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Yin F, Gao C, Feng D, Sun Y. A review of the pollution signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124386. [PMID: 38897279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Marine sediments serve as crucial reservoirs for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their PAH signatures offer valuable historical pollution records. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pollution status of 16 priority PAHs in more than 1000 sediments from the East China Sea (ECS). It focuses on the PAH sources, spatiotemporal distributions, driving factors, and ecological risks, with information derived from peer-reviewed papers published between 2003 and 2023. The results revealed that vehicular emissions, mixed combustion sources of coal, biomass, and coke, as well as petrogenic sources, were the primary contributors to PAH pollution in the ECS sediments, accounting for 50%, 34%, and 16%, respectively. Human activities, hydrodynamic mechanisms, and environmental variables such as particle size and organic matter, collectively influenced the distribution of PAHs. Additionally, the population size and economic development played a key role in the temporal distribution of PAHs in the ECS sediments. The ecotoxicity assessment of PAHs in sediments indicated a low risk level. These outcomes are expected to provide environmentalists with detailed and up-to-date insights into sedimentary PAHs in the ECS, helping to develop suitable monitoring plans and strategies for promoting better management of ECS environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Chen Gao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Daolun Feng
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yawei Sun
- Nantong Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nantong, 226002, PR China.
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Li H, Wang X, Peng S, Lai Z, Mai Y. Seasonal variation of temperature affects HMW-PAH accumulation in fishery species by bacterially mediated LMW-PAH degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158617. [PMID: 36084776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the specific mechanism generating seasonal variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via bacterial biodegradation remains unclear, and whether this alteration affects PAH bioaccumulation is unknown. Therefore, we performed a study between 2015 and 2020 to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on bacterial communities and PAH bioaccumulation in the Pearl River Estuary. Significantly high PAH concentrations in both aquatic and fishery species were determined in dry seasons (the mean ∑16PAH concentration: water, 37.24 ng/L (2015), 30.83 ng/L (2020); fish, 51.01 ng/L (2015) and 72.60 ng/L (2020)) compared to wet seasons (the mean ∑16PAH concentration: water, 22.38 ng/L (2015), 19.40 ng/L(2020); fish, 25.28 ng/L (2015) and 32.59 ng/L (2020)). Distinct differences in taxonomic and functional composition of bacterial communities related to biodegradation of low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) were observed between seasons, and the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with seasonal variation in temperature. Temperature-related specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Stenotrophomonas) directly or indirectly participated in LMW-PAH degradation via encoding PAH degradation enzymes (e.g., protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase) that subsequently led to bioaccumulation of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in wild and fishery species due to LMW-PAHs in the water. Based on this alteration, the ecological risk posed by PAHs decreased in wet seasons, and an unbalanced spatio-temporal distribution of PAHs was observed in this estuary. These results suggest that seasonal variation of temperature affects HMW-PAH accumulation in fishery species via bacterially mediated LMW-PAH biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Songyao Peng
- Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Zini Lai
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yongzhan Mai
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
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3
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Xia F, Liu Z, Zhao M, Li Q, Li D, Cao W, Zeng C, Hu Y, Chen B, Bao Q, Zhang Y, He Q, Lai C, He X, Ma Z, Han Y, He H. High stability of autochthonous dissolved organic matter in karst aquatic ecosystems: Evidence from fluorescence. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118723. [PMID: 35696806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological carbon pump (BCP) in karst areas has received intensive attention for years due to their significant contribution to the global missing carbon sink. The stability of autochthonous dissolved organic matter (Auto-DOM) produced by BCP in karst aquatic ecosystems may play a critical role in the missing carbon sink. However, the source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in inland waters and its consumption by planktonic bacteria have not been thoroughly examined. Recalcitrant dissolved organic matter (RDOM) may exist in karst aquatic ecosystem as in the ocean. Through the study of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and the interaction between CDOM and the planktonic bacterial community under different land uses at the Shawan Karst Water-carbon Cycle Test Site, SW China, we found that C2, as the fluorescence component of