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Li Z, Xian H, Ye R, Zhong Y, Liang B, Huang Y, Dai M, Guo J, Tang S, Ren X, Bai R, Feng Y, Deng Y, Yang X, Chen D, Yang Z, Huang Z. Gender-specific effects of polystyrene nanoplastic exposure on triclosan-induced reproductive toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172876. [PMID: 38692326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) and triclosan (TCS) are ubiquitous emerging environmental contaminants detected in human samples. While the reproductive toxicity of TCS alone has been studied, its combined effects with NPs remain unclear. Herein, we employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to characterize the coexposure of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 50 nm) with TCS. Then, adult zebrafish were exposed to TCS at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.361-48.2 μg/L), with or without PS-NPs (1.0 mg/L) for 21 days. TCS biodistribution in zebrafish tissues was investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Reproductive toxicity was assessed through gonadal histopathology, fertility tests, changes in steroid hormone synthesis and gene expression within the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-liver (HPGL) axis. Transcriptomics and proteomics were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that PS-NPs could adsorb TCS, thus altering the PS-NPs' physical characteristics. Our observations revealed that coexposure with PS-NPs reduced TCS levels in the ovaries, livers, and brains of female zebrafish. Conversely, in males, coexposure with PS-NPs increased TCS levels in the testes and livers, while decreasing them in the brain. We found that co-exposure mitigated TCS-induced ovary development inhibition while exacerbated TCS-induced spermatogenesis suppression, resulting in increased embryonic mortality and larval malformations. This co-exposure influenced the expression of genes linked to steroid hormone synthesis (cyp11a1, hsd17β, cyp19a1) and attenuated the TCS-decreased estradiol (E2) in females. Conversely, testosterone levels were suppressed, and E2 levels were elevated due to the upregulation of specific genes (cyp11a1, hsd3β, cyp19a1) in males. Finally, the integrated analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics suggested that the aqp12-dctn2 pathway was involved in PS-NPs' attenuation of TCS-induced reproductive toxicity in females, while the pck2-katnal1 pathway played a role in PS-NPs' exacerbation of TCS-induced reproductive toxicity in males. Collectively, PS-NPs altered TCS-induced reproductive toxicity by disrupting the HPGL axis, with gender-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongyi Xian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingzhu Dai
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruobing Bai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Da Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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2
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Kosińska K, Szychowski KA. Current state of knowledge of triclosan (TCS)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118532. [PMID: 38401681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used in a number of industrial and personal care products. This molecule can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in various cell types, which results in diverse types of cell responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to summarize the current state of knowledge of TCS-dependent ROS production and the influence of TCS on antioxidant enzymes and pathways. To date, the TCS mechanism of action has been widely investigated in non-mammalian organisms that may be exposed to contaminated water and soil, but there are also in vivo and in vitro studies on plants, algae, mammalians, and humans. This literature review has revealed that mammalian organisms are more resistant to TCS than non-mammalian organisms and, to obtain a toxic effect, the effective TCS dose must be significantly higher. The TCS-dependent increase in the ROS level causes damage to DNA, protein, and lipids, which together with general oxidative stress leads to cell apoptosis or necrosis and, in the case of cancer cells, faster oncogenesis and even initiation of oncogenic transformation in normal human cells. The review presents the direct and indirect TCS action through different receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
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Tripathi A, Gayen T, Maitra P, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Assessment of triclosan induced histopathological and biochemical alterations, and molecular docking simulation analysis of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the gills of fish, Cyprinus carpio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41069-41083. [PMID: 38842779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial additive in various personal and health care products, has been widely detected in aquatic environment around the world. The present study investigated the impacts of TCS in the gills of the fish, Cyprinus carpio employing histopathological, biochemical, molecular docking and simulation analysis. The 96 h LC50 value of TCS in C. carpio was found to be 0.968 mg/L. Fish were exposed to 1/1000th (1 µg/L), 1/100th (10 µg/L), and 1/10th (100 µg/L) of 96 h LC50 value for a period of 28 days. The histopathological alterations observed in the gills were hypertrophy, hyperplasia, edematous swellings, and fusion of secondary lamellae in TCS exposed groups. The severity of these alterations increased with both the concentration as well as the duration of exposure. The present study revealed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in both concentration and duration dependent manner. However, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activity of the metabolic enzymes such as acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was observed in all three exposure concentrations of TCS from 7 to 28 days. The activity of acetylcholinesterase declined significantly (p < 0.05) from 7 to 28 days whereas the content of acetylcholine increased significantly at the end of 28 day. The experimental results were further confirmed by molecular docking and simulation analysis that showed strong binding of TCS with acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The study revealed that long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of TCS can lead to severe physiological and histopathological alterations in the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Tripathi
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Tuhina Gayen
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Priyasha Maitra
- Bioinformatics Programme, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, 9, Mani Nagar, Kandawa, Varanasi, 221106, India
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Dar OI, Vinothkanna A, Aslam B, Furkh A, Sharma S, Kaur A, Gao YA, Jia AQ. Dynamic alterations in physiological and biochemical indicators of Cirrhinus mrigala hatchlings: A sublethal exposure of triclosan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171701. [PMID: 38490412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a biocide used in various day-to-day products, has been associated with several toxic effects in aquatic organisms. In the present study, biochemical and hematological alterations were evaluated after 14 d (sublethal) exposure of tap water (control), acetone (solvent control), 5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/L (environmentally relevant concentrations) TCS to the embryos/hatchlings of Cirrhinus mrigala, a major freshwater carp distributed in tropic and sub-tropical areas of Asia. A concentration-dependent increase in the content of urea and protein carbonyl, while a decrease in the total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and bilirubin was observed after the exposure. Hematological analysis revealed a decrease in the total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and partial pressure of oxygen, while there was an increase in the total leucocyte count, carbon dioxide, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide and serum electrolytes. Comet assay demonstrates a concentration-dependent increase in tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment, and percent tail DNA. An amino acid analyzer showed a TCS-dose-dependent increase in various amino acids. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed different proteins ranging from 6.5 to 200 kDa, demonstrating TCS-induced upregulation. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis exhibited a decline in peak area percents with an increase in the concentration of TCS in water. Curve fitting of amide I (1,700-1600 cm-1) showed a decline in α-helix and turns and an increase in β-sheets. Nuclear magnetic resonance study also revealed concentration-dependent alterations in the metabolites after 14 d exposure. TCS caused alterations in the biomolecules and heamatological parameters of fish, raising the possibility that small amounts of TCS may change the species richness in natural aquatic habitats. In addition, consuming TCS-contaminated fish may have detrimental effects on human health. Consequently, there is a need for the proper utilisation and disposal of this hazardous compound in legitimate quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Annadurai Vinothkanna
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bisma Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Arajmand Furkh
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Yan-An Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China.
