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Xu JW, Tang SQ, Lin J, Li YJ, Shen D, Ding GH, Shen XY, Wang LN. NTPDase1-ATP-P2Y2Rs axis in the sciatic nerve contributes to acupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST36)-induced analgesia in ankle arthritis rats. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110909. [PMID: 38402994 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of acupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) in alleviating lower-limb pain is widely acknowledged in clinical practice, while its underlying mechanism remains incompletely elucidated. Our previous research had revealed that the prompt analgesia induced by needling-ST36 was accompanied by expression alterations in certain exco-nucleotidases within the sciatic nerve. Building upon this finding, the current work focused on NTPDase1, the primary ecto-nucleotidase in the human body, which converts ATP into AMP. METHODS A 20-min acupuncture was administered unilaterally at the ST36 on rats with acute ankle arthritis. The pain thresholds of the injured hind paws were determined. Pharmacological interference was carried out by introducing the corresponding reagents to the sciatic nerve. ATP levels around the excised nerve were measured using a luciferase-luciferin assay. Live calcium imaging, utilizing the Fura 2-related-F340/F380 ratio, was conducted on Schwann cells in excised nerves and cultured rat SCs line, RSC96 cells. RESULTS The analgesic effect induced by needling-ST36 was impaired when preventing ATP degradation via inhibiting NTPDase1 activities with ARL67156 or Ticlopidine. Conversely, increasing NTPDase1 activities with Apyrase duplicated the acupuncture effect. Similarly, preventing the conversion of AMP to adenosine via suppression of NT5E with AMP-CP hindered the acupuncture effect. Unexpectedly, impeded ATP hydrolysis ability and diminished NTPDase1 expression were observed in the treated group. Agonism at P2Y2Rs with ATP, UTP, or INS365 resulted in anti-nociception. Contrarily, antagonism at P2Y2Rs with Suramin or AR-C 118925xx prevented acupuncture analgesia. Immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated that the treated rats expressed more P2Y2Rs that were predominant in Schwann cells. Suppression of Schwann cells by inhibiting ErbB receptors also prevented acupuncture analgesia. Finally, living imaging on the excised nerves or RSC96 cells showed that agonism at P2Y2Rs indeed led to [Ca2+]i rise. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that the analgesic mechanism of needling-ST36 on the hypersensation in the lower limb partially relies on NTPDase1 activities in the sciatic nerve. In addition to facilitating adenosine signaling in conjunction with NT5E, most importantly, NTPDase1 may provide an appropriate low-level ATP milieu for the activation of P2Y2R in the sciatic nerve, particularly in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Xu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Si-Qi Tang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Lin
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Shen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guang-Hong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function (21DZ2271800), Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue-Yong Shen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Li Y, Zhou M, Li H, Dai C, Yin L, Liu C, Li Y, Zhang E, Dong X, Ji H, Hu Q. Macrophage P2Y6 receptor deletion attenuates atherosclerosis by limiting foam cell formation through phospholipase Cβ/store-operated calcium entry/calreticulin/scavenger receptor A pathways. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:268-283. [PMID: 38036416 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Macrophage-derived foam cells play a causal role during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) highly expressed has been considered as a disease-causing factor in atherogenesis, but the detailed mechanism remains unknown. This study aims to explore P2Y6R in regulation of macrophage foaming, atherogenesis, and its downstream pathways. Furthermore, the present study sought to find a potent P2Y6R antagonist and investigate the feasibility of P2Y6R-targeting therapy for atherosclerosis. METHODS The P2Y6R expression was examined in human atherosclerotic plaques and mouse artery. Atherosclerosis animal models were established in whole-body P2Y6R or macrophage-specific P2Y6R knockout mice to evaluate the role of P2Y6R. RNA sequencing, DNA pull-down experiments, and proteomic approaches were performed to investigate the downstream mechanisms. High-throughput Glide docking pipeline from repurposing drug library was performed to find potent P2Y6R antagonists. RESULTS The P2Y6R deficiency alleviated atherogenesis characterized by decreasing plaque formation and lipid deposition of the aorta. Mechanically, deletion of macrophage P2Y6R significantly inhibited uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein through decreasing scavenger receptor A expression mediated by phospholipase Cβ/store-operated calcium entry pathways. More importantly, P2Y6R deficiency reduced the binding of scavenger receptor A to CALR, accompanied by dissociation of calreticulin and STIM1. Interestingly, thiamine pyrophosphate was found as a potent P2Y6R antagonist with excellent P2Y6R antagonistic activity and binding affinity, of which the pharmacodynamic effect and mechanism on atherosclerosis were verified. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage P2Y6R regulates phospholipase Cβ/store-operated calcium entry/calreticulin signalling pathway to increase scavenger receptor A protein level, thereby improving foam cell formation and atherosclerosis, indicating that the P2Y6R may be a potential therapeutic target for intervention of atherosclerotic diseases using P2Y6R antagonists including thiamine pyrophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengze Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Dai
- Experimental Teaching Center of Life Science, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Enming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinli Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue 639, Nanjing 211198, China
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Fjærvoll HK, Fjærvoll KA, Yang M, Bair J, Utheim TP, Dartt DA. Purinergic 2X 4 (P2X4), but not P2X7, receptors increase cytosolic [Ca 2+] and stimulate mucin secretion in rat conjunctival goblet cells to maintain ocular surface health. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109614. [PMID: 37580003 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2XRs) are activated by ATP and ATP analogs. ATP can be released through ATP-permeable channels such as the pannexin hemichannels. Upon activation, the P2XRs become permeable to Ca2+, a potent stimulator of mucin secretion in conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence and function of P2XRs in CGCs. We also examined the presence of pannexin hemichannels. Rat first passage CGCs were stained with the goblet cell marker anti-cytokeratin 7 antibody and specific antibodies to P2X1-7 receptors and pannexin 1-3. mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR using primers specific to P2XRs and pannexins. Proteins were identified with Western blotting (WB) using the same antibodies as for immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. To study receptor function, CGCs were incubated with Fura 2-AM, exposed to agonists and antagonists, and intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) measured. [Ca2+]i was also measured after knock down of P2X4 and P2X7 receptor expression, and when exploiting P2XR specific characteristics. Lastly, mucin secretion was measured after the addition of several P2XR agonists. All P2XRs and pannexins were visualized with IF microscopy, and identified with RT-PCR and WB. [Ca2+]i was significantly increased when stimulated with ATP (10-7-10-4 M). Suramin, a non-selective P2XR antagonist at 10-4 M did not reduce ATP-induced peak [Ca2+]i. The potent P2X7 agonist, BzATP (10-7-10-4 M) increased the [Ca2+]i, although to a lesser extent than ATP. When measuring [Ca2+]i the effect of repeated applications of ATP at 10-5 or 10-6 M the response "desensitized" after 30-60 s. The P2X4 specific antagonist 5-BDBD decreased the P2X4 agonist, 2MeSATP,-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Furthermore, siRNA against the P2X4R, but not the P2X7R, decreased agonist-induced peak [Ca2+]i. ATP (10-5 M), BzATP (10-4 M) and 2MeSATP (10-5 M) induced mucin secretion. We conclude that all seven P2XRs are present in cultured rat CGCs. Of the P2XRs, only activation of the homotrimeric P2X4R appears to increase [Ca2+]i and induce mucin secretion. The P2X4R in CGCs offers a new therapeutic target for protective mucin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon K Fjærvoll
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Student Research Program, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ketil A Fjærvoll
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Student Research Program, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Menglu Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Medical Student Research Program, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Quintas C, Gonçalves J, Queiroz G. Involvement of P2Y 1, P2Y 6, A 1 and A 2A Receptors in the Purinergic Inhibition of NMDA-Evoked Noradrenaline Release in the Rat Brain Cortex. Cells 2023; 12:1690. [PMID: 37443726 PMCID: PMC10341078 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the cerebral cortex, glutamate activates NMDA receptors (NMDARs), localized in noradrenergic neurons, inducing noradrenaline release that may have a permissive effect on glutamatergic transmission, and therefore, on the modulation of long-term plasticity. ATP is co-released with noradrenaline, and with its metabolites (ADP and adenosine) is involved in the purinergic modulation of electrically-evoked noradrenaline release. However, it is not known if noradrenaline release evoked by activation of NMDARs is also under purinergic modulation. The present study aimed to investigate and to characterize the purinergic modulation of noradrenaline release evoked by NMDARs. Stimulation of rat cortical slices with 30 µM NMDA increased noradrenaline release, which was inhibited by ATP upon metabolization into ADP and adenosine and by the selective agonists of A1 and A2A receptors, CPA and CGS2680, respectively. It was also inhibited by UTP and UDP, which are mainly released under pathophysiological situations. Characterization of the effects mediated by these compounds indicated the involvement of P2Y1, P2Y6, A1 and A2A receptors. It is concluded that, in the rat brain cortex, NMDA-evoked noradrenaline release is modulated by several purinergic receptors that may represent a relevant mechanism to regulate the permissive effect of noradrenaline on NMDA-induced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Mechanistic Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Unit, UCIBIO-i4HB, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.Q.); (G.Q.)