Auto-DOM mineralised by planktonic bacteria, may have some of the characteristics of RDOM and is an important DOM source in karst aquatic ecosystems. The stability ratio (Fmax(C2/(C1+C2))) of Auto-DOM reached 89.6 ± 6.71% in winter and 64.1 ± 7.19% in spring. Moreover, correlation-based network analysis determined that the planktonic bacterial communities were controlled by different fluorescence types of CDOM, of which C1 (fresh Auto-DOM), C3 (conventional allochthonous DOM (Allo-DOM)) and C4 (the Allo-DOM mineralised by bacteria) were clustered in one module together with prevalent organic-degrading planktonic bacteria; C2 was clustered in another tightly combined module, suggesting specific microbial utilization strategies for the C2 component. In addition, some important planktonic bacterium and functional genes (including chemotrophic heterotrophs and photosynthetic bacteria) were found to be affected by high Ca2+ and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in karst aquatic ecosystems. Our research showed that Auto-DOM may be as an important carbon sink as the Allo-DOM in karst ecosystems, the former generally being neglected based on a posit that it is easily and first mineralized by planktonic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China
| | - Zaihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Nature Resources/Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China
| | - Yundi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qian Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest China of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550008, China
| | - Qiufang He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Nature Resources/Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chaowei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuejun He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, CAS, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Puding 562100, China
| | - Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, CAS, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550081, China
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Pham DT, Tarafdar A, Kim PG, Kwon JH. Profiling and assessing soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in playground dust and soil using ex situ equilibrium passive sampling. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133083. [PMID: 34848229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer risk can be associated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in playground dust and soil. This study investigated the profiles and sources of PAHs from poured rubber-surfaced playground dust and uncovered playground surface soil, by applying an ex-situ equilibrium passive sampling technique. Surface dust and soil samples were collected from 15 different playgrounds in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The total 16 EPA PAHs concentrations in surface dust and soil varied from 198 to 919 μg kg-1 dw and 68-169 μg kg-1 dw, respectively. 4- to 6-ring PAHs were dominant, accounting for approximately 53.8%-94.5% of the total PAHs in surface dust and soil. The diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggested that a mixed coal combustion and vehicular emission was likely the main source of PAHs in the surface dust and soil. The higher total organic carbon content can explain the higher PAH accumulation and lower fugacities of PAHs. The fugacity comparison of phenanthrene and pyrene in dust, soil, air, and playground surface material indicated that atmospheric deposition is the main source of PAHs in the dust and soil on rubber-surfaced and uncovered surfaced playgrounds. This study contributes to the understanding of PAHs sources in dust and soil samples in children's playground and helps policymaker determine the right contamination sources for risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Thanh Pham
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Su P, Yue H, Zhang W, Tomy GT, Yin F, Sun D, Ding Y, Li Y, Feng D. Application of a fugacity model to estimate emissions and environmental fate of ship stack PAHs in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130710. [PMID: 34000654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The understandings of environmental activities and regional inventory of ship stack PAHs are very limited in Shanghai due, in part, to the lack of source-segregated analysis. To address this, measured PAHs in organic film on ship surfaces were employed to reconstruct concentrations in various compartments through a fugacity model to investigate the level, transport, fate and annual emission of ship stack PAHs in Shanghai. The results revealed that ship stack PAHs results in 11.2-181 ng L-1 and 71.0-1710 ng g-1 in water and sediment of Shanghai, respectively. After being released into air, ship stack PAHs mainly concentrated in organic films and sediments while sunk in water and sediment. Crucial mass transfer pathways include deposition of airborne and sediment PAHs. The mass loss of ship stack PAHs was primarily through air advection, followed by degradation in sediment. The ship emissions (53.7 tons annually) accounted for approximate one tenth of the regional total in Shanghai (in 2017). Additionally, shipping was estimated to release 127 tons of PAHs annually into the Shanghai section of Yangtze River. Our results suggest our fugacity-based approach can be used to estimate the regional emissions and inventory of ship stack PAHs in the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China.
