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Tang Y, Zhou P, Wang X, Cao P, Li X, Chen J, Zhang L, Wu N, Li Q, Yao S, Zhang L, Shi Z. Organophosphate Esters in Raw Cow Milk and Cow's Drinking Water and Feed from China: Occurrence, Regional Distribution, and Dietary Exposure Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18434-18444. [PMID: 39105723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely produced and used, while little is known about their occurrence in the food chain and potential sources. In this study, raw cow milk, cow drinking water, and feed were collected from pastures across China, and OPEs were tested to explore the occurrence and transmission of OPEs in the food chain and to further assess daily OPE intakes for cows and humans via certain food consumption. The median level of ∑OPEs (sum of 15 OPEs) in raw milk was 2140 pg/mL, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPE. Levels of OPEs in water were lower than those in raw milk except for triethyl phosphate (TEP), while levels of most OPEs in feed were significantly higher than those in raw milk (adjusted by dry weight). The estimated dietary intake of OPEs via feed for cows was 2530 ng/kg bw/day, which was much higher than that via water (742 ng/kg bw/day), indicating that feed was a more critical exposure source. For liquid milk consumers, the high-exposure (95th) estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑15OPE were 20 and 7.11 ng/kg bw/day for 3-17 years and adults, respectively, and it is obvious that cows had much heavier OPE intake. Finally, the calculated hazard indexes (HIs) suggested that the intake of OPEs via cow milk consumption would not pose significant health risks to the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Zhumadian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qi Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Zhou X, Wang C, Huang M, Zhang J, Cheng B, Zheng Y, Chen S, Xiang M, Li Y, Bedia J, Belver C, Li H. A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134834. [PMID: 38889460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used commercial additives, but their environmental persistence and toxicity raise serious concerns necessitating associated remediation strategies. Although there are various existing technologies for OPE removal, comprehensive screening for them is urgently needed to guide further research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques used to remove OPEs from soil and water, including their related influencing factors, removal mechanisms/degradation pathways, and practical applications. Based on an analysis of the latest literature, we concluded that (1) methods used to decontaminate OPEs include adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), activated sludge processes, and microbial degradation; (2) factors such as the quantity/characteristics of the catalysts/additives, pH value, inorganic ion concentration, and natural organic matter (NOM) affect OPE removal; (3) primary degradation mechanisms involve oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (including •OH and SO4•-) and degradation pathways include hydrolysis, hydroxylation, oxidation, dechlorination, and dealkylation; (5) interference from the pH value, inorganic ion and the presence of NOM may limit complete mineralization during the treatment, impacting practical application of OPE removal techniques. This review provides guidance on existing and potential OPE removal methods, providing a theoretical basis and innovative ideas for developing more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques to treat OPEs in soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Mengyan Huang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Biao Cheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Minghui Xiang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jorge Bedia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Carolina Belver
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Stelzer VB, da Silva AA, Penteado CSG, Cristale J. Organophosphate esters in inert landfill soil: A case study. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024; 42:583-590. [PMID: 37638685 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231190813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) used as flame retardants and plasticizers are additives in building and construction materials, decorations, furniture, electronic equipment, among other applications. The presence of materials containing these substances in construction and demolition waste (CDW) from weak waste management practices can result in environmental contamination. In this study, OPEs' presence in soil samples collected from a CDW landfill in Brazil was evaluated. Soil samples were collected in areas adjacent to CDW from an inert landfill, and the samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The OPEs were detected in all soil samples at quantifiable concentrations ranging from 21 to 251 ng g-1, and detected compounds were tris(phenyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. The presence of these compounds in a CDW landfill is probably due to the lack of control of the materials sent to and deposited in the landfill, which, results in part from the lack of sampling and screening systems that can help identify the presence of contaminants in the CDW waste stream. This is partially due to OPEs not being considered controlled compounds under current regulations, thus screening or separation for handling of OPEs at construction and demolition work sites is rare to non-existent. The data generated in this study reveals the need for improving CDW management to minimize, if not eliminate, environmental contamination by OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zhu C, Yu Z, Chen Y, Pan Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Distribution patterns and origins of organophosphate esters in soils from different climate systems on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124085. [PMID: 38697247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively applied in various materials as flame retardants and plasticizers, and have high biological toxicity. OPEs are detected worldwide, even in distant polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, few studies have been performed to evaluate the distribution patterns and origins of OPEs in different climate systems on the TP. This study investigated the distribution characteristics, possible sources, and ecological risks of OPEs in soils from the different climate systems on the TP and its surroundings. The total concentrations of OPEs in soil varied from 468 to 17,451 pg g-1 dry weight, with greater concentrations in southeast Tibet (monsoon zone), followed by Qinghai (transition zone) and, finally, southern Xingjiang (westerly zone). OPE composition profiles also differed among the three areas with tri-n-butyl phosphate dominant in the westerly zone and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate dominant in the Indian monsoon zone. Correlations between different compounds and altitude, soil organic carbon, or longitude varied in different climate zones, indicating that OPE distribution originates from both long-range atmospheric transport and local emissions. Ecological risk assessment showed that tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri-phenyl phosphate exhibited medium risks in soil at several sites in southeast Tibet. Considering the sensitivity and vulnerability of TP ecosystems to anthropogenic pollutants, the ecological risks potentially caused by OPEs in this region should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Ma L, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhang H. Computational Insights into Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with the Organophosphorus Flame Retardant DOPO. Molecules 2024; 29:2244. [PMID: 38792106 PMCID: PMC11124075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used as green char promoters in the formulation of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) for polymeric materials, and they could reduce the amount of usage of OPFRs and their release into the environment by forming [host:guest] inclusion complexes with them. Here, we report a systematic study on the inclusion complexes of natural CDs (α-, β-, and γ-CD) with a representative OPFR of DOPO using computational methods of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The binding modes and energetics of [host:guest] inclusion complexes were analyzed in details. α-CD was not able to form a complete inclusion complex with DOPO, and the center of mass distance [host:guest] distance amounted to 4-5 Å. β-CD and γ-CD allowed for a deep insertion of DOPO into their hydrophobic cavities, and DOPO was able to frequently change its orientation within the γ-CD cavity. The energy decomposition analysis based on the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (sobEDAw) indicated that electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion contributions favored [host:guest] complexation, while the exchange-repulsion term showed the opposite. This work provides an in-depth understanding of using CD inclusion complexes in OPFRs formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Yin H, Liu L, Xiong Y, Qiao Y. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in typical industrial parks in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35206-35218. [PMID: 38720129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
