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Kakavas D, Panagiotidis K, Rochfort KD, Grintzalis K. Miniaturizing Nanotoxicity Assays in Daphnids. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2046. [PMID: 39061509 PMCID: PMC11274355 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress of the modern world has resulted in new materials and products created at an accelerating pace. As such, nanoparticles have widespread applications and often find their way into the aquatic ecosystem. In the case of freshwater ecosystems, one of the commonly used bioindicators species used for pollution assessment is Daphnid magna. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other organizations such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have set guidelines for acute toxicity testing in daphnids that are severely lacking in terms of information on the characteristics of the exposure vessel when studying the adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs). Understanding the toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials is imperative given the scarcity of information on their adverse effects. Furthermore, miniaturization of nanotoxicity assays can reduce the number of daphnids used, as well as the cost and nanomaterial waste, and provide results even at the individual animal level with enhanced reproducibility of testing. In this study, the impact of the exposure vessel on the observed physiological changes of daphnids was investigated for a silver nano ink. Exposures in eleven commercially available vessels; nine made of plastic and two made of glass were compared for 24 h. The effect of surface to volume ratio of the exposure vessel and the animal number or "crowding" during exposure was investigated in the context of miniaturizing biomarker assays as alternatives to traditional experimental setups in Daphnid magna. Toxicity curves showed differences depending on the vessel used, while a novel feeding rate assay and the activity of key enzymes were assessed as physiology endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konstantinos Grintzalis
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 Y5NO Dublin, Ireland; (D.K.); (K.P.); (K.D.R.)
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2
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Hua J, Lundqvist M, Naidu S, Ekvall MT, Cedervall T. Environmental risks of breakdown nanoplastics from synthetic football fields. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123652. [PMID: 38447657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of synthetic turf in sports has raised health concerns due to potential risks from nanoplastic inhalation or ingestion. Our research focused on detecting nanoplastics in drainage water from a synthetic football field and evaluating the toxicity of these materials after mechanical fragmentation. We collected and analysed drainage water samples for polymer content and subjected high-density polyethylene (HDPE) straws and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) granules used on synthetic football fields, to mechanical breakdown to create nanoplastics. The results indicated the presence of trace amounts of EPDM in the water samples. Furthermore, the toxicological assessment revealed that the broken-down nanoplastics and leachate from the surface of EPDM rubber granules exhibited high toxicity to Daphnia magna, while nanoplastics from the inner material exhibited no significant toxicity. The findings highlight the urgent need for future research to identify these specific toxic agents from the surface of EPDM granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hua
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lundqvist
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shanti Naidu
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael T Ekvall
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Khort A, Chang T, Hua J, Blomberg E, Cedervall T, Odnevall I. Eco-corona-mediated transformation of nano-sized Y 2O 3 in simulated freshwater: A short-term study. NANOIMPACT 2024; 33:100490. [PMID: 38159885 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The use of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials (NMs) is experiencing a significant surge in popularity due to their distinctive structures and properties, making them highly attractive for a wide range of applications. This increases the risks of their potential negative impact on organisms if dispersed into the environment. Information about their behavior and transformation upon environmental interactions in aquatic settings is limited. In this study, the influence of naturally excreted biomolecules from the zooplankton Daphnia magna on nanosized Y2O3 of different concentrations was systematically examined in synthetic freshwater in terms of adsorption and eco-corona formation, colloidal stability, transformation, dissolution, and ecotoxicity towards D. magna. The formation of an eco-corona on the surface of the Y2O3 NMs leads to improved colloidal stability and a reduced extent of dissolution. Exposure to the Y2O3 NMs lowered the survival probability of D. magna considerably. The ecotoxic potency was slightly reduced by the formation of the eco-corona, though shown to be particle concentration-specific. Overall, the results highlight the importance of systematic mechanistic and fundamental studies of factors that can affect the environmental fate and ecotoxic potency of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Khort
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tingru Chang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska, Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Li F, Li R, Lu F, Xu L, Gan L, Chu W, Yan M, Gong H. Adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on aquatic plants and zooplankton: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139459. [PMID: 37437614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the past decades, AgNPs are widely used in various fields and have become one of the most widely used nanomaterials, which leads to the inevitable release of AgNPs to the aquatic environment through various pathways. It is important to understand the effects of AgNPs on aquatic plants and zooplankton, which are widely distributed and diverse, and are important components of the aquatic biota. This paper reviews the effects of AgNPs on aquatic plants and zooplankton at the individual, cellular and molecular levels. In addition, the internal and external factors affecting the toxicity of AgNPs to aquatic plants and zooplankton are discussed. In general, AgNPs can inhibit growth and development, cause tissue damage, induce oxidative stress, and produce genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Moreover, the toxicity of AgNPs is influenced by the size, concentration, and surface coating of AgNPs, environmental factors including pH, salinity, temperature, light and co-contaminants such as NaOCl, glyphosate, As(V), Cu and Cd, sensitivity of test organisms, experimental conditions and so on. In order to investigate the toxicity of AgNPs in the natural environment, it is recommended to conduct toxicity evaluation studies of AgNPs under the coexistence of multiple environmental factors and pollutants, especially at natural environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengru Lu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muting Yan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Han Gong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Paul T, Brehm J, Völkl M, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Laforsch C, Greiner A. Role of Residual Monomers in the Manifestation of (Cyto)toxicity by Polystyrene Microplastic Model Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:9925-9933. [PMID: 37364870 PMCID: PMC10340104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) is an important model polymer for the investigation of effects of microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles on living systems. Aqueous dispersions of PS MP or NP contain residual monomers of styrene. In consequence, it is not clear if the effects observed in standard (cyto)toxicity studies are evoked by the polymer (MP/NP) particle or by residual monomers. We addressed that question by comparing standard PS model particle dispersions with in-house synthesized PS particle dispersions. We proposed a rapid purification method of PS particle dispersions by dialysis against mixed solvents and developed a simple method of UV-vis spectrometry to detect residual styrene in the dispersions. We found that standard PS model particle dispersions, which contain residual monomers, exerted a low but significant cytotoxicity on mammalian cells, while the in-house synthesized PS, after rigorous purification to reduce the styrene content, did not. However, the PS particles per se but not the residual styrene in both PS particle dispersions resulted in immobilization of Daphnia. Only by using freshly monomer-depleted particles, will it be possible in the future to assess the (cyto)toxicities of PS particles, avoiding an otherwise not controllable bias effect of the monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhu Zhang