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Peng Y, Cui H, Shu C, Wei Z, Ni X, Liu J. Triclosan induces liver injury in long-life exposed mice via activation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116115. [PMID: 38377781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used synthetic, with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties found in both pharmaceuticals and personal care products. More specifically, it is hepatotoxic in rodents and exhibits differential effects in mice and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying TCS-induced liver toxicity have not been elucidated. This study examined the role of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/ nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway in TCS-exposed liver toxicity by established a long-life TCS-exposed mice liver injury model. The 24 C57BL/6 pregnant mice exposed to TCS (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) every day during the gestation and nursing period. After weaning, the male mice were left to continue administrate with TCS until 8 weeks of age. Then, mice in each group were sacrificed for investigation. Long-life exposure to TCS resulted in a reduction of body weight in growth mice. TCS exposure caused the increase of serum ALT, AST and ALP. The situation of inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage recruitment and collagen fiber deposition in TCS-exposed mice liver tissues were performed by histological analysis including hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, Sirius red, and immunohistochemistry staining. Protein expression levels in TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was measured through Western blot, and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation was measured using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results showed that exposure to TCS elevated TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), enhanced NF-κB activation, and affected NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice liver. Collectively, these findings indicate that long-life exposure to TCS-induced mice by upregulating the TLR4-Myd88-TRAF6 pathway, activating the NF-κB signaling cascade, initiating the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and ultimately leading to liver injury, including inflammation, hepatocyte pyroptosis and hepatofibrosis. Henceforth, the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway may now provide a theoretical basis and valuable therapeutic targets for overcoming TCS-induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Peng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - He Cui
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ziyun Wei
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Liu J, Zhang L, Xu F, Zhang P, Song Y. Chronic administration of triclosan leads to liver fibrosis through hepcidin-ferroportin axis-mediated iron overload. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:144-154. [PMID: 37980003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been manufactured as an antibacterial compound for half a century. Currently, it is widely used in various personal care products; however, its potential adverse effects raise a lot of attention. Here, we create a long-term oral administration mouse model and identify the corresponding hepatotoxicity of TCS. We discover that daily intragastric administration of 10 mg/kg TCS to mice for 12 weeks results in severe hepatic fibrosis. Further study displays that hepatic iron increased 18%, 23% and 29% upon oral TCS treatment for 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Accompanied by hepatic iron variation, splenic and duodenal iron are increased, which indicates systemic iron disorder. Not only excessive iron accumulated in the liver, abnormal hepatic malondialdehyde, prostaglandin synthase 2 and glutathione peroxidase 4 are pointed to ferroptosis. Additional study uncovers that hepcidin expression increases 7%, 10%, 4% in serum and 2.4-, 4.8-, and 2.3-fold on transcriptional levels upon TCS exposure for 4, 8 and 12 weeks, individually. Taken together, the mice in the TCS-treated group show disordered systemic iron homeostasis via the upregulated hepatic hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Meanwhile, both hepatic iron overload (systemic level) and hepatocyte ferroptosis (cellular level) are accused of TCS-induced liver fibrosis. Ferriprox®, an iron scavenger, significantly ameliorates TCS-induced liver fibrosis. In summary, this study confirms the impact of TCS on liver fibrosis; a critical signal pathway is also displayed. The significance of the current study is to prompt us to reevaluate the "pros and cons" of TCS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lecong Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Xu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Do SD, Haque MN, Kim J, Im DH, Rhee JS. Acute and chronic effects of triclosan on the behavior, physiology, and multigenerational characteristics of the water flea Moina macrocopa. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109810. [PMID: 38061617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan, a chlorinated biphenyl ether is widely used in industrial products and cosmetics due to its antibiotic activity. Although relatively levels of triclosan have been detected in aquatic ecosystems, limited information is available regarding the acute and chronic impacts of triclosan on aquatic invertebrates, especially planktonic crustaceans. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (14 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of triclosan [1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the LC50] calculated from the 24 h acute toxicity value, on the water flea Moina macrocopa. In the acute exposure experiment, the 1/10 LC50 value of triclosan significantly reduced survival, feeding rate, thoracic limb activity, heart activity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, intracellular reactive oxygen species increased along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting active protection of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Chronic exposure to the 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed multigenerational adverse impacts of triclosan. The second generation was found to be the most sensitive to triclosan, as the NOEC value significantly reduced the survival rate, body length, and the number of neonates per brood, along with a delayed hatching period. Taken together, these results indicate that even sublethal levels of triclosan can have detrimental effects on the water flea population's maintenance through intergenerational toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Duk Do
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Md Niamul Haque
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Im
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon 22012, South Korea.
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Ribeiro O, Gaivão I, Carrola JS. Alkaline Comet Assay to Assess Genotoxicity in Zebrafish Larvae. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:503-514. [PMID: 38285363 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism widely used in several research fields due to its characteristics and numerous advantages, such as optical embryo transparency, fully sequenced genome, orthologous genes to humans, small size, high reproductive rate, easy gene editing and relatively low costs. Thus, a number of protocols have been developed that allow the use of this vertebrate model for toxic effect evaluation at various biological levels, including genotoxicity, using the comet assay technique.The comet assay or single-cell gel electrophoresis is a popular and sensitive method to study DNA damage in cells, which is described in this chapter. Briefly, cells suspended in agarose on a microscope slide are lysed, denatured, electrophoresed, neutralized, and stained to study the migration of DNA strand breaks. As a result, cells with increased DNA damage present a high fluorescence intensity and an increase of comet tail length. For the visual score, comets are classified according to the head integrity, tail intensity, and tail length into five classes, namely, class 0 until class 4 (comets with high damage and with almost all the DNA in the tail). These data are used to calculate the Genetic Damage Index (GDI) expressed as Arbitrary Units (AU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondina Ribeiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Soares Carrola
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), Vila Real, Portugal.