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Bano S, Hussain Z, Langer P, Weisman GA, Iqbal J. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships and biological evaluation of benzimidazole derived sulfonylurea analogues as a new class of antagonists of P2Y1 receptor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1217315. [PMID: 37305545 PMCID: PMC10250618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1217315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2Y receptors are responsible for the regulation of various physiological processes including neurotransmission and inflammatory responses. These receptors are also considered as novel potential therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of thrombosis, neurological disorders, pain, cardiac diseases and cancer. Previously, number of P2Y receptor antagonists has been investigated but they are less potent and non-selective with poor solubility profile. Herein, we present the synthesis of new class of benzimidazole derived sulfonylureas (1a-y) as potent antagonists of P2Y receptors, with the specific aim to explore selective antagonists of P2Y1 receptors. The efficacy and selectivity of the synthesized derivatives 1) against four P2Y receptors i.e., t-P2Y1, h-P2Y2, h-P2Y4, and r-P2Y6Rs was carried out by calcium mobilization assay. The results revealed that except 1b, 1d, 1l, 1m, 1o, 1u, 1v, 1w, and 1y, rest of the synthesized derivatives exhibited moderate to excellent inhibitory potential against P2Y1 receptors. Among the potent antagonists, derivative 1h depicted the maximum inhibition of P2Y1 receptor in calcium signalling assay, with an IC50 value of 0.19 ± 0.04 µM. The potential of inhibition was validated by computational investigations where bonding and non-bonding interactions between ligand and targeted receptor further strengthen the study. The best identified derivative 1h revealed the same binding mechanism as that of already reported selective antagonist of P2Y1 receptor i.e (1-(2- (2-tert-butyl-phenoxy) pyridin-3-yl)-3-4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylurea but the newly synthesized derivative exhibited better solubility profile. Hence, this derivative can be used as lead candidate for the synthesis of more potential antagonist with much better solubility profile and medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Bano
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Cao Y, Chen E, Wang X, Song J, Zhang H, Chen X. An emerging master inducer and regulator for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis: extracellular and intracellular ATP and its molecular functions and therapeutic potential. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:20. [PMID: 36750864 PMCID: PMC9903449 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment, metastasis remains the major cause of cancer-related death and scientific challenge. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in cancer invasion and progression, a process by which tumor cells lose cell-cell adhesion and acquire increased invasiveness and metastatic activity. Recent work has uncovered some crucial roles of extracellular adenosine 5'- triphosphate (eATP), a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Intratumoral extracellular ATP (eATP), at levels of 100-700 µM, is 103-104 times higher than in normal tissues. In the current literature, eATP's function in promoting metastasis has been relatively poorly understood as compared with intracellular ATP (iATP). Recent evidence has shown that cancer cells internalize eATP via macropinocytosis in vitro and in vivo, promoting cell growth and survival, drug resistance, and metastasis. Furthermore, ATP acts as a messenger molecule that activates P2 purinergic receptors expressed on both tumor and host cells, stimulating downstream signaling pathways to enhance the invasive and metastatic properties of tumor cells. Here, we review recent progress in understanding eATP's role in each step of the metastatic cascade, including initiating invasion, inducing EMT, overcoming anoikis, facilitating intravasation, circulation, and extravasation, and eventually establishing metastatic colonization. Collectively, these studies reveal eATP's important functions in many steps of metastasis and identify new opportunities for developing more effective therapeutic strategies to target ATP-associated processes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Cao
- grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Eileen Chen
- grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Jingwen Song
- grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA ,grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Xiaozhuo Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA. .,The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA. .,Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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Staruschenko A, Ma R, Palygin O, Dryer SE. Ion channels and channelopathies in glomeruli. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:787-854. [PMID: 36007181 PMCID: PMC9662803 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential step in renal function entails the formation of an ultrafiltrate that is delivered to the renal tubules for subsequent processing. This process, known as glomerular filtration, is controlled by intrinsic regulatory systems and by paracrine, neuronal, and endocrine signals that converge onto glomerular cells. In addition, the characteristics of glomerular fluid flow, such as the glomerular filtration rate and the glomerular filtration fraction, play an important role in determining blood flow to the rest of the kidney. Consequently, disease processes that initially affect glomeruli are the most likely to lead to end-stage kidney failure. The cells that comprise the glomerular filter, especially podocytes and mesangial cells, express many different types of ion channels that regulate intrinsic aspects of cell function and cellular responses to the local environment, such as changes in glomerular capillary pressure. Dysregulation of glomerular ion channels, such as changes in TRPC6, can lead to devastating glomerular diseases, and a number of channels, including TRPC6, TRPC5, and various ionotropic receptors, are promising targets for drug development. This review discusses glomerular structure and glomerular disease processes. It also describes the types of plasma membrane ion channels that have been identified in glomerular cells, the physiological and pathophysiological contexts in which they operate, and the pathways by which they are regulated and dysregulated. The contributions of these channels to glomerular disease processes, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and diabetic nephropathy, as well as the development of drugs that target these channels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stuart E Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Conejeros I, López-Osorio S, Zhou E, Velásquez ZD, Del Río MC, Burgos RA, Alarcón P, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Glycolysis, monocarboxylate transport, and purinergic signaling are key events in Eimeria bovis-induced NETosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842482. [PMID: 36032127 PMCID: PMC9403323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Eimeria bovis is the causative agent of bovine coccidiosis, an enteric disease of global importance that significantly affects cattle productivity. Previous studies showed that bovine NETosis—an important early host innate effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)—is elicited by E. bovis stages. So far, the metabolic requirements of E. bovis-triggered NET formation are unknown. We here studied early glycolytic and mitochondrial responses of PMN as well as the role of pH, distinct metabolic pathways, P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling, and monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2 (MCT1, MCT2) in E. bovis sporozoite-induced NET formation. Seahorse-based experiments revealed a rapid induction of both neutrophil oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and early glycolytic responses, thereby reflecting immediate PMN activation and metabolic changes upon confrontation with sporozoites. The impact of these metabolic changes on NET formation was studied via chemical inhibition experiments targeting glycolysis and energy generation by the use of 2-fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucin (DON), sodium dichloroacetate (DCA), oxythiamine (OT), sodium oxamate (OXA), and oligomycin A (OmA) to block glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial ATP-synthase, respectively. Overall, sporozoite-induced NET formation was significantly diminished via PMN pretreatments with OmA and OXA, thereby indicating a key role of ATP- and lactate-mediated metabolic pathways. Consequently, we additionally studied the effects of extracellular pH, MCT1, MCT2, and purinergic receptor inhibitors (AR-C141900, AR-C155858, theobromine, and NF449, respectively). Pretreatment with the latter inhibitors led to blockage of sporozoite-triggered DNA release from exposed bovine PMN. This report provides first evidence on the pivotal role of carbohydrate-related metabolic pathways and purinergic receptors being involved in E. bovis sporozoite-induced NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Iván Conejeros,
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ershun Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Zahady D. Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Cristina Del Río
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus -Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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González Sanabria J, Hurtado Paso M, Frontera T, Losavio A. Effect of endogenous purines on electrically evoked ACh release at the mouse neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1933-1950. [PMID: 35839285 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At the mouse neuromuscular junction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is co-released with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), and its metabolite adenosine, modulate neurotransmitter release by activating presynaptic inhibitory P2Y13 receptors (a subtype of ATP/adenosine diphosphate [ADP] receptor), inhibitory A1 and A3 adenosine receptors, and excitatory A2A adenosine receptors. To study the effect of endogenous purines, when phrenic-diaphragm preparations are depolarized by different nerve stimulation patterns, we analyzed the effect of the antagonists for P2Y13 , A1 , A3 , and A2A receptors (AR-C69931MX, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, MRS-1191, and SCH-58261, respectively) on the amplitude of the end-plate potentials of the trains, and contrasted these results with those obtained with the selective agonists of these receptors (2-methylthioadenosine 5'-diphosphate trisodium salt hydrate, 2-chloro-N6 -cyclopentyl-adenosine, inosine, and PSB-0777, respectively). During continuous 0.5-Hz stimulation, the amount of endogenous purines was not enough to activate purinergic receptors, while at continuous 5-Hz stimulation, an incipient action of endogenous purines on P2Y13 , A1 and A3 receptors might be evident just at the end of the trains. During continuous 50-Hz stimulation, the concentration of endogenous ATP/ADP and adenosine exerted an inhibitory action on ACh release after of the initial phase of the train, but when the nerve was stimulated at intermittent 50 Hz (5 bursts), this behavior was not observed. Excitatory A2A receptors were only activated when continuous 100-Hz stimulation was applied. In conclusion, when motor nerve terminals are depolarized by repetitive stimulation of the phrenic nerve, endogenous ATP/ADP and adenosine are able to fine-tune neurosecretion depending on the frequency and pattern of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González Sanabria
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Hurtado Paso
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Frontera
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Losavio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Purinergic signaling is essential for full Psickle activation by hypoxia and by normoxic acid pH in mature human sickle red cells and in vitro-differentiated cultured human sickle reticulocytes. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:553-565. [PMID: 35169901 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine ATP release by erythrocytes has been shown to regulate endothelial cell function via purinergic signaling, and this erythoid-endothelial signaling network is pathologically dysregulated in sickle cell disease. We tested the role of extracellular ATP-mediated purinergic signaling in the activation of Psickle, the mechanosensitive Ca2+-permeable cation channel of human sickle erythrocytes (SS RBC). Psickle activation increases intracellular [Ca2+] to stimulate activity of the RBC Gardos channel, KCNN4/KCa3.1, leading to cell shrinkage and accelerated deoxygenation-activated sickling.We found that hypoxic activation of Psickle recorded by cell-attached patch clamp in SS RBC is inhibited by extracellular apyrase, which hydrolyzes extracellular ATP. Hypoxic activation of Psickle was also inhibited by the pannexin-1 inhibitor, probenecid, and by the P2 antagonist, suramin. A Psickle-like activity was also activated in normoxic SS RBC (but not in control red cells) by bath pH 6.0. Acid-activated Psickle-like activity was similarly blocked by apyrase, probenecid, and suramin, as well as by the Psickle inhibitor, Grammastola spatulata mechanotoxin-4 (GsMTx-4).In vitro-differentiated cultured human sickle reticulocytes (SS cRBC), but not control cultured reticulocytes, also exhibited hypoxia-activated Psickle activity that was abrogated by GsMTx-4. Psickle-like activity in SS cRBC was similarly elicited by normoxic exposure to acid pH, and this acid-stimulated activity was nearly completely blocked by apyrase, probenecid, and suramin, as well as by GsMTx-4.Thus, hypoxia-activated and normoxic acid-activated cation channel activities are expressed in both SS RBC and SS cRBC, and both types of activation appear to be mediated or greatly amplified by autocrine or paracrine purinergic signaling.
