been presented. The major challenges associated with algal-bacterial systems for real scale implementation and future perspectives have been discussed. Integrating wastewater treatment with the algal biorefinery concept reduces the overall waste component in a wastewater treatment system by converting the biomass into a useful product, resulting in a sustainable system that contributes to the circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Oruganti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India
| | - Keerthi Katam
- Department of Civil Engineering, École Centrale School of Engineering, Mahindra University, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid, South Dakota, USA
| | | | - Debraj Bhattacharyya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India
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A Review on the Reliability and the Readiness Level of Microalgae-Based Nutrient Recovery Technologies for Secondary Treated Effluent in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae-based wastewater treatment technologies are promising green technologies with huge economical potential and environmental co-benefits. However, despite the immense research, work, and achievement, no publications were found wherein these technologies have been successfully applied in an operational environment for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of secondary treated effluent in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Based on a literature review and targeted comprehensive analysis, the paper seeks to identify the main reasons for this. The reliability (considering inlet wastewater quality variations, operating conditions and process control, algae harvesting method, and produced biomass) as well as the technology readiness level for five types of reactors are discussed. The review shows that the reactors with a higher level of control over the technological parameters are more reliable but algal post-treatment harvesting and additional costs are barriers for their deployment. The least reliable systems continue to be attractive for research due to the non-complex operation and relieved expenditure costs. The rotating biofilm systems are currently undertaking serious development due to their promising features. Among the remaining research gaps and challenges for all the reactor types are the identification of the optimal algal strains, establishment of technological parameters, overcoming seasonal variations in the effluent’s quality, and biomass harvesting.
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11
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Mathew MM, Khatana K, Vats V, Dhanker R, Kumar R, Dahms HU, Hwang JS. Biological Approaches Integrating Algae and Bacteria for the Degradation of Wastewater Contaminants-A Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:801051. [PMID: 35185825 PMCID: PMC8850834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.801051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional approach for biodegradation of organic matter in sewage treatment used a consortium of bacterial spp. that produce untreated or partially treated inorganic contaminants resulting in large amounts of poor-quality sludge. The aeration process of activated sludge treatment requires high energy. So, a sustainable technique for sewage treatment that could produce less amount of sludge and less energy demanding is required for various developed and developing countries. This led to research into using microalgae for wastewater treatment as they reduce concentrations of nutrients like inorganic nitrates and phosphates from the sewage water, hence reducing the associated chemical oxygen demand (COD). The presence of microalgae removes nutrient concentration in water resulting in reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and toxic heavy metals like Al, Ni, and Cu. Their growth also offers opportunity to produce biofuels and bioproducts from algal biomass. To optimize use of microalgae, technologies like high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have been developed, that typically use 22% of the electricity used in Sequencing Batch Reactors for activated sludge treatment with added economic and environmental benefits like reduced comparative operation cost per cubic meter, mitigate global warming, and eutrophication potentials. The addition of suitable bacterial species may further enhance the treatment potential in the wastewater medium as the inorganic nutrients are assimilated into the algal biomass, while the organic nutrients are utilized by bacteria. Further, the mutual exchange of CO2 and O2 between the algae and the bacteria helps in enhancing the photosynthetic activity of algae and oxidation by bacteria leading to a higher overall nutrient removal efficiency. Even negative interactions between algae and bacteria mediated by various secondary metabolites (phycotoxins) have proven beneficial as it controls the algal bloom in the eutrophic water bodies. Herein, we attempt to review various opportunities and limitations of using a combination of microalgae and bacteria in wastewater treatment method toward cost effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable method of sewage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merwin Mammen Mathew
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
| | - Kanchan Khatana
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
| | - Vaidehi Vats
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
| | - Raunak Dhanker
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Ecosystem Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Fatehpur, India
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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12
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Ji B. Towards environment-sustainable wastewater treatment and reclamation by the non-aerated microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process: Recent advances and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150707. [PMID: 34599950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, we are increasingly aware of the environmental unsustainability of the conventional wastewater treatment processes, e.g. extensive energy consumption and greenhouse gases emission. As such, the light-motivated non-aerated microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process has drawn extensive attention recently. This review aims to offer the important recent advances and future directions on the emerging non-aerated MBGS process for wastewater treatment and reclamation. The formation mechanism of MBGS from activated sludge is revealed to be the mobility under environmental stress such as shear force and nutrient deficiency. The key environmental factors affecting the non-aerated MBGS process are analyzed in terms with light, temperature, stirring and influent composition. Furthermore, sceneries of future outdoor processes by non-aerated MBGS are outlined. In turns out that the non-aerated MBGS offers a harmonious ecosystem to enrich the pollutants from wastewater to biomass, which can be potentially utilized as biofertilizer and feed for plant and animal, respectively. This review is expected to deepen our insights into the emerging non-aerated MBGS process for environment-sustainable wastewater treatment and reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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13
