1
|
Breakell T, Kowalski I, Foerster Y, Kramer R, Erdmann M, Berking C, Heppt MV. Ultraviolet Filters: Dissecting Current Facts and Myths. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2986. [PMID: 38792526 PMCID: PMC11121922 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is a global and increasingly prevalent issue, causing significant individual and economic damage. UV filters in sunscreens play a major role in mitigating the risks that solar ultraviolet ra-diation poses to the human organism. While empirically effective, multiple adverse effects of these compounds are discussed in the media and in scientific research. UV filters are blamed for the dis-ruption of endocrine processes and vitamin D synthesis, damaging effects on the environment, induction of acne and neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Some of these allegations are based on scientific facts while others are simply arbitrary. This is especially dangerous considering the risks of exposing unprotected skin to the sun. In summary, UV filters approved by the respective governing bodies are safe for human use and their proven skin cancer-preventing properties make them in-dispensable for sensible sun protection habits. Nonetheless, compounds like octocrylene and ben-zophenone-3 that are linked to the harming of marine ecosystems could be omitted from skin care regimens in favor of the myriad of non-toxic UV filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Kowalski
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yannick Foerster
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University (TU) Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Rafaela Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xian H, Li Z, Bai R, Ye R, Feng Y, Zhong Y, Liang B, Huang Y, Guo J, Wang B, Dai M, Tang S, Ren X, Chen X, Chen D, Yang X, Huang Z. From cradle to grave: Deciphering sex-specific disruptions of the nervous and reproductive systems through interactions of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and nanoplastics in adult zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134298. [PMID: 38626679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) are common in personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs) and consumer goods; however, they have become pervasive environmental contaminants. MNPs serve as carriers of 4-MBC in both PCCPs and the environment. Our previous study demonstrated that 4-MBC induces estrogenic effects in zebrafish larvae. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the sex- and tissue-specific accumulation and potential toxicities of chronic coexposure to 4-MBC and MNPs. Herein, adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of 4-MBC (0, 0.4832, and 4832 μg/L), with or without polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs; 50 nm, 1.0 mg/L) for 21 days. Sex-specific accumulation was observed, with higher concentrations in female brains, while males exhibited comparable accumulation in the liver, testes, and brain. Coexposure to PS-NPs intensified the 4-MBC burden in all tested tissues. Dual-omics analysis (transcriptomics and proteomics) revealed dysfunctions in neuronal differentiation, death, and reproduction. 4-MBC-co-PS-NP exposure disrupted the brain histopathology more severely than exposure to 4-MBC alone, inducing sex-specific neurotoxicity and reproductive disruptions. Female zebrafish exhibited autism spectrum disorder-like behavior and disruption of vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation, while male zebrafish showed Parkinson's-like behavior and spermatogenesis disruption. Our findings highlight that PS-NPs enhance tissue accumulation of 4-MBC, leading to sex-specific impairments in the nervous and reproductive systems of zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Xian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruobing Bai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Mingzhu Dai
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Vitargent (International) Biotechnology Limited, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Da Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Q, Tian L, Wang W, Chen X, Tao J. Post-fertilization 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) exposure affects axonal growth, muscle fiber length, and motor behavior in zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116053. [PMID: 38306815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Organic UV filters, which are often found in the environment, have been the focus of much public health concern. 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is one of the most common organic UV filters present in the environment. However, few studies have investigated its developmental neurotoxic (DNT) effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to low concentration of EHMC (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/L) in static water starting from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf). Results showed that EHMC exposure caused a reduction in somite count at 13 hpf, a diminishment in head-trunk angle at 30 hpf, a delay in hatching at 48 hpf, and a decrease in head depth and head length at both 30 and 48 hpf. Additionally, EHMC led to abnormal motor behaviors at various developmental stages including altered spontaneous movement at both 23 and 24 hpf, and decreased touch response at 30 hpf. Consistent with these morphological changes and motor behavior deficits, EHMC inhibited axonal growth of primary motor neurons at 30 and 48 hpf, and yielded subtle changes in muscle fiber length at 48 hpf, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Moreover, EHMC exposure induced excessive cell apoptosis in the head and spinal cord regions, increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced the level of glutathione (GSH). Defects of lateral line system neuromasts were also observed, but no structural deformity of blood vessels was seen in developing zebrafish. Abnormal expression of axonal growth-related genes (gap43, mbp, shha, and α1-tubulin) and apoptosis-related genes (bax/bcl-2 and caspase-3) revealed potential molecular mechanisms regarding the defective motor behaviors and aberrant phenotype. In summary, our findings indicate that EHMC induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish, making it essential to assess its risks and provide warnings regarding EHMC exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Yang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No.6 Ankang Road, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Linxuan Tian
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No.6 Ankang Road, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No.6 Ankang Road, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No.6 Ankang Road, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Junyan Tao
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, No.6 Ankang Road, Guian New Area, Guizhou 561113, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prakash V, Chauhan SS, Ansari MI, Jagdale P, Ayanur A, Parthasarathi R, Anbumani S. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor induced neurobehavioral toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117746. [PMID: 38008201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is a widely used organic UV filter in personal care products. Extensive use of 4-MBC and its frequent detection in aquatic ecosystems defile the biota with muscular and neuronal impairments. This study investigates the neurobehavioral toxicity of 4-MBC using Danio rerio as a model organism. Embryos were exposed semi-statically to 4-MBC at 5, 50, and 500 μg/L concentrations for 10-day post fertilization (dpf). Embryos exhibited a significant thigmotaxis and decreased startle touch response with altered expression of nervous system mRNA transcripts on 5 & 10 dpf. Compared to the sham-exposed group, 4-MBC treated larvae exhibited changes in the expression of shha, ngn1, mbp, elavl3, α1-tubulin, syn2a, and gap43 genes. Since ngn1 induction is mediated by shh signaling during sensory neuron specification, the elevated protein expression of NGN1 indicates 4-MBC interference in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. This leads to sensory neuron impairment and function such as 'sense' as evident from reduced touch response. In addition, larval brain histology with a reduced number of cells in the Purkinje layer emblazing the defunct motor coordination. Predictive toxicity study also showed a higher affinity of 4-MBC to modeled Shh protein. Thus, the findings of the present work highlighted that 4-MBC is potential to induce developmental neurotoxicity at both behavioral and molecular functional perspectives, and developing D. rerio larvae could be considered as a suitable alternate animal model to assess the neurological dysfunction of organic UV filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shweta Singh Chauhan
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Ansari
- Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pankaj Jagdale
- Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cuccaro A, Freitas R, De Marchi L, Monni G, Meucci V, Oliva M, Fumagalli G, Pretti C. Multi-biomarker approach for the (eco)toxicity of UV-filter environmental pollution on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a multiple stressor context. The case of 4-MBC under salinity shifts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122490. [PMID: 37660774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine-coastal ecosystems are rapidly transforming because of climate change (CC). At the same time, the impacts of emerging organic contaminants (i.e., organic UV-filters) on these ecosystems are intensifying. In the Mediterranean, the consequences of these disturbances are occurring at a fast pace making this area a potential sentinel site to be investigated. While singular effects of organic UV-filters or CC-related factors on marine biota have been relatively described, their combined impact is still largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the long-term responses of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis towards anticipated salinity changes (decreases-S20 or increases-S40) when exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the UV-filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC). An integrated multi-biomarker approach was applied, featuring general and oxidative stress, antioxidant and biotransformation enzyme capacity, energy metabolism, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity biomarkers. Results showed that both projected salinities, considered separately, exerted non-negligible impacts on mussels' health status, with greater biological impairments found at S 40. Combining both stressors resulted in an evident increase in mussels' susceptibility to the UV-filter, which exacerbated the toxicity of 4-MBC. The dominant influence of salinity in the climate change-contaminant interaction played a crucial role in this outcome. The most severe scenario occurred when S 20 was combined with 4-MBC. In this situation, mussels exhibited a decrease in filtration rate, metabolic capacity and deployment of energy reserves increased, with an upregulation of biotransformation and inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities. This exposure also led to the observation of cellular and DNA damage, as well as an increase in AChE activity. Furthermore, salinity-dependent bioaccumulation patterns were evaluated revealing that the lowest values in contaminated mussels are found at S 20. Overall, the present findings provide evidence that projected CC/pollutant scenarios may represent high risks for mussels' populations, with global relevant implications for the ecosystem level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cuccaro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fumagalli