| | - Hanlu Yue
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Daolun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
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6
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Yang Y, Chen Z, Zhang J, Wu S, Yang L, Chen L, Shao Y. The challenge of micropollutants in surface water of the Yangtze River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146537. [PMID: 33774309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River, the third largest river and supporting nearly one-third of Chinese population, has been severely polluted in recent decades. Among the numerous pollutants, organic micropollutants, as one kind of important emerging contaminants, are currently key contaminants of concern. However, few studies have focused on their mixture environmental impacts, especially for the complex environmental mixtures. In the current study, four categories of organic micropollutants, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 27 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 20 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are analyzed in 10 study sites on the Yangtze River. Subsequently, comprehensive risk assessment for micropollutant mixtures was conducted by risk quotient based on the sum of PEC/PNEC values (RQMEC/PNEC) and risk quotient based on the toxic units (RQSTU). The mixture risk evaluation based on the detected environmental concentrations indicates that micropollutant mixtures in surface water of the Yangtze River exhibited relative high risks for aquatic organisms. The observed results revealed that mixture risk assessments have to consider the complexity of environmental samples; PCBs dominated main mixture risks in the upper stream; PAHs contributed major comprehensive risks in the middle stream; and OCPs were the key micropollutants in the downstream. The outcomes of the present study here can serve for pollution control in the Yangtze River, which provide the scientific underpinnings and regulatory reference for risk management and river protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Zhongli Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The first Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ying Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
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Han B, Zheng L, Lin F. Risk assessment and source apportionment of PAHs in surface sediments from Caofeidian Long Island, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:42-46. [PMID: 31590806 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples were collected from Caofeidian Long Island, China to investigate the contamination level and distribution pattern of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Source identification and risk assessment were also performed on these PAHs. The distribution patterns and source identification results indicated that the PAHs in the survey area originated from coal, biomass, and petroleum combustion as well as the combination of these three processes. Although the concentration of fluorene in the sediment exceeded the ERL level in some sampling sites, the effect range low-effect range median ratio implied a relatively low level of toxicity in these sediments. Meanwhile, the mean effects range-median quotient indicated that the 16 PAHs in sediments from Caofeidian Long Island pose a low ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Key laboratory for Marine bioactive substances and modern analytical Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- Key laboratory for Marine bioactive substances and modern analytical Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Faxiang Lin
- Key laboratory for Marine bioactive substances and modern analytical Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
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Balgobin A, Ramroop Singh N. Source apportionment and seasonal cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of sediments in a multi-use coastal environment containing a Ramsar wetland, for a Caribbean island. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:474-486. [PMID: 30759411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic pollutants for which some are known carcinogens, there is limited information on the cancer risk such substances pose to the population via marine sediments, despite a significant part of the world's food supply being derived from the coastal environment. This study was conducted in a heavily industrialized and urbanized coastal area, in Trinidad. PAHs were quantified in sediments during the dry and wet seasons and were observed to be significantly higher in the wet season compared to the dry season. Also emerging from this study is that PAH levels were lower, in the areas where natural gas is the dominant energy source for industries, compared with those areas where crude oil-based fossil fuel is predominantly used. Perylene levels were demonstrated to be of biogenic origin near the protected wetland area. It was observed that nearshore sediment PAHs concentrations were higher than offshore levels. The sources of PAHs, identified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) in the marine sediments, were vehicular combustion of gasoline and diesel, biomass burning, industrial combustion and oil spills. The mean Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks (ILCR) due to fish consumption from this region during the dry and wet seasons was >1 × 10-4, indicating a high cancer risk to the human population. The annual non-cancer risk (HQ) was high >1 at the 90th percentile level with an adverse risk to about 14% of the population. These results can be utilized for developing an effective environmental management policy for coastal areas in Trinidad and the wider Caribbean region, given that much of the islands' populations depend on the coastal regions for seafood. In addition, these results may assist in boosting current efforts of policymakers, towards phasing out crude oil-based fossil fuels for cleaner energy sources, such as compressed natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Balgobin
- Center for Maritime and Ocean Studies, Chaguaramas Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Natasha Ramroop Singh
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, O'Meara Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago
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9
