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Moghadam TZ, Zandian H, Fazlzadeh M, Kalan ME, Pourfarzi F. Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Iranian adults: a PERSIAN cohort-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1295. [PMID: 37407959 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is associated with several deleterious health outcomes. We sought to estimate the prevalence of WTS and explore socioeconomic inequalities associated with this culturally-rooted tobacco smoking practice among Iranian adults. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 20,460 adults (ages 18 and older) enrolled in the PERSIAN cohort study during 2020. Data were collected on socioeconomic status (SES), lifestyle, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and several risk factors related to non-communicable diseases. The concentration curve and relative concentration index (RCI) were administered to assess and quantify the SES-based inequality in WTS. RESULTS Overall age-adjusted prevalence of past-month WTS was 5.1% (95%CI:4.6-5.8), with about 1% for women and 10.6 for men. Age-adjusted prevalence of WTS was higher among younger adults, men, cigarette smokers, obese adults, and those with higher SES. The RCI estimation showed that WTS is more popular among adults with high income and education. WTS was higher among younger adults, cigarette smokers, obese adults, and those with higher SES. CONCLUSION There is a clear socioeconomic inequality in WTS, with a higher prevalence among adults with higher income and education. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions to address this inequality and reduce the prevalence of WTS among high-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, School of Health and Social Wellbeing, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Fazlzadeh M, Hassanvand MS, Nabizadeh R, Shamsipour M, Salarifar M, Naddafi K. Effect of portable air purifier on indoor air quality: reduced exposure to particulate matter and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:638. [PMID: 35925421 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We sought to investigate the impact of air purifiers in the removal of particular matter (PM)10, PM2.5, PM1, and particle number concentration (PNC) in the indoor air of dormitories located at Iran's largest medical university, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Twelve rooms were selected and randomly assigned to two rooms: sham air purifier system deployed room (SR) and true air purifier system deployed room (TR). All study samples were drawn simultaneously from assigned rooms using portable GRIMM dust monitors for 24 h. The PM monitors of air were positioned in the middle of each room next to the air purifier at the height of the breathing zone (1.5 m in height). The mean PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and PNC removal efficiency in rooms with and without a smoker were measured to be 40.7 vs 83.8%, 31.2 vs 78.4%, 29.9 vs 72.3%, and 44.3 vs 75.6%, respectively. The results showed that smoking is an important influencing factor on the indoor air quality; smoking lowered the removal efficiency of PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and PNC by 43%, 47%, 43%, and 31%, respectively. An air purifier could decline the PM10 and PM2.5 even lower than the WHO 24-h guideline level in non-smoker rooms. This study revealed that using household air purifiers in rooms with smokers and non-smokers significantly reduces the non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to PM10 and PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Salarifar
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Barkhordari A, I Guzman M, Ebrahimzadeh G, Sorooshian A, Delikhoon M, Jamshidi Rastani M, Golbaz S, Fazlzadeh M, Nabizadeh R, Norouzian Baghani A. Characteristics and health effects of particulate matter emitted from a waste sorting plant. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:244-256. [PMID: 35868092 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste components can be recycled in waste paper and cardboard sorting plants (WPCSP) through a multistep process. This work collected 15 samples every six days from each of the 9 points selected to study the processes taking place in a WPCSP (135 particulate matter samples total). Examining the concentration and size fraction of particulate matter (i.e., PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) in WPCSP is an essential issue to notify policy makers about the health impacts on exposed workers. The major activities for increasing of the concentration of PM in various processing units in the WPCSP, especially in hand-picking routes I and II were related to manual dismantling, mechanical grinding, mechanical agitation, and separation and movement of waste. The results of this work showed that a negative correlation between temperature and particulate matter size followed the order PM10 > PM2.5 > PM1. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 in the WPCSP lead to possible risk (HI = 5.561 and LTCRs = 3.41 × 10-6 to 9.43 × 10-5 for PM2.5 and HI = 7.454 for PM10). The exposure duration and the previous concentrations had the most effect on the ILCRs and HQs for PM2.5 and PM10 in all sampling sites. Hence, because WPCSP are infected indoor environments (I/O ratio > 1), the use of control methods such as isolation of units, misting systems, blower systems equipped with bag houses, protective equipment, a mechanical ventilation system, and additional natural ventilation can reduce the amount of suspended PM, enhance worker safety, and increase the recycling rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Barkhordari
- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Marcelo I Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Gholamreza Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jamshidi Rastani
- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Somayeh Golbaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ghobadi H, Rostami R, Saranjam B, Aslani MR, Fazlzadeh M, Ghaffari HR. Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113717. [PMID: 35679732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the urine of smokers and the control group considering the role of age, weight, job, history of waterpipe and cigarette smoking, and driving time. The chemicals in the urine of 99 smokers and 31 nonsmokers were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations were measured by liquid injection GC/MS. The mean concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-xylene, and total BTEX in waterpipe smokers were found to be 471.40, 670.90, 127.91, 167.64, 90.62, 46.04, and 1574.50 ng/g. creatinine, respectively. For the waterpipe&cigarette smokers, the concentration of the compounds were 708.00, 959.00, 146.40, 192.50, 93.30, 53.07, and 2152.00 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. For nonsmokers the concentrations of these compounds were 88.12, 140.40, 36.68, 57.29, 31.53, 26.21, and 380.30 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. Driving time, waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking were positively associated with BTEX concentration (p < 0.05). Fruity tobacco showed higher concentrations of BTEX compared to the regular tobacco, and athlete persons had les urinary BTEX than the non-athletes. There was not significant correlation between the BTEX and age, height, weight, and BMI. High concentrations of BTEX compounds in the urine of waterpipe and cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers indicate that waterpipe and cigarette can be an important source of exposure to these compounds and the known adverse effects of these compounds, especially carcinogenicity, threaten the health of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghobadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roohollah Rostami
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aslani
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Tobacco and Health research center, Hormozgan university of medical sciences, Bandar abbas, Iran.
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Ibrahim EA, Selim EMM. Pollution and health risk assessment of trace metal in vegetable field soils in the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:540. [PMID: 35768669 PMCID: PMC9242902 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of trace metals in vegetable field soils is of increasing worry because of the potential health hazards and their detrimental effects on soil ecosystems. To investigate the state of trace metal pollution in vegetable field soils, 60 surface soil samples were collected from vegetable fields across the Eastern Nile Delta region, Egypt. The results concluded that the concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Ni were lesser than their corresponding background values, while the concentrations of Cd, Co, Pb, and Zn were exceeding their background values. The pollution indices showed that the studied soil experienced low to moderate contamination and the Cd and Cr contamination was serious. The hazard index values of nine trace metals signified that there was no adverse non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children. The carcinogenic risk of Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb for both age groups was within acceptable limits, while Cr had critical carcinogenic hazards for children. Overall, the quality of studied soils is relatively safe, although some samples impose serious pollution problems of Cd and Cr. Thus, properly monitored trace metals and soil management action should be applied to reduce further soil pollution in vegetable fields in the Eastern Nile Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Ibrahim
- Cross Pollinated Vegetable Crops Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Cairo University St., Orman, Giza, Egypt.
| | - El-Metwally M Selim
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, 34517, Egypt
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Mokammel A, Rostami R, Niazi S, Asgari A, Fazlzadeh M. BTEX levels in rural households: Heating system, building characteristic impacts and lifetime excess cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118845. [PMID: 35031402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) are a group of toxic organic compounds that exposure to them can cause adverse short and long terms health effects. We measured the levels of BTEX in the indoor and outdoor air of rural areas in Ardebil, Iran. We further assessed their health risks and determinants parameters. BTEX were sampled by drawing air through activated charcoal tubes, using low flow SKC pumps. Samples were extracted by adding carbon disulfide and analyzed by subjecting the aromatic fraction to GC-FID. The results indicated that the concentrations of BTEX in the indoor air were significantly higher than those of outdoor (p-value<0.05). The mean indoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 41.69 ± 30.70, 96.73 ± 60.75, 38.73 ± 33.59, and 59.42 ± 35.99 μg m-3, while the mean outdoor concentrations of them were 8.94 ± 7.32, 36.93 ± 21.82, 7.66 ± 5.63, and 18.14 ± 10.25 μg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of BTEX in indoor and outdoor of the rural areas that used kerosene fuel for heating systems were significantly higher than those used natural gas. The results indicated that the tobacco smoke is a notable temporary source of indoor BTEX. The mean inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) value of benzene for residents of rural houses with the natural gas and kerosene heating systems were 28.6 × 10-6 and 97.2 × 10-6, while for ethylbenzene these figures stood out at 29.1 × 10-6 and 95.8 × 10-6, respectively. LTCR value for residents who used kerosene fuel for heating was higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mokammel