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Molina-Grima E, García-Camacho F, Acién-Fernández FG, Sánchez-Mirón A, Plouviez M, Shene C, Chisti Y. Pathogens and predators impacting commercial production of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107884. [PMID: 34896169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of phytoplankton (microalgae and cyanobacteria) in commercial raceway ponds and other systems is adversely impacted by phytoplankton pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. In addition, cultures are susceptible to productivity loss, or crash, through grazing by contaminating zooplankton such as protozoa, rotifers and copepods. Productivity loss and product contamination are also caused by otherwise innocuous invading phytoplankton that consume resources in competition with the species being cultured. This review is focused on phytoplankton competitors, pathogens and grazers of significance in commercial culture of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Detection and identification of these biological contaminants are discussed. Operational protocols for minimizing contamination, and methods of managing it, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Molina-Grima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maxence Plouviez
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carolina Shene
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Dayana Priyadharshini S, Suresh Babu P, Manikandan S, Subbaiya R, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N. Phycoremediation of wastewater for pollutant removal: A green approach to environmental protection and long-term remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117989. [PMID: 34433126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface and water bodies in many parts of the world are affected due to eutrophication, contamination and depletion. The approach of wastewater treatment using algae for eliminating nutrients and other pollutants from domestic wastewater is growing interest among the researchers. However, sustainable treatment of the wastewater is considered to be important in establishing more effective nutrient and pollutant reduction using algal systems. In comparison to the conventional method of remediation, there are opportunities to commercially viable businesses interest with phycoremediation, thus by achieving cost reductions and renewable bioenergy options. Phycoremediation is an intriguing stage for treating wastewater since it provides tertiary bio-treatment while producing potentially valuable biomass that may be used for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the phycoremediation provides the ability to remove heavy metals as well as harmful organic substances, without producing secondary contamination. In this review, the role of microalgae in treating different wastewaters and the process parameters affecting the treatment and future scope of research have been discussed. Though several algae are employed for wastewater treatment, species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus are extensively utilized. Interestingly, there is a vast scope for employing algal species with high flocculation capacity and adsorption mechanisms for the elimination of microplastics. In addition, the algal biomass generated during phycoremediation has been found to possess high protein and lipid contents, promising their exploitation in biofuel, food and animal feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Suresh Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sivasubramanian Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Pathogens Removal in a Sustainable and Economic High-Rate Algal Pond Wastewater Treatment System. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the efficiency of a sustainable technology represented in an integrated pilot-scale system, which includes a facultative pond (FP), a high-rate algal pond (HRAP), and a rock filter (RF) for wastewater treatment to produce water that complies with the Egyptian standards for treated wastewater reuse. Still, limited data are available on pathogen removal through HRAP systems. Thus, in this study, the performance of the integrated system was investigated for the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli), coliform bacteria, eukaryotic pathogens (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and helminth ova), somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), and human adenovirus (HAdV). Furthermore, physicochemical parameters were determined in order to evaluate the performance of the integrated system. The principal component analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed a strong significant effect of the integrated system on changing the physicochemical and microbial parameters from inlet to outlet. The mean log10 removal values for total coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli were 5.67, 5.62, and 5.69, respectively, while 0.88 log10 and 1.65 log10 reductions were observed for HAdV and SOMCPH, respectively. The mean removal of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis was 0.52 and 2.42 log10, respectively. The integrated system achieved 100% removal of helminth ova. The results demonstrated that the system was able to improve the chemical and microbial characteristics of the outlet to acceptable levels for non-food crops irrigation. Such findings together with low operation and construction costs of HRAPs should facilitate wider implementation of these nature-based systems in remote and rural communities. Overall, this study provides a novel insight into the performance of such systems to eliminate multiple microbial pathogens from wastewater.
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16
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Autoflocculation of microalgae, via magnesium hydroxide precipitation, in a high rate algal pond treating municipal wastewater in the South Australian Riverland. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Couto E, Calijuri ML, Assemany P, Cecon PR. Evaluation of high rate ponds operational and design strategies for algal biomass production and domestic wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148362. [PMID: 34412414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of high rate ponds (HRPs) depth on algal biomass production during domestic wastewater treatment. HRPs were evaluated for 20, 30, and 40 cm depths, with and without CO2 supplementation. In addition, 40 cm deep HRP with ultraviolet (UV) pre-disinfection was evaluated. The concentration of chlorophyll-a as a function of time for each evaluated condition was represented by logistic models that were after submitted to cluster analysis. The 20 cm HRPs presented higher chlorophyll-a concentration, reaching a maximum of 5.8 and 4.3 mg L-1, in the HRPs with and without CO2 addition, respectively. Ammonia nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were greater removed in shallower HRPs. The addition of CO2 influenced the nutrient removal processes, optimizing nutrient recovery by biomass assimilation. HRP configuration did not influence organic matter removal (~40% of removal efficiency in all HRPs), predominant microalgae genera (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus), and E. coli inactivation (removal of ~2 log units), except for the 20 cm HRP without CO2 that had removal of 4 log units due to high pH values. For HRPs with CO2 addition and UV pre-disinfection, the models for 40 cm were grouped together with those obtained for 30 cm HRPs, indicating the same behavior for chlorophyll-a production as a function of time. Thus, it can be concluded that the evaluated strategies represent alternatives for reducing HRP area requirements. Moreover, results may represent advancement and major contributions for HRP design criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Couto