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Tang L, Li J, Hu C, Zhou B, Lam PKS, Chen L. Isothiazolinone dysregulates the pattern of miRNA secretion: Endocrine implications for neurogenesis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108308. [PMID: 37939439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinones are extensively used as preservatives and disinfectants in personal care products and household items. The unintended exposure of humans and animals to isothiazolinones has led to increasing concerns about their health hazards. The compound 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), a representative isothiazolinone, can simultaneously induce endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms and linkages remain unclear. Our purpose was to elucidate the role of miRNAs as the signaling communicator during the crosstalk between endocrine and nervous systems in response to DCOIT stress. H295R cells were exposed to DCOIT, after which the alterations in intracellular miRNA composition, exosome secretory machinery, and extracellular miRNA composition were examined. Then, a PC12 cell line of neuronal differentiation potential was cultured with the extract of extracellular miRNAs from DCOIT-exposed H295R cell media to explore the functional implications in neurogenesis. The results showed that DCOIT exposure resulted in 349 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in H295R cells, which were closely related to the regulation of multiple endocrine pathways. In the media of H295R cells exposed to DCOIT, 66 DEMs were identified, showing distinct compositions compared to intracellular DEMs with only 2 common DEMs (e.g., novel-m0541-5p of inverse changes in the cell and medium). Functional annotation showed that extracellular DEMs were not only associated with sex endocrine synchronization, but were also implicated in nervous system development, morphogenesis, and tumor. Incubating PC12 cells with the extracellular exosomes (containing miRNAs) from DCOIT-exposed H295R cells significantly increased the neurite growth, promoted neuronal differentiation, and shaped the transcriptomic fingerprint, implying that miRNAs may communicate transduction of toxic information of DCOIT in endocrine system to neurons. Overall, the present findings provide novel insight into the endocrine disrupting and neural toxicity of DCOIT. The miRNAs have the potential to serve as the epigenetic mechanism of systems toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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10
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An J, Yi Y, Jiang J, Yao W, Ren G, Shang Y. Metabolic disturbance and transcriptomic changes induced by methyl triclosan in human hepatocyte L02 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:863-872. [PMID: 37915488 PMCID: PMC10615820 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Methyl triclosan (MTCS) is one of the biomethylated by-products of triclosan (TCS). With the increasing use of TCS, the adverse effects of MTCS have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of MTCS and to explore the underlining mechanism using human hepatocyte L02 cells as in vitro model. RESULTS The cytotoxicity results revealed that MTCS could inhibit cell viability, disturb the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MTCS exposure significantly promoted the cellular metabolic process, including enhanced conversion of glucose to lactic acid, and elevated content of intracellular triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicated disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism was significantly induced after MTCS exposure. Protein-protein interaction network analysis and node identification suggested that Serine hydroxy methyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) and Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) are potential molecular markers of metabolism imbalance induced by MTCS. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that oxidative stress and metabolism dysregulation might be involved in the cytotoxicity of MTCS in L02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yuting Yi
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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11
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Stachurski P, Świątkowski W, Ciszewski A, Sarna-Boś K, Michalak A. A Short Review of the Toxicity of Dentifrices-Zebrafish Model as a Useful Tool in Ecotoxicological Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14339. [PMID: 37762640 PMCID: PMC10531698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the literature data regarding the effects of different toothpaste compounds in the zebrafish model. Danio rerio provides an insight into the mechanisms of the ecotoxicity of chemicals as well as an assessment of their fate in the environment to determine long-term environmental impact. The regular use of adequate toothpaste with safe active ingredients possessing anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and regenerative properties is one of the most effective strategies for oral healthcare. In addition to water, a typical toothpaste consists of a variety of components, among which three are of predominant importance, i.e., abrasive substances, fluoride, and detergents. These ingredients provide healthy teeth, but their environmental impact on living organisms are often not well-known. Each of them can influence a higher level of organization: subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ, individual, and population. Therefore, it is very important that the properties of a chemical are detected before it is released into the environment to minimize damage. An important part of a chemical risk assessment is the estimation of the ecotoxicity of a compound. The zebrafish model has unique advantages in environmental ecotoxicity research and has been used to study vertebrate developmental biology. Among others, the advantages of this model include its external, visually accessible development, which allows for providing many experimental manipulations. The zebrafish has a significant genetic similarity with other vertebrates. Nevertheless, translating findings from zebrafish studies to human risk assessment requires careful consideration of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Stachurski
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Świątkowski
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ciszewski
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sarna-Boś
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
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12
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A. A review on triclosan in wastewater: Mechanism of action, resistance phenomenon, environmental risks, and sustainable removal techniques. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10920. [PMID: 37610032 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, belonging to the bisphenols, is a known antiseptic broad-spectrum biocide. It has a very wide range of applications, both in health care and in the household. Triclosan enters the environment, both water bodies and soil, because of its high prevalence and the ability to accumulation. Excessive use of antimicrobial formulations may cause the generation of resistance among microorganisms. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is observed more frequently and in an expanded group of microorganisms and is conditioned by a number of different mechanisms occurring on the molecular level. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Therefore, additional advanced treatment technologies are being considered in areas, where a triclosan contamination problem has been identified. Removal of triclosan from wastewater is carried out using different biological and chemical techniques; however, it should be pointed out that physico-chemical methods often generate toxic by-products. Toxicity of triclosan and its degradation products, bacterial resistance to this compound, and evident problems with triclosan elimination from wastewater are currently the main problems faced by companies creating products containing triclosan. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Triclosan is an emerging pollutant in the environment because of its ability to accumulation and high prevalence. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is being observed more frequently. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Additional advanced treatment technologies should be implemented to remove triclosan from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland
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13
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Karzi V, Ozcagli E, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Fragkiadoulaki I, Kalliantasi A, Chalkiadaki C, Alegakis A, Stivaktakis P, Karzi A, Makrigiannakis A, Docea AO, Calina D, Tsatsakis A. DNA Damage Estimation after Chronic and Combined Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors: An In Vivo Real-Life Risk Simulation Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9989. [PMID: 37373136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chemical substances has always been a matter of concern for the scientific community. During the last few years, researchers have been focusing on studying the effects resulting from combined exposure to different substances. In this study, we aimed to determine the DNA damage caused after chronic and combined exposure to substances characterized as endocrine disruptors using comet and micronuclei assays, specifically glyphosate (pure and commercial form), bisphenol A, parabens (methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben), triclosan and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The highest mean tail intensity was observed in the group exposed to a high-dose (10 × ADI) mixture of substances (Group 3), with a mean value of 11.97 (11.26-13.90), while statistically significant differences were noticed between the groups exposed to low-dose (1 × ADI) (Group 2) and high-dose (10 × ADI) (Group 3) mixtures of substances (p = 0.003), and between Group 3 and both groups exposed to high doses (10 × ADI) of the pure and commercial forms of glyphosate (Groups 4 (p = 0.014) and 5 (p = 0.007)). The micronuclei assay results were moderately correlated with the exposure period. Group 5 was the most impacted exposure group at all sampling times, with mean MN counts ranging between 28.75 ± 1.71 and 60.75 ± 1.71, followed by Group 3 (18.25 ± 1.50-45.75 ± 1.71), showing that commercial forms of glyphosate additives as well as mixtures of endocrine disruptors can enhance MN formation. All exposure groups showed statistically significant differences in micronuclei counts with an increasing time trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eren Ozcagli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazıt, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irene Fragkiadoulaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Christina Chalkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aikaterini Karzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonios Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medicine School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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14
