1
|
Andleeb S, Naseer A, Liaqat I, Sirajuddin M, Utami M, Alarifi S, Ahamed A, Chang SW, Ravindran B. Assessment of growth, reproduction, and vermi-remediation potentials of Eisenia fetida on heavy metal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:290. [PMID: 38976075 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental concern with detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health, and traditional remediation methods may be costly, energy-intensive, or have limited effectiveness. The current study aims were to investigate the impact of heavy metal toxicity in Eisenia fetida, the growth, reproductive outcomes, and their role in soil remediation. Various concentrations (ranging from 0 to 640 mg per kg of soil) of each heavy metal were incorporated into artificially prepared soil, and vermi-remediation was conducted over a period of 60 days. The study examined the effects of heavy metals on the growth and reproductive capabilities of E. fetida, as well as their impact on the organism through techniques such as FTIR, histology, and comet assay. Atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated a significant (P < 0.000) reduction in heavy metal concentrations in the soil as a result of E. fetida activity. The order of heavy metal accumulation by E. fetida was found to be Cr > Cd > Pb. Histological analysis revealed a consistent decline in the organism's body condition with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. However, comet assay results indicated that the tested levels of heavy metals did not induce DNA damage in E. fetida. FTIR analysis revealed various functional group peaks, including N-H and O-H groups, CH2 asymmetric stretching, amide I and amide II, C-H bend, carboxylate group, C-H stretch, C-O stretching of sulfoxides, carbohydrates/polysaccharides, disulfide groups, and nitro compounds, with minor shifts indicating the binding or accumulation of heavy metals within E. fetida. Despite heavy metal exposure, no significant detrimental effects were observed, highlighting the potential of E. fetida for sustainable soil remediation. Vermi-remediation with E. fetida represents a novel, sustainable, and cutting-edge technology in environmental cleanup. This study found that E. fetida can serve as a natural and sustainable method for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils, promising a healthier future for soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saiqa Andleeb
- Microbial Biotechnology and Vermi-Technology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan.
| | - Anum Naseer
- Microbial Biotechnology and Vermi-Technology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sirajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Maisari Utami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang J, Lv BR, Shi YJ, Chen WM, Zhang JL. Environmental pollution of paraben needs attention: A study of methylparaben and butylparaben co-exposure trigger neurobehavioral toxicity in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124370. [PMID: 38876377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are commonly utilized as preservatives in various commodities. Of all the PBs, methylparaben (MeP) and butylparaben (BuP) are usually found together at similar levels in the aqueous environment. Although a few studies have demonstrated that PBs are neurotoxic when present alone, the neurobehavioral toxic effects and mechanisms of coexisting MeP and BuP at environmental levels has not been determined. Neurobehavior is a sensitive indicator for identifying neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants. Therefore, adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were chronic co-exposure of MeP and BuP at environmental levels (5, 50, and 500 ng/L) for 60 d to investigate the effects on neurobehavior, histopathology, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, neurotransmitters and gene expression. The results demonstrated that chronic co-exposure of MeP and BuP interfered with several behaviors (learning-memory, anxiety, fear, aggressive and shoaling behavior) in addition to known mechanisms of producing oxidative stress and disrupting energy. More intriguingly, chronic co-exposure of MeP and BuP caused retinal vacuolization and apoptosis in the optic tectum zone. It even has further effects on the phototransduction pathway, impairing optesthesia and leading to neurotransmitters dysregulation. These are critical underlying mechanisms resulting in neurobehavioral abnormalities. This study confirms that the pollution of multiple PBs by chronic co-exposure in aquatic environments can result neurobehavioral toxicity. It also suggests that the prolonged effects of PBs on aquatic ecosystems and health require close attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bing-Rui Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ya-Jun Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ji-Liang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martins FC, Oliveira MM, Gaivão I, A Videira R, Peixoto F. The administration of methyl and butyl parabens interferes with the enzymatic antioxidant system and induces genotoxicity in rat testis: possible relation to male infertility. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:322-329. [PMID: 36756703 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2176512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used for decades as a preservative in many products, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, foods and cosmetics. Concerns regarding parabens toxicity include adverse effects on endocrine activity, carcinogenesis, infertility, spermatogenesis, and adipogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the in vivo administration of methyl and butylparaben at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, by subcutaneous injection, in variable murinometric measurements, antioxidant systems and genotoxicity. The administration of parabens did not affect the consumption of water and food. However, there was a decrease in the weight of the testes and the seminal vesicle (p < 0.05). The administration of parabens caused an increase in superoxide dismutase for methylparaben (200 mg/kg) and both concentrations of butylparaben (p < 0.05). Catalase showed increased activity in all groups treated with parabens. In contrast, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase suffered a decrease in the groups treated with both parabens. These results show that parabens, especially butyl, can affect the rat testis enzymatic antioxidant system, decreasing the cellular antioxidant capacity, which was confirmed by the decrease in the glutathione reducing power, expressed by the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. Therefore, an increase in lipid peroxidation was observed, which was significant in the case of butyl. Genetic Damage Indicator values show that butylparaben treatments displayed significantly higher values than the control. This study shows for the first time that parabens can induce genotoxicity in the rat male reproductive organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C Martins
- CQVR, Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M M Oliveira
- CQVR, Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- CECAV, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Peixoto
- CQVR, Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan J, Liu P, Yu X, Zhang Z, Liu J. The adverse role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1324993. [PMID: 38303976 PMCID: PMC10832042 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1324993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive system diseases pose prominent threats to human physical and mental well-being. Besides being influenced by genetic material regulation and changes in lifestyle, the occurrence of these diseases is closely connected to exposure to harmful substances in the environment. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), characterized by hormone-like effects, have a wide range of influences on the reproductive system. EDCs are ubiquitous in the natural environment and are present in a wide range of industrial and everyday products. Currently, thousands of chemicals have been reported to exhibit endocrine effects, and this number is likely to increase as the testing for potential EDCs has not been consistently required, and obtaining data has been limited, partly due to the long latency of many diseases. The ability to avoid exposure to EDCs, especially those of artificially synthesized origin, is increasingly challenging. While EDCs can be divided into persistent and non-persistent depending on their degree of degradation, due to the recent uptick in research studies in this area, we have chosen to focus on the research pertaining to the detrimental effects on reproductive health of exposure to several EDCs that are widely encountered in daily life over the past six years, specifically bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), parabens, pesticides, heavy metals, and so on. By focusing on the impact of EDCs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which leads to the occurrence and development of reproductive system diseases, this review aims to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of EDCs' damage to human health and to encourage further in-depth research to clarify the potentially harmful effects of EDC exposure through various other mechanisms. Ultimately, it offers a scientific basis to enhance EDCs risk management, an endeavor of significant scientific and societal importance for safeguarding reproductive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Gynecology Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Gynecology Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- Gynecology Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mostafavi ES, Asoodeh A, Chamani J. New insights on the binding of butyl-paraben to trypsin: experimental and computational approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10302-10314. [PMID: 36510660 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2154268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Butyl-paraben (BP) is one of the most widely used preservatives in numerous foodstuffs, skin care products, and a variety of drugs, and trypsin is the main digestive enzyme, the research on the binding between the two is essential for human health. In the present paper, the effect of BP on trypsin has been explored using experimental and computational techniques to evaluate BP toxicity at the protein level. The obtained results from molecular docking and kinetic assay revealed BP was embedded in the hydrophobic cavity-S1 binding pocket of the enzyme to inhibit its activity by a competitive model. Intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin after interaction with BP revealed the static mode of quenching. FRET indicated that the distance of the enzyme to BP is 1.89 nm with high energy efficiency. Thermodynamic results proved that BP spontaneously bound to trypsin in an enthalpy-driven manner, the van der Waals interactions and H-bonds serving as the predominant forces in binding processes. CD spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed that the trypsin structure transformed from the β-Sheet structure to the unordered Coil structure upon interacting with BP. Resonance light scattering (RLS), synchronous fluorescence, and three-dimensional (3 D) spectroscopies further supported the alteration in the conformation of trypsin. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that trypsin was somewhat destabilized in the presence of BP. Accordingly, all of the experimental data were confirmed by MD simulation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadat Mostafavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshidkhan Chamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song Y, Wang M, Nie L, Liao W, Wei D, Wang L, Wang J, Xu Q, Huan C, Jia Z, Mao Z, Wang C, Huo W. Exposure to parabens and dysglycemia: Insights from a Chinese population. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139868. [PMID: 37597620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parabens, a widely exposed environmental endocrine disruptor, were reported to disturb glucose metabolism through various pathways in animal models, but epidemiologic studies are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the plasma parabens level in rural populations and their effects of single and mixed paraben exposure on T2DM based on the Henan Rural Cohort. METHODS A total of 1713 participants (880 T2DM and 833 controls) from the Henan Rural Cohort Study were included in this case-control study. Generalized linear regression models were performed to assess the single and joint effects of parabens on T2DM and glucose metabolism indicators. In addition, the dose-response relationship of plasma parabens with T2DM and glucose metabolism indicators were explored by the restricted cubic splines. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation models were utilized to assess overall associations of paraben mixtures with T2DM and glucose metabolism indicators. RESULTS Σparabens and methylparaben (MeP) exposure significantly increased the risk of T2DM (P < 0.01). However, ethylparaben (EtP) and butylparaben (BuP) were negatively related to T2DM (P < 0.01). Notably, non-linear relationships of EtP and BuP with T2DM were observed. When the level of EtP or BuP was above the inflection point observed in dose-response curve, the ORs and 95% CIs were 1.453 (1.252, 1.686) and 1.982 (1.444, 2.721), respectively. Moreover, the result of quantile g-computation also showed that exposure to high concentration of parabens mixture was positively related to the risk of T2DM. BKMR model indicated that parabens mixture was associated with glycometabolism following a U-shape and parabens mixture increased the risk of dysglycemia when all parabens concentrations were at or above their 55th percentile compared with the median. CONCLUSION MeP or paraben mixture exposure levels showed a linear positive association with risk of T2DM. EtP and BuP were nonlinearly associated with glucose metabolism and moderate-high exposure contributed to T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Luting Nie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Dandan Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Changsheng Huan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zexin Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Jia K, Chen X, Guo J, Zheng Z, Chen W, Peng Y, Yang Y, Lu H, Yang J. Exposure to Butylparaben Induces Craniofacial Bone Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115523. [PMID: 37776822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Butylparaben (BuP) is a common antibacterial preservative utilized extensively in food, medical supplies, cosmetics, and personal care products. The current study reports the use of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to investigate potential developmental toxicity caused by exposure to BuP. The development of Neural crest cells (NCCs) is highly active during gastrulation in Zebrafish embryos. Thus, we utilized 0.5 mg/L, 0.75 mg/L, and 1 mg/L BuP solutions, respectively, in accordance with the international safety standard dosage. We observed severe craniofacial cartilage deformities, periocular edema, cardiac dysplasia, and delayed otolith development in the Zebrafish larvae 5 days after exposure. The oxidative stress response was significantly enhanced. In addition, the biochemical analysis revealed that the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly reduced relative to the control group, whereas the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly elevated. Furthermore, ALP activity, a marker of osteoblast activity, was also reduced. Moreover, the RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression of chondrocyte marker genes sox9a, sox9b, and col2a1a was down-regulated. In addition, the morphology of maxillofacial chondrocytes was altered in Zebrafish larvae, and the proliferation of cranial NCCs was inhibited. Accordingly, our findings indicate that strong oxidative stress induced by BuP inhibits the proliferation of NCCs in larval Zebrafish, leading to craniofacial deformities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China
| | - Kun Jia
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China
| | - Zhiguo Zheng
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi,China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ara C, Arshad M, Ali S, Shakir HA, Summer M, Khan M, Liaqat I, Arshad M. Aspartame, a Synthetic Dipeptide Mediated Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations in Hepato-nephric Tissues of Mice and Pharmaceutical Intervention by Sesame Oil. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 29:96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
|
9
|