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tasmai Paul
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julian Brehm
- Animal
Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Völkl
- Process
Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process
Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process
Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal
Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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6
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Kelpsiene E, Chang T, Khort A, Bernfur K, Odnevall I, Cedervall T, Hua J. The effect of natural biomolecules on yttrium oxide nanoparticles from a Daphnia magna survival rate perspective. Nanotoxicology 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37428876 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2226712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The attention to rare earth oxide nanoparticles (NPs), including yttrium oxide (Y2O3), has increased in many fields due to their unique structural characteristics and functional properties. The aim of our study was to investigate the mechanisms by which bio-corona formation on Y2O3 NPs affects their environmental fate and toxicity. The Y2O3 NPs induced toxicity to freshwater filter feeder Daphnia magna at particle concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/L, regardless of particle size. Interactions between naturally excreted biomolecules (e.g. protein, lipids, and polysaccharides) derived from D. magna, and the Y2O3 NPs (30-45 nm) resulted in the formation of an eco-corona, which reduced their toxic effects toward D. magna at a particle concentration of 10 mg/L. No effects were observed at lower concentrations or for the other particle sizes investigated. Copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) superoxide dismutase, apolipophorins, and vitellogenin-1 proteins proved to be the most prominent proteins of the adsorbed corona, and possibly a reason for the reduced toxicity of the 30-45 nm Y2O3 NPs toward D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Kelpsiene
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tingru Chang
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aliaksandr Khort
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Bernfur
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Mohagheghian A, Besharati-Givi N, Ayagh K, Shirzad-Siboni M. Mineralization of diazinon by low-cost CuO-Kaolin nanocomposite under visible light based RSM methodology: Kinetics, cost analysis, reaction pathway and bioassay. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Müller AK, Brehm J, Völkl M, Jérôme V, Laforsch C, Freitag R, Greiner A. Disentangling biological effects of primary nanoplastics from dispersion paints' additional compounds. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113877. [PMID: 35849903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles (MP) and nanoplastic particles (NP) as persistent anthropogenic pollutants may impact environmental and human health. A relevant potential source of primary MP and NP is water-based dispersion paint which are commonly used in any household. Given the worldwide high application volume of dispersion paint and their diverse material composition MP and NP may enter the environment with unforeseeable consequences. In order to understand the relevance of these MP and NP from paint dispersion we investigated the components of two representative wall paints and analyzed their composition in detail. The different paint components were then investigated for their impact on the model organism Daphnia magna and on a murine cell line. Plastic NP, dissolved polymers, titanium dioxide NPs, and calcium carbonate MPs demonstrated adverse effects in both biological test systems, indicating detrimental consequences of several typical components of wall paints upon release into the environment. The outcome of this study may form the basis for the evaluation of impact on other organisms, environmental transport and impact, other related technical materials and for the development of strategies for the prevention of potential detrimental effects on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Müller
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julian Brehm
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Völkl
- Department of Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Department of Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Department of Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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9
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Acute Adverse Effects of Metallic Nanomaterials on Cardiac and Behavioral Changes in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are widely believed to induce toxic effects on organisms by evoking oxidative stress. We evaluated the toxic effects of nanomaterials on the cardiac and behavioral changes in Daphnia magna under varying exposure conditions. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were selected for the acute toxicity tests. The adverse effects of the substances on the neonates including heart rate, swimming speed, and oxidative stress were measured. The heart rate level decreased as the concentration of both NPs and silver ions (Ag+) increased. The average swimming speed was measured to be approximately 15 mm/min for the control group. The swimming speed generally increased with a longer exposure to both NPs although it reached a plateau at the lowest concentration of AgNPs. A similar but less clear trend was observed for Ag+. For all substances, the overall swimming speed exhibited no correlation or weak negative correlations with the exposure concentration. The oxidative stress levels increased after exposure compared with the control group. We conclude that aquatic nanotoxicity tests should consider multilevel physicochemical, physiological, and behavioral parameters for the official guidelines to quantify more robust adverse outcomes.
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10
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Gavalás-Olea A, Siol A, Sakka Y, Köser J, Nentwig N, Hauser T, Filser J, Thöming J, Lang I. Potential of the Red Alga Dixoniella grisea for the Production of Additives for Lubricants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1836. [PMID: 34579369 PMCID: PMC8465309 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. The aim of the present study is to analytically characterize the extra- and intracellular molecular composition from the red microalga Dixoniella grisea and to evaluate its potential for being used in the tribological industry. D. grisea samples, fractionated into extracellular polymers (EPS), cells and medium, were examined for their molecular composition. This alga produces a highly viscous polymer, mainly composed of polysaccharides and proteins, being secreted into the culture medium. The EPS and biomass significantly differed in their molecular composition, indicating that they might be used for different bio-additive products. We also show that polysaccharides and proteins were the major chemical compounds in EPS, whereas the content of lipids depended on the separation protocol and the resulting product. Still, they did not represent a major group and were thus classified as a potential valuable side-product. Lyophilized algal fractions obtained from D. grisea were found to be not toxic when EPS were not included. Upon implementation of EPS as a commercial product, further assessment on the environmental toxicity to enchytraeids and other soil organisms is required. Our results provide a possible direction for developing a process to gain an environmentally friendly bio-additive for application in the tribological industry based on a biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gavalás-Olea
- Algae Biotechnology, Institute of EcoMaterials, Bremerhaven University of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany; (A.G.-O.); (T.H.)