- Federal University of Itajubá, Campus Itabira (Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Campus Itabira/Unifei), Institute of Applied and Pure Sciences, Rua Irmã Ivone Drumond, 200, 35903-087 Itabira, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Group - nPA, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Assemany
- Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA), Department of Environmental Engineering, Campus Universitário, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Cecon
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Statistics, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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18
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Ociński D, Augustynowicz J, Wołowski K, Mazur P, Sitek E, Raczyk J. Natural community of macroalgae from chromium-contaminated site for effective remediation of Cr(VI)-containing leachates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147501. [PMID: 33975106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural macroalgal community, which developed in the unique and extremely Cr(VI)-polluted aquatic reservoir situated near a historical chromium-waste landfill, was studied in order to recognize the main mechanisms of Cr(VI) detoxification by the algal species. The conducted taxonomic analysis revealed mixed composition of the filamentous forms of algae and showed that three species of Tribonema, namely T. vulgare, T. microchloron and T. viride, which have not been studied before with regard to the mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal, are likely responsible for the effective bioremediation of this highly Cr(VI)-polluted habitat. The studied algal community, with the ability to grow in extremely high concentrations of Cr(VI), i.e. up to ca. 6150 times the upper limit for surface water, exhibited hyperaccumulative properties for chromium (max 16230 mg/kg dry weight) under the given environmental conditions. We found that the main mechanism of Cr(VI) detoxification was reduction followed by Cr(III) biosorption - feasibly by ion exchange and complexation mechanisms - and that the excellent efficiency of chromium reduction under the given, unfavorable weakly alkaline conditions indicates the biological origin of this process. It was concluded that the examined reservoir inhabited by the algal community can be used, after some modifications, as a simple cost-effective "bioreactor" allowing the reduction of chromium concentration to the desired level. Moreover, the conducted studies are also essential to obtain in-depth knowledge and should also be helpful in the relevance of the community for its further application as a potential biosorbent of Cr(VI) on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ociński
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, ul. Komandorska 118/120, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joanna Augustynowicz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Wołowski
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Mazur
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Max Born Sq., 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Sitek
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Raczyk
- Department of Physical Geography, University of Wrocław, ul. W. Cybulskiego 34, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Kuzniewski S. Prevalence, environmental fate, treatment strategies, and future challenges for wastewater contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. REMEDIATION (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 31:97-110. [PMID: 34539159 PMCID: PMC8441782 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been detected in untreated and treated wastewater and studies have shown that the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 is proportional to the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in communities. This article presents a literature review of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, its environmental fate, recommended treatment strategies for contaminated wastewater, and treatment challenges to be faced in the future. The environmental fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is not straightforward because it can be a source of infection when present in the treated wastewater depending on the permeability of the wastewater treatment plant containment area, and can also leach into aquifers, which may serve as drinking water supplies. Secondly, there are different practices that can mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate from infected feces and urine. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of ultraviolet radiation (UV), disinfection, and filtration for wastewater contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, processes also common in wastewater treatment facilities. This article discusses these strategies referencing studies performed with surrogate viruses and shows that SARS-CoV-2 treatment can be complicated due to the interference from other aqueous chemical and physical factors. Considering that COVID-19 is not the first and certainly not the last pandemic, it is imperative to develop an effective multitreatment strategy for wastewater contaminated with contagious viruses and, preferably, those that are compatible with current wastewater treatment methods.
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20
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Potential of Microalgae in Bioremediation of Wastewater. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10616.413-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The increase in global pollution, industrialization and fast economic progress are considered to inflict serious consequences to the quality and availability of water throughout the world. Wastewater is generated from three major sources, i.e. industrial, agricultural, and municipal which contain pollutants, such as: xenobiotics, microplastics, heavy metals and augmented by high amount of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds. Wastewater treatment is one of the most pressing issues since it cannot be achieved by any specific technology because of the varying nature and concentrations of pollutants and efficiency of the treatment technologies. The degradation capacity of these conventional treatment technologies is limited, especially regarding heavy metals, nutrients, and xenobiotics, steering the researchers to bioremediation using microalgae (Phycoremediation). Bioremediation can be defined as use of microalgae for removal or biotransformation of pollutants and CO2 from wastewater with concomitant biomass production. However, the usage of wastewaters for the bulk cultivation of microalgae is advantageous for reducing carbon, nutrients cost, minimizing the consumption of freshwater, nitrogen, phosphorus recovery, and removal of other pollutants from wastewater and producing sufficient biomass for value addition for either biofuels or other value-added compounds. Several types of microalgae like Chlorella and Dunaliella have proved their applicability in the treatment of wastewaters. The bottlenecks concerning the microalgal wastewater bioremediation need to be identified and elucidated to proceed in bioremediation using microalgae. This objective of this paper is to provide an insight about the treatment of different wastewaters using microalgae and microalgal potential in the treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, with the specialized cultivation systems. This review also summarizes the end use applications of microalgal biomass which makes the bioremediation aspect more environmentally sustainable. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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21