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Sun C, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Feng XS. Triclosan and related compounds in the environment: Recent updates on sources, fates, distribution, analytical extraction, analysis, and removal techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161885. [PMID: 36731573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used in daily life because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The residue of TCS and related compounds in the environment is one of the critical environmental safety problems, and the pandemic of COVID-19 aggravates the accumulation of TCS and related compounds in the environment. Therefore, detecting TCS and related compound residues in the environment is of great significance to human health and environmental safety. The distribution of TCS and related compounds are slightly different worldwide, and the removal methods also have advantages and disadvantages. This paper summarized the research progress on the source, distribution, degradation, analytical extraction, detection, and removal techniques of TCS and related compounds in different environmental samples. The commonly used analytical extraction methods for TCS and related compounds include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. The determination methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography and related methods, sensors, electrochemical method, capillary electrophoresis. The removal techniques in various environmental samples mainly include biodegradation, advanced oxidation, and adsorption methods. Besides, both the pros and cons of different techniques have been compared and summarized, and the development and prospect of each technique have been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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15
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Topić Popović N, Čižmek L, Babić S, Strunjak-Perović I, Čož-Rakovac R. Fish liver damage related to the wastewater treatment plant effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48739-48768. [PMID: 36869954 PMCID: PMC9985104 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) continuously release a complex mixture of municipal, hospital, industrial, and runoff chemicals into the aquatic environment. These contaminants are both legacy contaminants and emerging-concern contaminants, affecting all tissues in a fish body, particularly the liver. The fish liver is the principal detoxifying organ and effects of consistent pollutant exposure can be evident on its cellular and tissue level. The objective of this paper is thus to provide an in-depth analysis of the WWTP contaminants' impact on the fish liver structure, physiology, and metabolism. The paper also gives an overview of the fish liver biotransformation enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, their role in metabolizing xenobiotic compounds and coping with oxidative damage. Emphasis has been placed on highlighting the vulnerability of fish to xenobiotic compounds, and on biomonitoring of exposed fish, generally involving observation of biomarkers in caged or native fish. Furthermore, the paper systematically assesses the most common contaminants with the potential to affect fish liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lara Čižmek
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Lee JS, Oh Y, Lee JS, Kim HS. Acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis due to short-term triclosan exposure and multi- and transgenerational effects on in vivo endpoints, antioxidant defense, and DNA damage response in the freshwater water flea Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160925. [PMID: 36543274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we measured the acute toxicity of triclosan (TCS) in neonate and adult Daphnia magna water fleas. The median lethal concentrations were 184.689 and 349.511 μg/L, respectively. Oxidative stress induced by TCS was analyzed based on changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and antioxidant enzymatic activities in D. magna. Based on these endpoints, TCS concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/L induced oxidative stress. However, several apoptosis-mediated proteins showed TCS-induced oxidative-stress damage in response to 25 μg/L, indicating that apoptotic proteins were the most sensitive mediators. We also evaluated the multi- and transgenerational effects of TCS on D. magna over three generations in terms of various in vivo endpoints, DNA damage responses, and biochemical reactions. The transgenerational group exposed to TCS exhibited greater negative impacts on antioxidant responses, DNA fragmentation status, and biological endpoints compared with the multigenerational exposure group, leading to decreased reproductive rates and higher ROS content. The transcriptional expression levels of glutathione S-transferase genes in the transgenerational exposure group were upregulated compared to those in the multigenerational group but were fully recovered in F2 offspring. Our findings provide an in-depth understanding of the adaptive effects of multigenerational exposure to TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yunmoon Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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17
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Pullaguri N, Umale A, Bhargava A. Neurotoxic mechanisms of triclosan: The antimicrobial agent emerging as a toxicant. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23244. [PMID: 36353933 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several scientific studies have suggested a link between increased exposure to pollutants and a rise in the number of neurodegenerative disorders of unknown origin. Notably, triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) is used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 1% in various consumer products. Recent studies have also highlighted triclosan as an emerging toxic pollutant due to its increasing global use. However, a definitive link is missing to associate the rising use of triclosan and the growing number of neurodegenerative disorders or neurotoxicity. In this article, we present systematic scientific evidence which are otherwise scattered to suggest that triclosan can indeed induce neurotoxic effects, especially in vertebrate organisms including humans. Mechanistically, triclosan affected important developmental and differentiation genes, structural genes, genes for signaling receptors and genes for neurotransmitter controlling enzymes. Triclosan-induced oxidative stress impacting cellular proteins and homeostasis which triggers apoptosis. Though the scientific evidence collated in this article unequivocally indicates that triclosan can cause neurotoxicity, further epidemiological studies may be needed to confirm the effects on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Pullaguri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwini Umale
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Anamika Bhargava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
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18
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Lin W, Huang Z, Zhang W, Ren Y. Investigating the neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants using zebrafish as a model organism: A review and recommendations for future work. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:235-244. [PMID: 36581008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous development of precise detection technology, more and more pollutants have been detected in the environment. Among them, neurotoxic pollutants have attracted extensive attention due to their serious threat to vertebrates, invertebrates, and the whole ecosystem. Compared with other model organisms, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become an important aquatic model to study the neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants because of their excellent molecular/physiological characteristics. At present, the research on the toxicity of environmental pollutants to the zebrafish nervous system focuses on morphology and behavior regulation, oxidative stress, gene expression, synthesis and release of neurotransmitters, and neuron development. However, studies on epigenetic toxicity, blood-brain barrier damage, and regulation of the brain-gut-microbiota axis still require further research at the molecular and signaling levels to clarify the toxic mechanisms of pollutants. This paper reviews the research on the toxic effects of pollutants in the environment (heavy metals and organic compounds) on the nervous system of zebrafish, summarizes and comments on the main research findings. The discussion of the problems, hot spots in the current research, and the prospects of the contents to be further studied are also included in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhishan Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, China.