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Roohollah Rostami
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Science, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Amin Asgari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Adham D, Kalan ME, Fazlzadeh M, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A. Latent class analysis of initial nicotine dependence among adult waterpipe smokers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1765-1771. [PMID: 34900305 PMCID: PMC8617218 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe (WP) tobacco smoking increases the risk of smoking-related health problems. In this study, we sought to identify the unobserved class memberships of WP-associated initial nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms and assess the predictors of each latent class. This cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 900 current (past 30-day) WP smokers who were recruited from 94 WP-serving venues surrounding Tehran and Ardebil metropolitans in Iran. All participants completed a self-administrated questionnaire. We performed latent class analysis using PROC LCA in SAS to identify class memberships of initial ND symptoms using 10-item Hooked on Nicotine Checklist. Five latent classes were identified as non-dependent (25.4 %), low dependent (7.1 %), low-moderate dependent (19.6 %), moderate dependent (15.6 %), and high dependent (32.2 %). Using flavored WP tobacco significantly increased the odds of belonging to low-moderate dependent class [adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.89; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.07-3.34] compared to non-dependent class. Also, having academic education decreased the odds of belonging to low-moderate dependent (aOR = 0.43; 95 %CI: 0.26-0.67) and moderate dependent (aOR = 0.39; 95 %CI: 0.23-0.67) class in comparison to non-dependent class. Also, WP smoking initiation at an older age was associated with belonging to high dependent (OR = 2.05; 95 %CI: 1.39-3.03) class compared to non-dependent. This study revealed that nearly half of WP smokers fell under moderate and high-dependent classes. Our findings showed that some items of HONC had more role in the clustering of participants based on ND symptoms. The WP-specific cessation programs and targeted clinical trials should consider the diversity of ND levels among smokers to achieve successful quit rates among these smokers. Additionally, limiting flavors would be a strong strategy to limit the rate of ND, especially among young people who are eager to smoke flavored WP tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Adham
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Sadigh A, Fataei E, Arzanloo M, Imani AA. Bacteria bioaerosol in the indoor air of educational microenvironments: Measuring exposures and assessing health effects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1635-1642. [PMID: 34900294 PMCID: PMC8617128 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bioaerosols has been identified to be linked the incidence of various health effects, i.e., infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies, and cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial bioaerosols in the indoor air of the educational environments of Ardabil universities and to evaluate the exposure and to determine its health risk. In this cross-sectional study, different sections of the educational environments of Ardabil universities were studied. For differential diagnosis of bacteria, methods such as gram staining and biochemical detection methods including DNAse, catalase, oxidase, coagulase, bile esculin hydrolysis test, urease, citrate test, antibiotic resistance to novobiocin and Bacitracin, optochin, glucose uptake, and other differential tests were used. For sampling, a single-stage Anderson sampler was used at a flow rate of 28.3 l at a duration of 10 min per minute. The results showed that, in medical school of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, the average concentration of bacteria in the outdoor air of school, halls, classes and rooms of professors and staff were 18, 88.4, 76.6, and 77.4 CFU/m3, respectively, and, in Ardabil Islamic Azad University, the average bacterial concentration was 103, 97, 124, and 132 CFU/m3 in the outdoor air of the schools, halls, classrooms, and rooms of professors and staff, respectively. The predominant bacterial species in indoor air are S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Actinomycetes, and Bacillus, respectively. As results indicated, the concentration of bacterial bioaerosols in indoor air is within the standard levels, but due to frequency of bacterial species, occurrence of different in lung and intestinal diseases can be expected among faculty, staff and students in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoshirvan Sadigh
- PhD Student in Environmental Science and Engineering-Environmental Pollution, Department of environment science and engineering, Ardabil branch, Islamic Azad university, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Fataei
- Department of Environment Science and engineering, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arzanloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Imani
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