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Keshavarzifard M, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Sharifi R. Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in intertidal sediment of Asaluyeh, Persian Gulf. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:721-735. [PMID: 28856501 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment samples were collected from intertidal zone of Asaluyeh, Persian Gulf, to investigate distribution, sources and health risk of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total PAH concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 81.2 μg kg-1 dry weight, which can be categorized as low level of pollution. Qualitative and quantitative assessments showed that PAHs originated from both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources with slight pyrogenic dominance. Source apportionment using principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of PAHs were fossil fuel combustion (33.59%), traffic-related PAHs (32.77%), biomass and coal combustion (18.54%) and petrogenic PAHs (9.31%). According to the results from the sediment quality guidelines, mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q) and benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalents (BaPeq), low negative ecological risks related to PAH compounds would occur in the intertidal zone of Asaluyeh. The total benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) toxic equivalent quotient (TEQcarc) for carcinogenic compounds ranged from 0.01 to 7 μg kg-1-BaPeq, indicating low carcinogenic risk. The human health risk assessment of PAH compounds via ingestion and dermal pathways suggests low and moderate potential risk to human health, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Medical Geology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Medical Geology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Medical Geology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Sharifi
- Medical Geology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Liu N, Li X, Zhang D, Liu Q, Xiang L, Liu K, Yan D, Li Y. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Nantong Coast, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:571-576. [PMID: 27663644 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Nantong coast in China were investigated. The results indicated that the total concentrations of the 16 PAHs in the surface sediments from the study area ranged from 1.4 to 87.1ngg-1 dw (mean value 19.9ngg-1 dw), which were generally low compared to the adjacent offshore area and other coastal zones around the world. The selected PAH ratios and the principal components analysis for each site showed that petroleum combustion and petrogenic pollution (mainly caused by petroleum spills) were the dominant PAHs sources in the surface sediments of the coast. The ecological risk assessment indicated that most of the individual PAHs had few negative effects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Daolai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Eastern China Geological & Mining Organization for Non-ferrous Metals in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Lihui Xiang
- Eastern China Geological & Mining Organization for Non-ferrous Metals in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongyun Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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11
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Liu L, Liu R, Yu W, Xu F, Men C, Wang Q, Shen Z. Risk assessment and uncertainty analysis of PAHs in the sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:380-388. [PMID: 27539637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To better explore the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), 16 priority PAHs were analyzed based on sampling data obtained in February 2011. The results showed that the total concentrations of PAHs in sediments of the YRE varied from 65.07 to 668.98ng·g-1. The results of toxic equivalent quantities of benzo[a]pyrene and the sediment quality guideline quotient suggested that PAHs had little or no adverse effects on the environment. The cancer risk results showed that the cancer risk at all sites exceeded 10-6, with 73% of sites exceeding 10-4, suggesting that people remain at risk of cancer as a result of their exposure to carcinogenic PAHs. However, the result of hazard index results showed that the non-cancer risks were substantially lower than one, indicating that PAHs in these sediments likely pose little or no adverse health threats to local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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12
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Wang C, Zou X, Zhao Y, Li B, Song Q, Li Y, Yu W. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and suspended sediments from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17158-70. [PMID: 27215984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Samples were collected from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, to study the concentrations, distributions, and compositions of 16 US-EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and suspended particulate matter (SPM). We also evaluated sources of the PAHs and their potential toxicity. Total concentrations of the PAHs (ΣPAHs) in water ranged from 17.33 to 77.12 ng L(-1), and in SPM, the levels ranged from 595.91 to 2473.74 ng g(-1). Total concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (ΣCPAHs) ranged from 7.63 to 13.02 ng L(-1) in water and 276.55 to 1216.89 ng g(-1) in SPM. PAH levels in water samples were relatively low, and those in the lower reaches were higher than in the middle reaches. SPM samples had higher levels of PAHs, especially in the lower reaches and in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. Principal component analysis (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) was performed to quantitatively characterize the PAH sources. Two factors and their contributions were identified from water samples. Coal and wood combustion accounted for 74.1 % of the PAHs, and petroleum emissions explained 25.9 % of the PAHs. Three source factors were identified from SPM samples: these were vehicular emissions (46.3 % of PAHs), wood and coal combustion (40.4 % of PAHs), and petrogenic sources (13.3 %). Ecological risk assessment indicated that a moderate undesirable impact will be caused by PAHs, and some control measures and remedial actions should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xinqing Zou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yifei Zhao