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11
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Extracellular Nucleotides Affect the Proangiogenic Behavior of Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, and Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010238. [PMID: 35008664 PMCID: PMC8745609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound healing is currently a severe problem due to its incidence and associated complications. Intensive research is underway on substances that retain their biological activity in the wound microenvironment and stimulate the formation of new blood vessels critical for tissue regeneration. This group includes synthetic compounds with proangiogenic activity. Previously, we identified phosphorothioate analogs of nucleoside 5′-O-monophosphates as multifunctional ligands of P2Y6 and P2Y14 receptors. The effects of a series of unmodified and phosphorothioate nucleotide analogs on the secretion of VEGF from keratinocytes and fibroblasts, as well as their influence on the viability and proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells were analyzed. In addition, the expression profiles of genes encoding nucleotide receptors in tested cell models were also investigated. In this study, we defined thymidine 5′-O-monophosphorothioate (TMPS) as a positive regulator of angiogenesis. Preliminary analyses confirmed the proangiogenic potency of TMPS in vivo.
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12
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Ali AAH, Abdel-Hafiz L, Tundo-Lavalle F, Hassan SA, von Gall C. P2Y 2 deficiency impacts adult neurogenesis and related forebrain functions. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21546. [PMID: 33817825 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002419rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs particularly in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. This continuous addition of neurons to pre-existing neuronal networks is essential for intact cognitive and olfactory functions, respectively. Purinergic signaling modulates adult neurogenesis, however, the role of individual purinergic receptor subtypes in this dynamic process and related cognitive performance is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the role of P2Y2 receptor in the neurogenic niches and in related forebrain functions such as spatial working memory and olfaction using mice with a targeted deletion of the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2-/- ). Proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) were analyzed by BrdU assay and immunohistochemistry; signal transduction pathway components were analyzed by immunoblot. In P2Y2-/- mice, proliferation of NPCs in the SGZ and the SVZ was reduced. However, migration, neuronal fate decision, and survival were not affected. Moreover, p-Akt expression was decreased in P2Y2-/- mice. P2Y2-/- mice showed an impaired performance in the Y-maze and a higher latency in the hidden food test. These data indicate that the P2Y2 receptor plays an important role in NPC proliferation as well as in hippocampus-dependent working memory and olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A H Ali
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laila Abdel-Hafiz
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Federica Tundo-Lavalle
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Soha A Hassan
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Horioka M, Ceraudo E, Lorenzen E, Sakmar TP, Huber T. Purinergic Receptors Crosstalk with CCR5 to Amplify Ca 2+ Signaling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1085-1101. [PMID: 33216235 PMCID: PMC8159800 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal through more than one subtype of heterotrimeric G proteins. For example, the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), which serves as a co-receptor to facilitate cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), normally signals through the heterotrimeric G protein, Gi. However, CCR5 also exhibits G protein signaling bias and certain chemokine analogs can cause a switch to Gq pathways to induce Ca2+ signaling. We want to understand how much of the Ca2+ signaling from Gi-coupled receptors is due to G protein promiscuity and how much is due to transactivation and crosstalk with other receptors. We propose a possible mechanism underlying the apparent switching between different G protein signaling pathways. We show that chemokine-mediated Ca2+ flux in HEK293T cells expressing CCR5 can be primed and enhanced by ATP pretreatment. In addition, agonist-dependent lysosomal exocytosis results in the release of ATP to the extracellular milieu, which amplifies cellular signaling networks. ATP is quickly degraded via ADP and AMP to adenosine. ATP, ADP and adenosine activate different cell surface purinergic receptors. Endogenous Gq-coupled purinergic P2Y receptors amplify Ca2+ signaling and allow for Gi- and Gq-coupled receptor signaling pathways to converge. Associated secretory release of GPCR ligands, such as chemokines, opioids, and monoamines, should also lead to concomitant release of ATP with a synergistic effect on Ca2+ signaling. Our results suggest that crosstalk between ATP-activated purinergic receptors and other Gi-coupled GPCRs is an important cooperative mechanism to amplify the intracellular Ca2+ signaling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Horioka
- Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY USA
| | - Emilie Ceraudo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY USA
| | - Emily Lorenzen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY USA
| | - Thomas P. Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY USA
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY USA
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14
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Molecular pharmacology of P2Y receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114361. [PMID: 33309519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Professor Geoffrey Burnstock proposed the concept of purinergic signaling via P1 and P2 receptors. P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular adenine and uracil nucleotides. Eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes have been identified. They are divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are found in almost all cells and mediate responses in physiology and pathophysiology including pain and inflammation. The antagonism of platelet P2Y12 receptors by cangrelor, ticagrelor or active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel reduces the ADP-induced platelet aggregation in patients with thrombotic complications of vascular diseases. The nucleotide agonist diquafosol acting at P2Y2 receptors is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. Structural information obtained by crystallography of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor proteins, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling will facilitate the rational design of novel selective drugs.
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15
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Dal Ben D, Antonioli L, Lambertucci C, Spinaci A, Fornai M, D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Blandizzi C, Volpini R. Approaches for designing and discovering purinergic drugs for gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:687-703. [PMID: 32228110 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1743673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purines finely modulate physiological motor, secretory, and sensory functions in the gastrointestinal tract. Their activity is mediated by the purinergic signaling machinery, including receptors and enzymes regulating their synthesis, release, and degradation. Several gastrointestinal dysfunctions are characterized by alterations affecting the purinergic system. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview on the purinergic receptor signaling machinery, the molecules and proteins involved, and a summary of medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at developing novel compounds able to modulate the activity of each player involved in this machinery. The involvement of purinergic signaling in gastrointestinal motor, secretory, and sensory functions and dysfunctions, and the potential therapeutic applications of purinergic signaling modulators, are then described. EXPERT OPINION A number of preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that the pharmacological manipulation of purinergic signaling represents a viable way to counteract several gastrointestinal diseases. At present, the paucity of purinergic therapies is related to the lack of receptor-subtype-specific agonists and antagonists that are effective in vivo. In this regard, the development of novel therapeutic strategies should be focused to include tools able to control the P1 and P2 receptor expression as well as modulators of the breakdown or transport of purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino , Camerino, Italy
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16
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Mühleder S, Fuchs C, Basílio J, Szwarc D, Pill K, Labuda K, Slezak P, Siehs C, Pröll J, Priglinger E, Hoffmann C, Junger WG, Redl H, Holnthoner W. Purinergic P2Y 2 receptors modulate endothelial sprouting. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:885-901. [PMID: 31278420 PMCID: PMC11104991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic P2 receptors are critical regulators of several functions within the vascular system, including platelet aggregation, vascular inflammation, and vascular tone. However, a role for ATP release and P2Y receptor signalling in angiogenesis remains poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that blood vessel growth is controlled by P2Y2 receptors. Endothelial sprouting and vascular tube formation were significantly dependent on P2Y2 expression and inhibition of P2Y2 using a selective antagonist blocked microvascular network generation. Mechanistically, overexpression of P2Y2 in endothelial cells induced the expression of the proangiogenic molecules CXCR4, CD34, and angiopoietin-2, while expression of VEGFR-2 was decreased. Interestingly, elevated P2Y2 expression caused constitutive phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and VEGFR-2. However, stimulation of cells with the P2Y2 agonist UTP did not influence sprouting unless P2Y2 was constitutively expressed. Finally, inhibition of VEGFR-2 impaired spontaneous vascular network formation induced by P2Y2 overexpression. Our data suggest that P2Y2 receptors have an essential function in angiogenesis, and that P2Y2 receptors present a therapeutic target to regulate blood vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mühleder
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Kompetenzzentrum für MechanoBiologie (INTERREG V-A AT-CZ ATCZ133), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José Basílio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorota Szwarc
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Pill
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krystyna Labuda
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Slezak
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Siehs
- Mag. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Christian Siehs, IT-Services, GLN 9110002040261, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Pröll
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Research, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Linz, Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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The role of P2Y 6R in cardiovascular diseases and recent development of P2Y 6R antagonists. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:568-573. [PMID: 31926135 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the P2Y receptor family with a typical 7-transmembrane structure, P2Y6 purinergic receptor (P2Y6R) belongs to the G-protein-coupled nucleotide receptor activating the phospholipase-C signaling pathway. P2Y6R is widely involved in a range of human diseases, including atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, gradually attracting attention owing to its inappropriate or excessive activation. In addition, it was reported that P2Y6R might regulate inflammatory responses by governing the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, several P2Y6R antagonists have been subjected to evaluation as new therapeutic strategies in recent years. This review was aimed at summarizing the role of P2Y6R in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, with an insight into the recent progress on discovery of P2Y6R antagonists.
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18
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Metabolic requirements of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:545-557. [PMID: 31782011 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis, a disease affecting both, animal welfare and cattle productivity. NETosis represents an important and early host innate effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) that also acts against B. besnoiti tachyzoites. So far, no data are available on metabolic requirements of B. besnoiti tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. Therefore, here we analyzed metabolic signatures of tachyzoite-exposed PMN and determined the relevance of distinct PMN-derived metabolic pathways via pharmacological inhibition experiments. Overall, tachyzoite exposure induced a significant increase in glucose and serine consumption as well as glutamate production in PMN. Moreover, tachyzoite-induced cell-free NETs were significantly diminished via PMN pre-treatments with oxamate and dichloroacetate which both induce an inhibition of lactate release as well as oxythiamine, which inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase, thereby indicating a key role of pyruvate- and lactate-mediated metabolic pathways for proper tachyzoite-mediated NETosis. Furthermore, NETosis was increased by enhanced pH conditions; however, inhibitors of MCT-lactate transporters (AR-C141900, AR-C151858) failed to influence NET formation. Moreover, a significant reduction of tachyzoite-induced NET formation was also achieved by treatments with oligomycin A (inhibitor of ATP synthase) and NF449 (purinergic receptor P2X1 antagonist) thereby suggesting a pivotal role of ATP availability for tachyzoite-mediated NETosis. In summary, the current data provide first evidence on carbohydrate-related metabolic pathways and energy supply to be involved in B. besnoiti tachyzoite-induced NETosis.