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Ebrahimi Kalan M, Abazari M, Ben Taleb Z, Adham D, Abbasi A, Bursac Z, Ward KD, Cobb CO, Behaleh R, Wipfli HL, Fazlzadeh M. Characteristics of flavored and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco users: a real-world setting study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57629-57639. [PMID: 34089452 PMCID: PMC8179087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to compare sociodemographic characteristics, smoking patterns, beliefs and perceptions, nicotine dependence, and psychological indicators between flavored waterpipe (WP) tobacco (FWT) and non-flavored WP tobacco (non-FWT) smokers in Iran. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 94 WP-serving venues surrounding Tehran and Ardabil metropolitans in Iran. Convenience sampling was applied to select 900 current WP smokers [508 (56%) FWT-only and 392 (44%) non-FWT-only smokers] aged 18 years and older. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent characteristics of FWT and non-FWT smokers. Compared to non-FWT smokers, FWT smokers were younger (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-0.90) and more likely to have ≥ 1 sibling who smoked WP (AOR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.06-2.24), share WP with others (AOR=2.52, 95% CI: 1.68-3.77), report current cigarette smoking (AOR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.23-3.42), and report confidence in quitting at any time (AOR=3.64, 95% CI: 2.45-5.39). FWT smokers were less likely to have seen (AOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.27-0.60) or read (AOR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.24-0.80) warning messages on WP tobacco packages relative to non-FTW smokers. The most common self-reported reason for smoking WP was entertainment for both groups, followed by stress relief for non-FWT smokers and the escape from loneliness for FWT smokers. FWT-only smokers differ from non-FWT-only smokers in several aspects including being younger, having more positive beliefs and perceptions regarding WP use, and having higher cigarette smoking prevalence. These findings will help in developing more effective and targeted policies and cessation interventions for WP smokers according to flavor type they use, especially in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Malek Abazari
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 5615731567, Iran
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Davoud Adham
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 5615731567, Iran.
| | - Abbas Abbasi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 5615731567, Iran
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Raed Behaleh
- School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
| | - Heather Lynn Wipfli
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Kalan ME, Ghobadi H, Taleb ZB, Adham D, Cobb CO, Ward KD, Behaleh R, Fazlzadeh M. COVID-19 and beliefs about tobacco use: an online cross-sectional study in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40346-40354. [PMID: 33029777 PMCID: PMC7541093 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is mixed evidence surrounding the relationship between tobacco use and COVID-19 infection/progression. The current study investigates beliefs and tobacco use behaviors and COVID-19 infection among a sample of smokers and never-smokers. Data were collected using an online survey distributed through Telegram, a cloud-based social media networking application in Iran from April 1 to May 31, 2020. The study participants included never-smokers (n = 511), current (past-month) waterpipe smokers (n = 89), current cigarette smokers (n = 158), and ex-smokers (n = 172). Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare tobacco use groups with never- smokers on beliefs, controlling for potential confounders. The study participants (n = 944) was mostly male (64%), had > high school education (76%), and lived in an urban area (91%), with mean ± SD age of 35.3 ± 10.8. Key findings of this study are that compared with never-smokers: (1) cigarette smokers were less likely to believe that smoking cigarette can lead to spreading COVID-19; (2) waterpipe smokers were more likely to believe that smoking waterpipe at home was a safe practice, that waterpipe protects against COVID-19, and smoking waterpipe may lead to a more rapid recovery from COVID-19; (3) both waterpipe and cigarette smokers believed that using e-cigarettes in public places was a safe practice during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (4) more than half of the ex-smokers stopped smoking due to COVID-19 and most of them planned to continue abstaining from smoking after the pandemic. Our findings underscore the need to raise awareness about the unsupported claims of a lower hazard of using tobacco products or possible protective effects against COVID-19 and to promote cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Ghobadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Davoud Adham
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Raed Behaleh
- School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Rostami R, Fazlzadeh M, Babaei-Pouya A, Abazari M, Rastgho L, Ghasemi R, Saranjam B. Exposure to BTEX concentration and the related health risk assessment in printing and copying centers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31195-31206. [PMID: 33598835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was derived to investigation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) concentrations in printing and copying centers (PCCs) in Ardabil city of Iran. Fifty-three PCCs were randomly selected from all the 136 number of PCCs and BTEX was sampled form their indoor air. The results showed that the concentration of BTEX in the indoor air PCCs is lower than the OELs (occupational exposure limit) in all cases. The obtained mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 93.6±63.2, 150.6±99.2, 34.3±16.8, and 29.5±15.2 μg/m3 respectively. Type of printer, number of printing and copying device, and type of ventilation system had significant influence on the BTEX concentration. The mean inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) value for benzene and ethylbenzene in the indoor air of the PCCs with LaserJet and inkjet printers was 44.4 × 10-6 and 153.3 × 10-6, and 23.4×10-6 and 54.2× 10-6, respectively, which were higher than EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits. The hazard quotient (HQ) of benzene in the indoor air of the PCCs with inkjet printers was >1, which indicates that the non-carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to these compounds are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Rostami