Zhang X, Zhang Y, Lu H, Yu F, Shi X, Ma B, Zhou S, Wang L, Lu Q. Environmental exposure to paraben and its association with blood pressure: A cross-sectional study in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139656. [PMID: 37499807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are the most widely used preservatives. Recent epidemiological studies have indicated that environmental exposure to parabens has adverse health effects, such as increased metabolic diseases risk. However, limited information is available on the cardiovascular effect of paraben exposure. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the associations between exposure to parabens with high blood pressure risk and blood pressure levels among the general Chinese population. In this study, we enrolled 1405 individuals from a medical center in Wuhan, China. Urinary methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP) concentrations were determined. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were applied to analyze the associations between urinary parabens and high blood pressure risk and blood pressure level changes. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were applied to estimate the combined effect of the four parabens. Compared with the first quartile group, participants with the fourth quartile of EtP, PrP, and ∑parabens (∑PBs) concentrations had a 2.10-fold (95% CI: 1.40, 3.00), 1.83-fold (95% CI: 1.27, 2.62) and 1.84-fold (95% CI: 1.27, 2.65) increased the risk of hypertension, respectively. High urinary EtP, PrP, and ∑PBs levels were found to increase the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and mid-blood pressure (MBP). BKMR models indicated the overall effects of the paraben mixture were significantly associated with high blood pressure risk and blood pressure level changes. Furthermore, after stratification by sex, the associations of EtP exposure and blood pressure levels were more pronounced in males. Our results suggest that environmental exposure to parabens might elevate blood pressure levels and increase the risk of high blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Fan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xueting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bingchan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, #11 Lingjiaohu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreno-Del Val G, Muñoz-Robledano P, Caler AJ, Morante J. A method for multiple sampling mouse sperm in vivo†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:197-203. [PMID: 36308433 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice are the most widely used animal model to study human diseases. However, the difficulty of in vivo recovery of mouse sperm has posed a limitation with its use in reproductive biology research. Several published techniques for obtaining sperm samples in vivo have been described, but most of them have several caveats. Critical limitations include poor reliability and significant mortality (Electroejaculation and drug-induced ejaculation), or the need for a large number of animals, careful programming, and laborious work (directed mating). Here, we describe a new approach for in vivo collection of sperm in the mouse via direct puncture of the epididymis to address these limitations. In addition, the technique is easy, safe, and reliable, allowing the animal to recover and maintain its fertility. In this way, punctual experiments could be carried out, or even more so, serial sampling of the same animal over time. Therefore, our approach allows for long-term and time-course experiments to study sperm characteristics under different treatments or conditions while maintaining the spermatogenic niche in vivo. In summary, we present our original approach as a powerful research tool to facilitate the study of spermatozoa relevant to various areas of biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Moreno-Del Val
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz-Robledano
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio J Caler
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guerra MT, Erthal RP, Punhagui-Umbelino APF, Trinque CM, Torres de Bari MA, Nunes TDM, Costa WF, Cleto PH, Fernandes GSA. Reproductive toxicity of maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl paraben (alone or in association) on both male and female Wistar offspring. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:242-261. [PMID: 35962557 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and phthalates are commonly found as contaminants in human fluids and are able to provoke reproductive toxicity, being considered endocrine disruptors. To evaluate the effects of phthalate and paraben, alone or in combination, on reproductive development of the offspring, female pregnant Wistar rats were allocated in six experimental groups: Three control groups (gavage [CG], subcutaneous [CS], and gavage + subcutaneous) received corn oil as vehicle, and the remaining groups were exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) (500 mg/kg, gavage), butyl paraben (BP) (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously), or MIX (DEHP + BP), from Gestational Day 12 until Postnatal Day (PND) 21. The following parameters were assessed on the offspring: anogenital distance and weight at PND 1, nipple counting at PND 13, puberty onset, estrous cycle, weights of reproductive and detoxifying organs, histological evaluation of reproductive organs, and sperm evaluations (counts, morphology, and motility). Female pups from MIX group presented reduced body weight at PND 1, lower AGD, and decreased endometrium thickness. Male animals showed decreased body weight at PND 1 and lower number of Sertoli cells on DEHP and MIX groups, MIX group revealed increase of abnormal seminiferous tubules, DEHP animals presented delayed preputial separation and higher percentage of immotile sperms, and BP males presented diminished number of Leydig cells. In conclusion, the male offspring was more susceptible to DEHP toxicity; even when mixed to paraben, the main negative effects observed seem to be due to antiandrogenic phthalate action. On the other hand, DEHP seems to be necessary to improve the effects of BP on reducing estrogen-dependent and increasing androgen-dependent events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafaela Pires Erthal