| | - Antje Siol
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Department Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Yvonne Sakka
- Center for Environmental Research and sustainable Technology (UFT), Department General and Theoretical Ecology (ÖKO), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (Y.S.); (N.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Köser
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Department Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Nina Nentwig
- Center for Environmental Research and sustainable Technology (UFT), Department General and Theoretical Ecology (ÖKO), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (Y.S.); (N.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Thomas Hauser
- Algae Biotechnology, Institute of EcoMaterials, Bremerhaven University of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany; (A.G.-O.); (T.H.)
| | - Juliane Filser
- Center for Environmental Research and sustainable Technology (UFT), Department General and Theoretical Ecology (ÖKO), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (Y.S.); (N.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Department Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Imke Lang
- Algae Biotechnology, Institute of EcoMaterials, Bremerhaven University of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany; (A.G.-O.); (T.H.)
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11
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Little S, Johnston HJ, Stone V, Fernandes TF. Acute waterborne and chronic sediment toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanomaterials towards the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. NANOIMPACT 2021; 21:100291. [PMID: 35559780 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials (NMs) in industrial processes and consumer products has experienced considerable growth since the late 20th century. Throughout their lifecycle, both Ag NM and TiO2NM are released into the environment, with benthic systems anticipated to be the final sink. Their potential toxicity towards benthic species is therefore of major concern. This study investigated the toxicity of silver (Ag; NM-300 K) and titanium dioxide (TiO2; NM-104) NMs to the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus in acute (0-96-h) waterborne and chronic (28-d) sediment studies. Toxicity was investigated via assessment of mortality, behaviour, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The 96-h LC50 for Ag NMs in water was 0.51 mg/l (95% CI, 0.45-0.56), with L. variegatus displaying inhibited predation-avoidance behaviour compared to controls (6.66 ± 10%) successful response at 24-h), as well as significant increases (p < 0.05) in catalase (CAT) activity at sub-lethal concentrations at 24-h. Behavioural improvement and the return of antioxidant enzymes to control levels was observed after 48 and 72-h. AgNO3 exposure proved more toxic than Ag NM (96-h LC50 = 0.034 mg/l, 95% CI, 0.031-0.037) but resulted in no changes to antioxidant enzymes following sub-lethal exposure. Furthermore, Ag dissolution from Ag NM (~2-4%) could not account for the full extent of toxicity observed, suggesting a nano-specific effect. Increased environmental relevance via the inclusion of Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA, 5 mg/l) alleviated sub-lethal Ag NM toxicity despite a comparable 96-h LC50 (0.54 mg/l, 95% CI, 0.51-0.57). Significant effects of Ag NMs in formulated sediments (mortality, biomass) were only recorded according to OECD 225 at the highest test concentration (1333 mg/kg) for Ag NM indicating a potential attenuating effect of sediments towards toxicity. No toxicity was observed for TiO2 NM in aquatic or sediment exposures up to concentrations of 2000 mg/l and 1333 mg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Little
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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12
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Eltemsah YS, Bøhn T. Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile and adult Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112919. [PMID: 31394341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the distribution and effects of polystyrene microplastic (MP) particles in exposure experiments with the ecotoxicology model organism Daphnia magna. The aim was to investigate the short and long-term toxicity of MP at different concentrations. To achieve this goal, the effects of 6 μm commercially available polystyrene beads on two different life-stages of D. magna: < 24 h old juveniles and 9 days old adults was assessed. The following end points in test animals were measured: (1) survival, (2) growth, (3) individual and population fecundity, (4) age at maturation and (5) body size of newborn offspring. These response variables were followed in two acute and two chronic experiments. The acute experiments showed that MP is not acutely toxic to D. magna within 48 h, but cause added mortality within 120 h. The juveniles were about 50% more sensitive than the adults tested. In life-cycle experiments testing chronic exposure to MP, again, animals exposed as juveniles at relatively high concentrations, i.e. > 30 μg ml-1 showed higher sensitivity. We observed slightly increased mortality, reduced growth and stimulation of early reproduction at the cost of later reproduction. Animals exposed after reaching adulthood did not show increased mortality and showed a stimulation response with higher reproductive rates than the control group. However, both the growth rate of mother animals and the body size of newborn declined with increasing dose of MP. We conclude that these effects indicate a role of MP in mechanical interaction/interference with the animal on the level of feeding (clogging filtering functions), digestion (gut filled with plastic particles), and/or other animal behavior. The study also illustrates how MP with slow break-down rates may accumulate in the environment and enter the food-chain as obstructing non-food particles in filter-feeding organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- Institute of Marine Research, PB 6404, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway
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Renzi M, Blašković A. Ecotoxicity of nano-metal oxides: A case study on daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:878-889. [PMID: 31392636 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Europe REACH framework directive imposes data acquisition concerning toxicity on acquatic species before the commercialization of chemicals to assess environmental risks. According to official methods, exposure tests are performed under in vitro and standardized conditions: OECD's guideline rules external variables such as water type, feeding conditions, and exposure time. As consequence, such obtained results could be different from effects observed in natural environments. This study collects effects within 24-96 h of exposure to nano metal-oxides (ZnO, TiO2) on D. magna obtained by the exposure under standard OECD conditions comparing them with results obtained by the exposure under more similar conditions to natural environment (i.e. mixture, feeding). High doses exposure determines gas-bubble disease. Animals exposed to LC10 actively ingest nanoparticles under both fasting and feeding conditions. Furthermore, body burial by a coat of nanoparticles thicker in mixtures than in single dispersions was recorded. Furthermore, results show that: (i) effects increase over time; (ii) n-ZnO results less effective than n-TiO2 in both single dispersion, and mixture; (iii) the presence of surfactant increases toxicity of nanoparticles; (iv) immobilization is a more sensitive endpoint than mortality; (v) feeding increases test sensitiveness improving differences among treated and controls till 96 h and allowing longer exposure times than standard OECD test. As general remark, this study provides evidence that in vitro ecotoxicological results obtained under standardized OECD conditions could be significant different to animals' responses under natural (feeding and mixtures) exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Renzi
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello (GR), Italy.