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Almeida JR, Serrano E, Fernandez M, Fradinho JC, Oehmen A, Reis MAM. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from fermented domestic wastewater using phototrophic mixed cultures. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 197:117101. [PMID: 33857894 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic mixed cultures (PMC) have been found to be a promising technology to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), however, work performed thus far has focussed mainly on the use of synthetic feedstocks and operational conditions that differ from those expectable in full-scale processes. The goals of this work were to study, for the first time, the capability of PMCs to produce PHA using real fermented domestic wastewater as feedstock under mixing/light/temperature conditions that are naturally found in outdoor open systems. Various operational strategies were evaluated in this study to increase PHA productivity, namely the poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric) copolymer (PHBV) by PMC systems. Two lab-scale photobioreactors were operated in parallel, with transient illumination (12 h light/12 h dark) and subjected to feedstock fluctuations under two culture selection strategies that best suit the oxidative conditions of high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) which are commonly applied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Under a permanent carbon feast regime (selection strategy 1), the PMC became highly enriched in phototrophic purple bacteria (PPB), and two complementary conditions that can improve the selection of PHA accumulating bacteria were discovered: phosphate cycling, where 20% PHA/VSS (86HB:14HV in a C-mol basis) with a light phase productivity of 0.23 g PHA/L•d_light phase was attained; and transitioning from selection under low organic loading rate (OLR) to high OLR where 17.6% PHA/VSS (60HB:40HV in C base) with a light phase productivity of 0.18 g PHA/L•d_light phase was achieved. Under a feast and famine regime (selection strategy 2), a PMC consortium of microalgae and PPB was obtained, and a multiple pulse feeding strategy during the first hours of the light phase in the selector reactor led to a 26.1% PHA/VSS (36HB:64HV in C base) content, with a productivity of 0.26 g PHA/L•d_light phase and 0.52 g PHA/L•d_feast phase. An accumulation test under higher light intensity led to 30.8% PHA/VSS (85HB:15HV on a C-mol basis) with a productivity of 2.67 g PHA/L•d, along the 8 h of accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Almeida
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - E Serrano
- FCC Servicios Ciudadanos, Av. del Camino de Santiago, 40, edificio 3, 4ª planta, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fernandez
- FCC Servicios Ciudadanos, Av. del Camino de Santiago, 40, edificio 3, 4ª planta, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Fradinho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - A Oehmen
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M A M Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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22
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Valchev D, Ribarova I, Uzunov B, Stoyneva-Gärtner M. Photo-sequencing batch reactor with Klebsormidium nitens: a promising microalgal biotechnology for sustainable phosphorus management in wastewater treatment plants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2463-2476. [PMID: 34032623 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at improving the existing algal-based wastewater treatment technologies by overcoming some of the major drawbacks of these systems such as large required land area, culture contamination, and energy-intensive algal harvesting. The experiments were carried out in an open photo-sequencing batch reactor at a laboratory-scale for nearly 2 months. A specific strain ACUS00207 of the aeroterrestrial green microalga Klebsormidium nitens (Kützing) Lokhorst was used. The strain is native to Bulgaria and belongs to a species that has never been used before in suspended growth systems for wastewater treatment for phosphorus removal. The culture of K. nitens showed promising results: phosphorus removal rates ranging from 0.4 to 1 mg total phosphorus L-1 d-1, efficient settling properties, and resistance to culture contamination with native microalgae. On the basis of the observed phosphorus removal mechanism of biologically mediated chemical precipitation/phosphorus precipitation, an innovative working mode of the sequencing batch reactor is suggested for reducing the hydraulic retention time and the required land area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobril Valchev
- Faculty of Hydraulic Engineering, Department of Water Supply, Sewerage, Water and Wastewater Treatment, University of Architecture, Civil engineering and Geodesy, 1 Hristo Smirnenski Blvd., 1046, Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail:
| | - Irina Ribarova
- Faculty of Hydraulic Engineering, Department of Water Supply, Sewerage, Water and Wastewater Treatment, University of Architecture, Civil engineering and Geodesy, 1 Hristo Smirnenski Blvd., 1046, Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail:
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Russell JN, Yost CK. Alternative, environmentally conscious approaches for removing antibiotics from wastewater treatment systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128177. [PMID: 33297145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the environment is of critical concern from a public health perspective, with many human impacted environments showing increased incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Wastewater treatment environments are of particular interest due to their high levels of antibiotic residuals, which can select for antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. However, wastewater treatment plants are generally not designed to remove antibiotics from collected waste, and many of the currently proposed methods are unsafe for environmental use. This has prompted researchers to identify alternative environmentally safe methods for removing antibiotics from wastewater to be used in parallel with conventional wastewater treatment, as it is a potential strategy towards the mitigation of environmental antibiotic resistance selection. This paper reviews several methods developed to absorb and/or degrade antibiotics from aqueous solutions and wastewater biosolids, which includes ligninolytic fungi and ligninolytic enzymes, algae-driven photobioreactors and algae-activated sludge, and organically-sourced biochars.