As alternative substances of PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), an emerging organic pollutant, were increasingly produced and used in many kinds of industries and consumer products. However, OPEs also have various adverse toxic effects. Information on the pollution levels and exposure to OPEs in related industries is still limited. This study presented data on OPE contamination in the soil, leaf, and river water samples from seven typical industrial parks in Southwest China. Total concentration of seven OPEs (Σ7OPE) including tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) ester (TDCPP), and tris-(chlorisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in the soil samples (36.2 ~ 219.7 ng/g) and the surrounding river water samples (118.9 ~ 287.7 ng/L) were mostly lower than those in other studies, while the Σ7OPE level in the leaves (2053.3 ~ 8152.7 ng/g) was relatively high. There were significant differences in the concentration and distribution of OPEs in the surrounding environment of different industrial parks. TDCPP, TnBP, and TCPP could be used as the characteristic compound in soil samples from auto industrial park, river samples from shoe making industrial park, and leaf samples from logistics park, respectively. The parameter m (the content ratio of chlorinated OPEs to alkyl OPEs) was suggested to distinguish the types of industrial park preliminary. When m ≥ 1, it mainly refers to heavy industries sources such as automobiles, electronics, and machinery, etc. When m<1, it mainly for the light industrial sources such as textile industry, transportation services, and resources processing, etc. For logistics park, furniture park and Wuhou comprehensive industrial park, the volatilization of materials was the main sources of OPEs in the surrounding environment, while more effort was required to strengthen the pollution control and management of the waste water and soil in the pharmacy industrial park, shoe making industrial park and auto industrial park. Risk assessment showed that there was a negligible non-cancer and carcinogenic risk in the soil, while high attention should be paid to the non-cancer risk for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liya Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanming Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Qiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China
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Luo W, Yao S, Huang J, Wu H, Zhou H, Du M, Jin L, Sun J. Distribution and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Agricultural Soils and Plants in the Coastal Areas of South China. TOXICS 2024; 12:286. [PMID: 38668509 PMCID: PMC11054690 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are frequently used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various commercial products. While initially considered as substitutes for brominated flame retardants, they have faced restrictions in some countries due to their toxic effects on organisms. We collected 37 soil and crop samples in 20 cities along the coast of South China, and OPEs were detected in all of them. Meanwhile, we studied the contamination and potential human health risks of OPEs. In soil samples, the combined concentrations of eight OPEs varied between 74.7 and 410 ng/g, averaging at 255 ng/g. Meanwhile, in plant samples, the collective concentrations of eight OPEs ranged from 202 to 751 ng/g, with an average concentration of 381 ng/g. TDCIPP, TCPP, TCEP, and ToCP were the main OPE compounds in both plant and soil samples. Within the study area, the contaminants showed different spatial distributions. Notably, higher OPEs were found in coastal agricultural soils in Guangdong Province and crops in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results of an ecological risk assessment show that the farmland soil along the southern coast of China is at high or medium ecological risk. The average non-carcinogenic risk and the carcinogenic risk of OPEs in soil through ingestion and dermal exposure routes are within acceptable levels. Meanwhile, this study found that the dietary intake of OPEs through food is relatively low, but twice as high as other studies, requiring serious attention. The research findings suggest that the human risk assessment indicates potential adverse effects on human health due to OPEs in the soil-plant system along the coast of South China. This study provides a crucial foundation for managing safety risks in agricultural operations involving OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxing Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
- Iron Man Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Haochuan Wu
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Mingjiang Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
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Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Yun J, Zhang Q, Dou M, Wang L. Characteristics, sources, bio-accessibility, and health risks of organophosphate esters in urban surface dust, soil, and dustfall in the arid city of Urumqi in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169125. [PMID: 38070564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Sixty-eight paired samples of urban surface dust and soil as well as four samples of atmospheric dustfall were collected from the arid city of Urumqi in Northwest China. Thirteen organophosphate esters (OPEs) in these samples were analyzed for the characteristics, sources, bio-accessibility, and health risks of OPEs. The studied OPEs were widely detected in the urban surface dust, soil, and dustfall, with Σ13OPEs (total concentration of 13 OPEs) of 1362, 164.0, and 1367 ng/g, respectively, dominated by tris(2-chloroethyle) phosphate (TCEP), tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCiPP), tri(1, 3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCiPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), TBOEP and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and TCEP, TCiPP, TBOEP, triphenyl phosphate and TEHP, respectively. The low and high frequency magnetic susceptibility of surface dust and urban soil might indicate the pollution of OPEs in them. Elevated levels of the Σ13OPEs in the surface dust and urban soil were found in the west, south, and northeast of Urumqi city. The total deposition flux of dustfall-bound 13 OPEs ranged from 86.5 to 143 ng/m2/day, with a mean of 105 ng/m2/day. OPEs in the surface dust and urban soil were associated with the emissions of indoor and outdoor products containing OPEs, the dry and wet deposition of atmosphere, and the emissions of traffic. Trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tripropyl phosphate, tri-isobutyl phosphate, TCEP, TCiPP, TDCiPP, and TBOEP in surface dust and urban soil had relatively high bio-accessibility. The bio-accessibility of OPEs was mainly affected by the physio-chemical properties of OPEs. The non-cancer and cancer risks of human exposure to OPEs in surface dust and urban soil were relatively low or negligible. The current research results may provide scientific supports for prevention and control of pollution and risks of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yun
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Mingshan Dou
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Tian Y, Huang X, Li H, Chen Q, Gong X, Chen H, Fan M, Gong Z. Highly sensitive and selective off-on fluorescent platform for tricresyl phosphate flame retardant based on twisted intramolecular charge transfer probe. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:342009. [PMID: 38057048 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), a typical organic phosphorus flame retardant (OPFR), is an emerging pollutant that causes great concern in recent years due to its high neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, etc. Conventional analysis methods for TCP such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry exhibit high sensitivity and accuracy. However, these techniques generally suffer from certain limitations, such as high cost, bulky equipment, time-consuming and operator-dependent properties. Therefore, the establishment of fast and efficient analytical methods for TCP still remains a great challenge. RESULT A "turn on" fluorescence sensing strategy for the efficient detection of TCP was established, based on a unique molecular rotor probe of 9-(2,2-dicyanovinyl)-julolidine (DCVJ). The introduction of TCP led to a significant enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of DCVJ. The results show that twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) process might play an important role for this enhancement of fluorescence response via dynamic light scattering measurements and fluorescence lifetime analysis. Further investigations demonstrate that the hydrophobic interaction and conjugation effect between DCVJ and TCP constrain the molecular rotation and vibration of DCVJ, thereby regulating the TICT process, which contribute to this intriguing "turn on" behavior. In view of this, a new sensing platform with excellent performance for TCP was established, which offers quick response time, high selectivity, wide linear range (20-1200 ng mL-1, 1600-8000 ng mL-1), and low detection limit (4.82 ng mL-1). SIGNIFICANCE The established new sensing platform for TCP demonstrates the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The obtained results are also superior to some other previously reported fluorescence methods. This work opens up a new perspective for the efficient detection of emerging OPFRs pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Tian
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Hangzhou Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Qiumeng Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xinying Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Meikun Fan
- State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High-Speed Rail Safety, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High-Speed Rail Safety, Chengdu 611756, China.