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xian H, Li Z, Ye R, Dai M, Feng Y, Bai R, Guo J, Yan X, Yang X, Chen D, Huang Z. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor triggers estrogenic effects via the brain-liver-gonad axis in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122260. [PMID: 37506809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), an emerging contaminant, is a widely-used ultraviolet (UV) filter incorporated into cosmetics because it protects the skin from UV rays and counters photo-oxidation. Despite the well-established estrogenic activity of 4-MBC, the link between this activity and its effects on neurobehavior and the liver remains unknown. Thus, we exposed zebrafish larvae to environmentally relevant concentrations of 4-MBC with 1.39, 4.17, 12.5 and 15.4 μg/mL from 3 to 5 days postfertilization. We found that 4-MBC produced an estrogenic effect by intensifying fluorescence in the transgenic zebrafish, which was counteracted by co-exposure with estrogen receptor antagonist. 4-MBC-upregulated estrogen receptor alpha (erα) mRNA, and an interaction between 4-MBC and ERα suggested ERα's involvement in the 4-MBC-induced estrogenic activity. RNA sequencing unearthed 4-MBC-triggered responses in estrogen stimulus and lipid metabolism. Additionally, 4-MBC-induced hypoactivity and behavioral phenotypes were dependent on the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway. This may have been associated with the disruption of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine activities. As a result, 4-MBC increased vitellogenin expression and caused lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish larvae. Collectively, this is the first study to report 4-MBC-caused estrogenic effects through the brain-liver-gonad axis. It provides novel insight into how 4-MBC perturbs the brain and liver development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Xian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mingzhu Dai
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yu Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ruobing Bai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marcin S, Aleksander A. Acute toxicity assessment of nine organic UV filters using a set of biotests. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:649-667. [PMID: 37779587 PMCID: PMC10541396 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UV filters in environmental compartments are a source of concern related to their ecotoxicological effects. However, little is known about UV filters' toxicity, particularly those released into the environment as mixtures. Acute toxicity of nine organic UV filters benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane was determined. UV filter solutions were tested as single, binary, and ternary mixtures of various compositions. Single solutions were tested using a set of bio tests, including tests on saline crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna), marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), and freshwater plants (Lemna minor). The tests represent different stages of the trophic chain, and hence their overall results could be used to risk assessment concerning various water reservoirs. The toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed using the standardized Microtox® method. Generally, organic UV filters were classified as acutely toxic. Octocrylene was the most toxic for Arthemia franciscana (LC50 = 0.55 mg L-1) and Daphnia magna (EC50 = 2.66-3.67 mg L-1). The most toxic against freshwater plants were homosalate (IC50 = 1.46 mg L-1) and octocrylene (IC50 = 1.95 mg L-1). Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EC50 = 1.38-2.16 mg L-1) was the most toxic for marine bacteria. The least toxic for crustaceans and plants were benzophenone-1 (EC50 = 6.15-46.78 mg L-1) and benzophenone-2 (EC50 = 14.15-54.30 mg L-1), while 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor was the least toxic for marine bacteria (EC50 = 12.97-15.44 mg L-1). Individual species differ in their sensitivity to the tested organic UV filters. An assessment of the toxicity of mixtures indicates high and acute toxicity to marine bacteria after exposition to a binary mixture of benzophenone-2 with octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or homosalate. The toxicity of mixtures was lower than single solutions predicting antagonistic interaction between chemicals. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stec Marcin
- Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Astel Aleksander
- Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao X, Fu M, Du Q, Chang Z. Developmental toxicity of black phosphorus quantum dots in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139029. [PMID: 37244547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the biomedical field. Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have shown great potential in biomedical applications, but their potential risks to biosafety and environmental stability have not been fully evaluated. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L BPQDs from 2 to 144 h post-fertilization (hpf) to explore developmental toxicity. The results showed that exposure to BPQDs for 96 h induced developmental malformations (tail deformation, yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, and spinal curvature) in zebrafish embryos. ROS and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, MDA and T-AOC) were substantially altered and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity was significantly decreased in the BPQDs exposed groups. Locomotor behavior was inhibited after BPQDs exposure for 144 h in zebrafish larvae. A significant increase in 8-OHdG content indicates DNA oxidative damage in embryos. In addition, obvious apoptotic fluorescence signals were detected in the brain, spine, yolk sac and heart. At the molecular level, the mRNA transcript levels of key genes related to skeletal development (igf1, gh, MyoD and LOX), neurodevelopment (gfap, pomca, bdnf and Mbpa), cardiovascular development (Myh6, Nkx2.5, Myl7, Tbx2b, Tbx5 and Gata4) and apoptosis (p53, Bax, Bcl-2, apaf1, caspase-3 and caspase-9) were abnormal after BPQDs exposure. In conclusion, BPQDs induced morphological malformations, oxidative stress, locomotor behavior disorders, DNA oxidative damage and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. This study provides a basis for further study on the toxic effects of BPQDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Cao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Fu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Qiyan Du
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malinovska V, Kuklina I, Grabicová K, Buřič M, Kozák P. Short-term effects of an environmentally relevant concentration of organic UV filters on signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115012. [PMID: 37209570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products, including organic UV filters, are considered emerging contaminants, with their toxic effects being a concern in recent decades. UV filters continually enter surface waters via wastewater and human activity. Despite the presence of organic UV filters in the freshwater environment, little is known of their impact on aquatic biota. In this study, we evaluated the cardiac and locomotor responses of signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of either 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA, 3 µg/L) or 5-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid (BP4, 2.5 µg/L). Specimens exposed to the tested compounds for 30 min exhibited significantly greater changes in distance moved and time active than did unexposed controls. Significant differences of mean heart rate change compared to control were detected in both PBSA and BP4 experimental groups. Such behavior and physiological alterations demonstrate ecological effects of personal care products with the tested sunscreen compounds even with a short exposure. Evidence of the consequences of organic UV filters on aquatic organisms is scarce and is an important topic for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Malinovska
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Iryna Kuklina
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buřič
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou R, Zhou D, Ding Z, Bao X, Jin Q. Effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on melanin interference toxicity and transgenerational toxicity of ethylhexyl salicylate based on DNA methylation sequencing. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106402. [PMID: 36709616 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are new hydrophobic organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. When ingested by aquatic organisms, OUVFs can induce a variety of toxic effects in organisms and be transferred to offspring. However, as the main active ingredient in sunscreens, OUVFs have rarely been investigated for their melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxic effects on aquatic organisms and their interactive toxic effects with nanoplastics (NPs). Here, we show the mechanism by which OUVFs interfere with melanogenesis in parental or offspring zebrafish and the effect of polystyrene (PS) NPs on the melanin-interference effect of OUVFs. We found that EHS induced significant enrichment of the melanogenesis pathway, inhibited the expression of the key melanin gene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor a (mitfa) and induced the mitf tyrosinase (tyr)-dopachrome tautomerase (dct)-tyrosinase related protein 1 (tyrp1) signaling cascade in parents, which ultimately induced a decrease in melanin content. After reproduction, transgenerational melanin interference effects of EHS may occur through the maternal inheritance of mitfa. Coexisting PS-NPs may inhibit the melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxicity of EHS by reducing ultraviolet irritation to the skin through adsorption of EHS. Our results demonstrate the ecotoxic potential of OUVFs in terms of melanin interference and the interference of PS-NP carrier effects on the toxicity of OUVFs. We anticipate that our assay will contribute to the assessment of the toxic effects of OUVFs and provide a basis for the interactive ecotoxicity assessment of PS-NPs and hydrophobic organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dao Zhou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhuhong Ding
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Shanghai Investigation, Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, No.1-6, Lane 65, Linxin Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Qijie Jin