| | - Andrea Blašković
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello (GR), Italy
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Renzi M, Grazioli E, Blašković A. Effects of Different Microplastic Types and Surfactant-Microplastic Mixtures Under Fasting and Feeding Conditions: A Case Study on Daphnia magna. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:367-373. [PMID: 31317222 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the mortality and immobilization on Daphnia magna after 24-96 h of exposure to microplastic dispersions (PP, PE, PVC, PVC/PE), and to microplastic + surfactant solutions both under fasting and feeding conditions. The tested microplastics were analysed with μFT-IR to determine their chemical composition, purity, and dimensions. The results show that: (i) exposure under fasting conditions produces acceptable results on negative controls no later than 24 h; (ii) the dispersion of microplastics forms homo-agglomerates that are able to affect animals' motility and cause mortality and immobilization; (iii) different types of tested microplastic produce different effects on endpoints (the most toxic is PVC + surfactant); (iv) in all cases, the effects were reduced under feeding conditions (i.e. 4 times reduction of PE toxicity); (v) effects of surfactant on observed toxicity are microplastic-type dependent; (vi) the age of the animal affected the mortality and immobilization responses after exposure under both fasting and feeding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Renzi
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello, GR, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Grazioli
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello, GR, Italy
| | - Andrea Blašković
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello, GR, Italy
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Jaikumar G, Baas J, Brun NR, Vijver MG, Bosker T. Acute sensitivity of three Cladoceran species to different types of microplastics in combination with thermal stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:733-740. [PMID: 29723823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm, MP) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment, causing increasing concern regarding their potential toxicity to organisms. To date, most research has focussed on the impacts of MPs on marine and estuarine organisms, with fewer studies focussing on the effects of microplastics on freshwater ecosystems, especially under different environmental conditions. In the present study, the sensitivity of two temperate Cladoceran species, Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex, and a smaller tropical species Ceriodaphnia dubia, to primary microplastics (PMP) and secondary (weathered) microplastics (SMP) was assessed. A prolonged acute toxicity assay (up to 72 or 96 h) was performed at 18°, 22°, and 26 °C, to determine the influence of temperature as an additional stressor and survival data were analysed using toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) model. Acute sensitivity of D. magna and D. pulex to both PMP and SMP increased sharply with temperature, whereas that of C. dubia remained relatively stable across temperatures. C. dubia was the most sensitive species at 18 °C, followed by D. pulex and D. magna, which were of comparable sensitivity. However, this ranking was reversed at 26 °C as could be seen from the No Effect Concentration (NEC) estimates of the TK-TD model. In addition, SMP and PMP had a similar effect on D. magna and D. pulex, but PMP was more toxic to C. dubia. Effects on survival were strongly time-dependent and became substantially more severe after the standard 48 h test period. Our results indicate that sensitivity to microplastics may differ between species for different types of microplastics, and could be drastically influenced by temperature albeit at high exposure concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Jaikumar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Baas
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, Benson Lane, Wallingford, UK.
| | - Nadja R Brun
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Thijs Bosker
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden University College, Leiden University, P.O. Box 13228, 2501 EE, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Mattsson K, Aguilar R, Torstensson O, Perry D, Bernfur K, Linse S, Hansson LA, Åkerfeldt KS, Cedervall T. Disaggregation of gold nanoparticles by Daphnia magna. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:885-900. [PMID: 30053796 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1485982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of manufactured nanomaterials is rapidly increasing, while our understanding of the consequences of releasing these materials into the environment is still limited and many questions remain, for example, how do nanoparticles affect living organisms in the wild? How do organisms adapt and protect themselves from exposure to foreign materials? How does the environment affect the performance of nanoparticles, including their surface properties? In an effort to address these crucial questions, our main aim has been to probe the effects of aquatic organisms on nanoparticle aggregation. We have, therefore, carried out a systematic study with the purpose to disentangle the effects of the freshwater zooplankter, Daphnia magna, on the surface properties, stability, and aggregation properties of gold (Au) nanoparticles under different aqueous conditions as well as identified the proteins bound to the nanoparticle surface. We show that Au nanoparticles aggregate in pure tap water, but to a lesser extent in water that either contains Daphnia or has been pre-conditioned with Daphnia. Moreover, we show that proteins generated by Daphnia bind to the Au nanoparticles and create a modified surface that renders them less prone to aggregation. We conclude that the surrounding milieu, as well as the surface properties of the original Au particles, are important factors in determining how the nanoparticles are affected by biological metabolism. In a broader context, our results show how nanoparticles released into a natural ecosystem become chemically and physically altered through the dynamic interactions between particles and organisms, either through biological metabolism or through the interactions with biomolecules excreted by organisms into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mattsson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,b NanoLund , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,c Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Fiskebäckskil , Sweden
| | - Ruben Aguilar
- d Department of Chemistry , Haverford College , Haverford , PA , USA
| | - Oscar Torstensson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Diana Perry
- d Department of Chemistry , Haverford College , Haverford , PA , USA
| | - Katja Bernfur
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,b NanoLund , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- b NanoLund , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,e Department of Biology/Aquatic ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Karin S Åkerfeldt
- d Department of Chemistry , Haverford College , Haverford , PA , USA
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,b NanoLund , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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Artal MC, Dos Santos A, Henry TB, Umbuzeiro GDA. Development of an acute toxicity test with the tropical marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:103-108. [PMID: 29138970 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of suitable tropical marine species for ecotoxicity tests. An attractive model organism for ecotoxicology is the marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis, which is already a model for genetic and developmental studies. This species is widespread, can tolerate changes in salinity, is easy to handle and is representative of circumtropical regions. The aim of this work was to describe standardized procedures for laboratory husbandry, define conditions for acute toxicity tests, and to provide acute toxicity test results for some reference toxicants. Culturing conditions for the organism in the laboratory were established in reconstituted seawater (30 ± 2 salinity), 24 ± 2 °C, photoperiod 12/12 h light/dark. Acute toxicity test procedures were developed for 96 h-exposure time, and organisms at ages <7 days. The miniaturized version of the test, based on 96-well microplates and 200 µL of exposure media provided consistent results compared to larger exposure volumes (80-mL vials protocol). Acute toxicity of Ag, Cd, Cu, Zn and ammonia determined for P. hawaiensis were consistent to previous results for other marine amphipods. We conclude that P. hawaiensis can be successfully cultured in standardized conditions and be effectively used in acute toxicity testing. Further development and use of this model will enable standardized and reproducible ecotoxicology investigations in understudied and vulnerable tropical marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Coletty Artal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Theodore Burdick Henry
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1605, USA
| | - Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, 13484-332, Brazil.