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11
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Hoang MTT, Le GT, Kiwao K, Duong HT, Nguyen TQ, Phan TQ, Bui MQ, Truong DA, Trinh HT. Occurrence and risk of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in indoor air and dust in Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138597. [PMID: 37028719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of thirteen organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor air and dust samples collected in Hanoi, Vietnam. The total OPFRs (ƩOPFRs) concentrations in indoor air and dust samples were 42.3-358 ng m-3 (median 101 ng m-3) and 1290-17,500 ng g-1 (median 7580 ng g-1), respectively. The profile of OPFRs in both indoor air and dust indicated that tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most dominant compound with a median concentration of 75.3 ng m-3 and 3620 ng g-1, contributing 75.2% and 46.1% to ƩOPFRs concentrations in indoor air and dust, respectively, followed by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), with a median concentration of 16.3 ng m-3 and 2500 ng g-1, contributing 14.1% and 33.6% to ƩOPFRs concentrations in indoor air and dust, respectively. The levels of OPFRs in the indoor air samples and corresponding indoor dust samples showed a strong positive correlation. The total estimated daily intakes (EDItotal) of ƩOPFRs (via air inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption) for adults and toddlers under the median and high exposure scenarios were 36.7 and 160 ng kg-1 d-1, and 266 and 1270 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively. Among the investigated exposure pathways, dermal absorption was a primary exposure pathway to OPFRs for both toddlers and adults. The hazard quotients (HQ) ranged from 5.31 × 10-8 to 6.47 × 10-2 (<1), and the lifetime cancer risks (LCR) were from 2.05 × 10-11 to 7.37 × 10-8 (<10-6), indicating that human health risks from exposure to OPFRs in indoor environments are not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Le Quy Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Kadokami Kiwao
- The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Dung Anh Truong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
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12
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Tian YX, Wang Y, Chen HY, Ma J, Liu QY, Qu YJ, Sun HW, Wu LN, Li XL. Organophosphate esters in soils of Beijing urban parks: Occurrence, potential sources, and probabilistic health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162855. [PMID: 36931520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are an emerging contaminant widely distributed in the soil. OPEs have drawn increasing attention for their biological toxicity and possible threat to human health. This research investigated the pollution characteristics of two typical OPEs, organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), in soils of 104 urban parks in Beijing. The median concentrations of Σ11tri-OPEs and Σ8di-OPEs were 157 and 17.9 ng/g dw, respectively. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate were the dominant tri-OPE and di-OPE, respectively. Consumer materials (such as building insulation and decorative materials), traffic emissions, and reclaimed water irrigation may be critical sources of tri-OPEs in urban park soils. Di-OPEs mainly originated from the degradation of parent compounds and industrial applications. Machine learning models were employed to determine the influencing factors of OPEs and predict changes in their concentrations. The predicted OPEs concentrations in Beijing urban park soils in 2025 and 2030 are three times and five times those in 2018, respectively. According to probabilistic health risk assessment, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of OPEs can be negligible for children and adults. Our results could inform measures for preventing and controlling OPEs pollution in urban park soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y J Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H W Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - L N Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - X L Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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13
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Tian YX, Chen HY, Ma J, Liu QY, Qu YJ, Zhao WH. A critical review on sources and environmental behavior of organophosphorus flame retardants in the soil: Current knowledge and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131161. [PMID: 37030217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used in industrial and commercial applications. Unfortunately, the chemical constituents of OPFRs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have been proven to be carcinogenic and biotoxic, can release into the environment and pose potential risks to human health. This paper reviews the research progress of OPEs in the soil through bibliometric analysis and comprehensively elaborates on their pollution status, potential sources, and environmental behaviors. The OPE pollution is widely distributed in the soil at concentrations ranging from several to tens of thousands of ng/g dw. Some novel OPEs, newly discovered OPEs in the environment in recent years, are also detected. OPE concentrations vary substantially among landuses, and waste processing areas are important point sources of OPE pollution in the soil. Emission source intensity, physicochemical properties of compounds, and soil properties play important roles in the transfer process of OPEs in the soil. Biodegradation, especially microbial degradation, has potential application prospects in the remediation of OPE-contaminated soil. Brevibacillus brevis, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Rhodococcus, and other microorganisms can degrade some OPEs. This review helps clarify the pollution status of OPEs in the soil and highlights perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y J Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - W H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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14
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Sha W, Wang Y, Cai F, Zhang C, Wang C, Chen J, Liu C, Wang R, Gao P. Regional distribution of the plastic additive tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate in Nanyang Lake estuary, China, and toxic effects on Cyprinus carpio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53566-53576. [PMID: 36862296 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern regarding the toxicological effects of plastic additives on humans and aquatic organisms. This study investigated effects of the plastic additive tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) on Cyprinus carpio by measuring concentration distribution of TBEP in the Nanyang Lake estuary, as well as toxic effects of varying doses of TBEP exposure on carp liver. This also included measuring responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease (caspase). Concentrations of TBEP in the polluted water environment (water company inlets, urban sewage pipes, etc.) in the survey area were as high as 76.17-3875.29 μg/L, and 3.12 μg/L in the river flowing through the urban area, and 1.18 μg/L in the estuary of the lake. In the subacute toxicity test, SOD activity in liver tissue with an increase in TBEP concentration was reduced significantly, while the MDA content continued to increase with an increase in TBEP concentration. Inflammatory response factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) and apoptotic proteins (caspase-3 and caspase-9) gradually increased with increasing concentrations of TBEP. Additionally, reduced organelles, increased lipid droplets, swelling of mitochondria, and disorder of mitochondrial cristae structure were observed in liver cells of TBEP-treated carp. Generally, TBEP exposure induced severe oxidative stress in carp liver tissue, resulting in release of inflammatory factors and inflammatory response, mitochondrial structure changes, and the expression of apoptotic proteins. These findings benefit our understanding about the toxicological effects of TBEP in aquatic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Sha
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengsen Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Zhao X, Lyu B, Zhang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Shi Z. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in animal-derived foods from China Total Diet Study (CTDS): Temporal trends, evidence of substitution, and dietary exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130223. [PMID: 36367471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 6th China Total Diet Study (CTDS) conducted in 2016-2019, the occurrence of both legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was measured in animal-derived foods collected across China. Most BFRs could be frequently detected in food samples, indicating their ubiquity in the environment. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a typical novel BFR, presented the highest contamination level, whereas legacy BFRs, including decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), still presented high detection frequencies and relatively abundant proportions in total BFRs. Compared with previous CTDSs conducted from 2007 to 2011, the levels and estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of most BFRs showed a significant downtrend, which suggested that flame retardant consumption in China has transferred from legacy BFRs to novel BFRs (mainly DBDPE) and from BFRs to other kinds of flame retardants. Based on probabilistic estimation, the median EDIs of mainly used BFRs for the Chinese population ranged from 41.0 to 1.67 × 103 pg/kg bw/day, and meat consumption was the primary source in dietary BFR intake. By conducting the margin of exposure (MOE) approach or comparing with the reference dose (RfD), it can be concluded that daily dietary intakes of BFRs were still unable to cause significant health risks to the general population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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16