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Occurrence, effects, and ecological risks of chemicals in sanitizers and disinfectants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:62-78. [PMCID: PMC9911856 DOI: 10.1016/j.enceco.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In response to the novel coronavirus referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) – a virus that causes COVID-19 disease has led to wide use of sanitizers and disinfectants. This, in turn, triggered concerns on their potential deleterious effects to human health and the environment due to numerous chemicals incorporated in both product categories. Here, the current state of science regarding the occurrence and ecological effects of different classes of chemicals in these products (e.g., ultraviolent filters, fragrances, etc.) are summarized in different natural (e.g., rivers) and engineered (e.g., wastewater treatment plants) systems. Data collected in the literature suggests chemicals incorporated in sanitizers and disinfectants are present in the environment, and a large portion are toxic to fish, algae, and daphnia. Using the risk quotient approach based on occurrence data, we found eight chemicals that posed the highest risk to aquatic organisms in freshwater systems were benzalkonium chloride, 4-chloro-m-cresol, sodium ortho phenyl phenate, hydrogen peroxide, 1, 2-propanediol, 4-Methyl-benzilidine-camphor, ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate, and octocrylene. Considering limited occurrence and effects information for most chemicals, further studies on environmental monitoring and potential consequences of long-term exposure in aquatic ecosystems are recommended.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu T, Xu X, Mao H, Han X, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lai J, Gu J, Xia M, Hu C, Li D. Fenpropathrin exposure induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1539-1554. [PMID: 36266516 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fenpropathrin has been a commonly used insecticide to control agricultural and household insects over a few decades. Up to now, fenpropathrin residue in soil and water has been often determined due to its widespread use, which poses serious threat to environment and aquatic organisms. The potential of fenpropathrin to affect aquatic lives is still poorly understood. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as an experimental model system to evaluate the toxicity of fenpropathrin to the development of zebrafish nervous system. Zebrafish embryos were separately exposed to fenpropathrin at the dose of 0.016 mg/L, 0.032 mg/L, 0.064 mg/L, starting at 6 h post-fertilizationhpf (hpf) up to 96 hpf. The results showed that fenpropathrin exposure gives rise to physiological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental impairments in zebrafish embryos, including enhanced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, abnormal swimming behavior, karyopyknosis in brain cells, increased intercellular space, and uneven migration of neuron in brain area. In addition, the expressions of genes concerning neurodevelopment and neurotransmitter system were inhibited following fenpropathrin exposure. We also found that fenpropathrin exposure distinctly induced oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibiting the production of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Expectedly, some apoptosis-associated genes were induced and the apoptosis appeared in the brain and heart cells of zebrafish embryos. Moreover, fenpropathrin exposure also inhibited the expressions of genes in Nrf2 signaling pathway, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and SOD. In summary, the results of this study indicate that oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis may be an underlying fundamental of fenpropathrin-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingli Lai
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Gu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengling Xia
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongming Li
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou, 344000, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cuccaro A, De Marchi L, Oliva M, Battaglia F, Meucci V, Fumagalli G, Freitas R, Pretti C. Ecotoxicological effects of the UV-filter 4-MBC on sperms and adults of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113739. [PMID: 35750122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Present in an increasing number of products, UV-filters are continuously discharged into aquatic environments. Despite potential risks for inhabiting organisms are recognized, the effects of UV-filter 4-methylbenzylidenecamphor (4-MBC) on marine invertebrates are poorly investigated. By combining in vitro/in vivo exposures through a multi-biomarker approach on sperms and adults, the present study evaluated how 4-MBC affect the mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis, providing ecologically relevant information on organisms' responses. From the obtained results, considering mortality as endpoint, sperms revealed a greater sensitivity (EC50:347 μg/L) than adults (EC50: not calculable). From an ecotoxicological perspective, this resulted in a derived threshold concentration (LOEC) of 100 μg/L and 72 μg/L, respectively. Effects at the cell/molecular level were provided by general redox-status imbalance and oxidative stress. Sperms showed functional and structural impairments, hyperactivation and DNA damage, while adults showed physiological, metabolic/energetic dysfunctions, DNA damage and activation of oxidative and biotransformation enzymes. High 4-MBC bioaccumulation was also observed in exposed mussels (BCFs:14.0-32.0 L/kg). These findings suggest that 4-MBC may impair fitness and survival of the broadcast spawning mussel M. galloprovincialis, affecting reproduction success and population growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cuccaro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fumagalli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pamiparib Induces Neurodevelopmental Defects and Cerebral Haemorrhage in Zebrafish Embryos via Inhibiting Notch Signalling. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6652-6665. [PMID: 35982279 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Pamiparib is a poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor used in clinical studies, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier efficiently. At present, there are few studies on its effect on vertebrate neurodevelopment. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to 1, 2 and 3 µM of Pamiparib from 6 to 72 h post-fertilisation (hpf). Results showed that pamiparib can specifically induce cerebral haemorrhage, brain atrophy and movement disorders in fish larvae. In addition, pamiparib exposure leads to downregulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) activities, and upregulation of oxidative stress which then leads to apoptosis and disrupts the gene expression involved in the neurodevelopment, neurotransmitter pathways and Parkinson's disease (PD) like symptoms. Meanwhile, astaxanthin can partially rescue neurodevelopmental defects by downregulating oxidative stress. After exposure to pamiparib, the Notch signalling is downregulated, and the use of an activator of Notch signalling can partially rescue neurodevelopmental toxicity. Therefore, our research indicates that pamiparib may induce zebrafish neurotoxicity by downregulating Notch signalling and provides a reference for the potential neurotoxicity of pamiparib during embryonic development.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen C, Zheng Y, Li X, Zhang L, Liu K, Sun S, Zhong Z, Hu H, Liu F, Xiong G, Liao X, Lu H, Bi Y, Chen J, Cao Z. Cysteamine affects skeletal development and impairs motor behavior in zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966710. [PMID: 36059963 PMCID: PMC9437517 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine is a kind of feed additive commonly used in agricultural production. It is also the only targeted agent for the treatment of cystinosis, and there are some side effects in clinical applications. However, the potential skeletal toxicity remains to be further elucidated. In this study, a zebrafish model was for the first time utilized to synthetically appraise the skeletal developmental defects induced by cysteamine. The embryos were treated with 0.35, 0.70, and 1.05 mM cysteamine from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) to 72 hpf. Substantial skeletal alterations were manifested as shortened body length, chondropenia, and abnormal somite development. The results of spontaneous tail coiling at 24 hpf and locomotion at 120 hpf revealed that cysteamine decreased behavioral abilities. Moreover, the level of oxidative stress in the skeleton ascended after cysteamine exposure. Transcriptional examination showed that cysteamine upregulated the expression of osteoclast-related genes but did not affect osteoblast-related genes expression. Additionally, cysteamine exposure caused the downregulation of the Notch signaling and activating of Notch signaling partially attenuated skeletal defects. Collectively, our study suggests that cysteamine leads to skeletal developmental defects and reduces locomotion activity. This hazard may be associated with cysteamine-mediated inhibition of the Notch signaling and disorganization of notochordal cells due to oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, JX, China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xue Li
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyu Liu
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujie Sun
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Zhong
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fasheng Liu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, JX, China
| | - Guanghua Xiong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, JX, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, JX, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, JX, China
| | - Yanlong Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zigang Cao, ; Jianjun Chen, ; Yanlong Bi,
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Birth Defects Group, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zigang Cao, ; Jianjun Chen, ; Yanlong Bi,
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, JX, China
- *Correspondence: Zigang Cao, ; Jianjun Chen, ; Yanlong Bi,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zicarelli G, Multisanti CR, Falco F, Faggio C. Evaluation of toxicity of Personal Care Products (PCPs) in freshwaters: Zebrafish as a model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103923. [PMID: 35772612 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are part of the large and growing family of emerging contaminants (ECs). Many daily products such as sunscreens, toothpaste, make-up products, perfume, and others, fall under this definition, and their use is increasing exponentially. Furthermore, the degradation of some components of these products is limited. Indeed, they are able to easily reach and accumulate in aquatic systems, representing a new class of contaminants. Moreover, due to their chemical properties, they can interfere at different biological levels, and for this reason, they need to be thoroughly investigated. We have reviewed the literature on PCPs, with a special focus on the adverse effects on the freshwater zebrafish (Danio rerio). The aim of this work is to provide a careful assessment of the toxicity of these compounds, in order to raise awareness for more conscious and responsible use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Zicarelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166S Agata-Messina, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Roberta Multisanti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166S Agata-Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesca Falco