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18
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Murray IMT, Rowan NJ, McNamee S, Campbell K, Fogarty AM. Pulsed light reduces the toxicity of the algal toxin okadaic acid to freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:607-614. [PMID: 29052147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This constitutes the first study to report on the reduction in toxicity of the dinoflagellate algal toxin okadaic acid after novel pulsed light (PL) treatments where ecotoxicological assessment was performed using a miniaturised format of the conventional in vivo freshwater crustacean Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test. Bivalves accumulate this toxin, which can then enter the human food chain causing deleterious health effects such as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. This miniaturised toxicological bioassay used substantially less sample volume and chemical reagents. Findings revealed a 24-h EC50 of 25.87 μg/L for PL-treated okadaic acid at a UV dose of 12.98 μJ/cm2 compared to a 24-h EC50 of 1.68 μg/L for the untreated okadaic acid control, suggesting a 15-fold reduction in toxicity to Daphnia pulex. The bioassay was validated in this study and correlated well with the "classic" ISO format (r = 0.98) using the traditional reference chemical potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Reduction by up to 65% in PL-treated okadaic acid concentration was confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Findings from this study have positive ecological, societal and enterprise implications, such as the development of PL technology for the prevention or reduce algal contamination of fisheries and aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M T Murray
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Sara McNamee
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Co. Antrim, UK
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Co. Antrim, UK
| | - Andrew M Fogarty
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
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Grintzalis K, Dai W, Panagiotidis K, Belavgeni A, Viant MR. Miniaturising acute toxicity and feeding rate measurements in Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:352-357. [PMID: 28189099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic markers of animal health form an essential component of regulatory toxicology. Immobilisation of neonate water fleas - Daphnia magna - as a surrogate measure of their mortality following exposure to a chemical for 24-48h forms the basis of the internationally utilised OECD acute toxicity test 202. A second important marker of animal physiology and health is feeding rate, which in Daphnia is determined by measuring the algae feeding rate. Given the widespread use of OECD test 202 for acute toxicity as well as the quantification of feeding rate in toxicological studies of daphniids, significant benefits could result from miniaturising this assay. In particular, miniaturisation would use fewer animals, less media and chemicals, less laboratory space and make the tests more compatible with automation, and therefore could result in considerable time savings. Furthermore, miniaturising phenotypic markers to the ultimate level of a single animal per well would facilitate multiple measurements of other phenotypic markers, such as behavioural responses, which could be integrated at the individual level. In this study we used a wide range of exposure vessels to evaluate the impacts of systematically varying total media volume, surface to volume ratio and animal density for the acute toxicity testing of cadmium. We demonstrate that Daphnia acute toxicity tests using single animals within 24- or 48-well plates produce equivalent results as for traditional test configurations, for different chemicals. Considering algae feeding rates by Daphnia, we studied the impacts of varying algae concentration, total volume and animal density. After having demonstrated that multiwell plates can again yield equivalent test results as traditional experimental setups, we used miniaturised test vessels to show the impact of metals on the feeding activity on daphniids for both neonates and adult animals. Overall we confirm the feasibility of a multiwell approach for Daphnia toxicity testing that requires less time and materials than a traditional assay and can provide phenotypic characterisation at a single animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenkui Dai
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Panagiotidis
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Section of Animal Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
| | - Alexia Belavgeni
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Section of Animal Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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20
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Sakka Y, Koeser J, Filser J. How test vessel properties affect the fate of silver nitrate and sterically stabilized silver nanoparticles in two different test designs used for acute tests with Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2495-2506. [PMID: 27822687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relation between test conditions such as medium composition or pH on silver nanoparticle (AgNP) behavior and its link to toxicity is one of the major topics in nanoecotoxicological research in the last years. In addition, the adaptation of the ecotoxicological standard tests for nanomaterials is intensely discussed to increase comparability and reliability of results. Due to the limitation of test material production volumes and the need for high-throughput screening, miniaturization has been proposed for several test designs. In the present study, the effect of a miniaturization of the acute Daphnia immobilization test on AgNP behavior was investigated. For this purpose, available, adsorbed, and dissolved silver fractions were measured using AgNP and silver nitrate in the following two test designs: a standard test (ST) design and a miniaturized test (MT) design with reduced test volume and less animals. Despite the increase in surface area in relation to the test volume in MT, more AgNP attached to the ST vessel surface, so that in this case, exposure concentrations were significantly lower compared to the MT assessment. Ionic silver concentrations resulting from AgNP dissolution were similar in both test designs. The same was observed for ionic silver concentrations in silver nitrate (AgNO3) treatments, but adsorbed silver was also higher in ST treatments. Assessing the structure-activity relationships revealed that surface properties such as hydrophobicity, potential binding sites, or surface roughness were of higher importance than surface:volume ratios for both test substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sakka
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jan Koeser
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Juliane Filser