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24
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García-Galán MJ, Monllor-Alcaraz LS, Postigo C, Uggetti E, López de Alda M, Díez-Montero R, García J. Microalgae-based bioremediation of water contaminated by pesticides in peri-urban agricultural areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114579. [PMID: 32806438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the capacity of a semi-closed, tubular horizontal photobioreactor (PBR) to remove pesticides from agricultural run-off. The study was carried out in summer (July) to study its efficiency under the best conditions (highest solar irradiation). A total of 51 pesticides, including 10 transformation products, were selected and investigated based on their consumption rate and environmental relevance. Sixteen of them were detected in the agricultural run-off, and the estimated removal efficiencies ranged from negative values, obtained for 3 compounds, namely terbutryn, diuron and imidacloprid, to 100%, achieved for 10 compounds. The acidic herbicide MCPA was removed by 88% in average, and the insecticides 2,4-D and diazinon showed variable removals, between 100% and negative values. The environmental risk associated to the compounds still present in the effluent of the PBR was evaluated using hazard quotients (HQs), calculated using the average and highest measured concentrations of the compounds. HQ values > 10 (meaning high risk) were obtained for imidacloprid (21), between 1 and 10 (meaning moderate risk) for 2,4-D (2.8), diazinon (4.6) and terbutryn (1.5), and <1 (meaning low risk) for the remaining compounds diuron, linuron and MCPA. The PBR treatment yielded variable removals depending on the compound, similarly to conventional wastewater treatment plants. This study provides new data on the capacity of microalgae-based treatment systems to eliminate a wide range of priority pesticides under real/environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis Simón Monllor-Alcaraz
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Díez-Montero
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Hülsen T, Sander EM, Jensen PD, Batstone DJ. Application of purple phototrophic bacteria in a biofilm photobioreactor for single cell protein production: Biofilm vs suspended growth. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115909. [PMID: 32492592 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single cell protein (SCP), has been proposed as alternative to effectively upgrade and recycle organics and nutrients from wastewater. Biomass recovery is a critical issue, and recovery as a biofilm is effective in comparison with sedimentation of suspended biomass. This study aims to determine the applicability of purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) biofilm on infra-red irradiated, submerged surfaces for the treatment of pre-settled red meat processing wastewater, and SCP generation. PPB removed up to 66% of COD and 42% of TN and TP during batch operation with total areal productivities between 15 and 20 gVS m-2 d-1 achieved. More than 60% of the total biomass grew attached (as biofilm) with the remainder being suspended. The biofilm can be harvested at around 160 gTS L-1 with high protein (>96 g L-1) and low ash contents (>4.0% compared to >30% in the wastewater). The compositions of attached and suspended biomass differed significantly, where the suspended fraction resembled the wastewater composition (e.g. in terms of inert components). The PPB community was similar in the suspended and biofilm fractions while the biofilm had higher relative abundance of PPB representatives (57% vs 43%). A consistent product composition is highly relevant for the manufacturer and ultimately determines the value as feed, feed additive, or supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hülsen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Gehrmann Building, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Elisa Marx Sander
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Gehrmann Building, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul D Jensen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Gehrmann Building, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Gehrmann Building, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Couto E, Calijuri ML, Assemany P. Biomass production in high rate ponds and hydrothermal liquefaction: Wastewater treatment and bioenergy integration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138104. [PMID: 32408433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Against the worldwide energy crisis and climate change, new forms of energy generation have been investigated. Among the possibilities, microalgae are considered potential feedstock for biofuels production. However, there are still important challenges to overcome. In this context, the integration of biomass cultivation and the treatment of different types of wastewater can represent a source of nutrients and water, with the additional benefit of reducing the discharge of pollutant loads into water bodies. The wastewater grown biomass is composed by a microorganism consortium. These microorganisms can develop important symbiotic relationships for the optimization of biomass production. However, the success of algal biomass cultivation in effluents also involves the development of efficient reactors, which ranges from design criteria to operational parameters. High rate ponds are the most suitable reactors for such a purpose, within the context of a wastewater treatment plant. In this reactor, the addition of CO2 is an important parameter for pH control and, consequently, will influence nutrient assimilation. Another relevant operational parameter is the pond depth, which will have a major role in radiation availability along the water column. With respect to the energy use of the biomass, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) represents an interesting alternative for wastewater grown biomass, since the process does not require complete drying of the biomass, its bio-oil production efficiency is not necessarily attached to the lipid content and may present a positive energy balance. In addition, the possibility of using the HTL by-products, especially the water soluble products, in the context of a biorefinery, represents a route for nutrient recycling, residue minimization, and cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Couto
- Federal Universityof Itajubá, Campus Itabira (Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Campus Itabira/Unifei), Intitute of Applied and Pure Sciences, Rua Irmã Ivone Drumond, 200, 35903-087 Itabira, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Group - nPA, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paula Assemany
- Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA), Department of Water Resources and Sanitation, Campus Universitário, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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Vassalle L, García-Galán MJ, Aquino SF, Afonso RJDCF, Ferrer I, Passos F, R Mota C. Can high rate algal ponds be used as post-treatment of UASB reactors to remove micropollutants? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125969. [PMID: 32041061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the removal capacity of a UASB-HRAP treatment system, combining anaerobic and microalgae-based, aerobic treatment, for eleven organic micropollutants present in raw sewage, including pharmaceuticals, estrogens and xenoestrogens. The UASB reactor and the HRAP were operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7 h and 8 days, respectively. Influent and effluent samples from the UASB and HRAP were collected periodically. All the target compounds were detected in raw sewage, with an occurrence ranging from 70 to 100%. Removal rates in the UASB reactor were generally incomplete, ranging from no removal (-25.12% for the hormone EE2-ethinylestradiol) to 84.91% (E2 - estradiol). However, the overall performance of the UASB + HRAP system was highly efficient for the majority of the compounds, with removal rates ranging from 64.8% (ibuprofen) to 95% (estrone). Gemfibrozil and bisphenol A were the only exceptions, with overall removal rates of 39% and 43%, respectively. Hormones were the compounds with the highest removal rates in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vassalle
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sérgio F Aquino
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabiana Passos
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cesar R Mota
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Capson-Tojo G, Batstone DJ, Grassino M, Vlaeminck SE, Puyol D, Verstraete W, Kleerebezem R, Oehmen A, Ghimire A, Pikaar I, Lema JM, Hülsen T. Purple phototrophic bacteria for resource recovery: Challenges and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107567. [PMID: 32470594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable development is driving a rapid focus shift in the wastewater and organic waste treatment sectors, from a "removal and disposal" approach towards the recovery and reuse of water, energy and materials (e.g. carbon or nutrients). Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) are receiving increasing attention due to their capability of growing photoheterotrophically under anaerobic conditions. Using light as energy source, PPB can simultaneously assimilate carbon and nutrients at high efficiencies (with biomass yields close to unity (1 g CODbiomass·g CODremoved-1)), facilitating the maximum recovery of these resources as different value-added products. The effective use of infrared light enables selective PPB enrichment in non-sterile conditions, without competition with other phototrophs such as microalgae if ultraviolet-visible wavelengths are filtered. This review reunites results systematically gathered from over 177 scientific articles, aiming at producing generalized conclusions. The most critical aspects of PPB-based production and valorisation processes are addressed, including: (i) the identification of the main challenges and potentials of different growth strategies, (ii) a critical analysis of the production of value-added compounds, (iii) a comparison of the different value-added products, (iv) insights into the general challenges and opportunities and (v) recommendations for future research and development towards practical implementation. To date, most of the work has not been executed under real-life conditions, relevant for full-scale application. With the savings in wastewater discharge due to removal of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus as an important economic driver, priorities must go to using PPB-enriched cultures and real waste matrices. The costs associated with artificial illumination, followed by centrifugal harvesting/dewatering and drying, are estimated to be 1.9, 0.3-2.2 and 0.1-0.3 $·kgdry biomass-1. At present, these costs are likely to exceed revenues. Future research efforts must be carried out outdoors, using sunlight as energy source. The growth of bulk biomass on relatively clean wastewater streams (e.g. from food processing) and its utilization as a protein-rich feed (e.g. to replace fishmeal, 1.5-2.0 $·kg-1) appears as a promising valorisation route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Capson-Tojo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - María Grassino
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Daniel Puyol
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain.