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qiaochu Song
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yali Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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13
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Yu W, Liu R, Xu F, Men C, Shen Z. Identifications and seasonal variations of sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 104:347-354. [PMID: 26837271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, positive matrix factorization models (PMFx) were used to analyze the sources of sedimentary PAHs in Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) using 120 data samples from 30 sites collected over four seasons. Three sources were defined for the PAHs: coal and gasoline combustion was the dominant source, accounting for approximately 50%; coke plant emissions and wood or grass combustion each contributed approximately 25%. The coal tar origin was the major source in summer; wood or grass combustion dominated in autumn; coal combustion was the primary source of PAHs in spring and winter. More than 90% of the coke plant emissions were from summer, while pollutants from wood or grass combustion were discharged primarily in autumn. These three sources distributed in different primary regions, the spatial patterns of coal combustion presented an increasing trend in the seaward direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Comg Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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Li Q, Chen L, Liu L, Wu L. Embryotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of sediments from Yangtze River estuary using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4908-4918. [PMID: 26545894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sediments function both as a sink and a source of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and may impose serious effects on benthic organisms and human health. As one of the largest estuaries in the world, the Yangtze River estuary suffers from abundant wastewater from the coastal cities. In this study, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were employed in the fish embryo test and a comet assay to evaluate the embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of the sediments from the Yangtze River estuary, respectively. Results showed that the sediments from the Yangtze River estuary significantly increased mortality, induced development abnormalities, and reduced hatching rate and heart rate of zebrafish embryos after 96 h of exposure. Significant genotoxicity was observed in the samples relative to the controls. Relatively low-level embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of sediments were found in the Yangtze River compared with other river systems. Toxic responses were also discussed in relation to the analyzed organic contaminants in sediments. More attention should be paid to non-priority pollutant monitoring in the Yangtze River estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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15
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Floehr T, Scholz-Starke B, Xiao H, Koch J, Wu L, Hou J, Wolf A, Bergmann A, Bluhm K, Yuan X, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:63-82. [PMID: 26702969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Besides obvious benefits, the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) ecosystem. In order to record organic contamination, to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring, several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method. Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels, mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts. Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013. Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011 (165-1653ng/g), emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area. Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing (150-433ng/g) and Kaixian (127-590ng/g) in 2013. Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers. However, the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216-636kgPAH/day (0.2-0.6mgPAH/(m(2)·day)), indicating an ecotoxicological risk. PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section, whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section. Furthermore, sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay. Additionally, significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P. vachellii were detected (Chongqing/Kaixian), demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as an important mode of action in the TGR's fish. PAHs, their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Floehr
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Koch
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junli Hou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Anja Wolf
- IWW Rhenish-Westfalian Institute for Water Research, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Axel Bergmann
- IWW Rhenish-Westfalian Institute for Water Research, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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16
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Yu W, Liu R, Xu F, Shen Z. Environmental risk assessments and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments in Yangtze River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:507-515. [PMID: 26371848 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, based on sampling data from 30 sites in August 2010, the environmental risks associated with 16 priority PAHs were estimated in surface sediments from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE). The results indicated that the toxic equivalent quantities of the benzo[a]pyrene (TEQBap) from 30 sites were in the range of 1.93-75.88ngg(-1), and the low-molecular-weight PAHs were the dominated species with higher potential toxicity. The results of the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model indicated that the ILCR values of dermal contact were higher than 10(-6) in the northeast region, suggesting that there were significant potential carcinogenic health risks for fishermen exposure to sedimentary PAHs via dermal contact in these areas. RQ values of PAHs indicated the various distributions of ecological risk levels in the study area. These variations might be caused by the natural and anthropogenic inputs and currents in the YRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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17