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Di Paolo C, Ottermanns R, Keiter S, Ait-Aissa S, Bluhm K, Brack W, Breitholtz M, Buchinger S, Carere M, Chalon C, Cousin X, Dulio V, Escher BI, Hamers T, Hilscherová K, Jarque S, Jonas A, Maillot-Marechal E, Marneffe Y, Nguyen MT, Pandard P, Schifferli A, Schulze T, Seidensticker S, Seiler TB, Tang J, van der Oost R, Vermeirssen E, Zounková R, Zwart N, Hollert H. Bioassay battery interlaboratory investigation of emerging contaminants in spiked water extracts - Towards the implementation of bioanalytical monitoring tools in water quality assessment and monitoring. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 104:473-484. [PMID: 27585427 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays are particularly useful tools to link the chemical and ecological assessments in water quality monitoring. Different methods cover a broad range of toxicity mechanisms in diverse organisms, and account for risks posed by non-target compounds and mixtures. Many tests are already applied in chemical and waste assessments, and stakeholders from the science-police interface have recommended their integration in regulatory water quality monitoring. Still, there is a need to address bioassay suitability to evaluate water samples containing emerging pollutants, which are a current priority in water quality monitoring. The presented interlaboratory study (ILS) verified whether a battery of miniaturized bioassays, conducted in 11 different laboratories following their own protocols, would produce comparable results when applied to evaluate blinded samples consisting of a pristine water extract spiked with four emerging pollutants as single chemicals or mixtures, i.e. triclosan, acridine, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA). Assays evaluated effects on aquatic organisms from three different trophic levels (algae, daphnids, zebrafish embryos) and mechanism-specific effects using in vitro estrogenicity (ER-Luc, YES) and mutagenicity (Ames fluctuation) assays. The test battery presented complementary sensitivity and specificity to evaluate the different blinded water extract spikes. Aquatic organisms differed in terms of sensitivity to triclosan (algae > daphnids > fish) and acridine (fish > daphnids > algae) spikes, confirming the complementary role of the three taxa for water quality assessment. Estrogenicity and mutagenicity assays identified with high precision the respective mechanism-specific effects of spikes even when non-specific toxicity occurred in mixture. For estrogenicity, although differences were observed between assays and models, EE2 spike relative induction EC50 values were comparable to the literature, and E2/EE2 equivalency factors reliably reflected the sample content. In the Ames, strong revertant induction occurred following 3-NBA spike incubation with the TA98 strain, which was of lower magnitude after metabolic transformation and when compared to TA100. Differences in experimental protocols, model organisms, and data analysis can be sources of variation, indicating that respective harmonized standard procedures should be followed when implementing bioassays in water monitoring. Together with other ongoing activities for the validation of a basic bioassay battery, the present study is an important step towards the implementation of bioanalytical monitoring tools in water quality assessment and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Paolo
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Keiter
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- Department of Applied Environmental Science - ITM, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Carole Chalon
- ISSeP (Scientific Institute of Public Service), Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Xavier Cousin
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, L'Houmeau, France; Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génétique des Poissons, Inra, Rennes, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology - Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timo Hamers
- Institute for Environmental Studies -IVM, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Jarque
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Jonas
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yves Marneffe
- ISSeP (Scientific Institute of Public Service), Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | | | | | - Andrea Schifferli
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Seidensticker
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Janet Tang
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology - Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ron van der Oost
- WATERNET Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Division of Technology Research & Engineering, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Radka Zounková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nick Zwart
- Institute for Environmental Studies -IVM, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Sakka Y, Skjolding LM, Mackevica A, Filser J, Baun A. Behavior and chronic toxicity of two differently stabilized silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:526-535. [PMID: 27449283 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While differences in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) colloidal stability, surface potential, or acute aquatic toxicity for differently stabilized AgNP have often been reported, these have rarely been studied in long-term ecotoxicity tests. In the current study, we investigated the chronic toxicity of AgNP to Daphnia magna over a 21-day period with two different stabilizers (citrate and detergent), representative for charge and sterical stabilizers, respectively. This was coupled with a series of short-term experiments, such as mass balance and uptake/depuration testing, to investigate the behavior of both types of AgNP during a typical media exchange period in the D. magna test for chronic toxicity. As expected, the sterically stabilized AgNP was more stable in the test medium, also in the presence of food; however, a higher uptake of silver after 24h exposure of the charge stabilized AgNP was found compared to the detergent-stabilized AgNP (0.046±0.006μgAgμgDW(-1) and 0.023±0.005μgAgμgDW(-1), respectively). In accordance with this, the higher reproductive effects and mortality were found for the charge-stabilized than for the sterically-stabilized silver nanoparticles in 21-d tests for chronic toxicity. LOEC was 19.2μgAgL(-1) for both endpoints for citrate-coated AgNP and >27.5μgAgL(-1) (highest tested concentration for detergent-stabilized AgNP). This indicates a link between uptake and toxicity. The inclusion of additional short-term experiments on uptake and depuration is recommended when longer-term chronic experiments with nanoparticles are conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sakka
- University of Bremen, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Lars Michael Skjolding
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Aiga Mackevica
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Juliane Filser
- University of Bremen, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Anders Baun