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19
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Qin Z, Wang W, Weng Y, Bao Z, Yang G, Jin Y. Bromuconazole exposure induces cardiotoxicity and lipid transport disorder in larval zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109451. [PMID: 36064135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bromuconazole (BRO), as one of the typical triazole fungicides, has not been reported on its effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, zebrafish embryos were used as experimental objects to evaluate the toxicity of BRO. In the acute embryo toxicity test, it was observed that the heart rate and growing development were affected by BRO in a concentration-dependent manner, and the half-lethal concentration (LC50) of BRO at 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) was about 11.83 mg/L. Then, low concentrations of BRO (50 ng/L, 0.075 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L), which were set according to the LC50 and environmental related concentrations, were used to analyze the toxic effects on the different endpoints in larval zebrafish. Interestingly, the transcriptomic analysis found that most different expressed genes (DEGs) could be focused on the pathways of lipid metabolism, myocardial function, glycometabolism, indicating that heart function and lipid metabolism in larval zebrafish were disrupted by BRO. For supporting this idea, we re-exposed the transgenic zebrafish and WT zebrafish embryos, proved that BRO caused damage to heart development and lipid transport on morphological and genetic level, which was consistent with transcriptomic results. In addition, BRO exposure caused oxidative damage in the larvae. Taken together, BRO exposure could affect the myocardial contraction function and lipid transport in larval zebrafish, accompanied by disturbances in the level of oxidative stress, which was of great significance for improving the biotoxicological information of BRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhiwei Bao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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20
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Sharma S, Dar OI, Thakur S, Kesavan AK, Kaur A. Environmentally relevant concentrations of Triclosan cause transcriptomic and biomolecular alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104004. [PMID: 36328329 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Suppression (p ≤ 0.05) of antioxidative/detoxification (except GPx and CYP3a) and cytoskeletal (except DHPR) genes but induction of metabolic (except for AST and TRY) and heat shock (except HSP60) genes of Labeo rohita hatchlings after 14 days of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Triclosan (0.0063, 0.0126, 0.0252 and 0.06 mg/L) was followed by an increase (p ≤ 0.05) for most of the genes after 10 days recovery period. After recovery, LDH, ALT, CK, CHY, PA, HSP47 and DHPR declined, while SOD, CAT, GST, GR, GPx, CYP1a, CYP3a, AST, AChE, TRY, HSP60, HSP70, HSc71, HSP90 MLP-3, α-tropomyosin, desmin b and lamin b1 increased over exposure. Peak area of biomolecules (except 3290-3296, 2924-2925 and 2852-2855 cm-1) declined (p ≤ 0.01) more after recovery [except for an increase (p ≤ 0.01) at 1398-1401 cm-1]. CYP3a, CK, HSP90, MLP-3 and secondary structure of amide A are the most sensitive markers for the environmentally relevant concentrations of Triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Department of Biosciences, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Sharad Thakur
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
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Thakkar S, Seetharaman B, Kumar H, Vasantharekha R. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure Alter Neuroendocrine Factors, Disrupt Cardiac Functions and Provokes Hypoxia Conditions in Zebrafish Model. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:201-213. [PMID: 36070142 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly popular vertebrate model used for assessing the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on living beings. The zebrafish features high genetic homology to mammals, because of its rapid embryonic development, optical transparency of phenotypic screening embryos, high throughput genetic and chemical screening which make them a powerful toxicological model. This systematic review aimed to assess the recent literature on the use of zebrafish model in EDCs toxicity studies. We capture the data on the types of EDCs used, zebrafish life stages associated with the toxicity, and its effects on the alterations in neuroendocrine factors and cardiac hypoxia in zebrafish. A total of 17 articles published between 2010 and 2020 were curated. The information gathered highlighted the association of EDCs with cardiological outcomes and neurobehavioral effects and distorted expression of genes. The genes that were highlighted in the paper include bdnf, ntrk2a, grin2cb, VTG-1, HIF-1α, tnnt2, ntrk1, and pax6b. The effect of EDCs on cardiac hypoxia and neurodevelopmental and behavioral factors of zebrafish were described in all the papers chosen for this review. The involvement of EDCs in altered regulation of gene expression can be studied further to identify the potential EDC compounds on its toxicological and endocrine disruption function at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Thakkar
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Hamsini Kumar
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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22
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Tenkov KS, Dubinin MV, Vedernikov AA, Chelyadnikova YA, Belosludtsev KN. An in vivo study of the toxic effects of triclosan on Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) frog: Assessment of viability, tissue damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 259:109401. [PMID: 35764289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the in vivo effect of triclosan on the frog Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802). We have found a dose-dependence of the effect of triclosan on the survival of frogs. At a dose of 2 mg/L, the death of frogs was observed already on the 4th day of the experiment, while at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L, the frogs remained viable for 11 days. Triclosan caused damage to the liver tissue, which was expressed in an increase in the area of hemorrhage and the number of melanomacrophage centers. 0.5 mg/L of this agent did not affect the number of frog red blood cells, but reduced their osmotic resistance. Keeping animals in water containing triclosan (0.5 mg/L for 96 h) led to the suppression of the state 3 respiration rate of frog liver mitochondria. This effect was accompanied by suppression of the combined activity of complexes II and III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In parallel with this, we observed a reduction in the Ca2+ retention capacity of frog liver mitochondria, indicating a decrease in the resistance of organelles to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. The paper discusses the effects of triclosan on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S Tenkov
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001, Russia
| | | | | | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001, Russia; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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23
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Zhang J, Sundfør EB, Klokkerengen R, Gonzalez SV, Mota VC, Lazado CC, Asimakopoulos AG. Determination of the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and Dityrosine in the Gills, Skin, Dorsal Fin, and Liver Tissue of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Parr. TOXICS 2022; 10:509. [PMID: 36136474 PMCID: PMC9503732 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a condition caused by an imbalance in the occurrence of reactive oxygen species in the cells and tissues of organisms. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHDG) and dityrosine (DIY), in the gills, skin, dorsal fin, and liver tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. The use of target analyte-specific 13C and 15N internal standards allowed quantification of each target analyte to be performed through the standard solvent calibration curve. The relative recoveries [mean ± (relative standard deviation%)] of 8OHDG and DIY were 101 ± 11 and 104 ± 13% at a fortified concentration of 10 ng/mL (8OHDG) and 500 ng/mL (DIY), respectively, ensuring the accuracy of the extraction and quantification. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a gradient elution program with a total run time of 5 min. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.11 and 1.37 ng/g wet weight (w.w.) for 8OHDG and DIY, respectively. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed method, it was applied in 907 tissue samples that were collected from Atlantic salmon parr individuals reared in an experimental land-based recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) treated with peracetic acid. Moreover, the possibility of using the dorsal fin as an alternative matrix for the minimally invasive assessment of oxidative stress in Atlantic salmon parr was introduced. To our knowledge, 8OHDG and DIY were used for the first time as biomarkers for biomonitoring the fish health (oxidative stress) of Atlantic salmon parr in RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind B. Sundfør
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rolf Klokkerengen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana V. Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vasco C. Mota
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Carlo C. Lazado
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Bal A, Pati SG, Panda F, Paital B. Dehydration induced hypoxia and its role on mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and oxidative stress responses in liver of Asian stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 256:109300. [PMID: 35182719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Water Deprived Condition (WPC, up to 18 h) induced hypoxia and altered oxidative stress (OS) physiology along with responses of respiratory chain enzyme in Heteropneustes fossilis are described . The body O2 saturation level in the fish was declined with respect to air exposure. Higher levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were recorded in the tissue of fish exposed to 6 h of WPC stress. The regulation of the mitochondrial complex and antioxidant enzymes, small antioxidant molecules indicated that the fish can moderately survive up to 6 h of air exposure. Probably with the onset of metabolic depression, it can critically resist the dehydration stress up to 18 h. Although the activities of glutathione peroxidase and reductase were elevated, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase were insufficient to combat WPC induced ROS and OS generated under hypoxia. The small antioxidant molecules played a key role in elimination of ROS. The elevated complex II activity was probably responsible for resisting the complex I, II and IV mediated electron leakage events in mitochondria of the fish under WPC. The total H2O2 removing capacity was less under WPC while the total units of all calculated antioxidants were alleviated signifying an interesting mechanism of WPC induced OS in the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhipsa Bal
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Samar Gourav Pati
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Falguni Panda
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India.