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amin Babaei-Pouya
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Malek Abazari
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Leila Rastgho
- Health Department, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roohollah Ghasemi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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12
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Jebai R, Ebrahimi Kalan M, Vargas-Rivera M, Osibogun O, Li W, Gautam P, Chao MR, Hu CW, Bursac Z, Maziak W. Markers of oxidative stress and toxicant exposure among young waterpipe smokers in the USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26677-26683. [PMID: 33491143 PMCID: PMC8165017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe (aka hookah) tobacco smokers are exposed to toxicants that can lead to oxidative DNA and RNA damage, a precursor to chronic disease formation. This study assessed toxicant exposure and biomarkers of DNA [8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)] and RNA [8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo)] oxidative damage during smoking of flavored and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco. Thirty waterpipe smokers completed two counterbalanced 2-h lab waterpipe smoking sessions (flavored vs. non-flavored waterpipe tobacco). Urinary concentrations of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo and expired carbon monoxide (eCO) were measured before and after the smoking sessions. A significant increase in the urinary concentrations of 8-oxodG (from 2.12 ± 0.83 to 2.35 ± 0.91 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.024) and 8-oxoGuo (from 2.96 ± 0.84 to 3.45 ± 0.76 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.003) were observed after smoking the non-flavored and flavored waterpipe tobacco, respectively. Our results also showed that the mean ± SD of eCO increased significantly after smoking the flavored (from 1.3 ± 1.1 to 20.3 ± 23.6 ppm, p < 0.001) and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco (from 1.8 ± 1.2 to 24.5 ± 26.1 ppm, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the means of 8-oxodG (p = 0.576), 8-oxoGuo (p = 0.108), and eCO (p = 0.170) between the flavored and non-flavored tobacco sessions. Smoking non-flavored and flavored waterpipe tobacco leads to oxidative stress and toxicant exposure. Our findings add to the existing evidence about the adverse effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and the need for strong policies to inform and protect young people from the risks of WTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rime Jebai
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mayra Vargas-Rivera
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Olatokunbo Osibogun
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Prem Gautam
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria.
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13
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Jumlongkul A. Semi-outdoor filterless air purifier for smog and microbial protection with water purifier system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111149. [PMID: 33844972 PMCID: PMC9509289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Air pollution and COVID-19 problems are being increasingly scrutinized. This article discusses the optimum design of an indoor and semi-outdoor air purifier, using a water-based filtration system. METHODS An air purifier was fabricated, then comparison of purifying efficacy of the system between untreated air and using an air pump was done. Incense smoke was generated within a room for 10 seconds. The number of particle sizes of PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1.0, PM3.0, PM5.0, and PM10 μm (particle/ m3) as well as the detection of mass concentration of PM1.0, PM2.5, PM5.0, and PM10 (mg/m3) at 0 and 5 min were recorded. Each experiment was repeated 10 times. RESULTS Particles in untreated air, except PM10, showed the maximum increase rate of the number of particle sizes greater than the air pump experiment. The highest differentiation between two methods was that PM1.0 and PM0.5 of untreated air increased to 113.647 and 61.539 % whereas the air pump method showed 4.720 and 2.533 %, respectively. The PM mass concentration of untreated air increased from 50.217 to 51.167 % while the increased rate of PM using an air pump was 2.784 to 2.902 %. CONCLUSION This study proposed a water-based air filtration technique, which can reduce the level of particulate matter, and also is a low-cost prototype. For the next experiment, the study should extend test length, clarify an optimum ratio of disinfectant technologies, connect with the internet of things, compare the efficiency with a HEPA filter air purifier, and then also measure some particles which are smaller than 0.2 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Jumlongkul
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
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14