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), Mazara del Vallo, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166S Agata-Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cuccaro A, Oliva M, De Marchi L, Vieira Sanches M, Bontà Pittaluga G, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Puppi D, Freitas R, Pretti C. Biochemical response of Ficopomatus enigmaticus adults after exposure to organic and inorganic UV filters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113601. [PMID: 35367697 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of UV filters usage and consequent release into aquatic environments, the concerns about their potential ecological risks are also increasing. According to this, in the present study, adult polychaetes of the species Ficopomatus enigmaticus were chronically exposed to three concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L) of organic and inorganic filters (Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and nanoparticulate Zinc oxide (nZnO), respectively) in order to analyse biochemical responses related to cellular damage, antioxidant defence, biotransformation mechanisms and, lastly, neurotoxicity. Despite major lipid peroxidation caused by EHMC was observed, both UV filters have produced the same response patterns. In details, a clear concentration-dependent activation of glutathione S-transferases and a significant decrease of acetylcholinesterase levels defined an important neurotoxic effect was observed for both contaminants. These results become important to expand the limited scientific literature on biochemical responses of marine and brackish water invertebrates to organic and inorganic UV filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cuccaro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Bontà Pittaluga
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Puppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jesus A, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Lobo JMS, Almeida IF. UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030263. [PMID: 35337062 PMCID: PMC8955451 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of sunscreens is an established and recommended practice to protect skin from solar-induced damage. Around 30 UV filters can be used in sunscreen products in the European Union, which ought to follow the requirements of the regulation 1223/2009 to ensure their efficacy and safety for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment have been reported for some UV filters. Particularly, the negative impact in marine organisms has recently raised concern on the scientific community. Therefore, it is important to develop new UV filters with improved safety profile and photostability. Over the last two decades, nearly 200 new compounds have revealed promising photoprotection properties. The explored compounds were obtained through different approaches, including exploration of natural sources, synthetic pathways, and nanotechnology. Almost 50 natural products and around 140 synthetic derivatives, such as benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, triazines, among others, have been studied aiming the discovery of novel, effective, and safer future photoprotective agents. Herein, we provide the reader with an overview about UV filters’ challenges and prospects, offering a forward-looking to the next-generation of UV filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jesus
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428 (I.F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prakash V, Jain V, Chauhan SS, Parthasarathi R, Roy SK, Anbumani S. Developmental toxicity assessment of 4-MBC in Danio rerio embryo-larval stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:149920. [PMID: 34509837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enormous production of cosmetic products and its indiscriminate use tends to discharge into the aquatic environment and might threaten non-target organisms inhabiting aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, developmental toxicity of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a widely used organic UV filter in personal care products has been evaluated using zebrafish embryo-larval stages. Waterborne exposure induced developmental toxicity and deduced 2.71 mg/L as 96 h LC50 whereas embryos exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (50 and 500 μg/L) caused a significant delay in hatching rate, heart rate, reduced larval length, and restricted hatchlings motility besides the axial curvature. Chronic exposure to 10 dpf resulted in significant decrease in SOD activity at 500 μg/L with no changes in CAT level besides a significant increase in GST enzyme at 5 μg/L concentration in 5 dpf sampled larvae. However, all the three enzymes were significantly elevated in 10 dpf larvae indicating differential oxidative stress during the stages of development. Similar trend is noticed for acetylcholine esterase enzyme activity. A concentration dependent increase in malondialdehyde content was noted in larvae sampled at 5 and 10 dpf. In addition, multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) activity inhibition, and elevated oxidative tissue damage were noticed at 5 dpf with no significant changes in 10 dpf larvae. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis confirms 4-MBC induced apoptosis in zebrafish larvae with promoted cleaved Caspase-3, Bax and inhibited Bcl-2 proteins expression. Subsequently, docking studies revealed the binding potential of 4-MBC to zebrafish Abcb4 and CYP450 8A1 proteins with the binding energy of -8.1 and -8.5 kcal/mol representing target proteins interaction and toxicity potentiation. Our results showed that 4-MBC exposure triggers oxidative stress at sub-lethal concentrations leading to apoptosis, deformities and locomotion perturbations in developing zebrafish.This is first of its kind in systematically demonstrating developmental toxicity of 4-MBC and the information shall be used for aquatic toxicity risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Veena Jain
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shweta Singh Chauhan
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Somendu K Roy
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wheate NJ. A review of environmental contamination and potential health impacts on aquatic life from the active chemicals in sunscreen formulations. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Vieira Sanches M, Oliva M, De Marchi L, Cuccaro A, Puppi D, Chiellini F, Freitas R, Pretti C. Ecotoxicological screening of UV-filters using a battery of marine bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118011. [PMID: 34500394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the toxicity of seven UV-filters: zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO, particle size <100 nm), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2, primary particle size 21 nm), 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), avobenzone (AVO), octocrylene (OCTO) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) on three species: Aliivibrio fischeri (inhibition of bioluminescence), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (growth inhibition) and Ficopomatus enigmaticus (larval development success). Results showed nTiO2 to be the most toxic for P. tricornutum (EC50 0.043 mg L-1), while no effect was observed in A. fischeri and F. enigmaticus. EHMC was the most toxic to A. fischeri (EC50 0.868 mg L-1 (15 min) and 1.06 mg L-1 (30 min)) and the second most toxic to P. tricornutum. For F. enigmaticus, the lowest percentages of correct development resulted from 4-MBC exposure, with EC50 of 0.836 mg L-1. Overall, AVO induced low toxicity to every assessed species and OCTO was the least toxic for F. enigmaticus larvae. Considering the results obtained for F. enigmaticus, further larval development assays were performed with nZnO and EHMC under different light (light vs darkness) and temperature (20 and 25 °C) conditions, showing higher percentages of correct development at 25 °C, independently on light/darkness conditions. Under different temperature and photoperiod conditions, nZnO was more toxic than EHMC. Overall, nZnO and EHMC were among the most toxic UV filters tested and, when testing the effects of these UV-filters with temperature the results highlight that the impacts are liable to be lessened at higher temperatures (25 °C compared with 20 °C), in the case of this estuarine polychaete species. Nevertheless, further experiments are necessary to describe the effects of these two UV-filters at different organization levels, to study the toxicity of eventual degradation by-products and to provide more information on the combination of different stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia - Unità di ecologia e biologia marina, Università di Pisa, Via Derna, 1 - Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dario Puppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Miranda LLR, Harvey KE, Ahmed A, Harvey SC. UV-filter pollution: current concerns and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:840. [PMID: 34822005 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UV-filters are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products to protect users' skin from redamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Globally, an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 tonnes of products containing UV-filters were used in 2014 with modern consumption likely to be much higher. Beyond this use in cosmetics and personal care products, UV-filters are also widely used to provide UV-stability in industrial products such as paints and plastics. This review discusses the main routes by which UV-filters enter aquatic environments and summarises the conclusions of studies from the past 10 years that have investigated the effects of UV-filters on environmentally relevant species including corals, microalgae, fish, and marine mammals. Safety data regarding the potential impact of UV-filters on human health are also discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges surrounding UV-filter removal and research on more environmentally friendly alternatives to current UV-filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L R de Miranda
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - K E Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - A Ahmed