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Pang L, Huang Z, Yang H, Pang R, Wu M, Jin B. A scalable field study using leaves as a novel passive air sampler to evaluate the potential source of organophosphate esters in street dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137248. [PMID: 36400197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in industrial and commercial products. It is generally believed that OPEs in street dust mainly originate from road traffic and anthropogenic activities. The influence of atmospheric deposition is still unknown. In this study, leaves were employed as a novel passive air sampler to collect particle matters (PM) in 12 cities in the central province of Henan, China. Similar compositional profiles of OPEs were found in street dust and PM samples. The concentrations of individual OPEs in PM were 1-4 times higher than in street dust. Chlorinated OPEs concentration in PM shows a moderate correlation (r2 = 0.538, p < 0.01) with that in street dust. The concentration of alkyl OPEs in PM has a high correlation (r2 = 0.843, p < 0.01) with that in street dust. No significant correlation (r2 = 0.133, p = 0.132) was found on the aryl OPEs concentrations between street dust and PM. Spearman correlation reveals that the emission sources of tricresyl phosphate (TCrP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP) may be different from other OPEs in dust and PM samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) provides an appropriate explanation that tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tributyl phosphate (TnBP), and TEP in street dust and PM may be emitted from the same sources, suggesting that PM has a significant influence on the occurrence of OPEs in street dust. The estimated dry deposition fluxes of particle-bound OPEs show a significant correlation (R2 = 0.969, p < 0.01) with OPEs concentrations in street dust, revealing that the input of atmospheric deposition could be a major source of OPEs in street dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Ziling Huang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rong Pang
- Department of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Mingkai Wu
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Baodan Jin
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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17
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Han B, Chen L, Li Y, Yu L, Zhang J, Tao S, Liu W. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of 11 organophosphate flame retardants in soils from different regions of agricultural farmlands in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156806. [PMID: 35738380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in nationwide farmland soils of mainland China are rarely measured. The current study was the first to collect 325 farmland soil samples from 109 cities throughout mainland China. Ten organophosphate esters (OPEs), including alkyl-OPEs, Cl-OPEs, and aryl-OPEs, together with an organophosphate intermediates (TPPO), were determined. The results indicated that ΣOPFRs ranged from 2.41 ng/g to 35.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), and ΣOPFRs in northeastern and southern China were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those in northwestern and central China. Alkyl-OPEs and Cl-OPEs served as the main components of OPEs, and the novel aryl-OPEs showed the highest detection frequency (> 92 %). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the different sources of OPEs, in which atmospheric deposition, irrigation, or direct release of plastic mulch acted as the main input routes in farmland soils. The potential risks of OPFRs were assessed through soil ingestion exposure and ecotoxicological impacts. Our results showed that direct exposure to farmland soils had no high risks to the human body and ecological environments. This study provides new evidence for further understanding the spatial distributions and contamination status of OPFRs in farmland soils throughout mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- BingJun Han
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - YuJun Li
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JiaoDi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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18
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Chen N, Fan S, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Yao S, Chen X, Liu X, Shi Z. Organophosphate esters and their diester metabolites in infant formulas and baby supplementary foods collected in Beijing, China: Occurrence and the implications for infant exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154272. [PMID: 35247416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants and/or plasticizers and they found to be ubiquitous in various environmental matrices along with the gradual phase-out of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Moreover, their main metabolites, organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs), were also frequently detected. However, few studies focused on the occurrence of OPEs and di-OPEs in foods. In this study, fourteen OPEs and five di-OPEs were measured in infant formula and baby supplementary food (BSF) collected in Beijing, China. Most OPEs and di-OPEs presented high detection frequencies, which indicated their ubiquity in baby foods. The concentrations of ∑14OPEs in the 75 infant formula samples ranged from 0.79 to 159 ng/g, with a median of 23.2 ng/g, and in which triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was the most abundant compound. The concentrations of ∑14OPEs in the 32 BSF samples were 4.42-115 ng/g (median: 19.5 ng/g), and tri(3-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was predominant. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between OPE levels in infant formula and BSF. The median concentrations of Σ5di-OPEs in infant formula and BSF were 3.39 and 5.43 ng/g, respectively. However, no significantly correlation was observed between concentrations of di-OPEs and their parent compounds, which indicated they have different sources. The median estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of the ∑14OPEs were from 165 to 383 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day for infants via infant formula feeding, and were from 429 to 470 ng/kg bw/day via BSF feeding. A comparison to corresponding reference dose (RfD) suggested that dietary intakes of OPEs to Beijing infants via formula/BSF consumption were still unable to cause significant health concerns. However, EDIs of OPEs for infants were found to be significantly higher than that for Chinese adults, and dietary intake might be the predominant OPE intake pathway for infants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate OPEs and their metabolites in baby foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sai Fan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuelei Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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19
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Bai L, lu: K, Shi Y, Li J, Wang Y, Jiang G. 北京市运动场灰尘中有机磷酸酯:季节差异和人体暴露研究. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Sediments from Jiulong River Estuary and Adjacent Western Taiwan Strait, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042449. [PMID: 35206636 PMCID: PMC8872513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely prevalent in the environment and are of significant concern because of their potential toxicity to human health and wildlife. In this study, the concentration, frequency, spatial distribution, potential sources, and ecological risks of OPFRs in sediments from the Jiulong River estuary and the adjacent western Taiwan Strait were investigated. Concentrations of four of the five studied OPFRs were between <LOD and 36.6 ng/g. The distribution of all OPFRs, except 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), remained highly consistent with hydrological (salinity) trends. Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation between EHDPP and total concentrations suggested that it may be the dominant contaminant at both sites. Principal element analysis indicated multiple sources of OPFRs, which were categorized as emissions from road runoff and surface traffic, effects of atmospheric deposition and hydrologic conditions, and a combination of industrial and population effects. Ecological risk indicates that tris (chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphosphate ester (2,3-dibromopropyl) (TDBPP) have almost no risk, tris (clorisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) generally has low risk, while EHDPP has moderate risk with the highest value of 0.487 in the sediments from both sites. Meanwhile, TCPP and TCEP exhibit lower theoretical health risks but are still not negligible. Overall, this work provides data to support global pollutant studies and facilitate the implementation of pollutant control strategies.