| | - Willy Verstraete
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Avecom NV, Industrieweg 122P, 9032 Wondelgem, Belgium.
| | - Robbert Kleerebezem
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Adrian Oehmen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Anish Ghimire
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Juan M Lema
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Tim Hülsen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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García-Galán MJ, Arashiro L, Santos LHMLM, Insa S, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Ferrer I, Garfí M. Fate of priority pharmaceuticals and their main metabolites and transformation products in microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121771. [PMID: 32127240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the removal capacity of two high rate algae ponds (HRAPs) to eliminate 12 pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and 26 of their corresponding main metabolites and transformation products. The efficiency of these ponds, operating with and without primary treatment, was compared in order to study their capacity under the best performance conditions (highest solar irradiance). Concentrations of all the target compounds were determined in both water and biomass samples. Removal rates ranged from moderate (40-60 %) to high (>60 %) for most of them, with the exception of the psychiatric drugs carbamazepine, the β-blocking agent metoprolol and its metabolite, metoprolol acid. O-desmethylvenlafaxine, despite its very low biodegradability in conventional wastewater treatment plants, was removed to certain extent (13-39 %). Biomass concentrations suggested that bioadsorption/bioaccumulation to microalgae biomass was decisive regarding the elimination of non-biodegradable compounds such as venlafaxine and its main metabolites. HRAP treatment with and without primary treatment did not yield significant differences in terms of PhACs removal efficiency. The implementation of HRAPs as secondary treatment is a feasible alternative to CAS in terms of overall wastewater treatment, including organic micropollutants, with generally higher removal performances and implying a green, low-cost and more sustainable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA, Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Larissa Arashiro
- GEMMA, Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lúcia H M L M Santos
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA, Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianna Garfí
- GEMMA, Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Chuka-ogwude D, Ogbonna J, Moheimani NR. A review on microalgal culture to treat anaerobic digestate food waste effluent. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Metagenomic insights into virus removal performance of an algal-based wastewater treatment system utilizing Galdieria sulphuraria. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Yang J, Shi W, Fang F, Guo J, Lu L, Xiao Y, Jiang X. Exploring the feasibility of sewage treatment by algal–bacterial consortia. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:169-179. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1709796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxin Shi
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinsong Guo
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lunhui Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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33
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Pous N, Hidalgo M, Serra T, Colomer J, Colprim J, Salvadó V. Assessment of zooplankton-based eco-sustainable wastewater treatment at laboratory scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124683. [PMID: 31524620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The combination of the filtration capacity of zooplankton (e.g. Daphnia) with the nutrient removal capacity of bacterial/algal biofilm in a zooplankton-containing reactor could provide a natural-based alternative for wastewater treatment. A laboratory-scale zooplankton-based reactor was tested at different HRTs resulting in a significant reduction in nutrient concentrations in wastewater when the system was operated at HRTs longer than 1.1 days (preferably of between 2 and 4 days). However, the presence of high concentrations of organic matter (>250 mg COD L-1) in the wastewater inhibited zooplankton activity, limiting its use to tertiary treatment. Therefore, in combination with other natural treatments that can perform primary and secondary treatments, zooplankton may provide a solution for wastewater clarification and nutrient polishing. The effect of a common metal such as copper on the filtration capacity of Daphnia was also evaluated. Daphnia, as well as the whole zooplankton-based reactor, adapted to copper concentrations of up to 70 μg Cu L-1 but an overload of 380 μg Cu L-1 for two-weeks severely affected the biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcís Pous
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Manuela Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Serra
- Department of Physics, University of Girona, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Colomer
- Department of Physics, University of Girona, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús Colprim
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Victòria Salvadó
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain.