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - S C Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Araújo MJ, Soares AMVM, Monteiro MS. Effects of exposure to the UV-filter 4-MBC during Solea senegalensis metamorphosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51440-51452. [PMID: 33987723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many personal care products integrate UV-filters, such as 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a compound frequently detected in aquatic habitats, including coastal areas. However, the potential effects of 4-MBC to saltwater species have been poorly studied. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to study the effects of 4-MBC exposure on Solea senegalensis during metamorphosis, a sensitive life stage of this flatfish. To achieve this, fish were exposed to 4-MBC (0.2-2.0 mg L-1) for 48 h at the beginning of metamorphosis (13 days after hatching, dah). After this period, the fish were transferred to a clean medium. They were fed and maintained until more than 80% of individuals in the control group completed the metamorphosis (24 dah). Mortality, malformations, and metamorphic progression were studied daily. Growth, behavior, and biochemical markers of neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), oxidative stress (catalase, CAT; lipid peroxidation, LPO), detoxification (glutathione S-transferase, GST), and anaerobic metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were also determined at the end of the experiment. An acceleration of metamorphosis progression was observed during and 2 days after the 4-MBC exposure in all concentrations tested. In addition, reduced length, inhibition of CAT activity, and induction of oxidative damage were observed (lowest observed effect concentration, LOEC = 0.928 mg L-1 4-MBC for length, CAT, and LPO). Short-term exposure to 4-MBC at the onset of metamorphosis affected S. senegalensis at several levels of organization, even after 9 days in a clean medium, including growth and metamorphic progression, suggesting possible long-term adverse effects in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário J Araújo
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Monteiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Do Single-Component and Mixtures Selected Organic UV Filters Induce Embryotoxic Effects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13162203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UVs are important ingredients in common cosmetic products (e.g., sunscreens, hairsprays, soap). After their use, they can enter the aquatic ecosystem and negatively affect non-target aquatic organisms. The aim of our study was to evaluate acute embryotoxicity of selected organic UVs 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), octocrylene (OC), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3). The chemicals were tested both as a single substance and their mixtures. The types of mixtures were chosen as follows: the combination of OC and 4-MBC; the combination of PBSA, EHMC and BP-3 and the combination of all five UV filters. The embryotoxicity was evaluated using a modified method of the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Test-OECD guideline 236 and zebrafish (Danio rerio) was selected as a suitable fish model organism. The toxic effects were studied by assessing mortality, hatching and the occurrence of malformations at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post fertilization. The obtained results indicate that especially the mixture of OC and 4-MBC presents a potential risk of embryotoxicity for zebrafish due to a significant increase in mortality, which was 41.7% in the experimental group exposed to 10 μg/L at 96 h post fertilization. Based on our results, the most effected sub-lethal endpoints were hatching and malformation (e.g., edema of pericard, bent spine, yolk edema), but with no statistically significant effect. These results differ within groups with single UVs and with their mixtures, suggesting the interaction of these substances when they are exposed together.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sub-lethal Camphor Exposure Triggers Oxidative Stress, Cardiotoxicity, and Cardiac Physiology Alterations in Zebrafish Embryos. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:901-913. [PMID: 34339023 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Camphor is a terpene ketone with aromatic and volatile properties in nature derived from the bark of Cinnamomum camphora or synthesized from turpentine. Camphor exhibits various biological properties such as anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-coccidial, and anti-cancer. It is also used as a form of topical medication for skin irritation, joint pain, and as a relief for itching from insect bites. However, even though the high dose of camphor has been documented to be toxic/lethal in humans in different studies, camphor's developmental toxicity has not yet been explored, and its extensive mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to assess the toxic effects of camphor in zebrafish embryos in the initial developmental stages. The obtained results demonstrated that a sub-lethal dose of camphor caused a decrease in hatching rate, body length, and substantial elevation in malformation rate on zebrafish embryos. On further observation, in the following time frame, curved body and pericardial edema of zebrafish were also observed. Furthermore, exposure to a sub-lethal dose of camphor was also able to trigger cardiotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Later, on subsequent biochemical analysis, it was found that the antioxidant capacity inhibition and oxidative stress elevation that occurred after camphor exposure might be associated with the inhibition of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In addition, compared to the control group, several apoptotic cells in treated zebrafish were also found to be elevated. Finally, after further investigation on marker gene expressions, we conclude that the developmental toxicity of camphor exposure might be associated with apoptosis elevation and oxidative stress. Taken together, the current study provides a better understanding of the developmental toxicity of camphor on zebrafish, a promising alternative animal model to assess the developmental toxicity of chemical compounds.
Collapse
|
26
|
Seralini GE, Jungers G. Endocrine disruptors also function as nervous disruptors and can be renamed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1538-1557. [PMID: 34430217 PMCID: PMC8365328 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption (ED) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) emerged as scientific concepts in 1995, after numerous chemical pollutants were found to be responsible for reproductive dysfunction. The World Health Organization established in the United Nations Environment Programme a list of materials, plasticizers, pesticides, and various pollutants synthesized from petrochemistry that impact not only reproduction, but also hormonal functions, directly or indirectly. Cells communicate via either chemical or electrical signals transmitted within the endocrine or nervous systems. To investigate whether hormone disruptors may also interfere directly or indirectly with the development or functioning of the nervous system through either a neuroendocrine or a more general mechanism, we examined the scientific literature to ascertain the effects of EDs on the nervous system, specifically in the categories of neurotoxicity, cognition, and behaviour. To date, we demonstrated that all of the 177 EDs identified internationally by WHO are known to have an impact on the nervous system. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms underlying this neurodisruption have also been established. It was previously believed that EDs primarily function via the thyroid. However, this study presents substantial evidence that approximately 80 % of EDs operate via other mechanisms. It thus outlines a novel concept: EDs are also neurodisruptors (NDs) and can be collectively termed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Most of ENDs are derived from petroleum residues, and their various mechanisms of action are similar to those of "spam" in electronic communications technologies. Therefore, ENDs can be considered as an instance of spam in a biological context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles-Eric Seralini
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Gerald Jungers
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cao Z, Su M, Wang H, Zhou L, Meng Z, Xiong G, Liao X, Lu H. Carboxyl graphene oxide nanoparticles induce neurodevelopmental defects and locomotor disorders in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:128611. [PMID: 33092822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) have been widely used in various fields due to their excellent properties. However, GFNs safety and environmental health have attracted more and more attentions and their potential toxic effects on organisms and the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, we utilized zebrafish to evaluate the toxicity of Carboxyl graphene oxide (GO-COOH). Exposure of zebrafish embryos to 10, 50 and 100 mg/L GO-COOH specifically induced neurodevelopmental abnormalities and altered tendency of locomotor in larval fish. Furthermore, GO-COOH exposure led to increase of AchE and ATPase activities and oxidative stress upregulation, and disrupted the expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment and neurotransmitter pathway. Interestingly, we found that Parkinson's disease-related genes' expression were disordered after GO-COOH treatment. Fullerenes and astaxanthin rescued the neurodevelopmental defects, tendency of locomotor and expression of Parkinson's disease-related genes caused by GO-COOH through downregulating oxidative stress. Therefore, our results suggest that GO-COOH has the potential to induce neurotoxicity and Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in zebrafish larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Meile Su
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guanghua Xiong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009 Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hsieh SC, Lai WWP, Lin AYC. Kinetics and mechanism of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor degradation by UV-activated persulfate oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18021-18034. [PMID: 33410042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a widely used ultraviolet (UV) filter detected in various aquatic environments, has been shown to evoke estrogenic activity. In this study, the use of UV light-activated persulfate for 4-MBC degradation is evaluated for the first time. Our results showed that the combination of UV and persulfate (UV/persulfate) can significantly remove 4-MBC, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) of 0.1349 min-1 under the conditions of [4-MBC]0 = 0.4 μM, [persulfate]0 = 12.6 μM, and initial pH = 7. The kobs and persulfate dose exhibited a linear proportional relationship in the persulfate dose range of 4.2-42 μM. The kobs remained similar at pH 5 and pH 7 but significantly decreased at pH 9. A radical scavenging test indicated that SO4-• was the dominant species in 4-MBC degradation; the second-order rate constant of SO4-• with 4-MBC was calculated to be (2.82 ± 0.05) × 109 M-1 s-1. During the UV/persulfate reaction, 4-MBC was continuously degraded, while SO4-• was gradually converted to SO42-. 4-MBC degradation involved the hydroxylation and demethylation pathways, resulting in the generation of transformation byproducts P1 (m/z 271) and P2 (m/z 243), respectively. The Microtox® acute toxicity test (Vibrio fischeri) showed increasing toxicity during the UV/persulfate degradation of 4-MBC. The 4-MBC degradation rate was markedly lower in outdoor swimming pool water than in deionized water. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hong H, Wang J, Shi D. Effects of salinity on the chronic toxicity of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105742. [PMID: 33460951 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters are widely used in personal care products. 