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Xiao YF, Li JM, Wang SM, Yong X, Tang B, Jie MM, Dong H, Yang XC, Yang SM. Cerium oxide nanoparticles inhibit the migration and proliferation of gastric cancer by increasing DHX15 expression. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3023-34. [PMID: 27486320 PMCID: PMC4956072 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of tumor-related deaths in the world. Current treatment options do not satisfy doctors and patients, and new therapies are therefore needed. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) have been studied as a potential therapeutic approach for treating many diseases. However, their effects on human gastric cancer are currently unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize the effects of CNPs on human gastric cancer cell lines (MKN28 and BGC823). Gastric cancer cells were cocultured with different concentrations of CNPs, and proliferation and migration were measured both in vitro and in vivo. We found that CNPs inhibited the migration of gastric cancer cells when applied at different concentrations, but only a relatively high concentration (10 µg/mL) of CNPs suppressed proliferation. Furthermore, we found that CNPs increased the expression of DHX15 and its downstream signaling pathways. We therefore provide evidence showing that CNPs may be a promising approach to suppress malignant activity of gastric cancer by increasing the expression of DHX15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Min Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Jie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chao Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Mattsson K, Adolfsson K, Ekvall MT, Borgström MT, Linse S, Hansson LA, Cedervall T, Prinz CN. Translocation of 40 nm diameter nanowires through the intestinal epithelium of Daphnia magna. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1160-7. [PMID: 27181920 PMCID: PMC4975093 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1189615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs) have unique electrical and optical properties of value for many applications including lighting, sensing, and energy harnessing. Consumer products containing NWs increase the risk of NWs being released in the environment, especially into aquatic ecosystems through sewage systems. Daphnia magna is a common, cosmopolitan freshwater organism sensitive to toxicity tests and represents a likely entry point for nanoparticles into food webs of aquatic ecosystems. Here we have evaluated the effect of NW diameter on the gut penetrance of NWs in Daphnia magna. The animals were exposed to NWs of two diameters (40 and 80 nm) and similar length (3.6 and 3.8 μm, respectively) suspended in water. In order to locate the NWs in Daphnia, the NWs were designed to comprise one inherently fluorescent segment of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) flanked by a gallium phosphide (GaP) segment. Daphnia mortality was assessed directly after 24 h of exposure and 7 days after exposure. Translocation of NWs across the intestinal epithelium was investigated using confocal fluorescence microscopy directly after 24 h of exposure and was observed in 89% of Daphnia exposed to 40 nm NWs and in 11% of Daphnia exposed to 80 nm NWs. A high degree of fragmentation was observed for NWs of both diameters after ingestion by the Daphnia, although 40 nm NWs were fragmented to a greater extent, which could possibly facilitate translocation across the intestinal epithelium. Our results show that the feeding behavior of animals may enhance the ability of NWs to penetrate biological barriers and that penetrance is governed by the NW diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mattsson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Karl Adolfsson
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Mikael T Ekvall
- d Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden , and
| | - Magnus T Borgström
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- d Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden , and
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,e Neuronano Research Center, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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25
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Rehse S, Kloas W, Zarfl C. Short-term exposure with high concentrations of pristine microplastic particles leads to immobilisation of Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:91-9. [PMID: 27010171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that freshwaters are not only polluted by chemicals, but also by persistent synthetic material like microplastics (plastic particles <1 mm). Microplastics include a diverse range of characteristics, e.g. polymer type, size or shape, but also their tendency to sorb pollutants or release additives. Although there is rising concern about the pollution of freshwaters by microplastics, knowledge about their potential effects on organisms is limited. For a better understanding of their risks, it is crucial to unravel which characteristics influence their effects on organisms. Analysing effects by the mere particles is the first step before including more complex interactions e.g. with associated chemicals. The aim of this study was to analyse potential physical effects of microplastics on one representative organism for limnic zooplankton (Daphnia magna). We investigated whether microplastics can be ingested and whether their presence causes adverse effects after short-term exposure. Daphnids were exposed for up to 96 h to 1-μm and 100-μm polyethylene particles at concentrations between 12.5 and 400 mg L(-1). Ingestion of 1-μm particles led to immobilisation increasing with dose and time with an EC50 of 57.43 mg L(-1) after 96 h. 100-μm particles that could not be ingested by the daphnids had no observable effects. These results underline that, considering high concentrations, microplastic particles can already induce adverse effects in limnic zooplankton. Although it needs to be clarified if these concentrations can be found in the environment these results are a basis for future impact analysis, especially in combination with associated chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Rehse
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Invalidenstraße 110, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Zarfl
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Dealing with nanosafety around the globe-Regulation vs. innovation. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:95-106. [PMID: 27184102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has become increasingly important for global industries. Today, many nanomaterials are used as ingredients in cosmetics, food products, medical devices and pharmaceuticals. In some cases they exert unexpected risks and potentially pose a threat to human health and the environment. Regulatory authorities all over the world carefully observe recent developments in this area, striving to find a balance between consumer safety and the interests of the industry. In the following, the current legislation in the United States of America, the European Union, Asia and Brazil will be presented. Further, the requirements defined by these different authorities and methodology to investigate relevant characteristics of nanomaterials will be discussed.
