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Jakovljević I, Smoljo I, Sever Štrukil Z, Pehnec G. Carcinogenic Activity and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Ambient Air: PM 10 Particle Fraction and Bulk Deposition. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11030228. [PMID: 36976993 PMCID: PMC10051387 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper present seasonal variation in the equivalent concentration (BaPeq) of PAHs in order to assess the potential cancer risk for two different groups of residents via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathways. The possible ecological risk caused by PAH atmospheric deposition based on risk quotient was also estimated. A bulk (total, wet and dry) deposition and PM10 particle fraction (particles with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm) were collected from June 2020 to May 2021 at an urban residential location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. The monthly average of total equivalent BaPeq mass concentrations of PM10 varied from 0.057 ng m-3 in July to 3.656 ng m-3 in December; the annul ∑BaPeq average was 1.348 ng m-3. In bulk deposition, ∑BaPeq mass concentrations varied from 1.94 to 57.60 ng L-1. In both investigated media, BaP had the highest contribution in carcinogenic activity. For PM10 media, dermal absorption implied the greatest potential cancer risk, followed by ingestion and inhalation. For bulk media, a moderate ecological risk for BaA, BbF and BaP was observed according to the risk quotient approach.
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Dvoršćak M, Jakovljević I, Jagić K, Tariba Lovaković B, Klinčić D. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust from different indoor environments in Zagreb, Croatia: Levels and human exposure assessment. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13145. [PMID: 36437674 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports for the first time the levels of 7 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured in dust samples collected in 10 kindergartens, 11 workplaces, and 25 cars from Zagreb, Croatia. ΣPBDEs mass fractions were 3.11-14.42, <LOD-313.75, and 0.6-5666.98 ng g-1 dust, while ΣPAHs were 244.9-833.0, 230.5-5632.7, and 395.6-12114.8 ng g-1 dust in kindergartens, workplaces, and cars, respectively. In the central case scenario, dust from homes contributed to the intake of PBDEs and PAHs the most, while for PBDEs in the worst-case scenario, the intake through car dust prevailed. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for PAHs and PBDEs, respectively, for two age groups (adults and toddlers) and for professional drivers as a specific group. The hazard index for adults, toddlers, and professional drivers for PBDEs was less than 1 indicating that there is no significant risk of non-carcinogenic effects due to exposure to these chemicals. Total carcinogenic risk for PAHs was negligible for all groups in the central case scenario, but the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk values >10-6 in the worst-case scenario indicated a potential risk, especially for professional drivers. Also, in the cases of elevated contaminant levels, toddlers are susceptible to a higher risk, despite the short time they spend in cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dvoršćak
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Jagić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darija Klinčić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jakovljević I, Dvoršćak M, Jagić K, Klinčić D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11848. [PMID: 36231149 PMCID: PMC9565587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that contribute to indoor pollution are regularly investigated due to the fact that people spend most of their time indoors. Worldwide investigations have shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in indoor dust, but to the best of our knowledge, this paper reports for the first time the presence of PAHs in Croatian households. Eleven PAHs were analysed in house dust samples collected in the city of Zagreb and surroundings (N = 66). Their possible indoor sources and the associated health risks were assessed. Total mass fraction of detected PAHs ranged from 92.9 ng g-1 to 1504.1 ng g-1 (median 466.8 ng g-1), whereby four-ring compounds, Flu and Pyr, contributed the most. DahA was the only compound that did not show statistically significantly positive correlation with other analysed PAHs, indicating that it originated from different sources. Based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), mixed sources contributed to PAHs levels present in Croatian households. Although our results indicate that Croatian house dusts are weakly polluted with PAHs, total ILCR values calculated for children and adults revealed that people exposed to the highest mass fractions of PAHs measured in this area are at elevated cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Dvoršćak
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Jagić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darija Klinčić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Pehnec G, Matković K, Rinkovec J, Jakovljević I, Godec R, Žužul S, Bešlić I, Cvitković A, Wild P, Guseva Canu I, Hopf NB. Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710083. [PMID: 36077482 PMCID: PMC9455971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is recognized as one of the most serious public health issues worldwide and was declared to be a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. At the same time, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay serves as a cancer predictive method that is extensively used in human biomonitoring for populations exposed to environmental contamination. The objective of this cross-sectional study is two-fold: to evaluate genomic instability in a sample (N = 130) of healthy, general population residents from Zagreb (Croatia), chronically exposed to different levels of air pollution, and to relate them to air pollution levels in the period from 2011 to 2015. Measured frequencies of CBMN assay parameters were in agreement with the baseline data for the general population of Croatia. Air pollution exposure was based on four factors obtained from a factor analysis of all exposure data obtained for the examined period. Based on the statistical results, we did not observe a significant positive association between any of the CBMN assay parameters tested and measured air pollution parameters for designated time windows, except for benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) that showed significant negative association. Our results show that measured air pollution parameters are largely below the regulatory limits, except for B[a]P, and as such, they do not affect CBMN assay parameters’ frequency. Nevertheless, as air pollution is identified as a major health threat, it is necessary to conduct prospective studies investigating the effect of air pollution on genome integrity and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1468-2500
| | - Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Matković
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rinkovec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silva Žužul
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Cvitković
- Teaching Institute of Public Health Brod-Posavina County, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Pascal Wild
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- PW Statistical Consulting, 54520 Laxou, France
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nancy B. Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Galán-Madruga D, Ubeda RM, Terroba JM, Dos Santos SG, García-Cambero JP. Influence of the products of biomass combustion processes on air quality and cancer risk assessment in rural environmental (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2595-2613. [PMID: 34351545 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with atmospheric particles represent a significant risk to human health. This issue is even more relevant in environments where biomass combustion processes are considered as the major potential emission sources, such as the rural ecosystem. This study aimed to assess the levels of PM10-bound PAHs in several rural locations, their distribution along a year and how weather variables could influence them. Also, we focused on the emission sources and the comparison of the PAH mixtures to assess similitude among the sampling points. PM10-bound PAHs levels were monitored at three rural locations (north, center, and south) of Spain between April 2017 and February 2018. The study revealed that there were substantial differences regarding the levels of ΣPAHs, being higher in the central zone (IS; 65.4 mg/m3), then in the south (VA; 35.8 ng/m3) and finally in the north (NA; 20.9 ng/m3). IS and VA showed a similar distribution of emission sources, and temperature and wind speed seemed to influence negatively over the levels of PAHs likely. At both locations, PAH levels ran parallel throughout the year, with maximum levels during cold seasons and a greater presence of high molecular weight PAHs; however, the levels of PAHs and the most representative PAHs differed. On the other hand, NA was characterized for having another distribution of emission sources, which determined other representative PAHs, higher levels during spring, and a similar presence of high/medium/low molecular weight. Finally, the levels of ambient air PAHs represented an acceptable risk to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galán-Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Regina M Ubeda
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - June M Terroba
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl G Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Department of Environment Toxicology, National Center for Environment Health. Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
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Godec R, Jakovljević I, Davila S, Šega K, Bešlić I, Rinkovec J, Pehnec G. Air pollution levels near crossroads with different traffic density and the estimation of health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3935-3952. [PMID: 33761036 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of traffic density on air pollutant levels as well as to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of particulate pollutants and their health risk. The following species related to traffic pollution were measured: PM10, elemental and organic carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 and gas pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO). The measurements were carried out at four crossroad sites in the city. Samples of PM10 were collected over three periods (6 am to 2 pm, 2 pm to 10 pm and 10 pm to 6 am) on working days and weekends. Statistically significant differences were found between sampling sites for all pollutant concentrations, except for NO2. The highest mass concentrations of PM10, carbon and PAHs were observed in the south of the city with the highest traffic density. Concentrations of gasses (CO and NO2) showed high values in morning and in the late afternoon and evening (west and east). At all measuring sites, the highest concentration of particle-bound pollutants was mostly recorded during morning and afternoon, except at the south, where elevated PAHs concentrations were recorded during night period, which indicated that residential heating takes up a portion of pollution sources in this area. Although for most of the pollutants the concentrations varied during the day, statistically significant differences between sampling periods were not found. The highest health risk was obtained at the south, where it was scored as significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rinkovec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jakovljević I, Štrukil ZS, Godec R, Davila S, Pehnec G. Influence of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution and carcinogenic content of particulate matter observed in Croatia. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:467-472. [PMID: 33046999 PMCID: PMC7539748 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 in Croatia, all unnecessary activities were prohibited during the designated lockdown period (March-May 2020). With reduced human activity, levels of some air pollutants decreased. In this study, mass concentrations of the PM1 particle fraction (particulate matter with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter < 1 μm) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM1 and NO2 were measured and compared with concentrations measured in the same period the year before. Air pollutant concentrations were measured at two measuring sites: urban residential and urban traffic. Our results show a concentration decrease by 35% for NO2 and PM1 particles and by 26% for total PAHs at the traffic measuring site. At the residential measuring site, only concentrations of NO2 decreased slightly, but PM1 particles and PAHs were similar to the year before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravka Sever Štrukil