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is one of the most frequently used UV filters. Due to its widespread usage 4-MBC has been detected at high concentrations in offshore waters. Previous toxicological studies have suggested that 4-MBC might induce much higher toxicity in marine organisms than freshwater species. To explore the effects of salinity on 4-MBC toxicity, the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus was used as the model species, as it plays an important role in marine ecosystems and can be adapted to a wide range of salinity conditions. T. japonicus were adapted to three different salinity conditions (i.e., 20, 30 and 40 ppt) prior to exposure to 0, 1, and 5 μg L-1 4-MBC for multiple generations (F0-F3). Results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of 4-MBC had toxic effects on T. japonicus and therefore, can pose a significant risk to marine copepods in the natural environment. In addition, increasing salinity levels increased the lethal, developmental and reproductive toxicities of 4-MBC in T. japonicus. This was because that higher salinity levels increased the uptake rate constant and bioconcentration factor of 4-MBC and also further exacerbated the oxidative stress induced by exposure to 4-MBC in T. japonicus. Our study demonstrated that understanding how salinity affects the toxicity of 4-MBC is important for accurate assessment of the risk of 4-MBC in the aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haizheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dalin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Prakash V, Anbumani S. A Systematic Review on Occurrence and Ecotoxicity of Organic UV Filters in Aquatic Organisms. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 257:121-161. [PMID: 34554327 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing production of cosmetic products such as organic UV filters (OUVFs) in recent years has raised concern regarding their safety to human and environmental health. The inability of wastewater treatment plants in removing these chemical entities and their high octanol-water partition coefficient values tend to result in the persistence of OUVFs in several environmental matrices, leading these to be categorized as "emerging environmental contaminants" because of their unknown risk. Besides aquatic ecosystem contamination, the application of sludge disposal equally threatens terrestrial biota. Besides, the available reviews focusing on levels of OUVFs in aqueous systems (freshwater and marine), instrumental analysis from various samples, and specific toxicity effects, compiled information on the ecotoxicity of OUVFs is currently lacking. Hence, the present manuscript systematically reviews the ecotoxicity of OUVFs in freshwater and marine organisms occupying lower to higher trophic levels, including the underlying mechanisms of action and current knowledge gaps. The available scientific evidence suggests that OUVFs are a prime candidate for environmental concern due to their potential toxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first document detailing the toxicological effects of OUVFs in aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou R, Lu G, Yan Z, Jiang R, Bao X, Lu P. A review of the influences of microplastics on toxicity and transgenerational effects of pharmaceutical and personal care products in aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139222. [PMID: 32438173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PPCPs (pharmaceutical and personal care products) and microplastics (MPs) are two types of emerging pollutants that are ubiquitous and widely concerned in the environment. Both of them can accumulate in fish or aquatic invertebrates and transfer to offspring, thereby producing toxic effects on both parents and offspring, in which the characteristics of MPs also enable them to adsorb PPCPs thus producing carrier effects. In this study, we have conducted a comprehensive review of MPs and PPCPs and found that MPs can act as a carrier of PPCPs to influence the bioaccumulation of PPCPs. MPs and PPCPs have toxicity and transgenerational effects on both fish and aquatic invertebrates in many aspects, and MPs can also affect the toxicity and transgenerational effects of PPCPs due to their carrier effects. This paper revealed that MPs may have an important impact on the bioavailability of PPCPs and the interaction between MPs and PPCPs is a hot topic in future research. This study also puts forward the shortcomings of the current research and related suggestions, and relevant research should be carried out as soon as possible to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of fresh water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Runren Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liang M, Yan S, Chen R, Hong X, Zha J. 3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor induced reproduction toxicity and antiandrogenicity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126224. [PMID: 32088463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess the toxic effects of 3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the reproduction and development of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), adult paired medaka (F0) were exposed to 5, 50, and 500 μg/L 4-MBC for 28 d in the current study. The fecundity and fertility were significantly decreased at 500 μg/L 4-MBC (p < 0.05). Histological observations showed that spermatogenesis in F0 males was significantly inhibited at 50 and 500 μg/L 4-MBC, similar to the effects obtained with all treatments of plasma 11-ketotestosterone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the plasma vitellogenin and estradiol levels in F0 females were significantly increased at 5 μg/L 4-MBC (p < 0.05). All the transcripts of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis-related genes tested in the brains and gonads of males were significantly increased at all treatments, similar to the effects obtained for erα, erβ and vtg in the livers and in contrast to those found for arα in the livers (p < 0.05). Equal numbers of embryos were exposed to tap water and 4-MBC solutions. Significantly increased times to hatching, decreased hatching rates and decreased body lengths at 14-day post-hatching (dph) were obtained at 500 μg/L 4-MBC treatment (p < 0.05). The cumulative death rates at 14 dph were significantly increased with all the treatments (p < 0.05). Therefore, our results showed that long-term exposure to 50 and 500 μg/L 4-MBC causes reproductive and developmental toxicity and thus provide new insight into antiandrogenicity and the mechanism of 4-MBC in Japanese medaka.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nataraj B, Maharajan K, Hemalatha D, Rangasamy B, Arul N, Ramesh M. Comparative toxicity of UV-filter Octyl methoxycinnamate and its photoproducts on zebrafish development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:134546. [PMID: 31839308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we explored the adverse effects of Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), and its photoproducts, namely 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA) on the developmental stages of zebrafish using various biomarkers such as developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, antioxidant response, neurotoxicity and histopathological changes. The 96 h effective concentrations (EC50) of OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA were found to be 64.0, 34.0 and 3.5 µg/mL, respectively in the embryo toxicity test. Embryos exposed to the EC50 of OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA showed time-dependent increases in the malformation, heart rate and hatching delay. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was significantly (p < 0.05) increased and both induction and inhibition of SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities were observed in the zebrafish embryos exposed to OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA. GSH activity was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the highest exposure groups, when compared with the control. AChE activity was increased in lower concentrations of OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA exposed embryos whereas, the activity was found to be decreased in highest concentration. Moreover, the histopathological studies showed severe damage to the muscle fibers and yolk sac regions of the larvae with 4-MBA treatment. The photoproduct 4-MBA has the highest toxic effect, followed by 2-EH and OMC. Our results provide useful insights into the impacts of OMC and its photoproducts on zebrafish development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; PG and Research Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641014, India
| | - Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Narayanasamy Arul
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li N, Ho W, Wu RSS, Tsang EPK, Ying GG, Deng WJ. Ultra violet filters in the urine of preschool children and drinking water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105246. [PMID: 31675567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) and other ultra violet (UV) filters (UV-filters) are widely used in sunblock and other personal care products, raising concerns about their adverse health risks to human, especially for children. In the present study, BP-type UV-filters and other four widely used UV-filters were evaluated in the child urinary samples (4-6 years, n = 53), tap water and commercial distilled water in Hong Kong. The results suggested that the target chemicals are ubiquitous in the subject. BP1, BP2, BP3 and BP4 in children urine samples contributed closely to the overall children exposure of UV filters, with detection rates above 58% and geometric means ranging from 44.2 to 76.7 ng/mL. As a contrast, BP3 was the major substance found in the tap water and distilled bottle water, with detection rates of 100% and geometric means of 9.64 and 14.5 ng/L, respectively. There were some significant relationships between urinary UV filters and personal characteristics (BMI values, sex, income level, hand washing frequency, and body location usage), but the health risks associated with UV-filters in Hong Kong children might not be concerning. Only two children applied sun creams in this research, indicating that there were other sources to exposure these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Eric P K Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang H, Zhou L, Meng Z, Su M, Zhang S, Huang P, Jiang F, Liao X, Cao Z, Lu H. Clethodim exposure induced development toxicity and behaviour alteration in early stages of zebrafish life. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113218. [PMID: 31541821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clethodim is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture, however, its potential toxic effects on organisms and the underlying toxicity mechanism are still poorly understood. In this study, zebrafish embryos at 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, and 30 mg/L clethodim for up to 24 hpf, and zebrafish larvae at 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) were exposed to the same density gradient for 24 h. Our results showed that clethodim could cause head and cardiovascular malformations in embryos: blurred brain ventricles, unapparent brain regions, condensation of nucleus and cytoplasm in brain cells, increased intercellular space, developmental malformations of eyes and ears, reduced neonatal neurons, disorder migration of neural ridge cells; morphological aberrations of the vascular ICM, slowing of heart beat and blood flow, reduction of circulating red blood cells, and delayed development of head and tail blood vessels. These defects could be a result of clethodim-induced oxidative stress and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which in turn affected the expression of neurodevelopmental genes, decreased ATPase activity, and ultimately led to developmental malformations. The swimming behaviour of zebrafish larvae was observed to decrease with increasing concentration of clethodim exposure, but the angular velocity and mobility increased. These could be due to reduced AChE activity and disturbed gene expression of GABA, dopamine and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems, which thus altered the locomotor behaviour. In summary, we found that clethodim induces developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meile Su