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Yin S, Feng C, Li Y, Yin L, Shen Z. Heavy metal pollution in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary: A 5-year follow-up study. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:718-725. [PMID: 26256308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The temporal-spatial changes in the concentration and health risk of eight dissolved heavy metals in the Yangtze Estuary over a 5-year period were discussed based on large-scale sampling data. Special attention was paid to the differentiation of metal sources. Concentrations of the metals were present in the following order: Zn≫As>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cd>Hg, but the hazard quotient indices could be obviously divided into three gradients. More attention should be paid to As, Ni, Pb, and Cr because they increased yearly. Cu, Ni, Pb and As had higher health risks in the nearshore zones, while higher health risks of Zn, Cr, Cd, and Hg were observed in the estuarine channel. Correlations and hierarchical cluster analysis results of metal sources were consistent well with those obtained by temporal-spatial distributions. Shipping activities were the largest contributor to the elevated Zn concentrations in the estuary, while Megacity Shanghai significantly affected the Ni, Cu and As pollution. Yangtze River runoff was the primary source of Cu and As in the estuary. Cd and Cr pollution were closely related to the sediment release under the drive of the "salt-out effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenghong Feng
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yangyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lifeng Yin
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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18
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Yu W, Liu R, Wang J, Xu F, Shen Z. Source apportionment of PAHs in surface sediments using positive matrix factorization combined with GIS for the estuarine area of the Yangtze River, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:263-271. [PMID: 25966456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used PMF and geostatistics to quantify sources of PAHs based on 30 samples tested for 16 PAHs in surface sediment from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in February 2011. The results demonstrated that the total PAH concentrations varied from 65.07 to 954.52 ng g(-1) with a mean value of 224.00 ng g(-1). In the inner estuary, the mean of the total PAH concentrations was 229.89 ng g(-1), and the high molecular weight of four-to-six-ring PAHs accounted for 51.83% of PAHs. In the adjacent East Sea, the mean value was 218.85 ng g(-1) and the high molecular weight PAHs accounted for approximately 54% of total PAHs. A three-factor modeling result from PMF provided the most satisfactory analysis of PAH sources. Coke plant emissions and biomass combustion, which contributed 45.64% of the pollution, were the most important sources, and pollutants from these sources were primarily concentrated in the southern branch of the estuary. Gasoline fuel combustion accounted for approximately 40% of the pollution, and the major contaminated area was in the northern region. Petrogenic sources (14.70%) also influenced the estuary, especially in the northeastern region. Water currents and source locations affected the impacted regions of PMF factors; the surrounding natural and artificial influences were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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19
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Wang Y, Shen C, Shen Z, Zhang D, Crittenden JC. Spatial variation and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Yangtze Estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:1340-1347. [PMID: 26115517 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00077g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Yangtze Estuary were systematically analyzed. The results indicated significant spatial variations. The mean of ∑PAHs in different sampling times in a year varied from 128.5 ± 51.4 to 307.8 ± 108.9 ng g(-1). Samples collected during the flood season showed higher PAH concentrations and larger PAH fluctuations compared with those collected during the dry season. This variation was mainly ascribed to the change in the river flow rate. Higher values of ∑PAHs were observed in the inner estuary than the adjacent coastal area over a year because of diffusion and degradation effects. Analysis of PAH abundance revealed a predominant proportion of light PAHs with two to three rings, with phenanthrene being the most abundant. Based on principal component analysis, vehicular emissions, coal and biomass combustion were the main sources of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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20
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Keshavarzifard M, Zakaria MP, Hwai TS, Yusuff FM, Mustafa S. Distributions and source apportionment of sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in rivers and estuaries of Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9424-9437. [PMID: 25604562 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distributions and sources of sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in the Malaysian rivers and estuaries were evaluated. The concentrations of 16 USEPA PAHs varied from 225.5 to 293.9 (Perlis River), 195.2 to 481.2 (Kedah River), 791.2 to 1995.4 (Merbok River), 231.2 to 426.7 (Perak River), and 3803.2 to 7442.7 ng g(-1) (Klang River) dry weight. PAHs can be classified as moderate in the Perlis, Kedah, and Perak Rivers, moderate to high in the Merbok River, and high to very high in the Klang River. The comparison of PAHs with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicates that occasionally adverse biological effects may occur from total PAHs, low molecular weight (LMW), and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs at stations 1, 2, and 3 of the Klang River and from total PAHs at station 2 of the Merbok River. The diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs indicate both petrogenic and pyrogenic origin PAHs with significant dominance of pyrogenic sources in the study areas. The results suggest that Malaysian sediments had hopane ratios (C29/C30) similar to MECO suggesting