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Wollmann F, Dietze S, Ackermann J, Bley T, Walther T, Steingroewer J, Krujatz F. Microalgae wastewater treatment: Biological and technological approaches. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:860-871. [PMID: 32624978 PMCID: PMC6999062 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current global environmental issues raise unavoidable challenges for our use of natural resources. Supplying the human population with clean water is becoming a global problem. Numerous organic and inorganic impurities in municipal, industrial, and agricultural waters, ranging from microplastics to high nutrient loads and heavy metals, endanger our nutrition and health. The development of efficient wastewater treatment technologies and circular economic approaches is thus becoming increasingly important. The biomass production of microalgae using industrial wastewater offers the possibility of recycling industrial residues to create new sources of raw materials for energy and material use. This review discusses algae-based wastewater treatment technologies with a special focus on industrial wastewater sources, the potential of non-conventional extremophilic (thermophilic, acidophilic, and psychrophilic) microalgae, and industrial algae-wastewater treatment concepts that have already been put into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wollmann
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Dietze
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/ChemistryDresden University of Applied SciencesDresdenGermany
| | - Jörg‐Uwe Ackermann
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/ChemistryDresden University of Applied SciencesDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Bley
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Walther
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Felix Krujatz
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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Young P, Taylor MJ, Buchanan N, Lewis J, Fallowfield HJ. Case study on the effect continuous CO 2 enrichment, via biogas scrubbing, has on biomass production and wastewater treatment in a high rate algal pond. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 251:109614. [PMID: 31563600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae grown in high rate algal ponds (HRAP) treating wastewater are considered a promising feed for biofuel production. Biomass productivity is often considered to be limited by carbon availability, with the addition of CO2 being the proposed solution. Biogas from anaerobic wastewater treatment potentially provides a cheap, co-located CO2 source. Two identical 223 m2 HRAPs were constructed at Melbourne Water's Western Treatment Plant, where biogas from an anaerobic lagoon is used to generate electricity. One HRAP was fed secondary treated wastewater that had been enriched with CO2 recovered from the biogas using industry standard biogas scrubbers, the Enriched HRAP, while the other HRAP was fed the same wastewater expect it had by passed the biogas scrubbers, the Control HRAP. The biomass production and wastewater treatment performance of the two HRAPs was compared over 12 months. The inlet to the Enriched HRAP had significantly higher free CO2 and inorganic carbon, 175.00 ± 49.30 mg L-1 and 110.00 ± 10.2 mg L-1, than the inlet to the Control HRAP, 9.30 ± 7.08 mg L-1 and 89.62 ± 5.12 mg L-1. There were no significant differences in biomass production between the HRAPs as measured by dry matter, particulate organic carbon or nitrogen. Chlorophyll a was statistically higher in the Enriched HRAP, however, this measurement is potentially unreliable. Regarding wastewater treatment, only total nitrogen and ammonium removal differed significantly between the HRAPs, with the Control HRAP, 59.13 ± 21.13% and 76.46 ± 32.33%, slightly outperforming the Enriched HRAP, 53.52 ± 17.41% and 68.76 ± 31.17%. Overall, neither biomass production nor wastewater treatment was meaningfully improved by CO2 enrichment, however, wastewater treatment was still effective in both HRAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Young
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Michael J Taylor
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Neil Buchanan
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Justin Lewis
- Melbourne Water Corporation, 990 La Trobe Street, Docklands, Victoria, 3008, Australia.
| | - Howard J Fallowfield
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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36
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Predicting removal kinetics of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nutrients in a pilot scale fed-batch algal wastewater treatment system. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Nirmalakhandan N, Selvaratnam T, Henkanatte-Gedera S, Tchinda D, Abeysiriwardana-Arachchige I, Delanka-Pedige H, Munasinghe-Arachchige S, Zhang Y, Holguin F, Lammers P. Algal wastewater treatment: Photoautotrophic vs. mixotrophic processes. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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38
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Arashiro LT, Ferrer I, Rousseau DPL, Van Hulle SWH, Garfí M. The effect of primary treatment of wastewater in high rate algal pond systems: Biomass and bioenergy recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 280:27-36. [PMID: 30754003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of primary treatment on the performance of two pilot-scale high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) treating urban wastewater, considering their treatment efficiency, biomass productivity, characteristics and biogas production potential. Results indicated that the primary treatment did not significantly affect the wastewater treatment efficiency (NH4+-N removal of 93 and 91% and COD removal of 62 and 65% in HRAP with and without primary treatment, respectively). The HRAP without primary treatment had higher biodiversity and productivity (20 vs. 15 g VSS/m2d). Biomass from both systems presented good settling capacity. Results of biochemical methane potential test showed that co-digesting microalgae and primary sludge led to higher methane yields (238-258 mL CH4/g VS) compared with microalgae mono-digestion (189-225 mL CH4/g VS). Overall, HRAPs with and without primary treatment seem to be appropriate alternatives for combining wastewater treatment and bioenergy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa T Arashiro
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Diederik P L Rousseau
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Stijn W H Van Hulle
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Marianna Garfí
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Almasi A, Mahmoudi M, Mohammadi M, Dargahi A, Biglari H. Optimizing biological treatment of petroleum industry wastewater in a facultative stabilization pond for simultaneous removal of carbon and phenol. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1573433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Almasi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mitra Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abdollah Dargahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamed Biglari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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40