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Moreira Trinque
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wagner Ferrari Costa
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Pedro Horácio Cleto
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ashraaf S, Tahir HM, Raza C, Awad EM, Ali S, Khan SY, Barisani-Asenbauer T. Synergistic Effect of Silk Sericin and Curcumin to Treat an Inflammatory Condition. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:106-113. [PMID: 36269798 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-related diseases are recognized as the major cause of morbidity around the globe. In this study, the anti-inflammatory potential of sericin, curcumin, and their mixture was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Edema was induced via 1% carrageenan and then sericin (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 mg/ml), curcumin (1%, 2%, 3%), and their mixture doses were applied topically. The paw circumference and thickness were measured after 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-hour post-carrageenan injection. The levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were measured from the serum. In mice fibroblast cells, sericin (20, 40, 60 μg/ml), curcumin (5, 10, 20 μM), and mixture concentrations were applied and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Afterward, the cells were used for the analysis of gene expression, and the supernatant was collected for protein expression of IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10. Our results demonstrated that sericin and curcumin caused a dose-dependent reduction in edema, whereas the mixture-treated group reduced the paw thickness and circumference most significantly (p = .0001). Furthermore, the mixture treatment of carrageenan-inflicted group increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 (650.87 pg/ml) and IL-10 (183.14 pg/ml), in comparison to the carrageenan control. The in vitro data revealed that among all the treatment doses, the mixture-treated group has effectively reduced the gene (1.13-fold) and protein (51.9 pg/ml) expression of IL-1β in comparison to McCoy cells stimulated with LPS. Moreover, mixture treatment elevated the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 at genes (4.3-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively) and protein levels (169.33 and 141.83 pg/ml, respectively). The current study reports the enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of the mixture of curcumin and sericin through modulating expressions of interleukins in vitro and in vivo. Thus, natural products (curcumin and sericin)-based formulations have greater potential for clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Ashraaf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Chand Raza
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ezzat M Awad
- Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise (OCUVAC), Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine [ISPTM], Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology (CePII), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafaat Yar Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Talin Barisani-Asenbauer
- Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise (OCUVAC), Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine [ISPTM], Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology (CePII), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Land KL, Miller FG, Fugate AC, Hannon PR. The effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on ovarian- and ovulation-related fertility outcomes. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:608-631. [PMID: 36580349 PMCID: PMC10100123 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is unavoidable, which represents a public health concern given the ability of EDCs to target the ovary. However, there is a large gap in the knowledge about the impact of EDCs on ovarian function, including the process of ovulation. Defects in ovulation are the leading cause of infertility in women, and EDC exposures are contributing to the prevalence of infertility. Thus, investigating the effects of EDCs on the ovary and ovulation is an emerging area for research and is the focus of this review. The effects of EDCs on gametogenesis, uterine function, embryonic development, and other aspects of fertility are not addressed to focus on ovarian- and ovulation-related fertility issues. Herein, findings from epidemiological and basic science studies are summarized for several EDCs, including phthalates, bisphenols, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, flame retardants, parabens, and triclosan. Epidemiological literature suggests that exposure is associated with impaired fecundity and in vitro fertilization outcomes (decreased egg yield, pregnancies, and births), while basic science literature reports altered ovarian follicle and corpora lutea numbers, altered hormone levels, and impaired ovulatory processes. Future directions include identification of the mechanisms by which EDCs disrupt ovulation leading to infertility, especially in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Land
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Frances G. Miller
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Ava C. Fugate