MECO as a major source of the petroleum hydrocarbons found in the sediments, which is consistent with results reported in previous studies. These findings demonstrate that effective and improved environmental regulations in Malaysia have shifted the source of petroleum hydrocarbons from petrogenic to pyrogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Li C, Huo S, Yu Z, Xi B, Zeng X, Wu F. Spatial distribution, potential risk assessment, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of Lake Chaohu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12028-12039. [PMID: 24920262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine sediment samples were collected from Lake Chaohu, a shallow eutrophic lake in Eastern China, and were analyzed for 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to determine the spatial distribution and exposure risks of PAHs. Three receptor models, the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the Unmix model, were used in combination with the PAHs diagnostic ratios to investigate the potential source apportionment of PAHs. A clear gradient in the spatial distribution and the potential toxicity of PAHs was observed from west to east in the sediments of Lake Chaohu. ∑15PAH concentrations and the TEQ were in the range of 80.82-30 365.01 ng g(-1) d.w. and 40.77-614.03, respectively. The highest values of the aforementioned variables were attributed to urban-industrial pollution sources in the west lake region, and the levels decreased away from the river inlets. The three different models yielded excellent correlation coefficients between the predicted and measured levels of the 15 PAH compounds. Similarly, source apportionment results were derived from the three receptor models and the PAH diagnostic ratios, suggesting that the highest contribution to the PAHs was from coal combustion and wood combustion, followed by vehicular emissions. The PMF model yielded the following contributions to the PAHs from gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, unburned petroleum emissions, and wood combustion: 34.49, 24.61, 16.11, 13.01, and 11.78 %, respectively. The PMF model produced more detailed source apportionment results for the PAHs than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Liu L, Chen L, Shao Y, Zhang L, Floehr T, Xiao H, Yan Y, Eichbaum K, Hollert H, Wu L. Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of sediments from Yangtze river estuary and contribution of priority PAHs to ah receptor--mediated activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104748. [PMID: 25111307 PMCID: PMC4128779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, in vitro bioassays were performed to assess the ecotoxicological potential of sediments from Yangtze River estuary. The cytotoxicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated toxicity of sediment extracts with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cells were determined by neutral red retention and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assays. The cytotoxicity and AhR-mediated activity of sediments from the Yangtze River estuary ranged from low level to moderate level compared with the ecotoxicity of sediments from other river systems. However, Yangtze River releases approximately 14 times greater water discharge compared with Rhine, a major river in Europe. Thus, the absolute pollution mass transfer of Yangtze River may be detrimental to the environmental quality of estuary and East China Sea. Effect-directed analysis was applied to identify substances causing high dioxin-like activities. To identify unknown substances contributing to dioxin-like potencies of whole extracts, we fractionated crude extracts by open column chromatography. Non-polar paraffinic components (F1), weakly and moderately polar components (F2), and highly polar substances (F3) were separated from each crude extract of sediments. F2 showed the highest dioxin-like activities. Based on the results of mass balance calculation of chemical toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs), our conclusion is that priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicated a low portion of bio-TEQs ranging from 1% to 10% of crude extracts. Further studies should be conducted to identify unknown pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tilman Floehr
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eichbaum
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhao S, Feng C, Wang D, Tian C, Shen Z. Relationship of metal enrichment with adverse biological effect in the Yangtze Estuary sediments: role of metal background values. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:464-472. [PMID: 23807554 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exclusive pristine values of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in the Yangtze Estuary are calculated using principal components analysis (PCA) to probe the relationship between degrees of metal enrichment and their adverse biological effects. The results show that obvious differences in the degrees of metal enrichment exist when the enrichment factors are analyzed with reference background values on global, national, and local scales. Based on the low variability of aluminum, the exclusive metal background values in the estuary are obtained with PCA and are more likely to reflect the pristine contents of the abovementioned metals in the Yangtze Estuary. For the six most common metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn), significant correlations exist between the enrichment factors and their adverse biological effects. Arsenic shows the highest potential to cause adverse effects despite its general lack of enrichment. However, Cd is the most conservative element and is not likely to cause biological effects in the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Science of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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24