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Jakovljević I, Štrukil ZS, Godec R, Davila S, Pehnec G. Influence of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution and carcinogenic content of particulate matter observed in Croatia. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021. [PMID: 33046999 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00950-3/figures/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 in Croatia, all unnecessary activities were prohibited during the designated lockdown period (March-May 2020). With reduced human activity, levels of some air pollutants decreased. In this study, mass concentrations of the PM1 particle fraction (particulate matter with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter < 1 μm) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM1 and NO2 were measured and compared with concentrations measured in the same period the year before. Air pollutant concentrations were measured at two measuring sites: urban residential and urban traffic. Our results show a concentration decrease by 35% for NO2 and PM1 particles and by 26% for total PAHs at the traffic measuring site. At the residential measuring site, only concentrations of NO2 decreased slightly, but PM1 particles and PAHs were similar to the year before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravka Sever Štrukil
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Jakovljević I, Sever Štrukil Z, Godec R, Bešlić I, Davila S, Lovrić M, Pehnec G. Pollution Sources and Carcinogenic Risk of PAHs in PM 1 Particle Fraction in an Urban Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249587. [PMID: 33371417 PMCID: PMC7767419 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particles are composed of inorganic species and organic compounds. PM1 particles, with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1 μm, are considered to be important in the context of adverse health effects. Many compounds bound to particulate matter, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), are suspected to be genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. In this study, PAHs in the PM1 particle fraction were measured for one year (1/1/2018–31/12/2018). The measuring station was located in the northern residential part of Zagreb, the Croatian capital, close to a street with modest traffic. Significant differences were found between PAH concentrations during cold (January–March, October–December) and warm (April–September) periods of the year. In general, the mass concentrations of PAHs characteristic for car exhausts (benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP), and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF)) were higher during the whole year than concentrations of fluoranthene (Flu) and pyrene (Pyr), which originated mostly from domestic heating and biomass burning. Combustion of diesel and gasoline from vehicles was found to be one of the main PAH sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was estimated for three age groups of populations and the results were much lower than the acceptable risk level (1 × 10−6). However, more than ten times higher PAH concentrations in the cold part of the year, as well as associated health risk, emphasize the need for monitoring of PAHs in PM1. These data represent a valuable tool in future plans and actions to control PAH sources and to improve the quality of life of urban populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.S.Š.); (R.G.); (I.B.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4682589
| | - Zdravka Sever Štrukil
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.S.Š.); (R.G.); (I.B.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.S.Š.); (R.G.); (I.B.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.S.Š.); (R.G.); (I.B.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.S.Š.); (R.G.); (I.B.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Mario Lovrić
- Know-Center, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.S.Š.); (R.G.); (I.B.); (S.D.); (G.P.)
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An optimized sample preparation and analysis method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmospheric bulk deposition samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461599. [PMID: 33091788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method based on solid phase extraction (SPE), gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in atmospheric deposition samples. Six indicator PCB congeners were analysed by GC-ECD equipped with two micro electron-capture detectors and two gas chromatographic columns, while 12 PAH compounds were analysed by GC-MS/MS. Solid phase extraction on silica sorbent proved suitable for accumulation of PAHs and PCBs from deposited matters. The extraction procedure was based by passing the whole sample volume through a silica cartridge with dichloromethane and n-hexane as the eluting solvents. Two different performances of a bulk collector were compared. The method was validated using field total deposited samples collected monthly over a year by bulk method at an urban background station in Zagreb, Croatia. The levels and occurrence of PCBs corresponded to global environmental pollution, with the deposition rates of ∑6PCBs between 6 - 28 ng m-2 d-1. The deposition rates of ∑12PAHs varied between 132 and 714 ng m-2 d-1 during the warm period, whereas it achieved a significantly higher range of 171 to 1069 ng m-2 d-1 in the cold period.