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Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by ATP analogues. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:315-326. [PMID: 31338672 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) has been associated with phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that reportedly makes them more osteoblast-like. Previous work has shown that ATP/UTP can inhibit AMC directly via P2 receptors and indirectly by NPP1-mediated hydrolysis to produce the mineralisation inhibitor, pyrophosphate (PPi). This study investigated the role of P2X receptors in the inhibitory effects of extracellular nucleotides on VSMC calcification. We found that Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP inhibited calcification by up to 100%. Culture in a high-phosphate medium (2 mM) was associated with increased VSMC death and apoptosis; treatment with Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP reduced apoptosis to levels seen in non-calcifying cells. Calcification was also associated with alterations in the protein levels of VSMC (e.g. SM22α and SMA) and osteoblast-associated (e.g. Runx2 and osteopontin) markers; Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP attenuated these changes in protein expression. Long-term culture with Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP resulted in lower extracellular ATP levels and an increased rate of ATP breakdown. P2X receptor antagonists failed to prevent the inhibitory effects of these analogues suggesting that they act via P2X receptor-independent mechanisms. In agreement, the breakdown products of α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP (α,β-meADP and methylene diphosphonate, respectively) also dose-dependently inhibited VSMC calcification. Furthermore, the actions of Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP were unchanged in VSMCs isolated from NPP1-knockout mice, suggesting that the functional effects of these compounds do not involve NPP1-mediated generation of PPi. Together, these results indicate that the inhibitory effects of ATP analogues on VSMC calcification and apoptosis in vitro may be mediated, at least in part, by mechanisms that are independent of purinergic signalling and PPi.
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Brockmann N, Sureechatchaiyan P, Müller D, Hennicke T, Hausmann R, Fritz G, Hamacher A, Kassack MU. Profiling of a suramin-derived compound library at recombinant human P2Y receptors identifies NF272 as a competitive but non-selective P2Y 2 receptor antagonist. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:287-298. [PMID: 31270713 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides mediate multiple physiological effects such as proliferation, differentiation, or induction of apoptosis through G protein-coupled P2Y receptors or P2X ion channels. Evaluation of the complete physiological role of nucleotides has long been hampered by a lack of potent and selective ligands for all P2 subtypes. Meanwhile, for most of the P2 receptors, selective ligands are available, but only a few potent and selective P2Y2 receptor antagonists are described. This limits the understanding of the role of P2Y2 receptors. The purpose of this study was to search for P2Y2 receptor antagonists by a combinatorial screening of a library of around 415 suramin-derived compounds. Calcium fluorescence measurements at P2Y2 receptors recombinantly expressed in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells identified NF272 [8-(4-methyl-3-(3-phenoxycarbonylimino-benzamido)benzamido)-naphthalene-1,3,5-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt] as a competitive P2Y2 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 19 μM which is 14-fold more potent than suramin at this receptor subtype. The SCHILD analysis of competitive inhibition resulted in a pA2 value of 5.03 ± 0.22 (mean ± SEM) with a slope not significantly different from unity. Among uracil-nucleotide-preferring P2Y receptors, NF272 shows a moderate selectivity over P2Y4 (3.6-fold) and P2Y6 (5.7-fold). However, NF272 is equipotent at P2Y1, and even more potent at P2Y11 and P2Y12 receptors. Up to 250 μM, NF272 showed no cytotoxicity in MTT cell viability assays in 1321N1, HEK293, and OVCAR-3 cells. Further, NF272 was able to inhibit the ATP-induced calcium signal in OVCAR-3 cells demonstrated to express P2Y2 receptors. In conclusion, NF272 is a competitive but non-selective P2Y2 receptor antagonist with 14-fold higher potency than suramin lacking cytotoxic effects. Therefore, NF272 may serve as a lead structure for further development of P2Y2 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brockmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Parichat Sureechatchaiyan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - David Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatiana Hennicke
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Hausmann
- Molecular Pharmacology, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hamacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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21
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Nociceptor Signalling through ion Channel Regulation via GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102488. [PMID: 31137507 PMCID: PMC6566991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime task of nociceptors is the transformation of noxious stimuli into action potentials that are propagated along the neurites of nociceptive neurons from the periphery to the spinal cord. This function of nociceptors relies on the coordinated operation of a variety of ion channels. In this review, we summarize how members of nine different families of ion channels expressed in sensory neurons contribute to nociception. Furthermore, data on 35 different types of G protein coupled receptors are presented, activation of which controls the gating of the aforementioned ion channels. These receptors are not only targeted by more than 20 separate endogenous modulators, but can also be affected by pharmacotherapeutic agents. Thereby, this review provides information on how ion channel modulation via G protein coupled receptors in nociceptors can be exploited to provide improved analgesic therapy.
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22
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Mitchell R, Campbell G, Mikolajczak M, McGill K, Mahad D, Fleetwood-Walker SM. A Targeted Mutation Disrupting Mitochondrial Complex IV Function in Primary Afferent Neurons Leads to Pain Hypersensitivity Through P2Y 1 Receptor Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5917-5933. [PMID: 30689196 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As mitochondrial dysfunction is evident in neurodegenerative disorders that are accompanied by pain, we generated inducible mutant mice with disruption of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV, by COX10 deletion limited to sensory afferent neurons through the use of an Advillin Cre-reporter. COX10 deletion results in a selective energy-deficiency phenotype with minimal production of reactive oxygen species. Mutant mice showed reduced activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV in many sensory neurons, increased ADP/ATP ratios in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal spinal cord synaptoneurosomes, as well as impaired mitochondrial membrane potential, in these synaptoneurosome preparations. These changes were accompanied by marked pain hypersensitivity in mechanical and thermal (hot and cold) tests without altered motor function. To address the underlying basis, we measured Ca2+ fluorescence responses of dorsal spinal cord synaptoneurosomes to activation of the GluK1 (kainate) receptor, which we showed to be widely expressed in small but not large nociceptive afferents, and is minimally expressed elsewhere in the spinal cord. Synaptoneurosomes from mutant mice showed greatly increased responses to GluK1 agonist. To explore whether altered nucleotide levels may play a part in this hypersensitivity, we pharmacologically interrogated potential roles of AMP-kinase and ADP-sensitive purinergic receptors. The ADP-sensitive P2Y1 receptor was clearly implicated. Its expression in small nociceptive afferents was increased in mutants, whose in vivo pain hypersensitivity, in mechanical, thermal and cold tests, was reversed by a selective P2Y1 antagonist. Energy depletion and ADP elevation in sensory afferents, due to mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV deficiency, appear sufficient to induce pain hypersensitivity, by ADP activation of P2Y1 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism
- Fluorescence
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity/complications
- Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mutation/genetics
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Nociception/drug effects
- Pain/complications
- Pain/pathology
- Phenotype
- Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Synapses/drug effects
- Synapses/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Mitchell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Graham Campbell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Little France, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marta Mikolajczak
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Katie McGill
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Little France, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Don Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Little France, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sue M Fleetwood-Walker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
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23
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Ali SB, Turner JJO, Fountain SJ. Constitutive P2Y 2 receptor activity regulates basal lipolysis in human adipocytes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.221994. [PMID: 30333139 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes are key regulators of metabolic homeostasis, which release stored energy as free fatty acids via lipolysis. Adipocytes possess both basal and stimulated lipolytic capacity, but limited information exists regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate basal lipolysis. Here, we describe a mechanism whereby autocrine purinergic signalling and constitutive P2Y2 receptor activation suppresses basal lipolysis in primary human in vitro-differentiated adipocytes. We found that human adipocytes possess cytoplasmic Ca2+ tone due to ATP secretion and constitutive P2Y2 receptor activation. Pharmacological antagonism or knockdown of P2Y2 receptors increases intracellular cAMP levels and enhances basal lipolysis. P2Y2 receptor antagonism works synergistically with phosphodiesterase inhibitors in elevating basal lipolysis, but is dependent upon adenylate cyclase activity. Mechanistically, we suggest that the increased Ca2+ tone exerts an anti-lipolytic effect by suppression of Ca2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase isoforms. We also observed that acute enhancement of basal lipolysis following P2Y2 receptor antagonism alters the profile of secreted adipokines leading to longer-term adaptive decreases in basal lipolysis. Our findings demonstrate that basal lipolysis and adipokine secretion are controlled by autocrine purinergic signalling in human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema B Ali
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
| | - Jeremy J O Turner
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
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24
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Jin H, Ko YS, Kim HJ. P2Y2R-mediated inflammasome activation is involved in tumor progression in breast cancer cells and in radiotherapy-resistant breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1953-1966. [PMID: 30226596 PMCID: PMC6192788 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, extracellular nucleotides are released and accumulate, and can activate the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R), which regulates various responses in tumor cells, resulting in tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the inflammasome has recently been reported to be associated with tumor progression. However, the role of P2Y2R in inflammasome activation in breast cancer cells is not yet well defined. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of P2Y2R in inflammasome-mediated tumor progression in breast cancer using breast cancer cells and radiotherapy-resistant (RT‑R) breast cancer cells. We established RT‑R-breast cancer cells (RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231, RT‑R‑MCF‑7, and RT‑R-T47D cells) by repeated irradiation (2 Gy each, 25 times) in a previous study. In this study, we found that the RT‑R breast cancer cells exhibited an increased release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and P2Y2R activity. In particular, the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells derived from highly metastatic MDA‑MB‑231 cells, exhibited a markedly increased ATP release, which was potentiated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The MDA‑MB‑231 cells exhibited inflammasome activation, as measured by caspase‑1 activity and interleukin (IL)-1β secretion following treatment with TNF‑α and ATP; these effects were enhanced in the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells. However, the increased caspase‑1 activities and IL‑1β secretion levels induced in response to treatment with TNF‑α or ATP were significantly reduced by P2Y2R knockdown or the presence of apyrase in both the MDA‑MB‑231 and RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells, suggesting the involvement of ATP-activated P2Y2R in inflammasome activation. In addition, TNF‑α and ATP increased the invasive and colony-forming ability of the MDA‑MB‑231 and RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells, and these effects were caspase‑1-dependent. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity was modulated by caspase-1, in a P2Y2R-dependent manner in the MDA‑MB‑231 and RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells. Finally, nude mice injected with the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231-EV cells (transfected with the empty vector) exhibited increased tumor growth, and higher levels of MMP-9 in their tumors and IL‑1β levels in their serum compared with the mice injected with the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231-P2Y2R shRNA cells (transfected with P2Y2R shRNA). On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that extracellular ATP promotes tumor progression in RT‑R-breast cancer cells and breast cancer cells by modulating invasion and associated molecules through the P2Y2R-inflammasome activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
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25
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Baqi Y, Müller CE. Antithrombotic P2Y 12 receptor antagonists: recent developments in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:325-333. [PMID: 30291899 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is one of eight known P2Y receptor subtypes, and belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. The P2Y12 receptor is highly expressed on blood platelets and in the brain. Potent, selective, peripherally acting antagonists for the P2Y12 receptor are used clinically as antithrombotic drugs. Several different scaffolds have been identified as P2Y12 receptor antagonists, including irreversibly acting thienotetrahydropyridines (prodrugs), and reversible competitive antagonists, including adenine nucleotide analogs, piperazinyl-glutamate-quinolines, -pyridines, and -pyrimidines, and anthraquinone derivatives. Here, we provide an overview of the different scaffolds that have been developed as P2Y12 receptor antagonists, some of which have become important therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, Postal Code 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharma-Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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26
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P2Y 2 and P2Y 6 receptor activation elicits intracellular calcium responses in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:371-384. [PMID: 30088129 PMCID: PMC6298923 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains self-renewing multipotent cells termed mesenchymal stromal cells. In situ, these cells serve to expand adipose tissue by adipogenesis, but their multipotency has gained interest for use in tissue regeneration. Little is known regarding the repertoire of receptors expressed by adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs). The purpose of this study was to undertake a comprehensive analysis of purinergic receptor expression. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue and confirmed by flow cytometry. The expression profile of purinergic receptors was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. The molecular basis for adenine and uracil nucleotide-evoked intracellular calcium responses was determined using Fura-2 measurements. All the known subtypes of P2X and P2Y receptors, excluding P2X2, P2X3 and P2Y12 receptors, were detected at the mRNA and protein level. ATP, ADP and UTP elicited concentration-dependent calcium responses in mesenchymal cells (N = 7–9 donors), with a potency ranking ADP (EC50 1.3 ± 1.0 μM) > ATP (EC50 2.2 ± 1.1 μM) = UTP (3.2 ± 2.8 μM). Cells were unresponsive to UDP (< 30 μM) and UDP-glucose (< 30 μM). ATP responses were attenuated by selective P2Y2 receptor antagonism (AR-C118925XX; IC50 1.1 ± 0.8 μM, 73.0 ± 8.5% max inhibition; N = 7 donors), and UTP responses were abolished. ADP responses were attenuated by the selective P2Y6 receptor antagonist, MRS2587 (IC50 437 ± 133nM, 81.0 ± 8.4% max inhibition; N = 6 donors). These data demonstrate that adenine and uracil nucleotides elicit intracellular calcium responses in human AD-MSCs with a predominant role for P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptor activation. This study furthers understanding about how human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells can respond to external signalling cues.