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shouhua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Pinzhen Huang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fen Jiang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang H, Meng Z, Zhou L, Cao Z, Liao X, Ye R, Lu H. Effects of acetochlor on neurogenesis and behaviour in zebrafish at early developmental stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:954-964. [PMID: 33395817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide acetochlor is used in most parts of the world and is frequently detected in agricultural land and surface water; however, knowledge on the neurotoxicity of acetochlor is limited. Here, to test the effects of acetochlor on zebrafish development and behaviour, zebrafish embryos were exposed to acetochlor from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 24 hpf, and larvae at 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) were exposed to acetochlor for 24 h. Both were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 mg/L acetochlor. We found that acetochlor induced developmental abnormalities, locomotion variations and changes in the physiology and gene expression in the embryos and larvae. The abnormalities included spinal curvature, brain abnormalities, and the decreased formation of newborn neurons. Larval locomotion was decreased with increases in the absolute turn angle and sinuosity. Acetylcholinesterase activity reduced in both embryos and larvae, and the expression of genes that are involved in neurodevelopment and the neurotransmitter system altered. Acetochlor increased the production of ROS and the accumulation of MDA but decreased CAT activity in the embryonic brain. Additionally, acetochlor induced cell death in the brain and tail spinal cord, and the expression of the apoptosis-related genes Bcl2 and caspase 3 were significantly upregulated. Collectively, this is the first study to examine the molecular and physiological effects of acetochlor on neuronal development, and the potential mechanisms appear to be associated with oxidative stress and decreased AChE activity, which disrupt the expression of nervous system genes and apoptosis-related genes and finally lead to apoptosis and morphological malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rongfang Ye
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Quintaneiro C, Teixeira B, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Soares AMVM, Monteiro MS. Toxicity effects of the organic UV-filter 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:273-281. [PMID: 30472611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in personal care products and due to their lipophilicity these chemicals tend to bioaccumulate in the aquatic biota. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is one of the most used UV-filters, and it is commonly detected in freshwater fish tissues. This substance is suspected to be an endocrine disruptor due to its interaction with Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) and HP-Thyroid (HPT)-axis. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4-MBC on apical endpoints, biochemical markers and on genes involved in endocrine pathways in Danio rerio. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 4-MBC (0.083-0.77 mg/l) from 0 to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf). Hatching, heart rate and malformations were the apical endpoints assessed. Alterations on neurotransmission and oxidative stress were evaluated through acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activities. Endocrine effects were analysed by the expression of genes involved in HPG and HPT-axis of embryos exposed 96 h to the EC10 of 4-MBC (0.19 mg/l). Exposure to 4-MBC induced morphological abnormalities during embryonic development, including notochord curvature, delayed absorption of yolk sac and pericardial oedema. Concentration of 0.77 mg/l 4-MBC decreased embryo heart rate at 48h. At neurotransmission level, an induction of AChE at concentrations above 0.15 mg/l was observed. Malformations and decreased heart rate along with alterations observed at neurotransmission level might have compromised zebrafish larvae equilibrium. Glutathione S-transferase induction above 0.15 mg/l 4-MBC suggests activation of detoxification processes. Furthermore, observed brain aromatase gene down-regulation by 4-MBC suggests impairment of normal functioning of HPG axis in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Bruna Teixeira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Juan L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Monteiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saunders LJ, Fontanay S, Nichols JW, Gobas FA. Concentration dependence of in vitro biotransformation rates of hydrophobic organic sunscreen agents in rainbow trout S9 fractions: Implications for bioaccumulation assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:548-560. [PMID: 30569498 PMCID: PMC6477924 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation studies were performed to support the bioaccumulation assessment of 3 hydrophobic organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and octocrylene. In vitro depletion rate constants (kdep ) were determined for each UVF using rainbow trout liver S9 fractions. Incubations performed with and without added cofactors showed complete (4-MBC) or partial (EHMC and octocrylene) dependence of kdep on addition of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), suggesting that hydrolysis of EHMC and octocrylene by NADPH-independent enzymes (e.g., carboxylesterases) is an important metabolic route. The concentration dependence of kdep was then evaluated to estimate Michaelis-Menten parameters (KM and Vmax ) for each UVF. Measured kdep values were then extrapolated to apparent whole-body biotransformation rate constants using an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) calculated from kdep values measured at concentrations well below KM were closer to empirical BCFs than those calculated from kdep measured at higher test concentrations. Modeled BCFs were sensitive to in vitro binding assumptions employed in the IVIVE model, highlighting the need for further characterization of chemical binding effects on hepatic clearance. The results suggest that the tested UVFs are unlikely to accumulate to levels exceeding the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction regulation criterion for bioaccumulative substances (BCF > 2000 L kg-1 ). However, consideration of appropriate in vitro test concentrations and binding correction factors are important when IVIVE methods are used to refine modeled BCFs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:548-560. © 2018 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon Fontanay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John W. Nichols
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank A.P.C. Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tsai JN, Sun CY, Ding YJ, Wang YH, Lo KC, Wen CC, Lin JW, Chang CF, Hsu LS, Chen HM, Fong TH, Chen YH. Embryonic exposure to 4-methylimidazole leads to zebrafish myofibril misalignment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1321-1328. [PMID: 30259639 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
4-methylimidazole (4-MI) is an imidazole-derived organic chemical compound that can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of diverse chemicals and has been identified as an ingredient of caramel color in soybean sauce, beers, and other soft drinks. The aim of the present study was to investigate the teratogenic effects of 4-MI during zebrafish embryogenesis. Zebrafish embryos were treated with different dosages of 4-MI (0-120 mM) for different exposure durations (12-60 hours). The percentages of embryos with malformed phenotypes increased as the exposure dosages and duration time of 4-MI increased. We also used immunofluorescence and transmission microscopy to evaluate the subtle changes in the myofibril alignment and ultrastructure of muscle organization. Our data showed that 4-MI treatment disturbs muscle fiber alignment. Electron microscopy data indicated that Z-lines were undetectable in the 4-MI-treated embryos. Although the thick and thin filaments were visible, they were all disorganized. In addition, zebrafish embryos treated by 4-MI exhibited aberrant expression of 2 muscle-specific genes, myod and myogenin. Taken together, we concluded that early exposure to 4-MI affects zebrafish myogenesis, especially in myofibril alignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Ning Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Chieh Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Wen
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsorng-Harn Fong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of 2-Ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate in Aquatic Animals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112395. [PMID: 30380631 PMCID: PMC6266656 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB) is a commonly used organic ultraviolet filter. The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of EHDAB were investigated in two aquatic animals, the larvae of midge (Chironomus riparius) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius), and the metabolic enzyme responses in fish liver were determined. EHDAB in the larvae of midge reached a steady state within 10 days of sediment exposure. The biota-sediment accumulation factors ranged from 0.10 to 0.54, and were inversely proportional to the exposure concentrations. The EHDAB-contaminated larvae were used to feed the crucian carp. Within 28 days of feeding exposure, the EHDAB levels in fish tissues gradually increased with the increase of the exposure concentration, exhibiting an apparent concentration-dependence and time-dependence. The liver and kidneys were the main organs of accumulation, and the biomagnification factors of EHDAB ranged from 8.97 to 11.0 and 6.44 to 10.8, respectively. In addition, EHDAB significantly increased the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A, CYP3A and glutathione S-transferase in the fish liver. Our results indicate that EHDAB may pose a risk of biomagnification in an aquatic environment and influence the biological processes of exposed organisms.