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Pehnec G, Jakovljević I, Godec R, Sever Štrukil Z, Žero S, Huremović J, Džepina K. Carcinogenic organic content of particulate matter at urban locations with different pollution sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139414. [PMID: 32464402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds known for their adverse effects on human health. Many of them are proven carcinogens, especially those with 5 and 6 aromatic rings, which under normal tropospheric conditions are found in the particle-phase. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is often measured as their general representative. Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is among the European cities with the poorest air quality. However, in Sarajevo PAHs are neither routinely measured within the air quality monitoring network nor have been a subject of extended, continuous field studies during the most polluted cold periods of the year. The capital of Croatia, Zagreb, is located approximately 300 km air distance north-west from Sarajevo. PAH mass concentrations in Zagreb have been measured continuously since 1994 within air quality monitoring networks. During winter 2017/2018, the SAFICA project (Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018) was carried out in order to characterize the chemical composition of organic and inorganic aerosol in the Sarajevo Canton. This paper presents the results of PAH measurements in the cities of Sarajevo and Zagreb at one urban location per city. Daily (24 h), continuous samples of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤10 μm) were collected during heating season, from December 27, 2017 to February 27, 2018. Mass concentrations of eleven particle-phase PAHs in Sarajevo and Zagreb from filter samples collected during the same period were compared. The average BaP ambient mass concentrations in Sarajevo and Zagreb were 6.93 ng m-3 and 3.11 ng m-3, respectively. The contribution of BaP to the total PAH mass concentration was similar at both locations (11%). However, much higher contributions of particle-phase fluoranthene and pyrene were found in Sarajevo. Contributions of individual PAH, diagnostic ratios and factor analysis indicate that combustion of gasoline and diesel from vehicle traffic are a potential source of PAHs at both locations, as well as combustion of other liquid fossil fuels (petroleum and fuel oil). Wood burning was occasionally indicated as a PAH emission source in Zagreb, while in Sarajevo the contribution of PAHs from wood and coal combustion was more evident. Calculated value for total carcinogenic potency (TCP) of PAHs, which was estimated using toxic equivalence factors from the literature, in PM10 samples collected in Sarajevo was more than twice higher than in Zagreb (10.6 ng m-3 and 4.7 ng m-3, respectively). BaP had the highest contribution to the TCP at both locations (69 and 67%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zdravka Sever Štrukil
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sabina Žero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne, 33-35, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasna Huremović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne, 33-35, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katja Džepina
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
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12
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Yin S, Tan H, Hui N, Ma Y, Tian L, Sun N, Liu C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in leaves of Cinnamomum camphora along the urban-rural gradient of a megacity: Distribution varies in concentration and potential toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139328. [PMID: 32438179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization have precipitated the significant urban-rural gradient involving various aspects of human-related activities especially in megacities. Anthropogenic activities are the main source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination, and the rising awareness concerning PAH potential toxicity to human health promotes a further understanding of its spatial distribution pattern in cities. Whether the distribution of PAH concentration and potential toxicity respond to the urban-rural gradient still requires investigation. This study applied a grid sampling method to investigate PAH concentration using Cinnamomum camphora leaves as bioindicators which were obtained from 84 sampling sites in a megacity, Shanghai. The potential toxicity of PAHs in leaves was calculated by toxicity factor equivalent method. Results revealed the patterns of PAH distribution in the city varied in concentration and potential toxicity: the total concentration of PAHs in leaves decreased along the urban-rural gradient, while the potential toxicity peaked at junction areas. The trend of PAH concentration along the distance from urban center corresponded to that of population density. The spatial distribution of potential toxicity did not correspond with the gradient but was influenced by high benzo(a)pyrene concentration originated from the industry districts nearby. Higher potential toxicity of PAHs was observed at the urban-suburban-rural junction areas of megacities, advocating health-risk attention and appropriate plan for land use of these transition areas in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Yangtze River Delta Ecology & Environmental Change and Control Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Haoxin Tan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Yangtze River Delta Ecology & Environmental Change and Control Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nan Hui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Yangtze River Delta Ecology & Environmental Change and Control Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Rd., Shanghai 200233, China; State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, 508 Qinzhou Rd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lu Tian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Yangtze River Delta Ecology & Environmental Change and Control Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Yangtze River Delta Ecology & Environmental Change and Control Research Station, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
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13