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21
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Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Yang C, Rodgers TFM, Tan F. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants in the typical soil profiles of the Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150519. [PMID: 34610409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The urbanization and development of Tibetan Plateau (TP) probably results in a significant contamination of organic pollutants, such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). However, there is a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their occurrence and risks in the soil of TP. We investigated the concentrations, vertical distributions, potential sources, and ecological risks of OPFRs in soil profiles from four regions of TP, China. The total concentrations of OPFRs in all soil samples ranged from 1.35 to 126 ng/g with a median of 12.6 ng/g. Relatively high concentrations were discovered in the top soils from Lhasa, suggesting a rising contamination around cities of TP due to anthropogenic disturbance. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) was the dominant OPFRs followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Vertical distribution of ΣOPFRs was discovered, especially at site Lhasa. Source apportionment based on principle component analysis and correlation analysis suggests that OPFRs in the TP soil mainly originate from atmospheric transport, while some OPFRs in the top soil may be also influenced by nearby sources. The vertical distributions of OPFRs in soil may be influenced by both soil and chemical properties, as well as their use. The ecological risk quotients (RQs) of 6 OPFRs in the TP soil were calculated, and most of their ecological risks were relatively low or negligible. However, for the worst-case scenario calculated by the 95th percentile concentrations, TNBP and tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) at site Lhasa and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) at site Nagri had moderate risks. More attentions should be paid to the Tibetan Plateau in the future due to the rising ecological risks of OPFRs, especially to the areas around cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chenmeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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22
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Tang J, Sun J, Ke Z, Yin H, Yang L, Yen H, Li X, Xu Y. Organophosphate esters in surface soils from a heavily urbanized region of Eastern China: Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118200. [PMID: 34555791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) pose increasing concerns for their widespread distribution in soil environments and potential threat to human health. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and associated risks of seven OPEs in surface soils and the potential influence of human activities on soil OPE contamination in a heavily urbanized region of the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China. All target OPEs were detected in the soil samples (100% of samples) reflecting their widespread distribution in the study region. The total OPE concentration (the sum of the seven OPEs) ranged from 162.7 to 986.0 ng/g on a dry weight basis, with a mean value of 469.3 ± 178.6 ng/g. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was the main compound, accounting for 67-78% of the total OPE concentration. Ecological risk assessment showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed a medium potential risk to terrestrial biota (0.1 < risk quotient <1). The human exposure estimation showed insignificant risks to local population. Redundancy analysis revealed that the individual and total OPE contaminations were positively correlated with human activity parameters. The total OPE concentrations were positively correlated to population density (R2 = 0.38, P < 0.001), and urban land use percentage (R2 = 0.39, P < 0.001), while negatively correlated to forest land use percentage (R2 = 0.59, P < 0.001), suggesting a significant contribution of human disturbance to OPE pollution. These results can facilitate OPE contamination control and promote sustainable soil management in urbanized and industrialized regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Ziyan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Haw Yen
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Xinhu Li
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Yaoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China
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23
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Luo Q, Wu Z, Wang C, Gu L, Li Y, Wang H. Seasonal variation, source identification, and risk assessment of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in surficial sediments from Liao River estuary wetland, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112947. [PMID: 34536706 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers in surficial sediments were collected in Liao River estuarine wetland during the dry, flood, and level periods to understand the seasonal variation, potential sources, and environmental risks. The concentrations of ∑13OPEs ranged from 19.5 to 67.0 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), with an average concentration of 30.6 ng g-1 dw. OPEs pollution displayed a seasonal variation, the concentrations of OPEs in dry period > level period > flood period. Tributyl-n-phosphate was the predominant OPEs, which accounts for 29.7% of ∑13OPEs. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization suggested that the pollution sources of OPEs also varied seasonally. The ecological risk of OPEs to aquatic organisms was low, and the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human beings were also far below the acceptable level. 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate was the major compound causing ecological and non-carcinogenic risk, while tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate had the highest carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China.
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
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24
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Luo Q, Li Y, Wu Z, Wang X, Wang C, Shan Y, Sun L. Phytotoxicity of tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate in soil and its uptake and accumulation by pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L. cv. SuZhou). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130347. [PMID: 33780681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated physiological and biochemical changes in pakchoi at different growth stages (25 and 50 d) under different tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) treatments (10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg kg-1). The uptake and accumulation of TCIPP by pakchoi and variation of TCIPP speciation in soil were also determined. TCIPP decreased the length and fresh weight of pakchoi root compared with those in blank controls, and this effect was significant when the concentration of TCIPP was higher than 100 μg kg-1. The fresh weight of pakchoi stems and leaves, the chlorophyll content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in the leaves first increased and then decreased with increasing TCIPP concentration. The inflection point of the variation in these indices was 100 μg kg-1 TCIPP in soil. The contents of proline and malondialdehyde increased continuously with increasing TCIPP concentration. The uptake of TCIPP by pakchoi increased linearly with increasing TCIPP concentration, and the highest TCIPP concentrations in the roots, stems, and leaves were 275.9, 80.0, and 2126.3 μg kg-1, respectively. TCIPP was easily transferred from the roots to leaves of pakchoi, with translocation factor of up to 12.6. The content of bioavailable TCIPP in soil was high, accounting for 46.5%. Planting pakchoi could significantly reduce the content of bioavailable TCIPP, with removal rate of 39.9%-54.1%. After 50 d of planting pakchoi, the removal rate of TCIPP in soil (10.4%-18.6%) was significantly higher than that in the control without plant, but the contribution of phytoextraction was small, accounting for 2.62%-26.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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25
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Gong S, Deng Y, Ren K, Meng W, Ye L, Han C, Su G. Newly discovered bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (BEHPP) was a ubiquitous contaminant in surface soils from a typical region, South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145350. [PMID: 33515888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate ester (OPE), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (BEHPP), was recently identified as an abundant contaminant in indoor dust samples; however, its pollution status in other matrices remains unknown. Here, n = 95 surface soil samples were collected from a prefecture-level city (hereafter referred to as D city) in South China during 2019, and further analyzed to accurately determine the concentrations of BEHPP and eight other OPEs, including tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphatetris (TBOEP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), 4-biphenylol diphenyl phosphate (BPDPP), and tris(2-biphenyl) phosphate (TBPHP). BEHPP was detected in all six functional areas (agricultural, scenic, commercial, industrial, and residential areas) of this region, and exhibited a high detection frequency of 67.4%, with a median concentration of 0.455 ng/g dry weight (DW range: nd-7.05 ng/g dw), regardless of the functional area. Samples from commercial, industrial, and residential areas contained significantly greater BEHPP concentrations than those from agricultural and scenic areas. Furthermore, strong and statistically significant correlations were observed between BEHPP and other OPE congeners, particularly for TEHP (r = 0.764, p < 0.001), TBOEP (r = 0.687, p < 0.001), and TPHP (r = 0.709, p < 0.001), indicating that BEHPP may have similar commercial applications and sources to these compounds in surface soil. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence of the presence of BEHPP in soil samples, and indicates that this emerging contaminant is widely distributed across all five functional areas of a typical region (South China).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, PR China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Cunliang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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26
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Jiang X, Xu H, Luo Y, Long T, Li J, Xing L. Spatial occurrence and composition profile of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in farmland soils from different regions of China: Implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116729. [PMID: 33618115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental load of organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants has caused a series of problems due to their extensive use. The soil matrix, as an ultimate sink for organic pollution, plays a vital part in the fate of OPEs in the environment. In this study, the spatial occurrence, composition profile and health risk of 13 OPE species in farmland soils from four provinces of China were characterized. Excluding tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP) and ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), the remaining eleven OPEs had a high detection frequency (DF) ranging from 60% to 100%. The range of total OPE (ΣOPE) concentrations were 62.3-394 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a median of 228 ng/g dw. Among these OPEs, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with a median of 143 ng/g dw) was the predominant species, followed by tricresyl phosphate (TCP; median of 20.1 ng/g dw) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP; median of 17.9 ng/g dw). In terms of geographical distribution, significantly lower OPEs levels were found in samples from Heilongjiang (159 ± 47.0 ng/g dw) than in those of Guangxi (264 ± 66.0 ng/g dw), Henan (252 ± 74.5 ng/g dw) and Hubei (242 ± 52.8 ng/g dw) provinces. Principal component analysis and Spearman's correlations were used to reveal potential sources of OPEs in the different provincial regions. Health risk exposure to OPEs in farmland soils was at an acceptable level (<1.20 × 10-5 for non-carcinogenic risk to children as the most sensitive age group; and <6.47 × 10-10 for carcinogenic risk to adults as the most sensitive age group) at the present detected concentrations. However, TCEP and TEHP, the predominant risk contributors, should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Jiangsu International Environmental Development Center, No.176 Jiangdong North Road, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Shen Shan Smart City Research Institute Co. Ltd., Technology Incubator Base 2#, Chuangfu Road, Ebu Town, Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, Shenzhen, 518200, China
| | - Yiqun Luo
- Jiangsu International Environmental Development Center, No.176 Jiangdong North Road, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Tingting Long
- Jiangsu International Environmental Development Center, No.176 Jiangdong North Road, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng, 224000, China.