Collapse
|
41
|
Araújo MJ, Rocha RJM, Soares AMVM, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Monteiro MS. Effects of UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor during early development of Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1395-1404. [PMID: 30045559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic UV filters in personal care products (PCPs) has increased in recent years. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC) is one of the most used UV filters, and thus it is commonly found in aquatic ecosystems, with proved negative effects on aquatic organisms. Effects on early life stages of marine vertebrates are largely unknown. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to evaluate 4MBC effects on Senegalese sole (Solea Senegalensis Kaup, 1858) larvae at different levels of biological organization. S. senegalensis were exposed to increasing concentrations of 4MBC from egg stage until 96 h. Mortality, growth, malformations, behaviour and biochemical responses, including enzymatic biomarkers were studied. The exposure to 4MBC until 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) induced mortality and malformations in a dose-response manner. Besides, reduced growth with increasing concentrations was observed. The exposure to 4MBC also caused alterations on behaviour, including overall lower swimming time during light and dark periods. Biomarker alterations caused by 4MBC included imbalance of neurotransmission related endpoints (increased acetylcholinesterase activity) and decreased activity of enzymes related to anaerobic metabolism (lower cellular lactate dehydrogenase activity) at the lower concentrations tested. Furthermore, our results suggest that 4MBC do not induce oxidative stress in S. senegalensis larvae, since catalase and lipid peroxidation levels were not significantly altered by 4MBC. S. senegalensis revealed to be a good model species for vertebrate animal testing in the marine environment. Sub-lethal concentrations of 4MBC induced toxic effects at all organizational levels. Swimming behaviour was a sensitive endpoint and showed that exposure to 4MBC causes impairment on response to light stimulus which is possibly linked with the observed imbalances on cholinesterase activity in larvae. Conservation concerns along distribution range of S. senegalensis should consider that increasing levels of UV filters in marine environment might have impact on the ecology of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Araújo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M S Monteiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ma B, Lu G, Liu J, Yan Z, Yang H, Pan T. Bioconcentration and multi-biomarkers of organic UV filters (BM-DBM and OD-PABA) in crucian carp. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:178-187. [PMID: 28343007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters (OUV-Fs) are increasingly used in sunscreens and personal care products. In the present work, the bioconcentration and multi-biomarker effects of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM-DBM) and ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoate (OD-PABA) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to various concentrations of BM-DBM (3.88, 35.61, 181.85 and 337.15μg/L), OD-PABA (4.66, 53.83, 264.22 and 459.32μg/L) and their mixture (2.31+2.79, 23.69+26.18, 97.37+134.81 and 193.93+246.08μg/L) for 28 days. The maximal concentrations of two OUV-Fs were detected in the fish liver, followed by the brain, kidney, gill and muscle in most cases. The maximal BCF values of OD-PABA calculated in various exposure concentrations were 0.37 - 101.21 in single exposure groups and 0.11 - 31.09 in mixed exposure groups. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited by BM-DBM as well as the mixtures at all of the exposure concentrations and by OD-PABA at higher concentrations (≥264.22μg/L) during 28 days of exposure. The maximal inhibition rates of AChE activity reached 64.04% for BM-DBM, 41.05% for OD-PABA and 61.50% for the mixtures at the highest concentration, which indicated that these two OUV-Fs might damage the central nervous system. Concerning oxidative stress status, BM-DBM and the mixtures significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and inhibited catalase (CAT) activity, while OD-PABA caused a significant increase of GR and CAT activities. AChE and GR activities seemed to be more sensitive biomarkers for BM-DBM and OD-PABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binni Ma
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martins D, Monteiro MS, Soares AMVM, Quintaneiro C. Effects of 4-MBC and triclosan in embryos of the frog Pelophylax perezi. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:325-332. [PMID: 28334672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread and increasing use of personal care products (PCPs) have led to environmental contamination by substances included in these products. These substances have been detected in aquatic compartments and shown to cause adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms. In this work toxicity of the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) and of the UV-filter 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) was assessed in the embryos of Perez' frog Pelophylax perezi. Lethal and sub-lethal parameters were evaluated in embryos in Gosner stage 8-9 exposed to 0.00013-1.3 mg/l of 4-MBC and 0.25-2.50 mg/l of TCS during 144 h. Survival, malformations, length and hatching were evaluated as apical endpoints. Biomarkers of neurotransmission, oxidative stress, energy metabolism and estrogenicity were determined at the biochemical level through the activities of cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and vitellogenin (Vtg). Embryo exposure to 4-MBC led to few developmental malformations (up to 3%) and a GST induction at 0.013 mg/l. Triclosan exposure reduced survival, delayed hatching (at 72 h) and development and induced malformations. In addiction ChE was inhibited in the highest concentrations tested and GST and LDH were induced at 0.79 mg/l, the LOEC registered for TCS in Perez' frogs. Overall, our study showed that TCS might exert adverse effects on P. perezi early life stages, but only at four orders of magnitude above the concentrations found in environment. Furthermore, our results highlight the need to assess PCPs toxicity at different levels of biological organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martins
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Monteiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
S R, A B, M P, T L. Occurrence and toxicity of musks and UV filters in the marine environment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
45
|
Ruszkiewicz JA, Pinkas A, Ferrer B, Peres TV, Tsatsakis A, Aschner M. Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:245-259. [PMID: 28959646 PMCID: PMC5615097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen application is the main strategy used to prevent the maladies inflicted by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the continuously increasing frequency of sunscreen use worldwide, the prevalence of certain sun exposure-related pathologies, mainly malignant melanoma, is also on the rise. In the past century, a variety of protective agents against UV exposure have been developed. Physical filters scatter and reflect UV rays and chemical filters absorb those rays. Alongside the evidence for increasing levels of these agents in the environment, which leads to indirect exposure of wildlife and humans, recent studies suggest a toxicological nature for some of these agents. Reviews on the role of these agents in developmental and endocrine impairments (both pathology and related mechanisms) are based on both animal and human studies, yet information regarding the potential neurotoxicity of these agents is scant. In this review, data regarding the neurotoxicity of several organic filters: octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3 and −4, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 3-benzylidene camphor and octocrylene, and two allowed inorganic filters: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, is presented and discussed. Taken together, this review advocates revisiting the current safety and regulation of specific sunscreens and investing in alternative UV protection technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Adi Pinkas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Beatriz Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tanara V Peres
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dubińska-Magiera M, Daczewska M, Lewicka A, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Niedbalska-Tarnowska J, Jagla K. Zebrafish: A Model for the Study of Toxicants Affecting Muscle Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1941. [PMID: 27869769 PMCID: PMC5133936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in medicine, agriculture, and allied sciences has enabled the development of a large amount of potentially useful bioactive compounds, such as drugs and pesticides. However, there is another side of this phenomenon, which includes side effects and environmental pollution. To avoid or minimize the uncontrollable consequences of using the newly developed compounds, researchers seek a quick and effective means of their evaluation. In achieving this goal, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has proven to be a highly useful tool, mostly because of its fast growth and development, as well as the ability to absorb the molecules diluted in water through its skin and gills. In this review, we focus on the reports concerning the application of zebrafish as a model for assessing the impact of toxicants on skeletal muscles, which share many structural and functional similarities among vertebrates, including zebrafish and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Lewicka
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Niedbalska-Tarnowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- GReD-Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, University of Clermont-Auvergne, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Screening the Toxicity of Selected Personal Care Products Using Embryo Bioassays: 4-MBC, Propylparaben and Triclocarban. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101762. [PMID: 27775672 PMCID: PMC5085786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several emerging pollutants, including Personal Care Products (PCPs), have been detected in aquatic ecosystems, in the ng/L or µg/L range. Available toxicological data is limited, and, for certain PCPs, evidence indicates a potential risk for the environment. Hence, there is an urgent need to gather ecotoxicological data on PCPs as a proxy to improve risk assessment. Here, the toxicity of three different PCPs (4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor (4-MBC), propylparaben and triclocarban) was tested using embryo bioassays with Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Paracentrotus lividus (sea urchin). The No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for triclocarban was 0.256 µg/L for sea urchin and 100 µg/L for zebrafish, whereas NOEC for 4-MBC was 0.32 µg/L for sea urchin and 50 µg/L for zebrafish. Both PCPs impacted embryo development at environmentally relevant concentrations. In comparison with triclocarban and 4-MBC, propylparaben was less toxic for both sea urchin (NOEC = 160 µg/L) and zebrafish (NOEC = 1000 µg/L). Overall, this study further demonstrates the sensitivity of embryo bioassays as a high-throughput approach for testing the toxicity of emerging pollutants.
Collapse
|