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Hashemi SE, Fazlzadeh M, Ahmadi E, Parand M, Ramavandi B, Taghizadeh F, Arfaeinia H. Occurrence, potential sources, in vitro bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metal in indoor dust from different microenvironment of Bushehr, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3641-3658. [PMID: 32424790 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust samples were collected from 42 microenvironments of residential buildings (RB, 15 samples), official buildings (OB, 10 samples), laboratory rooms (LR, 7 samples), and school classroom (SCR, 10 samples) in Bushehr, whereby the concentration of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was studied. The results of this study indicated that the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in the indoor dust samples were 567.18, 186.09, 209.01, 5.31, 143.20, and 57.09 mg/kg in RB, 1077.34, 539.67, 274.89, 8.12, 155.30, and 92.55 mg/kg in OB, 246.40, 149.56, 127.2, 1.96, 43.45, and 91.09 mg/kg in LR and 271.43, 189.84, 164.44, 3.06, 124.20, and 70.09 mg/kg in SCR. The results of principal cluster analysis showed that the heavy metals in indoor environments were mostly originated from smoking tobacco and cigarette, traffic sources, old building materials, and building paint colors. The results of this study also revealed that the concentration of heavy metals in indoor dust had a negative and significant relationship (P value < 0.05 in most cases) with rate of ventilation, and a positive and significant relationship with smoking inside buildings (P value < 0.05 in most cases). The bioaccessibility for zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium was 69.12, 40.08, 43.33, 79.81, 31.10, and 6.31%, respectively, in indoor dust. Further, risk assessment showed that the risk values of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity resulting from heavy metals inside the studied microenvironments had exceeded the recommended safe limit by EPA. In terms of potential ecological risks, it was found that heavy metals in these microenvironments have exceeded the hazardous ecological levels presented by different indices and can have considerable negative ecological effects. Thus, it is essential that further and better studies and monitoring be performed on these environments, and suitable control recommendations and solutions should be regulated for this public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Enayat Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Parand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Taghizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr, Iran.
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15
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Jaafari J, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, Shamsipour M, Ghozikali MG, Shamsollahi HR, Nazmara S, Yaghmaeian K. The acute effects of short term exposure to particulate matter from natural and anthropogenic sources on inflammation and coagulation markers in healthy young adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139417. [PMID: 32498012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter is associated with increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between air pollution conditions and MDA, vWF, and fibrinogen markers in the blood of two panels of healthy young individuals in an urban area in Tehran city with a high air pollution background and another group was living in a rural area (Ahmad Abad Mostofi), with a low air pollution background. In each group, 4 blood samples were taken as follows: one in inversion days, the second in winter, but during the existence of normal condition in terms of air pollution, the third sample in the spring during the normal condition in terms of air pollution and the fourth sample during the dust storm conditions. In the urban and rural groups, there was a significant difference between the concentration of MDA, vWF, fibrinogen between inversion and cold season control conditions, and between dust storm conditions and warm season control conditions (p < 0.05). The results showed that the association of dust storm condition on the measured biomarkers was stronger than the inversion condition, which health consideration in the dust conditions be taken into account similar to the inversion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Jaafari
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Shamsollahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Rostami R, Naddafi K, Arfaeinia H, Nazmara S, Fazlzadeh M, Saranjam B. The effects of ventilation and building characteristics on indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:805-813. [PMID: 32555400 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PMs), indoor air samples were collected from 60 waterpipe cafés in Ardabil city of Iran. Moreover, the influence of several structural, operational, and ventilation system were evaluated on the concentration of the selected pollutants. The results showed that the mean concentration of CO (12.0 ± 7.2 mg/m3) and PMs (PM1 = 171.5 ± 119.6 μg/m3, PM2.5 = 303.3 ± 201.9 μg/m3, PM10 = 440.3 ± 272.2 μg/m3) were notably higher than the guideline levels. According to the results, open face/café area was influenced by the natural ventilation rate and the mean air exchange rate was 3.1 ± 1.1 min-1. The natural ventilation has a functional role on air quality of the cafes, and fan-type mechanical ventilation was influencing factor on CO concentration when the natural ventilation was restricted. "Type of used charcoal" had the highest influence on the releasing of pollutants inside the cafés as the pollutant concentrations were lower for simple (raw) charcoal compared with the favored (aromatic) one. The results indicated that the building characteristics and natural ventilation considerably affect air quality of the cafes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Rostami
- Research center for health sciences and technologies, Semnan University of medical sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Behzad Saranjam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Health Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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17