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27
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Sun Y, Zhu H. A pilot study of organophosphate esters in surface soils collected from Jinan City, China: implications for risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3344-3353. [PMID: 32915452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Data monitoring is a prerequisite for the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the soil environment in light of their potential toxicity, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence. In this study, we determined the concentrations and profiles of OPEs in surface soils collected from Jinan City, East China. The soil concentrations of ΣOPE (sum of all OPEs) were in the range of 2.55-581 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average value of 106 ng/g dw. Industrial soils (mean: 433 ng/g dw) had significantly higher levels of ΣOPE compared with those in urban (42.1 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (7.89 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01), suggesting that industrial activity is an important source of OPEs to ambient soil environment. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were the most abundant OPEs in industrial soils, contributing 30%, 25%, and 20% of ΣOPE, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that TCIPP, TPHP, and TBOEP in soils derived from respective industrial activities. As compared with other cities within China, the surface soil of Jinan City was mildly contaminated by OPEs, and its human exposure and eco-toxicological risks were found to be negligible. Our study provides current contamination status of OPEs in soils across the multiple functional regions of Jinan, which could be used to support the authorities to make relevant regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Sun
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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28
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Xing L, Tao M, Zhang Q, Kong M, Sun J, Jia S, Liu CH. Occurrence, spatial distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from the lower Yangtze River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139380. [PMID: 32464373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively used as flame retardants and plasticizers in China; however, their potential carcinogenicity causes great concern. To date, their environmental distribution in water samples from the lower Yangtze River Basin still remains uncharacterized. This study systematically investigated the occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 OPEs, as well as their associated potential risks, in water samples from the lower Yangtze River and its 88 major inflowing rivers. The total OPE (ΣOPEs) concentrations ranged from 55.6 to 5071 ng/L, with a median of 144 ng/L. Among them, halogenated OPEs were the dominant group with an average of 61.6%, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (12.6-450 ng/L, median: 53.38 ng/L) and tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (11.0-1202 ng/L, median: 36.4 ng/L) were the most abundant OPEs. Significantly different concentrations were found with spatial variations (p < 0.01), and were higher in southern cities than in northern cities of the lower Yangtze River Basin. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression and Spearman correlations showed that the main sources were likely emission of vehicular and marine traffic. Ecological risk analysis showed that the risk quotient (RQ) values of samples remained below 1, but the percentage of 0.1 < RQ ≤ 1 was 26.9%, indicating a medium risk of OPEs in water samples. Moreover, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate predominantly contributed to the ecological risk, accounting for >89.2% of the total ecological risk of ΣOPEs. However, the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of ΣOPEs were negligible at the detected concentrations, even in a high exposure scenario. The risks from major inflowing rivers of the lower Yangtze River were almost one order of magnitude higher than those of the mainstream lower Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215216, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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29
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Sarker KK, Bristy MS, Alam N, Baki MA, Shojib FH, Quraishi SB, Khan MF. Ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water and sediments on Saint Martin's Island in the Bay of Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31827-31840. [PMID: 32504432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine eight hazardous heavy metals in surface water and sediment samples collected from the Naf River, Shah Porir Dwip (estuary), and mostly around Saint Martin's Island in the Bay of Bengal. The results of heavy metals in water samples were ranged as Pb 14.7-313.0, Cd 33.0-70.0, Cr < 11.0-37.0, Cu 38.0-57.0, Zn 26.8-69.2, Ni 102.0-285.0, and Hg 0.3-1.6 μg L-1. The concentrations of metals in sediment samples were ranged as Pb < 10.0-37.5, Cd 0.2-1.0, Cr < 5.0-30.1, Cu < 3.0-30.9, Zn 24.1-88.0, Ni < 4.0-48.3, As 0.1-7.3, and Hg < 0.01-0.08 mg kg-1 dw. Ni and Cr were strongly correlated, suggesting that this pair of metals might diffuse from a common origin. The contamination factor (Cif) demonstrated that sediment samples were mostly contaminated by Cd and slightly contaminated by Pb and Zn. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed considerable values for Cd on Saint Martin's Island. Cd as a single regulator posed moderate to considerable risk frequently among the sampling stations. Pollution load index (PLI) values remained below 1 (< 1), which indicated a decrease from baseline pollution value among all stations. However, potential ecological risk (PER) was graded for two stations (St1 and St13) with a moderate-risk zone due to the Cd contribution. However, shipping emission and lithogenic sources were the most predominant for heavy metals in the sediment, which were determined by applying the principal component analysis-absolute principal component score (PCA-APCS). Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Kumar Sarker
- Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Moumita Saha Bristy
- Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Alam
- Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdul Baki
- Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh.