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27
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Makarenkova HP, Shah SB, Shestopalov VI. The two faces of pannexins: new roles in inflammation and repair. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:273-288. [PMID: 29950881 PMCID: PMC6016592 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s128401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexins belong to a family of ATP-release channels expressed in almost all cell types. An increasing body of literature on pannexins suggests that these channels play dual and sometimes contradictory roles, contributing to normal cell function, as well as to the pathological progression of disease. In this review, we summarize our understanding of pannexin "protective" and "harmful" functions in inflammation, regeneration and mechanical signaling. We also suggest a possible basis for pannexin's dual roles, related to extracellular ATP and K+ levels and the activation of various types of P2 receptors that are associated with pannexin. Finally, we speculate upon therapeutic strategies related to pannexin using eyes, lacrimal glands, and peripheral nerves as examples of interesting therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sameer B Shah
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of California.,Research Division, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Bascom Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Extracellular ATP activates hyaluronan synthase 2 ( HAS2) in epidermal keratinocytes via P2Y 2, Ca 2+ signaling, and MAPK pathways. Biochem J 2018; 475:1755-1772. [PMID: 29626161 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are used as signaling molecules by several cell types. In epidermis, their release is triggered by insults such as ultraviolet radiation, barrier disruption, and tissue wounding, and by specific nerve terminals firing. Increased synthesis of hyaluronan, a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, also occurs in response to stress, leading to the attractive hypothesis that nucleotide signaling and hyaluronan synthesis could also be linked. In HaCaT keratinocytes, ATP caused a rapid and strong but transient activation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression via protein kinase C-, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and calcium response element-binding protein-dependent pathways by activating the purinergic P2Y2 receptor. Smaller but more persistent up-regulation of HAS3 and CD44, and delayed up-regulation of HAS1 were also observed. Accumulation of peri- and extracellular hyaluronan followed 4-6 h after stimulation, an effect further enhanced by the hyaluronan precursor glucosamine. AMP and adenosine, the degradation products of ATP, markedly inhibited HAS2 expression and, despite concomitant up-regulation of HAS1 and HAS3, inhibited hyaluronan synthesis. Functionally, ATP moderately increased cell migration, whereas AMP and adenosine had no effect. Our data highlight the strong influence of adenosinergic signaling on hyaluronan metabolism in human keratinocytes. Epidermal insults are associated with extracellular ATP release, as well as rapid up-regulation of HAS2/3, CD44, and hyaluronan synthesis, and we show here that the two phenomena are linked. Furthermore, as ATP is rapidly degraded, the opposite effects of its less phosphorylated derivatives facilitate a rapid shut-off of the hyaluronan response, providing a feedback mechanism to prevent excessive reactions when more persistent signals are absent.
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29
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Clopidogrel Partially Counteracts Adenosine-5'-Diphosphate Effects on Blood Pressure and Renal Hemodynamics and Excretion in Rats. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:287-295. [PMID: 30293555 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) can influence intrarenal vascular tone and tubular transport, partly through activation of purine P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12-R), but their actual in vivo role in regulation of renal circulation and excretion remains unclear. METHODS The effects of intravenous ADP infusions of 2-8mg/kg/hour were examined in anesthetized Wistar rats that were untreated or chronically pretreated with clopidogrel, 20mg/kg/24hours, a selective P2Y12-R antagonist. Renal blood flow (transonic probe) and perfusion of the superficial cortex and medulla (laser-Doppler fluxes) were measured, together with urine osmolality (Uosm), diuresis (V), total solute (UosmV), sodium (UNaV) and potassium (UKV) excretion. RESULTS ADP induced a gradual, dose-dependent 15% decrease of mean arterial pressure, a sustained increase of renal blood flow and a 25% decrease in renal vascular resistance. Clopidogrel pretreatment attenuated the mean arterial pressure decrease, and did not significantly alter renal blood flow or renal vascular resistance. Renal medullary perfusion was not affected by ADP whereas Uosm decreased from 1,080 ± 125 to 685 ± 75 mosmol/kg H20. There were also substantial significant decreases in UosmV, UNaV and UKV; all these changes were attenuated or abolished by clopidogrel pretreatment. Two-weeks' clopidogrel treatment decreased V while UosmUosmV and UNaV increased, most distinctly after 7 days. Acute clopidogrel infusion modestly decreased mean arterial pressure and significantly increased outer- and decreased inner-medullary perfusion. CONCLUSIONS Our functional studies show that ADP can cause systemic and renal vasodilation and a decrease in mean arterial pressure, an action at least partly mediated by P2Y12 receptors. We confirmed that these receptors exert tonic action to reduce tubular water reabsorption and urine concentration.
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30
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Lu W, Gómez NM, Lim JC, Guha S, O'Brien-Jenkins A, Coffey EE, Campagno KE, McCaughey SA, Laties AM, Carlsson LG, Mitchell CH. The P2Y 12 Receptor Antagonist Ticagrelor Reduces Lysosomal pH and Autofluorescence in Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells From the ABCA4 -/- Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:242. [PMID: 29725296 PMCID: PMC5917064 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of partially degraded lipid waste in lysosomal-related organelles may contribute to pathology in many aging diseases. The presence of these lipofuscin granules is particularly evident in the autofluorescent lysosome-associated organelles of the retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, and may be related to early stages of age-related macular degeneration. While lysosomal enzymes degrade material optimally at acidic pH levels, lysosomal pH is elevated in RPE cells from the ABCA4-/- mouse model of Stargardt's disease, an early onset retinal degeneration. Lowering lysosomal pH through cAMP-dependent pathways decreases accumulation of autofluorescent material in RPE cells in vitro, but identification of an appropriate receptor is crucial for manipulating this pathway in vivo. As the P2Y12 receptor for ADP is coupled to the inhibitory Gi protein, we asked whether blocking the P2Y12 receptor with ticagrelor could restore lysosomal acidity and reduce autofluorescence in compromised RPE cells from ABCA4-/- mice. Oral delivery of ticagrelor giving rise to clinically relevant exposure lowered lysosomal pH in these RPE cells. Ticagrelor also partially reduced autofluorescence in the RPE cells of ABCA4-/- mice. In vitro studies in ARPE-19 cells using more specific antagonists AR-C69931 and AR-C66096 confirmed the importance of the P2Y12 receptor for lowering lysosomal pH and reducing autofluorescence. These observations identify P2Y12 receptor blockade as a potential target to lower lysosomal pH and clear lysosomal waste in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Néstor M Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason C Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sonia Guha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ann O'Brien-Jenkins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erin E Coffey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keith E Campagno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stuart A McCaughey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alan M Laties
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leif G Carlsson
- Department of Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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31
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Abstract
P2Y receptors (P2YRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides. Physiological P2YR agonists include purine and pyrimidine nucleoside di- and triphosphates, such as ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, nucleotide sugars, and dinucleotides. Eight subtypes exist, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14, which represent current or potential future drug targets. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of ligands for the subgroup of the P2YR family that is activated by uracil nucleotides: P2Y2 (UTP, also ATP and dinucleotides), P2Y4 (UTP), P2Y6 (UDP), and P2Y14 (UDP, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose). The physiological agonists are metabolically unstable due to their fast hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases. A number of agonists with increased potency, subtype-selectivity and/or enzymatic stability have been developed in recent years. Useful P2Y2R agonists include MRS2698 (6-01, highly selective) and PSB-1114 (6-05, increased metabolic stability). A potent and selective P2Y2R antagonist is AR-C118925 (10-01). For studies of the P2Y4R, MRS4062 (3-15) may be used as a selective agonist, while PSB-16133 (10-06) is a selective antagonist. Several potent P2Y6R agonists have been developed including 5-methoxyuridine 5'-O-((Rp)α-boranodiphosphate) (6-12), PSB-0474 (3-11), and MRS2693 (3-26). The isocyanate MRS2578 (10-08) is used as a selective P2Y6R antagonist, although its reactivity and low water-solubility are limiting. With MRS2905 (6-08), a potent and metabolically stable P2Y14R agonist is available, while PPTN (10-14) represents a potent and selective P2Y14R antagonist. The radioligand [3H]UDP can be used to label P2Y14Rs. In addition, several fluorescent probes have been developed. Uracil nucleotide-activated P2YRs show great potential as drug targets, especially in inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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32
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Conroy S, Kindon ND, Glenn J, Stoddart LA, Lewis RJ, Hill SJ, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of the First Fluorescent Antagonists of the Human P2Y 2 Receptor Based on AR-C118925. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3089-3113. [PMID: 29558126 PMCID: PMC6026847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
human P2Y2 receptor (hP2Y2R)
is a G-protein-coupled receptor that shows promise as a therapeutic
target for many important conditions, including for antimetastatic
cancer and more recently for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. As such,
there is a need for new hP2Y2R antagonists
and molecular probes to study this receptor. Herein, we report the
development of a new series of non-nucleotide hP2Y2R antagonists, based on the known, non-nucleotide hP2Y2R antagonist AR-C118925 (1),
leading to the discovery of a series of fluorescent ligands containing
different linkers and fluorophores. One of these conjugates, 98, displayed micromolar affinity for hP2Y2R (pKd = 6.32 ± 0.10, n = 17) in a bioluminescence-energy-transfer (BRET) assay.