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Karimi A, Naghizadeh A, Biglari H, Peirovi R, Ghasemi A, Zarei A. Assessment of human health risks and pollution index for heavy metals in farmlands irrigated by effluents of stabilization ponds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10317-10327. [PMID: 31939013 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Areas contaminated with heavy metals can pose major risks to human health and ecological environments. The aims of this study are to assess human health risk and pollution index for heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated by effluents of stabilization ponds in Birjand, Iran. The results revealed that the levels of Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, and Pb were in range of 70.3-149.65, 355-570, 31.15-98.45, 23,925-29,140, 22.75-25.95, 0.17-6.51, and 8.5-23.5 mg/kg in topsoils, respectively. Total hazard index values from heavy metals through three exposure routes for adults and children were 9.13E-01 and 1.10, respectively, indicating that there was non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total risk of carcinogenic metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) through the three exposure routes for adults and children was 1.06E-04 and 9.76E-04, respectively, which indicates that the metals in the soil will not induce carcinogenic risks to these age groups. Pollution levels of heavy metals in soil samples including enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils. The results of the present study provide basic information about heavy metal contamination control and human health risk assessment management in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Karimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ali Naghizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hamed Biglari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Roya Peirovi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Aliyeh Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zarei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
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18
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Badran M, Laher I. Waterpipe (shisha, hookah) smoking, oxidative stress and hidden disease potential. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101455. [PMID: 32086009 PMCID: PMC7327957 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the abundant research on the harmful effects of cigarette smoking and the strict regulations enacted by many health authorities, many smokers are seeking for safer and more acceptable tobacco forms. Waterpipe (also known as shisha or hookah) use has increased dramatically during the past decade, mostly due to its improved taste, lack of regulations and social acceptability as a safer option than cigarettes. However, recent clinical and experimental studies indicate that waterpipe use is as, or even more, harmful than cigarettes. Although they differ in the method of consumption, waterpipe tobacco has similar deleterious constituents found in cigarettes but are generated at greater amounts. These constituents are known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, the major underlying mechanisms of a wide array of chronic pathological conditions. We review the relationship between waterpipe tobacco use and oxidative stress and the disease potential of waterpipe use. Waterpipe tobacco smoking is growing in popularity globally, since it is thought to be a safer alternative to cigarette smoking. The amount of harmful substances produced from one waterpipe smoking session are greater than found in a standard cigarette. Waterpipe smoking can cause oxidative stress and inflammation, which precede and exacerbate multiple pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Child Health and Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Braun M, Langenstein A, Klingelhöfer D, Zulauf N, Müller R, Groneberg DA. Particulate matter emissions of less harmful-looking super-slim size cigarettes appealing to women: a laser spectrometric analysis of second-hand smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1069-1077. [PMID: 31820227 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Slim tobacco products shall appear by their look less harmful. In 2013, the European Union ministers discussed to ban them. However, only a ban on small package sizes was realized. To add more data for exposure risk assessment of slim tobacco products, the particulate matter (PM) amount in second-hand smoke (SHS) of super-slim size cigarettes compared with a king size brand was investigated. PM amount of four super-slim size cigarette types of the brand Couture was analysed in comparison with the king-size reference cigarette. Therefore, SHS was produced in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m3 by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured in real time using a laser aerosol spectrometer. SHS of Couture Gold contained about 36% and Couture Purple about 28% more PM than the reference cigarette. In contrast, Couture Green emitted about 37% and Couture Silver about 53% less PM than the reference cigarette. Depending on the brand, the PM2.5 mean concentrations increased up to 1538 μg/m3. This exceeds the 24-h mean concentration of at most 25 μg/m3 according to the WHO Air quality guidelines about 62-fold. Smoking in enclosed rooms leads to a massive increase of PM. The PM pollution by slim-size tobacco products are substantial and sometimes higher than by king size tobacco products. Therefore, SHS exposure from slim-size tobacco products is not less harmful to health. Decision makers should take this aspect in consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Amelie Langenstein
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Zulauf
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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