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Chen Y, Ma J, Duan H, Miao C. Occurrence, source apportionment, and potential human health risks of metal(loid)s and PAHs in dusts from driving school campuses in an urban area of Henan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30029-30043. [PMID: 31414389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, health risks, and sources of 9 metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and 16 PAHs in dusts collected from the 29 driving school campuses in the urban area of Kaifeng, Henan Province, China, were evaluated. The health risks due to exposure to these pollutants in dusts were assessed under three different scenarios (working for 10 years, 20 years, and 30 years in driving schools), using the health risk assessment model developed by US EPA. The results indicated that the mean concentrations for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were higher than the local dust background except Co and Ni. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 198.21 to 3 400.89 μg kg-1, with a mean value of 908.72 μg kg-1. The dominant components were the two and three member-ring PAHs, accounting for 55.79% of the ∑PAHs, while PAHs with four to six member-rings accounted for 44.21% of total PAHs. The non-cancer risks of metal(loid)s in most samples were within the safe range except for two samples, with Pb as the major non-carcinogenic risk factor. The cancer risks of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni were also within the currently acceptable range except for one sample under two scenarios (working for 20a and 30a in a driving school). The cancer risks of PAHs in most samples were within the safe range except for one sample under scenario 3. The source identification results demonstrated that Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the driving school dusts are mainly affected by the emission of driving-school vehicles. For PAHs, the typical driving school vehicle emissions were predominated by Phe and Ant, followed by Flu, Pyr, BkF, and Nap. The concentrations and health risks of the metal(loid)s and PAHs in the dusts were not significantly related to the driving school operation time or vehicle density, but closely related to the surrounding environments and the historical land uses of driving schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Chen
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
- The College of Environment and Planning of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Haijing Duan
- The College of Environment and Planning of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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14
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Pehnec G, Jakovljević I. Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2485. [PMID: 30405070 PMCID: PMC6266409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are bound to particulate matter can have adverse effects on human health. Particle size plays an important role in assessing health risks. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of PAHs bound to particle fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM₁, as well as to estimate their carcinogenic potency and relative contributions of the individual PAHs to the carcinogenic potency in relation to the size of the particle. Measurements of ten PAHs were carried out in 2014 at an urban location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. 24-h samples of the PM10, PM2.5, and PM₁ particle fraction were collected over forty days per season. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs was estimated by calculating benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations while using three different toxic equivalence factor (TEF) schemes. The total carcinogenic potency (TCP) and percentage contributions differed significantly depending on the TEF scheme used. The lowest PAH mass concentrations and TCPs were in summer and the highest in winter. The contributions of individual PAHs to the sum of PAH mass concentrations remained similar in all fractions and seasons, while in fractions PM10⁻2.5 and PM2.5⁻1 they varied significantly. Road traffic represented the important source of PAHs in all fractions and throughout all seasons. Other sources (wood and biomass burning, petroleum combustion) were also present, especially during winter as a consequence of household heating. The highest contribution to the TCP came from benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)antrachene, indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene (together between 87% and 96%) in all fractions and seasons. In all cases, BaP showed the highest contribution to the TCP regardless relatively low contributions to the mass of total PAHs and it can be considered as a good representative for assessing the carcinogenicity of the PAH mixture. When comparing the TCP of PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5 fractions, it was found that about 21⁻26% of carcinogenic potency of the PAH mixture belonged to the PM2.5 fraction. Comparison of TCP in PM2.5 and PM₁ showed that about 86% of carcinogenic potency belonged to the PM₁ fraction, regardless of the TEF scheme used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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15
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Perrone MG, Vratolis S, Georgieva E, Török S, Šega K, Veleva B, Osán J, Bešlić I, Kertész Z, Pernigotti D, Eleftheriadis K, Belis CA. Sources and geographic origin of particulate matter in urban areas of the Danube macro-region: The cases of Zagreb (Croatia), Budapest (Hungary) and Sofia (Bulgaria). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1515-1529. [PMID: 29734626 PMCID: PMC5821697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of main PM pollution sources and their geographic origin in three urban sites of the Danube macro-region (Zagreb, Budapest and Sofia) were determined by combining receptor and Lagrangian models. The source contribution estimates were obtained with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model and the results were further examined using local wind data and backward trajectories obtained with FLEXPART. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis was applied to identify the geographical source areas for the PM sources subject to long-range transport. Gas-to-particle transformation processes and primary emissions from biomass burning are the most important contributors to PM in the studied sites followed by re-suspension of soil (crustal material) and traffic. These four sources can be considered typical of the Danube macro-region because they were identified in all the studied locations. Long-range transport was observed of: a) sulphate-enriched aged aerosols, deriving from SO2 emissions in combustion processes in the Balkans and Eastern Europe and b) dust from the Saharan and Karakum deserts. The study highlights that PM pollution in the studied urban areas of the Danube macro-region is the result of both local sources and long-range transport from both EU and no-EU areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Perrone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - S Vratolis