| | - Fajlul Haque Shojib
- Faculty of Life and Earth Science, Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Shamshad B Quraishi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ISO 17025 Accredited), Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Luo Q, Wu Z, Gu L. Distribution Pattern of Organophosphate Esters in Particle-Size Fractions of Urban Topsoils Under Different Land-Use Types and Its Relationship to Organic Carbon Content. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:208-218. [PMID: 32556397 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution pattern of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in particle-size fractions of urban topsoils under different land-use types and its relationship to organic carbon content was investigated. Total OPEs concentrations in different particle-size fractions ranged from 17.07 to 221.77 ng/g. The distribution pattern of total OPEs concentrations and individual OPE concentration in different particle-size fractions were irregular and varied with the land-use type. The mass of OPEs is concentrated in small particles, large particles, or evenly distributed in each particle. This distribution pattern mainly depends on the mass distribution of each fraction to the soil. Tri-iso-butyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, and triphenylphosphine oxide have a relatively higher concentration in most samples, and the concentration of tripropyl phosphate was the lowest in all samples. The correlations between total OPEs concentrations versus total organic carbon (TOC), black carbon (BC), and other carbon (OC) is weak. Their linear regression correlation coefficients were 0.0495, 0.0823, and 0.0097, respectively. The correlation between individual OPE concentrations versus TOC, BC, and OC also are weak. Except for triethyl phosphate, tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, the linear regression correlation coefficients of other OPEs are all less than 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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Luo Q, Gu L, Wu Z, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun LN. Distribution, source apportionment and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in surface sediments from the Liao River, Northeast China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126297. [PMID: 32113093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 24 surface sediment samples were collected from Liao River, Northeast China. The concentration, spatial distribution, potential source, and ecological risk of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants and plasticizers were analyzed. The total concentrations of OPEs varied considerably, ranging from 19.7 to 234 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), with the mean concentrations of 64.2 ± 52.2 ng g-1 dw. The OPEs pollution was increasing from upstream to downstream of Liao River. Compared with other sediments of rivers and lakes all over the world, Liao River has been seriously contaminated by OPEs, especially tributyl phosphate (TNBP) and tri-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP). TNBP was the most abundant OPEs, followed by TBOEP and triphenylphosphine oxide. Their mean relative contributions were 26.3%, 12.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Positive matrix factorization indicated that OPEs in sediments from Liao River might be derived from plastic, textile, and polyurethane foam, anti-foam agent, hydraulic fluids, and coatings, indoor release, and chemical process emission. The risk of potential adverse effects of each individually OPEs on aquatic organisms were low (risk quotient less than 0.1). 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate was the main substance causing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Kawaguchi M, Takano H. The impact of oral exposure to low-dose tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate in allergic asthmatic mice. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1498-1510. [PMID: 32497324 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is a major organophosphorus flame retardant and has been widely increasing as a substitute for brominated flame retardants. TBEP may have adverse effects on human health; however, its impact on immune and allergic responses remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, the effects of low-dose TBEP comparable with the level of actual human exposure to that of human tolerable daily intake on allergic asthmatic mice were explored. Five-week-old C3H/HeJSlc male mice consumed a diet containing approximately 0.02, 0.2 or 2 μg/kg/day TBEP and were intratracheally administrated ovalbumin (OVA) (1 μg/mouse every 2 weeks from 5 to 11 weeks of age). Exposure to 2 μg/kg/day TBEP with OVA tended to enhance allergic pulmonary inflammation and significantly elevated mRNA levels of interleukin-5, eotaxin-1 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) compared with OVA alone. In mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs), TBEP (0.2 or 2 μg/kg/day) with OVA significantly increased in total cell number and promoted conventional dendritic cell activation than OVA alone; MLN cell proliferation by OVA restimulation was also enhanced in these groups. In the bone marrow (BM), TBEP (0.02 or 0.2 μg/kg/day) with OVA resulted in a net decrease in total cell number and fraction of CCR2+ Gr-1+ cells; the fraction of Gr-1+ cells increased. In conclusion, oral exposure to low-dose TBEP levels equivalent to tolerable daily intake may exacerbate allergic pulmonary inflammation by promoting a skewed T-helper 2 cell response, upregulation of ERα and dysregulation of both MLN and BM microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiko Koike
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan
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Liao R, Jiang J, Li Y, Gan Z, Su S, Ding S, Li Z, Hou L. Distribution and leaching behavior of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in soil in Chengdu. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1295-1305. [PMID: 32347267 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A total of 29 surface farmland soil samples were collected to investigate the spatial distribution and composition characteristics of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 8 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in Chengdu, China. The OPFRs were widely detected in the farmland soil with concentrations ranging from 2.92 to 160 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). BDE-209 was found with a concentration range of n.d. to 50.4 ng g-1 dw, and was the main PBDE congener accounting for 90% of ΣPBDEs in the surface farmland soil. In the case of NBFRs, only TBB and BTBPE were detected in the farmland soil from rural areas of Chengdu. There was no obvious spatial distribution of the OPFRs among different administrative regions in Chengdu (p > 0.05), but the maximum concentration of OPFRs was found in a furniture production area. Leaching experiments showed that the concentration of most of the investigated OPFRs in two kinds of soils with different mechanical compositions and TOC contents decreased with the increase of soil depth. Addition of DOM could decrease the OPFR levels in the leachate by less than 25%, with the exception of TCPP, which decreased by up to 45%. More importantly, TCEP and TCPP exhibited stronger mobility than the other OPFRs in soil, and the migration capacity of TCPP was more sensitive to the DOM level, indicating that TCEP might more easily migrate from soil to groundwater in the nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoying Liao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Catalytic Hydrolysis of Tricresyl Phosphate by Ruthenium (III) Hydroxide and Iron (III) Hydroxide towards Sensing Application. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082317. [PMID: 32325666 PMCID: PMC7219232 DOI: 10.3390/s20082317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is an organophosphorous neurotoxin that has been detected in water, soil and air. Exposure to TCP in cockpit and cabin air poses a severe threat to flight safety and the health of the aircraft cabin occupants. Conventional methods for the detection of TCP in various samples are gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which are complex and expensive. To develop a simple low-cost methodology for the real-time monitoring of TCP in the environment, an effective catalyst is demanded for the hydrolysis of TCP under neutral condition. In this study, Ruthenium (III) hydroxide and Iron (III) hydroxide are found to facilitate the production of the alcoholysis and hydrolysis products of TCP, suggesting their role as a catalyst. With this finding, these metal hydroxides provide new potential to realize not only simple colorimetric or electrochemical detection of TCP, but also a simple detoxication strategy for TCP in environment. In addition, the catalytic capability of Ru (III) or Fe (III) hydroxide for TCP gives a hint that they can potentially serve as catalysts for the hydrolysis of alcolyolysis of many other organophosphate compounds.