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Shen Z, Chen J, Feng C. Characterization and spacial distribution variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Yangtze Estuary. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:353-362. [PMID: 24134893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial characteristics and the quantity and quality of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Yangtze Estuary, based on the abundance, degree of humification and sources, were studied using 3D fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectra (F-EEMs) with parallel factor and principal component analysis (PARAFAC-PCA). The results indicated that the CDOM abundance decreased and the aromaticity increased from the upstream to the downstream areas of the estuary. Higher CDOM abundance and degrees of humification were observed in the pore water than that in the surface and bottom waters. Two humic-like components (C1 and C3) and one tryptophan-like component (C2) were identified using the PARAFAC model. The separation of the samples by PCA highlighted the differences in the DOM properties. Components C1 and C3 concurrently displayed positive factor 1 loadings with nearly zero factor 2 loadings, while C2 showed highly positive factor 2 loadings. The C1 and C3 were very similar and exhibited a direct relationship with A355 and DOC. The CDOM in the pore water increased along the river to the coastal area, which was mainly influenced by C1 and C3 and was significantly derived from sediment remineralization and deposition from the inflow of the Yangtze River. The CDOM in the surface and bottom waters was dominated by C2, especially in the inflows of multiple tributaries that were affected by intensive anthropogenic activities. The microbial degradation of exogenous wastes from the tributary inputs and shoreside discharges were dominant sources of the CDOM in the surface and bottom waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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25
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Shen Z, Feng C, Chen J. Revealing sources and distribution changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in pore water of sediment from the Yangtze estuary. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76633. [PMID: 24155904 PMCID: PMC3796548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sediment pore waters from Yangtze estuary of China based on abundance, UV absorbance, molecular weight distribution and fluorescence were investigated using a combination of various parameters of DOM as well as 3D fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectra (F-EEMS) with the parallel factor and principal component analysis (PARAFAC-PCA). The results indicated that DOM in pore water of Yangtze estuary was very variable which mainly composed of low aromaticity and molecular weight materials. Three humic-like substances (C1, C2, C4) and one protein-like substance (C3) were identified by PARAFAC model. C1, C2 and C4 exhibited same trends and were very similar. The separation of samples on both axes of the PCA showed the difference in DOM properties. C1, C2 and C4 concurrently showed higher positive factor 1 loadings, while C3 showed highly positive factor 2 loadings. The PCA analysis showed a combination contribution of microbial DOM signal and terrestrial DOM signal in the Yangtze estuary. Higher and more variable DOM abundance, aromaticity and molecular weight of surface sediment pore water DOM can be found in the southern nearshore than the other regions primarily due to the influence of frequent and intensive human activities and tributaries inflow in this area. The DOM abundance, aromaticity, molecular weight and fluorescence intensity in core of different depth were relative constant and increased gradually with depth. DOM in core was mainly composed of humic-like material, which was due to higher release of the sedimentary organic material into the porewater during early diagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Di Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chenghong Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Hollert H. Processes and environmental quality in the Yangtze River system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6904-6906. [PMID: 23842860 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Floehr T, Xiao H, Scholz-Starke B, Wu L, Hou J, Yin D, Zhang X, Ji R, Yuan X, Ottermanns R, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Solution by dilution?--A review on the pollution status of the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6934-6971. [PMID: 23608976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River has been a source of life and prosperity for the Chinese people for centuries and is a habitat for a remarkable variety of aquatic species. But the river suffers from huge amounts of urban sewage, agricultural effluents, and industrial wastewater as well as ship navigation wastes along its course. With respect to the vast amounts of water and sediments discharged by the Yangtze River, it is reasonable to ask whether the pollution problem may be solved by simple dilution. This article reviews the past two decades of published research on organic pollutants in the Yangtze River and several adjacent water bodies connected to the main stream, according to a holistic approach. Organic pollutant levels and potential effects of water and sediments on wildlife and humans, measured in vitro, in vivo, and in situ, were critically reviewed. The contamination with organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and others, of water and sediment along the river was described. Especially Wuhan section and the Yangtze Estuary exhibited stronger pollution than other sections. Bioassays, displaying predominantly the endpoints mutagenicity and endocrine disruption, applied at sediments, drinking water, and surface water indicated a potential health risk in several areas. Aquatic organisms exhibited detectable concentrations of toxic compounds like PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, and PFCs. Genotoxic effects could also be assessed in situ in fish. To summarize, it can be stated that dilution reduces the ecotoxicological risk in the Yangtze River, but does not eliminate it. Keeping in mind an approximately 14 times greater water discharge compared to the major European river Rhine, the absolute pollution mass transfer of the Yangtze River is of severe concern for the environmental quality of its estuary and the East China Sea. Based on the review, further research needs have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Floehr
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany,
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Du X, Li X, Luo T, Matsuur N, Kadokami K, Chen J. Occurrence and Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment of Typical Organic Pollutants in Water of Yangtze River Estuary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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