Confocal microscopy with this ligand revealed displaceable membrane
labeling of astrocytoma cells expressing untagged hP2Y2R. These properties make 98 one of the
first tools for studying hP2Y2R distribution
and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Jacqueline Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Mölndal, Gothenburg 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
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Layhadi JA, Turner J, Crossman D, Fountain SJ. ATP Evokes Ca 2+ Responses and CXCL5 Secretion via P2X 4 Receptor Activation in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1159-1168. [PMID: 29255078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes sense extracellular ATP, a danger-associated molecular pattern, released during cellular stress and death, via activation of cell surface P2X and P2Y receptors. Here, we investigate P2 receptor expression in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and receptors that mediate ATP-evoked intracellular [Ca2+]i signals and cytokine production in response to ATP concentrations that exclude P2X7 receptor activation. Expression of P2X1, P2X4, P2X5, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, and P2Y13 was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. ATP elicited intracellular Ca2+ responses in a concentration-dependent fashion (EC50 = 11.4 ± 2.9 μM, n = 3). P2Y11 and P2Y13 activations mediated the amplitude of [Ca2+]i response, whereas P2X4 activation, but not P2X1 or P2X7, determined the duration of Ca2+ response during a sustained phase. ATP mediated gene induction of CXCL5, a proinflammatory chemokine. P2X4 antagonism (PSB-12062 or BX430) inhibited ATP-mediated induction of CXCL5 gene expression and secretion of CXCL5 by primary macrophage. Inhibition of CXCL5 secretion by P2X4 antagonists was lost in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ Reciprocally, positive allosteric modulation of P2X4 (ivermectin) augmented ATP-mediated CXCL5 secretion. P2X7, P2Y11, or P2Y13 receptor did not contribute to CXCL5 secretion. Together, the data reveals a role for P2X4 in determining the duration of ATP-evoked Ca2+ responses and CXCL5 secretion in human primary macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Layhadi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Turner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UY, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Crossman
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom;
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UDP-sugars activate P2Y 14 receptors to mediate vasoconstriction of the porcine coronary artery. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 103-105:36-46. [PMID: 29253618 PMCID: PMC5906693 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims UDP-sugars can act as extracellular signalling molecules, but relatively little is known about their cardiovascular actions. The P2Y14 receptor is a Gi/o-coupled receptor which is activated by UDP-glucose and related sugar nucleotides. In this study we sought to investigate whether P2Y14 receptors are functionally expressed in the porcine coronary artery using a selective P2Y14 receptor agonist, MRS2690, and a novel selective P2Y14 receptor antagonist, PPTN (4,7-disubstituted naphthoic acid derivative). Methods and results Isometric tension recordings were used to evaluate the effects of UDP-sugars in porcine isolated coronary artery segments. The effects of the P2 receptor antagonists suramin and PPADS, the P2Y14 receptor antagonist PPTN, and the P2Y6 receptor antagonist MRS2578, were investigated. Measurement of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation using flow cytometry was used to assess changes in cAMP levels. UDP-glucose, UDP-glucuronic acid UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (P2Y14 receptor agonists), elicited concentration-dependent contractions of the porcine coronary artery. MRS2690 was a more potent vasoconstrictor than the UDP-sugars. Concentration dependent contractile responses to MRS2690 and UDP-sugars were enhanced in the presence of forskolin (activator of cAMP), where the level of basal tone was maintained by addition of U46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic. Contractile responses to MRS2690 were blocked by PPTN, but not by MRS2578. Contractile responses to UDP-glucose were also attenuated by PPTN and suramin, but not by MRS2578. Forskolin-induced VASP-phosphorylation was reduced in porcine coronary arteries exposed to UDP-glucose and MRS2690, consistent with P2Y14 receptor coupling to Gi/o proteins and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. Conclusions Our data support a role of UDP-sugars as extracellular signalling molecules and show for the first time that they mediate contraction of porcine coronary arteries via P2Y14 receptors.
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Nishimura A, Sunggip C, Oda S, Numaga-Tomita T, Tsuda M, Nishida M. Purinergic P2Y receptors: Molecular diversity and implications for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jiang P, Xing F, Guo B, Yang J, Li Z, Wei W, Hu F, Lee I, Zhang X, Pan L, Xu J. Nucleotide transmitters ATP and ADP mediate intercellular calcium wave communication via P2Y12/13 receptors among BV-2 microglia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183114. [PMID: 28800362 PMCID: PMC5553643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury is accompanied by a liberation of diverse nucleotides, some of which act as ‘find/eat-me’ signals in mediating neuron-glial interplay. Intercellular Ca2+ wave (ICW) communication is the main approach by which glial cells interact and coordinate with each other to execute immune defense. However, the detailed mechanisms on how these nucleotides participate in ICW communication remain largely unclear. In the present work, we employed a mechanical stimulus to an individual BV-2 microglia to simulate localized injury. Remarkable ICW propagation was observed no matter whether calcium was in the environment or not. Apyrase (ATP/ADP-hydrolyzing enzyme), suramin (broad-spectrum P2 receptor antagonist), 2-APB (IP3 receptor blocker) and thapsigargin (endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump inhibitor) potently inhibited these ICWs, respectively, indicating the dependence of nucleotide signals and P2Y receptors. Then, we detected the involvement of five naturally occurring nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-glucose) by desensitizing receptors. Results showed that desensitization with ATP and ADP could block ICW propagation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas other nucleotides had little effect. Meanwhile, the expression of P2Y receptors in BV-2 microglia was identified and their contributions were analyzed, from which we suggested P2Y12/13 receptors activation mostly contributed to ICWs. Besides, we estimated that extracellular ATP and ADP concentration sensed by BV-2 microglia was about 0.3 μM during ICWs by analyzing calcium dynamic characteristics. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the nucleotides ATP and ADP were predominant signal transmitters in mechanical stimulation-induced ICW communication through acting on P2Y12/13 receptors in BV-2 microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fulin Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bu Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheming Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fen Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Imshik Lee
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Leiting Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biological Therapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Liñán-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Zuleta-Alarcon A, Alhaj M, Tili E, Enneking J, Harzman A, Grants I, Bergese S, Christofi FL. UTP - Gated Signaling Pathways of 5-HT Release from BON Cells as a Model of Human Enterochromaffin Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:429. [PMID: 28751862 PMCID: PMC5508028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterochromaffin cells (EC) synthesize and release 5-HT and ATP to trigger or modulate gut neural reflexes and transmit information about visceral/pain sensation. Alterations in 5-HT signaling mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD or IBS, but the pharmacologic or molecular mechanisms modulating Ca2+-dependent 5-HT release are not understood. Previous studies indicated that purinergic signaling via ATP and ADP is an important mechanism in modulation of 5-HT release. However, EC cells also respond to UTP and UDP suggesting uridine triphosphate receptor and signaling pathways are involved as well. We tested the hypothesis that UTP is a regulator of 5-HT release in human EC cells. Methods: UTP signaling mechanisms were studied in BON cells, a human EC model, using Fluo-4/Ca2+imaging, patch-clamp, pharmacological analysis, immunohistochemistry, western blots and qPCR. 5-HT release was monitored in BON or EC isolated from human gut surgical specimens (hEC). Results: UTP, UTPγS, UDP or ATP induced Ca2+oscillations in BON. UTP evoked a biphasic concentration-dependent Ca2+response. Cells responded in the order of UTP, ATP > UTPγS > UDP >> MRS2768, BzATP, α,β-MeATP > MRS2365, MRS2690, and NF546. Different proportions of cells activated by UTP and ATP also responded to UTPγS (P2Y4, 50% cells), UDP (P2Y6, 30%), UTPγS and UDP (14%) or MRS2768 (<3%). UTP Ca2+responses were blocked with inhibitors of PLC, IP3R, SERCA Ca2+pump, La3+sensitive Ca2+channels or chelation of intracellular free Ca2+ by BAPTA/AM. Inhibitors of L-type, TRPC, ryanodine-Ca2+pools, PI3-Kinase, PKC or SRC-Kinase had no effect. UTP stimulated voltage-sensitive Ca2+currents (ICa), Vm-depolarization and inhibited IK (not IA) currents. An IKv7.2/7.3 K+ channel blocker XE-991 mimicked UTP-induced Vm-depolarization and blocked UTP-responses. XE-991 blocked IK and UTP caused further reduction. La3+ or PLC inhibitors blocked UTP depolarization; PKC inhibitors, thapsigargin or zero Ca2+buffer did not. UTP stimulated 5-HT release in hEC expressing TPH1, 5-HT, P2Y4/P2Y6R. Zero-Ca2+buffer augmented Ca2+responses and 5-HT release. Conclusion: UTP activates a predominant P2Y4R pathway to trigger Ca2+oscillations via internal Ca2+mobilization through a PLC/IP3/IP3R/SERCA Ca2+signaling pathway to stimulate 5-HT release; Ca2+influx is inhibitory. UTP-induced Vm-depolarization depends on PLC signaling and an unidentified K channel (which appears independent of Ca2+oscillations or Ica/VOCC). UTP-gated signaling pathways triggered by activation of P2Y4R stimulate 5-HT release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Liñán-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Alix Zuleta-Alarcon
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Mazin Alhaj
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Esmerina Tili
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Josh Enneking
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of Surgery, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Iveta Grants