- N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - E Georgieva
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Blvd Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Török
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Utca 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, p.p. 291, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Veleva
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66 Blvd Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - J Osán
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Utca 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, p.p. 291, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Z Kertész
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bem square 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - D Pernigotti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | - C A Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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16
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Huang X, Guan S, Wang J, Zhao L, Jia Y, Lu Z, Yin C, Yang S, Song Q, Han L, Wang C, Li J, Zhou W, Guo X, Cheng Y. The effects of air pollution on mortality and clinicopathological features of esophageal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58563-58576. [PMID: 28938579 PMCID: PMC5601675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the associations between air pollution and esophageal cancer. In the ecologic cross-sectional study, correlation analyses were made between city-level mean concentrations of particulate matter less than 10μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), SO2, NO2 and city-level age-standardized mortality rates of esophageal cancer in Shandong Province, China. PM10 (p=0.046) and NO2 (p=0.03) both had significant linear correlations with esophageal cancer mortality rates. After introducing smoking as a risk factor in models of multiple linear regression analyses, PM10 was still an independent risk factor that increased esophageal cancer mortality rates. This study further compared clinicopathological features of 1,255 eligible esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients by dividing them into different pollution level groups. There was statistically significant difference in gender distributions (p=0.02) between groups after subgroup analysis. Female patients accounted for a higher proportion in the high PM10 level group than in the low PM10 level group. It suggested that females were more sensitive to higher PM10 level pollution. The features that manifested the degree of malignancy of esophageal cancer, including primary tumor invasion, regional lymph nodes metastasis, histological grade, stage, lymph-vascular invasion and tumor size demonstrated no statistically significant difference between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shanghui Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Linli Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yibin Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zilong Lu
- Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Cuiping Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shengsi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qingxu Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lihui Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Department of Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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17
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Gulan L, Milenkovic B, Zeremski T, Milic G, Vuckovic B. Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and radioactivity in the urban soil of Priština City, Kosovo and Metohija. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:415-426. [PMID: 28033572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals content and radioactivity levels were measured in 27 soil samples collected from Priština, the capital of Kosovo and Metohija. The sixteen PAHs, twelve OCPs and six PCBs congeners were determined by gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. Although the use of PCBs and OCPs was prohibited decades ago residues of those compounds still existed in measurable concentrations in soils of Priština. PAHs were also present in analyzed samples but their mean concentration was significantly lower than mean concentrations of PAHs previously reported in urban areas in the world. The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by the EDTA extraction protocols, along with their extractable concentrations. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) were determined by gamma spectrometry method. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test found that activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were normally distributed. Radiological risk was estimated through the annual effective dose, gonadal dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, radium equivalent activity, external and internal hazard indexes. Spearman correlation coefficient was used for analysis of correlations between physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents and radionuclide activity concentrations. Strong positive correlation between 226Ra and 232Th was found, as well as among pairs of As-Cd and Co-Mn. Very strong positive correlation (0.838) at the 0.01 significance level was noted for Pb-Zn pair. Strong correlations indicate common occurrence of these elements in the nature, as well as geogenic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Gulan
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Biljana Milenkovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Tijana Zeremski
- Institute of Field & Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Milic
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Biljana Vuckovic
- University of Priština, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
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18