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Li X, Ma J, Fang D, Shi T, Gong Y. Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soils of Zhejiang Province, China: Levels, Distribution, Sources, and Exposure Risks. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:206-215. [PMID: 31646362 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are an emerging class of pollutants. In this study, 62 soil samples were collected from Zhejiang Province China, and screened for 8 typical OPFRs. All compounds were detected in soil at 100% detection frequency, except for triethyl phosphate (TEP) compounds (93.6%). The sum of the eight OPFR concentrations ranged from 9.15 to 132 ng/g dry weight (dw), with mean and median values of 24.9 and 19.0 ng/g dw, respectively. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was identified as the most abundant analog, with a median concentration of 9.94 ng/g dw, followed by tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP). Significantly higher OPFR concentrations were detected in northern Zhejiang; concentrations decreased sharply from the north to the south. OPFR concentrations in soils from cities or economically developed counties were much higher than those from rural areas. OPFR sources in Zhejiang Province mainly originated from PVC-made products and traffic emissions. Dermal absorption of OPFRs via soil was the primary pathway for human exposure. Health risks due to exposure to OPFRs through soil ingestion were found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Taoran Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Chen Y, Song Y, Chen YJ, Zhang Y, Li R, Wang Y, Qi Z, Chen ZF, Cai Z. Contamination profiles and potential health risks of organophosphate flame retardants in PM 2.5 from Guangzhou and Taiyuan, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105343. [PMID: 31778934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging contaminants in recent years. They can be present in the atmospheric fine particle (PM2.5), leading to potential adverse effects on humans. In this study, the concentrations and in vitro toxicities of OPFRs in PM2.5 samples were investigated for one year at Guangzhou and Taiyuan in China. Eleven OPFRs, including chloro-, aryl-, and alkyl-substituted OPFRs, were detected at total concentrations ranging from 3.10 to 544 ng m-3. Chloro-substituted OPFRs were the dominant contaminants. Based on the statistical analysis, the same contamination sources of all OPFRs were found except for tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP), which may come from traffic emission. The results of cell viability and dithiothreitol assays indicated that OPFRs and PM2.5 could induce the death of normal lung epithelial cells and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. According to the redundancy analysis, the distribution of OPFRs was significantly related to the PM2.5 concentrations and indirectly associated with ROS production induced by PM2.5 from Taiyuan. Exposure to PM2.5-bound OPFRs in Guangzhou and Taiyuan only posed minimum health risks to both toddlers and adults. These findings could provide important evidence to better clarify the contamination profiles and human health risks of OPFRs in atmospheric fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Jie Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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He J, Li J, Ma L, Wu N, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Large-scale distribution of organophosphate esters (flame retardants and plasticizers) in soil from residential area across China: Implications for current level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:133997. [PMID: 31479902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To recognize the occurrence and health risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil of residential areas, a nationwide survey was conducted covering 32 provincial-level administrative regions of China in 2018. Except for triamyl phosphate (TAP), twelve OPEs were detected in residential soil from 89 cities with a total concentration of 1.70-179 ng/g dw, indicating a relatively low contamination level of OPEs in residential soil of China (compared with point source soils and urban soils). Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPEs, followed by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which suggested that TCIPP has been a replacement of TCEP in recent years. An apparent geographical distribution of higher OPEs levels in the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze Delta and Shanxi province than other regions was found. According to the division of administrative levels, the most serious OPEs pollution occurred in prefecture-level city (20.2 ng/g dw), followed by provincial capital (17.9 ng/g dw) and county town (14.1 ng/g dw), which was affected by the usage of OPEs products and behaviors of local residents. The correlation analysis results showed that environmental parameters (total organic carbon (TOC), precipitation and temperature) were not the major factors determining OPEs contamination, while socioeconomic parameters were significantly correlated with OPEs concentration in undeveloped regions/cities with rare industrial source. Although the health risk assessment suggested a negligible risk to local residents (5.92 × 10-7-1.75 × 10-6 for non-carcinogenic risk and 4.82 × 10-12-2.10 × 10-11 for carcinogenic risk), the production and usage of TCIPP and TCEP should be paid more attention due to their relatively high risks. Our study was attempted to provide a nationwide baseline concentration of OPEs in soil of residential areas, which could be used to support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Pang L, Yang H, Pang R, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Wang Z. Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban street dust in the central province of Henan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27862-27871. [PMID: 31342355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine OPEs were measured in 60 street dust samples collected from the central province of Henan, China. The total concentrations of OPEs (∑9OPEs) in street dust range from 2.77 to 505 μg/kg (median 59.3 μg/kg). Chlorinated OPEs are dominant in street dust with median concentration of 33.5 μg/kg, followed by aryl OPEs (median 9.05 μg/kg), and alkyl OPEs (median 6.19 μg/kg). No significant correlations are found between ∑9OPEs and parameters, such as population (p = 0.931), population density (p = 0.602), car ownership (p = 0.618), and gross domestic product (p = 0.863). Principal component analysis (PCA) result reveals that road traffic could be a major source of OPEs in street dust because of their extensive use in various vehicles. The total average (median) and high-level exposure (95th percentile) of OPEs are 1.01 × 10-2, 7.17 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/d for adults and 6.03 × 10-2, 0.43 ng/kg bw/d for children, respectively. Hazard quotient (HQ) values are 5-6 orders of magnitude lower than the acceptable risk level (HQ < 0.1), indicating there is still a low risk to local residents at current levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rong Pang
- Department of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingwen Xiao
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Luo Q, Wang S, Adeel M, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun LN. Solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters in aqueous samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11292. [PMID: 31383918 PMCID: PMC6683150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a novel method for the determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aqueous samples through the optimization of solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop procedure coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method was rapid and accurate and could be used in field applications. Under the most suitable conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged from 0.16 ng/L to 20.0 ng/L and from 0.55 ng/L to 66.7 ng/L, respectively. The enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 30 to 46. The relative standard deviations were less than 15%. The spiked recoveries ranged between 68.2% and 97.7% in the analysis of actual aqueous samples. The proposed method was convenient, environment friendly, and time and solvent saving and could be used in field applications compared with other methods. Various concentrations and types of OPEs were detected in tap water, river water, and effluent of sewage treatment plant. Effluent samples had the highest detected levels and types of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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Liu S, Yu B, Feng Y, Yang Z, Yin B. Synthesis of a multifunctional bisphosphate and its flame retardant application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Li J, He J, Li Y, Liu Y, Li W, Wu N, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Assessing the threats of organophosphate esters (flame retardants and plasticizers) to drinking water safety based on USEPA oral reference dose (RfD) and oral cancer slope factor (SFO). WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:84-93. [PMID: 30772757 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As one group of emerging pollutants, the threat of organophosphate esters (flame retardants and plasticizers, OPEs) to drinking water safety is not well recognized. Now, the oral reference dose (RfD) and oral cancer slope factor (SFO) of OPEs have been updated by USPEA, therefore the threat of OPEs to drinking water safety could be assessed. In this study, occurrence, health risk and key impact factor of OPEs in drinking water of China were analyzed covering 79 cities, whose population and gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for 28.8% and 44.1% of them in China, respectively. Total concentration of 14 common OPEs in drinking water was 13.42-265.48 ng/L. The exposure level of OPEs via ingestion of drinking water was much lower than that of food ingestion but was comparable with dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. A health assessment for OPEs via ingestion of drinking water suggested that the potential cancer risk occurred (>1.00E-6) but no obvious non-carcinogenic effects occurred (<1). Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP) contributed to about 72.4% of carcinogenic risk, which should be treated as "prior monitoring OPEs" in further studies. The occurrence and distribution of OPEs in drinking water of China have a good corresponding relationship with the Aihui-Tengchong Line, and drinking water treatment technology (DWTT) was found to be a key factor. Total OPEs, halogeno-OPEs and alkyl-OPEs in drinking water from advanced DWTT cities were much lower than those of conventional DWTT cities. Compared with conventional DWTT, advanced DWTT could reduce about 65.6% and 36.5% of carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of OPEs, respectively. Considering the annual growth of OPEs consumption in China and world, further studies regarding the environmental threat of OPEs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuna Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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