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Sergio Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
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Ito M, Egashira SI, Yoshida K, Mineno T, Kumagai K, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T, Ui M, Matsuoka I. Identification of novel selective P2Y 6 receptor antagonists by high-throughput screening assay. Life Sci 2017; 180:137-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Villagra-Blanco R, Silva LMR, Muñoz-Caro T, Yang Z, Li J, Gärtner U, Taubert A, Zhang X, Hermosilla C. Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Cast Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against the Abortive Parasite Neospora caninum. Front Immunol 2017; 8:606. [PMID: 28611772 PMCID: PMC5447047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum represents a relevant apicomplexan parasite causing severe reproductive disorders in cattle worldwide. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) generation was recently described as an efficient defense mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) acting against different parasites. In vitro interactions of bovine PMN with N. caninum were analyzed at different ratios and time spans. Extracellular DNA staining was used to illustrate the typical molecules of NETs [i.e., histones (H3), neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), pentraxin] via antibody-based immunofluorescence analyses. Functional inhibitor treatments were applied to reveal the role of several enzymes [NADPH oxidase (NOX), NE, MPO, PAD4], ATP-dependent P2Y2 receptor, store-operated Ca++entry (SOCE), CD11b receptor, ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK-mediated signaling pathway in tachyzoite-triggered NETosis. N. caninum tachyzoites triggered NETosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed NET structures being released by bovine PMN and entrapping tachyzoites. N. caninum-induced NET formation was found not to be NOX-, NE-, MPO-, PAD4-, ERK1/2-, and p38 MAP kinase-dependent process since inhibition of these enzymes led to a slight decrease of NET formation. CD11b was also identified as a neutrophil receptor being involved in NETosis. Furthermore, N. caninum-triggered NETosis depends on Ca++ influx as well as neutrophil metabolism since both the inhibition of SOCE and of P2Y2-mediated ATP uptake diminished NET formation. Host cell invasion assays indicated that PMN-derived NETosis hampered tachyzoites from active host cell invasion, thereby inhibiting further intracellular replication. NET formation represents an early and effective mechanism of response of the innate immune system, which might reduce initial infection rates during the acute phase of cattle neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Gündüz D, Tanislav C, Sedding D, Parahuleva M, Santoso S, Troidl C, Hamm CW, Aslam M. Uridine Triphosphate Thio Analogues Inhibit Platelet P2Y 12 Receptor and Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020269. [PMID: 28146050 PMCID: PMC5343805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet P2Y12 is an important adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor that is involved in agonist-induced platelet aggregation and is a valuable target for the development of anti-platelet drugs. Here we characterise the effects of thio analogues of uridine triphosphate (UTP) on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Using human platelet-rich plasma, we demonstrate that UTP inhibits P2Y12 but not P2Y1 receptors and antagonises 10 µM ADP-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of ~250 µM. An eight-fold higher platelet inhibitory activity was observed with a 2-thio analogue of UTP (2S-UTP), with an IC50 of 30 µM. The 4-thio analogue (4S-UTP) with an IC50 of 7.5 µM was 33-fold more effective. A three-fold decrease in inhibitory activity, however, was observed by introducing an isobutyl group at the 4S- position. A complete loss of inhibition was observed with thio-modification of the γ phosphate of the sugar moiety, which yields an enzymatically stable analogue. The interaction of UTP analogues with P2Y12 receptor was verified by P2Y12 receptor binding and cyclic AMP (cAMP) assays. These novel data demonstrate for the first time that 2- and 4-thio analogues of UTP are potent P2Y12 receptor antagonists that may be useful for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Tanislav
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Sedding
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mariana Parahuleva
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sentot Santoso
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian W Hamm
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Discovery of Potential Orthosteric and Allosteric Antagonists of P2Y1R from Chinese Herbs by Molecular Simulation Methods. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4320201. [PMID: 27635149 PMCID: PMC5011212 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4320201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R), which belongs to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is an important target in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The crystal structure of P2Y1R has been solved recently, which revealed orthosteric and allosteric ligand-binding sites with the details of ligand-protein binding modes. And it suggests that P2Y1R antagonists, which recognize two distinct sites, could potentially provide an efficacious and safe antithrombotic profile. In present paper, 2D similarity search, pharmacophore based screening, and molecular docking were used to explore the potential natural P2Y1R antagonists. 2D similarity search was used to classify orthosteric and allosteric antagonists of P2Y1R. Based on the result, pharmacophore models were constructed and validated by the test set. Optimal models were selected to discover potential P2Y1R antagonists of orthosteric and allosteric sites from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). And the hits were filtered by Lipinski's rule. Then molecular docking was used to refine the results of pharmacophore based screening and analyze the binding mode of the hits and P2Y1R. Finally, two orthosteric and one allosteric potential compounds were obtained, which might be used in future P2Y1R antagonists design. This work provides a reliable guide for discovering natural P2Y1R antagonists acting on two distinct sites from TCM.
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Conroy S, Kindon N, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Drug-like Antagonists of P2Y Receptors-From Lead Identification to Drug Development. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9981-10005. [PMID: 27413802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are expressed in virtually all cells and tissue types and mediate an astonishing array of biological functions, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and immune regulation. The P2Y receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are composed of eight members encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of their coupling to specific G-proteins. Extensive research has been undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors, although to date only a limited number of small-molecule P2Y receptor antagonists have been approved by drug/medicines agencies. This Perspective reviews the known P2Y receptor antagonists, highlighting oral drug-like receptor antagonists, and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas Kindon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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Li F, Li W, Li X, Li F, Zhang L, Wang B, Huang G, Guo X, Wan L, Liu Y, Zhang S, Kang S, Ma J. Geniposide attenuates inflammatory response by suppressing P2Y14 receptor and downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathway in oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:77-86. [PMID: 26976766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus gardenia is widely used for treatment of stroke and infectious diseases in Chinese medicine. Geniposide is the key bioactive compound related to the pharmacodynamic actions of gardenia on ischemic stroke. The molecular mechanism by which geniposide improves the ischemic brain injury was observed in the study. AIM OF THE STUDY Recent studies showed that geniposide had protective activities against the inflammatory response in ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of geniposide anti-inflammatory role has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of geniposide on the expression of P2Y14 receptor and downstream signaling pathway in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro model of cerebral ischemia in BMECs was established by oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD). To further confirm the specific effect of geniposide on P2Y14 receptor and downstream signaling pathways, we set up a UDP-glucose (an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor) stimulated model. After administration of geniposide, the expression of P2Y14 receptor, phosphorylation of RAF-1, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), level of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in BMECs were determined. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of P2Y14 in the rat BMECs were up-regulated in OGD-induced injury. After administration of Geniposide, the expression of P2Y14 receptor was significantly down-regulated, the phosphorylation of RAF-1, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 were suppressed. Similar data were obtained in UDP-glc stimulated model. We also observed that geniposide markedly declined the production of IL-8, IL-1β and MCP-1 in OGD-induced BMECs. CONCLUSION Geniposide exerted anti-inflammatory effects by interfering with the expression of P2Y14 receptor, which subsequently inhibits the downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathways and the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1β. Therefore, this study provides the evidence for gardenia's clinical application in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghe Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Weihong Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xingguang Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Feng Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No 7166 Bao Tong Street, Weifang, Shandong Province 261053, China.
| | - Bingce Wang
- Xingzhi Academy, The Affiliated High School of Peking University, No 15 Da Ni Wan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100080, China.
| | - Guangrui Huang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaojin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongzhou District Hospital of Integrated Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, No 89 Che Zhan Road, Tong Zhou District, Beijing 101100, China.
| | - Liangqin Wan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, No 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States.