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25
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Xie Z, Lu G, Zhou R, Ma Y. Thiacloprid-induced hepatotoxicity in zebrafish: Activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways regulated by p53 signaling pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106147. [PMID: 35349858 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thiacloprid (THCP) is one of the major neonicotinoid insecticides, and its wide use has led to high detection in various media of aquatic environment, posing potential risks to aquatic organisms. This study was focused on the phenotypic responses and mechanisms of toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) upon treatment with waterborne THCP (0.4, 4 and 40 μM) for 21 days in vivo or 412.9 μM for 24 h in vitro. In vivo, we found that THCP induced severe oxidative stress, hepatic abnormalities, leakage of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and apoptosis. The analysis of RNA-sequencing suggested the activation of the p53 signaling pathway under THCP exposure. The following in vitro study showed that THCP intoxication activated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent p53 signaling pathway and induced hepatotoxicity in the zebrafish liver cells. The addition of p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (10 μM) exerted protection against of THCP-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting the p53 signaling pathway and apoptosis. Moreover, gene expression analyses indicated that both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways were involved in apoptosis induced by p53 activation. Overall, our results suggest that activation of the p53 signaling pathway is an important mechanism of THCP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Ranran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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26
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Liu F, Zhang Y, Wang F. Environmental relevant concentrations of triclosan affected developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:848-857. [PMID: 34981884 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is widely used in various pharmaceutical and personal care products. However, the details of ecological environmental health risks of TCS are not clear. In this study, zebrafish embryos/larval were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS to evaluate the developmental toxicity. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 2, 10, 50, and 250 μg/L TCS until 96 h. The heart beats at 72 hpf were significantly increased in 2 μg/L TCS group, while significantly decreased in 250 μg/L TCS treated group compared with control. The results of acridine orange staining, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated UTPnick end labeling assay, and detection of mitochondrial membrane potential showed that 50 and 250 μg/L TCS resulted in apoptosis. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage were induced, but SOD activity was significantly decreased in 250 μg/L TCS treated group. In addition, SOD(Mn) and GPx gene mRNA expressions were significantly down-regulated in 50 and 250 μg/L TCS treated groups, while Casp3, Casp9, Puma, Casp8, Apaf1, and Bid genes in 250 μg/L TCS and Mdm2 gene in 50 μg/L treated groups were significantly up-regulated. P53 protein was significantly up-regulated in 250 μg/L TCS treated group. The overall results showed that TCS can cause oxidative stress and result in apoptosis via the involvement of ROS-p53-caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway in zebrafish embryos. The present findings suggest the potential mechanisms of TCS-induced developmental toxicity appears to be the generation of ROS and the consequent triggering of apoptosis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
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27
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Zhong R, He H, Jin M, Lu Z, Deng Y, Liu C, Shen N, Li J, Wang H, Ying P, Li B, Zeng Q, Lu Q, Cheng L, Zhu Y, Miao X, Tian J. Genome-wide gene-bisphenol A, F and triclosan interaction analyses on urinary oxidative stress markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150753. [PMID: 34619205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenols and triclosan (TCS) are common endocrine disrupters (EDCs) that may induce oxidative stress. However, there is limited information as to whether these EDCs interact with genetic variants to modify the levels of oxidative stress on a genome-wide scale. METHODS We first performed a genome-wide scan among a Chinese population and also measured three urinary EDCs, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and TCS, and three urinary oxidative stress markers [4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-isoPGF2α) and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)]. Subsequently, we examined interactions between three urinary EDCs and nearly 4.6 million genetic variants for three urinary oxidative stress markers by the general linear model. RESULTS Urinary BPA, BPF and TCS were positively associated with HNE-MA, 8-isoPGF2α and 8-OHdG. Significant rs6855040 (4p15.32/between SNORA75B and QDPR)-BPA, rs1112943 (4q35.1/SNX25)-TCS interactions were associated with the 8-isoPGF2α levels (all P < 5 × 10-8). In addition, rs4656116 (1p22.3/CACL1), rs16958760 (17p11.2/between USP43 and DHRS7C) and rs11651078 (17p11.2/LOC339260) showed significant gene-TCS interactions with 8-OHdG (all P < 5 × 10-8). The gene-level analysis found significant interaction between SNX25 and TCS for 8-isoPGF2α levels (P < 2.12 × 10-6). CONCLUSION Our results identify several gene-EDCs interactions for oxidative stress, highlighting that EDCs may modify the effect of genetic variants on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zequn Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoxue Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingting Ying
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianbo Tian
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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New insights into inhibitory nature of triclosan on acetylcholinesterase activity. Toxicology 2021; 466:153080. [PMID: 34942273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial agent, triclosan, has been designated as a "contaminant of emerging concern (CEC)". Previous in vivo studies have shown that triclosan exposure can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. However, mechanistic insights into AChE inhibition by triclosan are missing. Here, using in vitro activity assay with purified AChE, we show that triclosan can directly inhibit AChE. In vivo, triclosan exposure resulted in reduced total antioxidant capacity concomitant with reduced AChE activity in the adult zebrafish brain. Adult zebrafish when pre-treated with antioxidant melatonin, resulted in attenuated oxidative stress and attenuated inhibitory effect of triclosan on the AChE activity. Our results indicate that triclosan can affect AChE activity both by direct binding and indirectly through increased oxidative stress and therefore, provide important mechanistic insights into triclosan induced neurotoxicity.