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Samburova V, Connolly J, Gyawali M, Yatavelli RLN, Watts AC, Chakrabarty RK, Zielinska B, Moosmüller H, Khlystov A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biomass-burning emissions and their contribution to light absorption and aerosol toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:391-401. [PMID: 27304373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, brown carbon (BrC) has been shown to be an important contributor to light absorption by biomass-burning atmospheric aerosols in the blue and near-ultraviolet (UV) part of the solar spectrum. Emission factors and optical properties of 113 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined for combustion of five globally important fuels: Alaskan, Siberian, and Florida swamp peat, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) needles. The emission factors of total analyzed PAHs were between 1.9±0.43.0±0.6 and 9.6±1.2-42.2±5.4mgPAHkg(-1)fuel for particle- and gas phase, respectively. Spectrophotometric analysis of the identified PAHs showed that perinaphthenone, methylpyrenes, and pyrene contributed the most to the total PAH light absorption with 17.2%, 3.3 to 10.5%, and 7.6% of the total particle-phase PAH absorptivity averaged over analyzed emissions from the fuels. In the gas phase, the top three PAH contributors to BrC were acenaphthylene (32.6%), anthracene (8.2%), and 2,4,5-trimethylnaphthalene (8.0%). Overall, the identified PAHs were responsible for 0.087-0.16% (0.13% on average) and 0.033-0.15% (0.11% on average) of the total light absorption by dichloromethane-acetone extracts of particle and gas emissions, respectively. Toxic equivalency factor (TEF) analysis of 16 PAHs prioritized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showed that benzo(a)pyrene contributed the most to the PAH carcinogenic potency of particle phase emissions (61.8-67.4% to the total carcinogenic potency of Σ16EPA PAHs), while naphthalene played the major role in carcinogenicity of the gas phase PAHs in the biomass-burning emission analyzed here (35.4-46.0% to the total carcinogenic potency of Σ16EPA PAHs). The 16 EPA-prioritized PAHs contributed only 22.1±6.2% to total particle and 23.4±11% to total gas phase PAH mass, thus toxic properties of biomass-burning PAH emissions are most likely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Samburova
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Jessica Connolly
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Madhu Gyawali
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Reddy L N Yatavelli
- Monitoring and Laboratory Division, California Air Resources Board, El Monte, CA 91731, USA
| | - Adam C Watts
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Barbara Zielinska
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Hans Moosmüller
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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19
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Godec R, Jakovljević I, Šega K, Čačković M, Bešlić I, Davila S, Pehnec G. Carbon species in PM10 particle fraction at different monitoring sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:700-710. [PMID: 27364465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine and compare the levels of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mass concentrations in PM10 particles (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) between seasons (winter and summer) and at different monitoring sites (urban background and rural industrial). Daily samples of airborne particles were collected on pre-fired quartz fibre filters. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically. Samples were analysed for OC and EC with the thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) and for PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Measurements showed seasonal and spatial variations of mass concentrations for carbon species and for all of the measured PAHs (Flu, Pyr, Chry, BaA, BbF, BaP, BkF, BghiP and IP) in PM10 at the urban site and rural monitoring site described here. Diagnostic PAH ratios (Flu/(Flu + Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Cry), IP/(IP + BghiP), BaP/BghiP, IP/BghiP and BaP/(BaP + Chry)) make it possible to assess the sources of pollution, and these showed that diesel vehicles accounted for most pollution at the rural-industrial (RI) site in the summer, whereas coal and wood combustion were the causes of winter pollution. This difference between winter and summer PAH ratios were more expressed at the RI site than at the UB site because at the UB site the predominant heating fuel was gas. The OC/EC ratio yielded the same conclusion. Factor analysis showed that EC and OC originated from traffic at both sites, PAHs with 5 or more benzene rings originated from wood pellets industry or biomass burning, while Pyr and Flu originated from diesel combustion or as a consequence of different atmospheric behaviour - evaporation and participation in oxidation and photo oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Krešimir Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Čačković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Jakovljević I, Pehnec G, Šišović A, Vađić V, Davila S, Godec R. Concentrations of PAHs and other gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere of a rural area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:707-13. [PMID: 27128984 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1170431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM10 particles were measured in a Croatian rural area. Considering that by now only a limited number of studies have provided data on pollutant concentrations for rural areas, our aim was to do so by determining the PAH levels, their mutagenic effect and relationship with meteorological conditions and other gaseous pollutants (NO, NO2, NH3). In this investigation, samples of PM10 particles were collected on quartz filters for 1 month in the cold period and 1 month in the warm period of the year, 24 h a day. Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios and factor analysis were used as tools to identify and characterize the PAH sources. The PAHs found in the warm period of the year were characteristic for car exhaust emissions while the predominant source of these pollutants in the cold period was wood burning. The measurements showed much higher average concentrations of all PAHs in the cold period, most pronounced for fluoranthene 0.347 ng m(-3) and pyrene 0.223 ng m(-3). Mass concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in the cold period ranged from 0.057 to 1.526 ng m(-3), while in the warm period they varied from 0.009 to 0.111 ng m(-3). Mutagenicity related to BaP (BaPMeq) was significantly higher during the cold period (1.095 ng m(-3)) than in the warm period (0.101 ng m(-3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jakovljević
- a Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- a Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Anica Šišović
- a Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Vladimira Vađić
- a Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Silvije Davila
- a Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- a Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
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