| | - Sai Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Soyeon Kang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiabao Ma
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Guarracino JF, Cinalli AR, Fernández V, Roquel LI, Losavio AS. P2Y13 receptors mediate presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release induced by adenine nucleotides at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience 2016; 326:31-44. [PMID: 27058149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is known that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is released along with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve terminals. At mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), we have previously demonstrated that ATP is able to decrease ACh secretion by activation of P2Y receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o protein. In this group, the receptor subtypes activated by adenine nucleotides are P2Y12 and P2Y13. Here, we investigated, by means of pharmacological and immunohistochemical assays, the P2Y receptor subtype that mediates the modulation of spontaneous and evoked ACh release in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. First, we confirmed that the preferential agonist for P2Y12-13 receptors, 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-diphosphate trisodium salt hydrate (2-MeSADP), reduced MEPP frequency without affecting MEPP amplitude as well as the amplitude and quantal content of end-plate potentials (EPPs). The effect on spontaneous secretion disappeared after the application of the selective P2Y12-13 antagonists AR-C69931MX or 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate triethylammonium salt hydrate (2-MeSAMP). 2-MeSADP was more potent than ADP and ATP in reducing MEPP frequency. Then we demonstrated that the selective P2Y13 antagonist MRS-2211 completely prevented the inhibitory effect of 2-MeSADP on MEPP frequency and EPP amplitude, whereas the P2Y12 antagonist MRS-2395 failed to do this. The preferential agonist for P2Y13 receptors inosine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt (IDP) reduced spontaneous and evoked ACh secretion and MRS-2211 abolished IDP-mediated modulation. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the presence of P2Y13 but not P2Y12 receptors at the end-plate region. Disappearance of P2Y13 receptors after denervation suggests the presynaptic localization of the receptors. We conclude that, at motor nerve terminals, the Gi/o protein-coupled P2Y receptors implicated in presynaptic inhibition of spontaneous and evoked ACh release are of the subtype P2Y13. This study provides new insights into the types of purinergic receptors that contribute to the fine-tuning of cholinergic transmission at mammalian neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Guarracino
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150 (CP 1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Cinalli
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150 (CP 1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Fernández
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Sarmiento 4564 (CP 1197), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana I Roquel
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Sarmiento 4564 (CP 1197), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana S Losavio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150 (CP 1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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45
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Förster D, Reiser G. Nucleotides protect rat brain astrocytes against hydrogen peroxide toxicity and induce antioxidant defense via P2Y receptors. Neurochem Int 2016; 94:57-66. [PMID: 26898403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consequences of neurodegenerative diseases or stroke also depend on astroglial survival during oxidative stress. P2Y receptors that are widely distributed in the central nervous system are suggested to be involved in cytoprotection. However, knowledge about the efficacy of protection by P2Y receptors and their involvement in antioxidant protective pathways is scarce. Here, we investigate the viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after exposure of rat astrocytes to hydrogen peroxide. We determined the influence of treatment with the P2Y1 receptor-specific agonist 2-methyl-thio-ADP (2MeSADP) and the broad range P2Y receptor agonist adenosine 5'-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS). Preincubation (24-h before hydrogen peroxide application) and incubation with ATPγS and 2MeSADP protected astrocytes. The ROS production in hydrogen peroxide-treated astrocytes was reduced by pre- and co-incubation with ATPγS or 2MeSADP. Changes of levels of expression of antioxidant defense systems in astrocytes by treatment with P2Y receptor agonists were analyzed. Incubation with ATPγS and 2MeSADP increased mRNA levels of CAT encoding catalase and SOD2, encoding mitochondrial manganese dependent superoxide dismutase. ATPγS additionally increased mRNA levels of SOD3, encoding extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD). Levels of total glutathione (GSH) increased in ATPγS/2MeSADP-treated astrocytes. mRNA levels of genes involved in GSH synthesis and in import of GSH precursors were analyzed after treatment with ATPγS and 2MeSADP. Both agonists significantly increased mRNA levels of a subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase, and a subunit of antiporter system xc(-). Changes in mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and genes of GSH metabolism depend on rise of intracellular Ca(2+) by P2Y receptor and basal activity of protein kinase A (PKA). SOD3 induction is suggested to depend on increased intracellular Ca(2+), increased cyclic AMP levels and PKA activity. Thus, we confirm a role of purinergic signaling in astrocytic survival during oxidative stress by maintaining antioxidant defense, highlighting P2Y receptors as potential targets for cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Förster
- Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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46
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Barragán-Iglesias P, Pineda-Farias JB, Bravo-Hernández M, Cervantes-Durán C, Price TJ, Murbartián J, Granados-Soto V. Predominant role of spinal P2Y1 receptors in the development of neuropathic pain in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1636:43-51. [PMID: 26835558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of P2X2/3, P2X3, P2X4 or P2X7 and P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors in neuropathic pain has been widely studied. In contrast, the role of P2Y1 receptors is scarcely studied. In this study we assessed the role of P2Y1 receptors in several neuropathic pain models in the rat. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of P2Y1 receptors in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and dorsal part of the spinal cord during the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. We also determined the effect of the P2Y1 receptor antagonist on the expression of P2Y1 receptors. Chronic constriction injury (CCI), spared nerve injury (SNI) or spinal nerve ligation (SNL) produced tactile allodynia from 1 to 14 days after nerve injury. CCI, SNI and SNL enhanced expression of P2Y1 receptors in DRG but not in the dorsal part of the spinal cord at 1-3 days after injury. Intrathecal injection of the selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500, but not vehicle, reduced tactile allodynia in rats 1-3 days after CCI, SNI, or SNL. Moreover, intrathecal injection of MRS2500 (at day 1 or 3) reduced neuropathy-induced up-regulation of P2Y1 receptors expression. Intrathecal injection of MRS2500 lost most of the antiallodynic effect when injected 14 days after injury. At this time, MRS2500 did not modify nerve-injury-induced P2Y1 receptors up-regulation. Our results suggest that P2Y1 receptors are localized in DRG, are up-regulated by nerve injury and play a pronociceptive role in development and, to a lesser extent, maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulino Barragán-Iglesias
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., Ciudad de México, México; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jorge Baruch Pineda-Farias
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mariana Bravo-Hernández
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Cervantes-Durán
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Neurobiology of Pain Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Sede Sur., Ciudad de México, México.
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47
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Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Szustak M. Thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate induces HeLa cell migration by activation of the P2Y6 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:199-209. [PMID: 26746211 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP acting as ligands of specific P2Y receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cell death. Contrary to a widely held opinion, we show here that nucleoside 5'-O-monophosphorothioate analogs, containing a sulfur atom in a place of one nonbridging oxygen atom in a phosphate group, act as ligands for selected P2Y subtypes. We pay particular attention to the unique activity of thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate (TMPS) which acts as a specific partial agonist of the P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R). We also collected evidence for the involvement of the P2Y6 receptor in human epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa) cell migration induced by thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate analog. The stimulatory effect of TMPS was abolished by siRNA-mediated P2Y6 knockdown and diisothiocyanate derivative MRS 2578, a selective antagonist of the P2Y6R. Our results indicate for the first time that increased stability of thymidine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate as well as its affinity toward the P2Y6R may be responsible for some long-term effects mediated by this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szustak
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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48
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Azran S, Danino O, Förster D, Kenigsberg S, Reiser G, Dixit M, Singh V, Major DT, Fischer B. Identification of Highly Promising Antioxidants/Neuroprotectants Based on Nucleoside 5'-Phosphorothioate Scaffold. Synthesis, Activity, and Mechanisms of Action. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8427-43. [PMID: 26447940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With a view to identify novel and biocompatible neuroprotectants, we designed nucleoside 5'-thiophosphate analogues, 6-11. We identified 2-SMe-ADP(α-S), 7A, as a most promising neuroprotectant. 7A reduced ROS production in PC12 cells under oxidizing conditions, IC50 of 0.08 vs 21 μM for ADP. Furthermore, 7A rescued primary neurons subjected to oxidation, EC50 of 0.04 vs 19 μM for ADP. 7A is a most potent P2Y1-R agonist, EC50 of 0.0026 μM. Activity of 7A in cells involved P2Y1/12-R as indicated by blocking P2Y12-R or P2Y1-R. Compound 7A inhibited Fenton reaction better than EDTA, IC50 of 37 vs 54 μM, due to radical scavenging, IC50 of 12.5 vs 30 μM for ADP, and Fe(II)-chelation, IC50 of 80 vs >200 μM for ADP (ferrozine assay). In addition, 7A was stable in human blood serum, t1/2 of 15 vs 1.5 h for ADP, and resisted hydrolysis by NPP1/3, 2-fold vs ADP. Hence, we propose 7A as a highly promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Azran
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Daniel Förster
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kenigsberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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49
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Gabl M, Winther M, Welin A, Karlsson A, Oprea T, Bylund J, Dahlgren C, Forsman H. P2Y2 receptor signaling in neutrophils is regulated from inside by a novel cytoskeleton-dependent mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:242-52. [PMID: 26192818 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional selectivity, a process by which G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can activate one signaling route while avoiding another, is regulated by ligand-mediated stabilization of specific receptor states that modulate different downstream signaling events. We propose a novel mechanism for functional selectivity, induced by the endogenous P2Y2R agonist ATP and regulated at the signaling interface by the cytoskeleton. Upon ATP stimulation of human neutrophils, a transient rise in the cytosolic concentration of free Ca(2+) was not followed by activation of the superoxide anion-generating NADPH-oxidase. This was in contrast to signals generated through the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), as its activation was accompanied by both a mobilization of Ca(2+) and activation of the NADPH-oxidase. The phospholipase C/Ca(2+) signaling route is not modulated by the cytoskeleton-disrupting drug latrunculin A, but this drug was able to launch a new signaling route downstream of P2Y2R that led to NADPH-oxidase activation. The signaling downstream of P2Y2R was rapidly terminated and the receptors were desensitized; however, in contrast to desensitized FPR1, no P2Y2 receptor reactivation could be induced by latrunculin A. Thus, P2Y2R desensitization does not appear to involve the cytoskeleton, contrary to FPR1 desensitization. In summary, we hereby describe how ATP regulates functional selectivity via the cytoskeleton, leading to intracellular Ca(2+) increase, alone or with simultaneous NADPH-oxidase activation in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Malene Winther
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tudor Oprea
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; Translational Informatics Division, UNM Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
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50
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Meltzer D, Ethan O, Arguin G, Nadel Y, Danino O, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Gendron FP, Fischer B. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of uracil nucleotide derivatives towards the identification of human P2Y6 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5764-73. [PMID: 26233801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6-R) is involved in various physiological and pathophysiological events. With a view to set rules for the design of UDP-based reversible P2Y6-R antagonists as potential drugs, we established structure-activity relationship of UDP analogues, bearing modifications at the uracil ring, ribose moiety, and the phosphate chain. For instance, C5-phenyl- or 3-NMe-uridine-5'-α,β-methylene-diphosphonate, 16 and 23, or lack of 2'-OH, in 12-15, resulted in loss of both agonist and antagonist activity toward hP2Y6-R. However, uridylyl phosphosulfate, 19, selectively inhibited hP2Y6-R (IC50 112 μM) versus P2Y2/4-Rs. In summary, we have established a comprehensive SAR for hP2Y6-R ligands towards the development of hP2Y6-R antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Meltzer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ophir Ethan
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke 3201, QC, Canada
| | - Yael Nadel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke 3201, QC, Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
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