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Sharma S, Dar OI, Singh K, Thakur S, Kesavan AK, Kaur A. Genomic markers for the biological responses of Triclosan stressed hatchlings of Labeo rohita. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67370-67384. [PMID: 34254240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) used commonly in pharmaceuticals and personal care products has become the most common pollutant in water. Three-day-old hatchlings of an indigenous fish, Labeo rohita, were given 96h exposure to a nonlethal (60 μg L-1) and two moderately lethal concentrations (67 and 97 μg L-1) of TCS and kept for 10 days of recovery for recording transcriptomic alterations in antioxidant/detoxification (SOD, GST, CAT, GPx, GR, CYP1a and CYP3a), metabolic (LDH, ALT and AST) and neurological (AchE) genes and DNA damage. The data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for obtaining biomarkers for the toxicity of TCS. Hatchlings were highly sensitive to TCS (96h LC50 = 126 μg L-1 and risk quotient = 40.95), 96h exposure caused significant induction of CYP3a, AChE and ALT but suppression of all other genes. However, expression of all the genes increased significantly (except for a significant decline in ALT) after recovery. Concentration-dependent increase was also observed in DNA damage [Tail Length (TL), Tail Moment (TM), Olive Tail Moment (OTM) and Percent Tail DNA (TDNA)] after 96 h. The damage declined significantly over 96h values at 60 and 67 μg L-1 after recovery, but was still several times more than control. TCS elicited genomic alterations resulted in 5-11% mortality of exposed hatchlings during the recovery period. It is evident that hatchlings of L. rohita are a potential model and PCA shows that OTM, TL, TM, TDNA, SOD and GR (association with PC1 during exposure and recovery) are the biomarkers for the toxicity of TCS. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sharad Thakur
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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30
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Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Triclosan Induce Cyto-Genotoxicity and Biochemical Alterations in the Hatchlings of Labeo rohita. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic Triclosan (TCS) is of great concern because of its existence in a variety of personal, household and healthcare products and continuous discharge in water worldwide. Excessive use of TCS-containing sanitizers and antiseptic products during the COVID-19 pandemic further increased its content in aquatic ecosystems. The present study deals with the cyto-genotoxic effects and biochemical alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita on exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS. Three-days-old hatchlings were exposed to tap water, acetone (solvent control) and 4 environmentally relevant concentrations (6.3, 12.6, 25.2 and 60 µg/L) of TCS for 14 days and kept for a recovery period of 10 days. The significant concentration-dependent decline in cell viability but increase in micronucleated cells, nucleo-cellular abnormalities (NCAs) and DNA damage parameters like tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment and percent of tail DNA after exposure persisted till the end of recovery period. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, uric acid and urea (except for an increase at 60 µg/L) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) concentration-dependent decrease after 14 days of exposure. The same trend (except for triglycerides, albumin and total bilirubin) continued till 10 days post exposure. In comparison to control, transaminases (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) increased (p ≤ 0.05) after exposure as well as the recovery period, while a decline in alkaline phosphatase after exposure was followed by a significant increase during the recovery period. The results show that the environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS cause deleterious effects on the hatchlings of L. rohita.
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Sharma S, Dar OI, Singh K, Kaur A, Faggio C. Triclosan elicited biochemical and transcriptomic alterations in Labeo rohita larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103748. [PMID: 34534692 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, Triclosan (TCS, a commonly used antimicrobial agent) induced alterations in biochemical parameters and gene expression were recorded in the larvae of Labeo rohita after 96 h exposure and 10 days recovery period to find out health status biomarkers. 96 h exposure to 0.06, 0.067 and 0.097 mg/L TCS significantly declined the levels of glucose, triglycerides, urea and uric acid and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT). There was a non-significant decline in the levels of cholesterol and total protein but albumin and total bilirubin showed no change. After 10 days of recovery period, trend was opposite for glucose, urea and ALP only. Decline in the expression of trypsin and pancreatic amylase and elevation in creatine kinase during exposure to TCS showed a reverse trend after recovery period. However, concentration dependent elevation of chymotrypsin persisted till the end of recovery period. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed association of total protein, ALP, GOT, creatine kinase and pancreatic amylase with PC1 after exposure as well as recovery period. Therefore, these can be considered as important biomolecules for identification of health status of TCS stressed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
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Song X, Wang X, Li X, Yan X, Liang Y, Huang Y, Huang L, Zeng H. Histopathology and transcriptome reveals the tissue-specific hepatotoxicity and gills injury in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) induced by sublethal concentration of triclosan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112325. [PMID: 34052755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a ubiquitous antimicrobial agent, has been frequently detected in wild fish, leading to concerns regarding TCS safety in the aquatic environment. The present work aims to investigate the TCS-mediated effects on various tissues (the liver, gills, brain, and testes) of wild-sourced adult mosquitofish based on histological analysis and transcriptome. Severe morphological injuries were only found in the liver and gills. The histopathological alterations in the liver were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation and degeneration, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, and nuclear polymorphism. The gill lesions contained epithelial lifting, intraepithelial edema, fusion and shortening of the secondary lamellae. Consistently, the numbers of differently expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome were in the order of liver (1627) > gills (182) > brain (9) > testes (4). Trend-aligned histopathological and transcriptomic changes in the 4 tissues, suggesting the tissue-specific response manner of mosquitofish to TCS, and the liver and gills were the target organs. TCS interrupted many biological pathways associated with lipogenesis and lipid metabolism, transmembrane transporters, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver, and it induced nonspecific immune response in the gills. TCS-triggered hepatotoxicity and gills damnification may lead to inflammation, apoptosis, diseases, and even death in mosquitofish. TCS showed moderate acute toxicity and bioaccumulative property on mosquitofish, suggesting that prolonged or massive use of TCS may pose an ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xuegeng Wang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yuequn Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China.