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27
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Brack W, Ait-Aissa S, Burgess RM, Busch W, Creusot N, Di Paolo C, Escher BI, Mark Hewitt L, Hilscherova K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jonker W, Kool J, Lamoree M, Muschket M, Neumann S, Rostkowski P, Ruttkies C, Schollee J, Schymanski EL, Schulze T, Seiler TB, Tindall AJ, De Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Vrana B, Krauss M. Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments--An in-depth overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:1073-118. [PMID: 26779957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Willem Jonker
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- VU Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Muschket
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pawel Rostkowski
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Schollee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Tindall
- WatchFrag, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Petersen EJ, Diamond SA, Kennedy AJ, Goss GG, Ho K, Lead J, Hanna SK, Hartmann NB, Hund-Rinke K, Mader B, Manier N, Pandard P, Salinas ER, Sayre P. Adapting OECD Aquatic Toxicity Tests for Use with Manufactured Nanomaterials: Key Issues and Consensus Recommendations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9532-9547. [PMID: 26182079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The unique or enhanced properties of manufactured nanomaterials (MNs) suggest that their use in nanoenabled products will continue to increase. This will result in increased potential for human and environmental exposure to MNs during manufacturing, use, and disposal of nanoenabled products. Scientifically based risk assessment for MNs necessitates the development of reproducible, standardized hazard testing methods such as those provided by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Currently, there is no comprehensive guidance on how best to address testing issues specific to MN particulate, fibrous, or colloidal properties. This paper summarizes the findings from an expert workshop convened to develop a guidance document that addresses the difficulties encountered when testing MNs using OECD aquatic and sediment test guidelines. Critical components were identified by workshop participants that require specific guidance for MN testing: preparation of dispersions, dose metrics, the importance and challenges associated with maintaining and monitoring exposure levels, and the need for reliable methods to quantify MNs in complex media. To facilitate a scientific advance in the consistency of nanoecotoxicology test results, we identify and discuss critical considerations where expert consensus recommendations were and were not achieved and provide specific research recommendations to resolve issues for which consensus was not reached. This process will enable the development of prescriptive testing guidance for MNs. Critically, we highlight the need to quantify and properly interpret and express exposure during the bioassays used to determine hazard values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J Petersen
- †Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Stephen A Diamond
- ‡Midwest Division, NanoSafe, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota 55802, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- §Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Greg G Goss
- ∥Department of Biological Sciences and National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Kay Ho
- ⊥Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory-Atlantic Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Jamie Lead
- #Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29036, United States
| | - Shannon K Hanna
- †Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Nanna B Hartmann
- ∇Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- ○Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Brian Mader
- ◆Environmental Laboratory, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Nicolas Manier
- ¶Institute National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, F-60550 Verneuil en-Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Pandard
- ¶Institute National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, F-60550 Verneuil en-Halatte, France
| | - Edward R Salinas
- ΔExperimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Phil Sayre
- ◇Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
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29
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Sakamoto M, Ha JY, Yoneshima S, Kataoka C, Tatsuta H, Kashiwada S. Free silver ion as the main cause of acute and chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles to cladocerans. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:500-509. [PMID: 25352442 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interspecific variation of silver nanoparticle (SNP) sensitivity in common cladocerans (Daphnia magna, D. galeata, and Bosmina longirostris) and the exact cause of both acute and chronic toxicity focusing on the form of silver (NPs and ions). Materials tested were non-surface-coated silver nanocolloids (SNCs) and AgNO3. The results of the acute toxicity tests support the theory that the effects of SNPs on aquatic organisms is mainly due to Ag(+) released from SNPs. Among the three cladocerans, D. galeata was more sensitive to silver (as Ag(+)) than both D. magna and B. longirostris. Moreover, the chronic toxicity of SNCs was also derived from dissolved silver (especially Ag(+)). SNCs (as total silver concentration) showed far lower chronic compared with acute toxicity to daphnids because the amount of dissolved silver decreased in the presence of prey algae. The chronic end-point values (EC10 values for net reproductive rate and the probability of survival to maturation) did not differ largely from acute ones (48-h EC50 obtained from acute toxicity tests and 48-h LC50 estimated by the biotic ligand model) when the values were calculated based on Ag(+) concentration. The α value (concentration at which intrinsic population growth rate is decreased to zero) estimated by a power function model was a reliable parameter for assessing the chronic toxicity of silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sakamoto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-shi, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan,
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30
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Wehling J, Dringen R, Zare RN, Maas M, Rezwan K. Bactericidal activity of partially oxidized nanodiamonds. ACS NANO 2014; 8:6475-6483. [PMID: 24861876 DOI: 10.1021/nn502230m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are a class of carbon-based nanoparticles that are rapidly gaining attention, particularly for biomedical applications, i.e., as drug carriers, for bioimaging, or as implant coatings. Nanodiamonds have generally been considered biocompatible with a broad variety of eukaryotic cells. We show that, depending on their surface composition, nanodiamonds kill Gram-positive and -negative bacteria rapidly and efficiently. We investigated six different types of nanodiamonds exhibiting diverse oxygen-containing surface groups that were created using standard pretreatment methods for forming nanodiamond dispersions. Our experiments suggest that the antibacterial activity of nanodiamond is linked to the presence of partially oxidized and negatively charged surfaces, specifically those containing acid anhydride groups. Furthermore, proteins were found to control the bactericidal properties of nanodiamonds by covering these surface groups, which explains the previously reported biocompatibility of nanodiamonds. Our findings describe the discovery of an exciting property of partially oxidized nanodiamonds as a potent antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wehling
- Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen , Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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31
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Baumann J, Köser J, Arndt D, Filser J. The coating makes the difference: acute effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 484:176-184. [PMID: 24705300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The surface of nanoparticles (NP) is often functionalized with a capping agent to increase their colloidal stability. Having a strong effect on the characteristics of NP, the coating might already determine the risk from NP to organisms and the environment. In this study identical iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP; Ø 5-6nm) were functionalized with four different coatings: ascorbate (ASC-IONP), citrate (CIT-IONP), dextran (DEX-IONP), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-IONP). Ascorbate and citrate stabilize NP via electrostatic repulsion whereas dextran and polyvinylpyrrolidone are steric stabilizers. All IONP were colloidally stable over several weeks. Their acute effects on neonates of the waterflea Daphnia magna were investigated over 96h. The highest immobilizing effect was found for ASC- and DEX-IONP. In the presence of neonates, both agglomerated or flocculated and adsorbed to the carapace and filtering apparatuses, inducing high immobilization. Lower immobilization was found for CIT-IONP. Their effect was hypothesized to partly originate from an increased release of dissolved iron and the ability to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, incomplete ecdysis occurred at high concentrations of ASC-, DEX-, and CIT-IONP. PVP-IONP did not induce any negative effect, although high quantities were visibly ingested by the daphnids. PVP-IONP had the highest colloidal stability without any occurring agglomeration, adsorption, or dissolution. Only strong swelling of the PVP coating was observed in medium, highly increasing the hydrodynamic diameter. Each coating caused individual effects. Toxicity cannot be correlated to hydrodynamic diameter or the kind of stabilizing forces. Effects are rather linked to decreasing colloidal stability, the release of ions from the core material or the ability to form ROS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Baumann
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jan Köser
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Darius Arndt
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Juliane Filser
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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