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Buchanan NA, Young P, Cromar NJ, Fallowfield HJ. Performance of a high rate algal pond treating septic tank effluent from a community wastewater management scheme in rural South Australia. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Sánchez IA, Bastos RKX, Lana EAT. Tilapia rearing with high rate algal pond effluent: ammonia surface loading rates and stocking densities effects. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:49-56. [PMID: 30101788 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In two pilot-scale experiments, fingerlings and juvenile of tilapia were reared in high rate algal pond (HRAP) effluent. The combination of three different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) surface loading rates (SLR1 = 0.6, SLR2 = 1.2; SLR3 = 2.4 kg TAN·ha-1·d-1) and two fish stocking densities (D1 = 4 and D2 = 8 fish per tank) was evaluated during two 12-week experiments. Fingerlings total weight gain varied from 4.9 to 18.9 g, with the highest value (equivalent to 0.225 g·d-1) being recorded in SLR2-D1 treatment; however, high mortality (up to 67%) was recorded, probably due to sensitivity to ammonia and wide daily temperature variations. At lower water temperatures, juvenile tilapia showed no mortality, but very low weight gain. The fish rearing tanks worked as wastewater polishing units, adding the following approximate average removal figures on top of those achieved at the HRAP: 63% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen; 54% of ammonia nitrogen; 42% of total phosphorus; 37% of chemical oxygen demand; 1.1 log units of Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Sánchez
- Departamento de Recursos Hidrobiológicos, Universidad de Nariño, Ciudad Universitaria, Barrio Torobajo, Pasto-Nariño, Colombia
| | - R K X Bastos
- Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-Minas Gerais CEP: 36570-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - E A T Lana
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-Minas Gerais CEP: 36570-000, Brazil
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42
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Wrede D, Hussainy SU, Rajendram W, Gray S. Investigation and modelling of high rate algal ponds utilising secondary effluent at Western Water, Bacchus Marsh Recycled Water Plant. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:20-30. [PMID: 30101785 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the ability of high rate algal ponds (HRAP) to treat wastewater. This method reduces the costs of algal production while treating the wastewater quicker and more efficiently than standard lagoon practices. Two parallel HRAPs were used in this study to treat secondary effluent. Nitrogen levels were significantly reduced with a mean reduction of 71% for ammonia and 64% for total nitrogen. The use of the HRAPs significantly increased the algal biomass levels compared to the algal growth in the storage lagoons, with a mean increase of 274%. Beneficial use of algae can be used to reduce treatment costs; so being able to predict and optimise the amount of algal biomass produced in HRAPs is vital. However, most models are complicated and require specific, detailed information. In this study, a predictive microalgal growth model was developed for HRAP by adapting two previously established models: the Steele and Monod models. The model could predict algal growth based on temperatures and solar radiation and account for limiting ammonia concentrations in an elevated pH environment with natural variations in the algal community. This model used experimental data that would be readily available to any established HRAP study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digby Wrede
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, School of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, 3030, Werribee, VIC, Australia E-mail:
| | - Syed U Hussainy
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, School of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, 3030, Werribee, VIC, Australia E-mail:
| | | | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, School of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, 3030, Werribee, VIC, Australia E-mail:
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43
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Buchanan N, Young P, Cromar NJ, Fallowfield HJ. Comparison of the treatment performance of a high rate algal pond and a facultative waste stabilisation pond operating in rural South Australia. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:3-11. [PMID: 30101783 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
South Australian community wastewater management schemes (CWMS) treat wastewater using waste stabilisation ponds before disposal or reuse. This study compared the performance of a facultative pond, 6,300 m2, 27.5 d theoretical hydraulic retention time (THRT), with a high rate algal pond (HRAP) operated at depths of 0.32, 0.43 and 0.55 m with THRT equivalent to 4.5, 6.4 and 9.1 d respectively. Both ponds received influents of identical quality, differing only in quantity, and were operated in similar climatic conditions. The depth of HRAP operation had only a minor influence on treatment performance. The study showed that the quality of the treated effluent from the HRAP was equivalent to that of the facultative pond, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand removal >89%, NH4-N removal 59.09-74.45%. Significantly, Escherichia coli log10 reduction values by the HRAP, 1.74-2.10, were equivalent to those of the facultative pond. Consequently, HRAPs could replace facultative ponds within CWMS while maintaining treated effluent quality. The benefit would be halving the surface area requirement from 4.2 m2 capita-1 for the facultative pond to between 2.0 and 2.3 m2 capita-1, depth dependent, for an HRAP, with significant attendant reductions in the capital costs for construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Buchanan
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia E-mail:
| | - Paul Young
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia E-mail:
| | - Nancy J Cromar
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia E-mail:
| | - Howard J Fallowfield
- Health and Environment Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia E-mail:
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44
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Mandal S, Shurin JB, Efroymson RA, Mathews TJ. Heterogeneity in Nitrogen Sources Enhances Productivity and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Algal Polycultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3769-3776. [PMID: 29466661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Algae hold much promise as a potential feedstock for biofuels and other products, but scaling up biomass production remains challenging. We hypothesized that multispecies assemblages, or polycultures, could improve crop yield when grown in media with mixed nitrogen sources, as found in wastewater. We grew mono- and poly- cultures of algae in four distinct growth media that differed in the form (i.e., nitrate, ammonium, urea, plus a mixture of all three) but not the concentration of nitrogen. We found that mean biomass productivity was positively correlated with algal species richness, and that this relationship was strongest in mixed nitrogen media (on average 88% greater biomass production in 5-species polycultures than in monocultures in mixed nitrogen treatment). We also found that the relationship between nutrient use efficiency and species richness was positive across nitrogen treatments, but greatest in mixed nitrogen media. While polycultures outperformed the most productive monoculture only 0-14% of the time in this experiment, they outperformed the average monoculture 26-52% of the time. Our results suggest that algal polycultures have the potential to be highly productive, and can be effective in recycling nutrients and treating wastewater, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovon Mandal
- Environmental Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca A Efroymson
- Environmental Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Teresa J Mathews
- Environmental Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
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