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Wang D, Liu J, Jiang H. Triclosan regulates the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway through the PI3K/Akt/JNK signaling cascade to induce oxidative damage in neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1953-1964. [PMID: 34160118 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, is recognized as an environmental endocrine disruptor. TCS has caused a wide range of environmental, water and soil pollution. TCS is also still detected in food. Due to its high lipophilicity and stability, TCS can enter the human body through biological enrichment and potentially threatenes human health. In recent years, the neurotoxic effects caused by TCS contamination have attracted increasing attention. This study was designed to investigate the mechanism underlying TCS-induced HT-22 cells injury and to explore the effect of TCS on the PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in HT-22 cells. In this study, we examined the adverse effects of TCS treatment on ROS generation, and MDA, GSH-Px, and SOD activities. The expression levels of proteins in the Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, MAPK pathways and Caspase-3, BAX, Bcl-2 were measured and quantified by Western blotting. The results showed that TCS could significantly reduce the activity of HT-22 cells, increase the production of intracellular ROS and upregulate the expression of proapoptotic proteins. In addition, TCS promoted an increase in the MDA and SOD levels, and downregulated the GSH-Px activity, and oxidative damage occurred in neurons. The mechanism underlying this toxicity was related to TCS-induced PI3K/Akt/JNK-mediated regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. This result was further confirmed by the specific inhibitors LY294002 and SP600125. In summary, TCS could induce oxidative damage in HT-22 neurons, and activation of the PI3K/Akt/JNK/ Nrf2 /HO-1 signaling cascade was the main mechanism underlying the TCS-induced HT-22 neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Han Y, Fei Y, Wang M, Xue Y, Chen H, Liu Y. Study on the Joint Toxicity of BPZ, BPS, BPC and BPF to Zebrafish. Molecules 2021; 26:4180. [PMID: 34299453 PMCID: PMC8305483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol C (BPC), and bisphenol F (BPF) had been widely used as alternatives to bisphenol A (BPA), but the toxicity data of these bisphenol analogues were very limited. In this study, the joint toxicity of BPZ, BPS, BPC, and BPF to zebrafish (Danio rerio) was investigated. The median half lethal concentrations (LC50) of BPZ, BPS, BPC, and BPF to zebrafish for 96 h were 6.9 × 105 µM, 3.9 × 107 µM, 7.1 × 105 µM, and1.6 × 106 µM, respectively. The joint toxicity effect of BPF-BPC (7.7 × 105-3.4 × 105µM) and BPZ-BPC (3.4 × 105-3.5 × 105µM) with the same toxic ratio showed a synergistic effect, which may be attributed to enzyme inhibition or induction theory. While the toxicity effect of the other two bisphenol analogue combined groups and multi-joint pairs showed an antagonistic effect due to the competition site, other causes need to be further explored. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the estrogen receptor genes (ERα, ERβ1) and antioxidant enzyme genes (SOD, CAT, GPX) were analyzed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in zebrafish exposure to LC50 of BPZ, BPS, BPC, and BPF collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Relative expression of CAT, GPX, and ERβ1 mRNA declined significantly compared to the blank control, which might be a major cause of oxidant injury of antioxidant systems and the disruption of the endocrine systems in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Y.F.); (Y.X.); (H.C.); (Y.L.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Protection, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yumeng Fei
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Y.F.); (Y.X.); (H.C.); (Y.L.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Protection, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Mingxin Wang
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Y.F.); (Y.X.); (H.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yingang Xue
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Y.F.); (Y.X.); (H.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Y.F.); (Y.X.); (H.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Y.F.); (Y.X.); (H.C.); (Y.L.)
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Köktürk M, Altindağ F, Ozhan G, Çalimli MH, Nas MS. Textile dyes Maxilon blue 5G and Reactive blue 203 induce acute toxicity and DNA damage during embryonic development of Danio rerio. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 242:108947. [PMID: 33285322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Common textile dyes used in various industrial sectors are organic compounds and considered for the aquatic environment as pollutants. The textile dye industry is one of the main sectors that have serious impacts on the environment due to a large amount of wastewater released into the ecosystem. Maxilon blue 5G (MB-5G) and Reactive Blue 203 (RB-203) are widely used textile dyes. However, their potential toxicity on living organisms remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of MB-5G and RB-203 dyes using the zebrafish embryos/larvae. Embryos treated with each dye for 96 h revealed LC50 values of acute toxicity as 166.04 mg L-1 and 278.32 mg L-1 for MB-5G and RB 203, respectively. When exposed to MB-5G and RB-203 at different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mg L-1) for 96 h, the expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, significantly increased in brain tissues as compared to control. MB-5G and RB-203 resulted in common developmental abnormalities including tail malformation, microphthalmia, pericardial edema, curved body axis, and yolk sac/pericardial edemas. Moreover, at its highest dose (100 mg L-1), RB-203 caused premature hatching after 48 h, while MG-5G did not. Our results collectively reveal that the textile dyes MB-5G and RB-203 cause genotoxicity and teratogenicity during embryonic and larval development of zebrafish. Thus, it is necessary to eliminate these compounds from wastewater or reduce their concentrations to safe levels before discharging the textile industry wastewater into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Köktürk
- Department of Organic Farming, College of Applied Sciences, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey
| | - Fikret Altindağ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Harbi Çalimli
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Tuzluca Vocational School, Igdır University, Igdir, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Salih Nas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Igdır University, Igdir, Turkey
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van de Venter M, Didloff J, Reddy S, Swanepoel B, Govender S, Dambuza NS, Williams S, Koekemoer TC, Venables L. Wild-Type Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Larvae as a Vertebrate Model for Diabetes and Comorbidities: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E54. [PMID: 33396883 PMCID: PMC7824285 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have become a popular alternative to higher animals in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The development of stable mutant lines to model target specific aspects of many diseases, including diabetes, is well reported. However, these mutant lines are much more costly and challenging to maintain than wild-type zebrafish and are simply not an option for many research facilities. As an alternative to address the disadvantages of advanced mutant lines, wild-type larvae may represent a suitable option. In this review, we evaluate organ development in zebrafish larvae and discuss established methods that use wild-type zebrafish larvae up to seven days post fertilization to test for potential drug candidates for diabetes and its commonly associated conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation. This provides an up to date overview of the relevance of wild-type zebrafish larvae as a vertebrate antidiabetic model and confidence as an alternative tool for preclinical studies. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of established methods and suggest recommendations for future developments to promote the use of zebrafish, specifically larvae, rather than higher animals in the early phase of antidiabetic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna van de Venter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Jenske Didloff
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Shanika Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Bresler Swanepoel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Sharlene Govender
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Ntokozo Shirley Dambuza
- Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Saralene Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Trevor Craig Koekemoer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Luanne Venables
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
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