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Patrick R. Hannon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding T, Yan W, Zhou T, Shen W, Wang T, Li M, Zhou S, Wu M, Dai J, Huang K, Zhang J, Chang J, Wang S. Endocrine disrupting chemicals impact on ovarian aging: Evidence from epidemiological and experimental evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119269. [PMID: 35405219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in daily life, but their harmful effects on the human body have not been fully explored. Recent studies have shown that EDCs exposure could lead to infertility, menstrual disorder and menopause, resulting in subsequent effects on female health. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify and summarize the impacts of EDCs on ovarian aging for explaining the etiology of ovarian aging and maintaining female reproductive health. Here in this review, we focused on the impacts of ten typical environmental contaminants on the progression of ovarian aging during adult exposure, including epidemiological data in humans and experimental models in rodents, with their clinical phenotypes and underlying mechanisms. We found that both persistent (polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) and non-persistent (phthalates) EDCs exposure could increase an overall risk of ovarian aging, leading to the diminish of ovarian reserve, decline of fertility or fecundity, irregularity of the menstrual cycle and an earlier age at menopause, and/or premature ovarian insufficiency/failure in epidemiological studies. Among these, the loss of follicles can also be validated in experimental studies of some EDCs, such as BPA, phthalates, parabens and PCBs. The underlying mechanisms may involve the impaired ovarian follicular development by altering receptor-mediated pro-apoptotic pathways, inducing signal transduction and cell cycle arrest and epigenetic modification. However, there were inconsistent results in the impacts on fertility/fecundity, menstrual/estrous cycle and hormone changes response to different EDCs, and differences between human and animal studies. Our review summarizes the current state of knowledge on ovarian disrupters, highlights their risks to ovarian aging and identifies knowledge gaps in humans and animals. We therefore propose that females adopt healthy lifestyle changes to minimize their exposure to both persistent and non-persistent chemicals, that have the potential damage to their reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Milu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kecheng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, Wuhan, 430030, China; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ara C, Asmatullah, Ramzan N, Ali S, Shakir HA, Liaqat I, Iqbal A, Yaseen F, Shahzad N. Black coffee mitigates diethyl phthalate disrupted folliculogenesis, reduced gonadotropins, and ovarian lesions in female albino mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47254-47266. [PMID: 35182336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are multifunctional compounds with extensive applications and emerging environmental pollutants. Due to their ubiquity in the environment and unavoidable exposure to humans, concerns have been voiced about public health dangers. This study was aimed to explore the diethyl phthalate (DEP) toxicity and the potential protective effect of black coffee in female Swiss albino mice. Four-week-old mice, weighing 12 ± 1 g were segregated into five groups (n = 10), designated as G-I (without any treatment), G-II (treated with corn oil), G-III (exposed to 1.5 mg/g body wt. (B.W.) DEP), G-IV (received 2 μg/g B.W coffee), and G-V (co-administrated with 1.5 mg/g DEP and 2 μg/g B.W coffee). Before dose administration, the coffee extract was assessed for its antioxidant potential through FRAP, TPC, and GC-MS analyses. Respective phthalates/coffee doses were administrated orally, once a day for 8 weeks consecutively starting from the prepubescent stage. After 56 days, mice were acclimated for 4 days then dissected. Morphological assessments showed an irregular shape of the ovaries in DEP-treated mice as compared to the control. The average bodyweight of DEP-intoxicated mice (p ≤ 0.05) increased notably against control, while DEP plus coffee group showed a regular gain in the average weight of mice. The gonado-somatic index showed non-significant variations among all groups. Micrometric studies showed that the diameter of secondary follicles (115 µm) in the ovaries of DEP-exposed mice (p ≤ 0.001) decreased significantly as compared to control (204 µm); conversely, follicular diameter in the coffee control group (248) increased significantly. Serum FSH and LH levels were significantly increased in DEP-exposed mice with a noteworthy decrease in estrogen level while hormonal levels of all other groups were comparable to control. Histological sections of DEP-exposed mice ovaries showed anatomical disruptions contrary to other groups, which were comparable with control. Antioxidant potential was checked in ovaries homogenates; FRAP values showed a notable decrease in DEP group in comparison with the control group, in contrast to G-V, when DEP was co-administrated with coffee. This study concluded that black coffee has protective effect, against DEP-instigated reproductive toxicity in Swiss albino female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Ara
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asmatullah
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nageena Ramzan
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Iram Liaqat
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asia Iqbal
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Yaseen
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nida Shahzad
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aitken RJ, Drevet JR, Moazamian A, Gharagozloo P. Male Infertility and Oxidative Stress: A Focus on the Underlying Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020306. [PMID: 35204189 PMCID: PMC8868102 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in defining the functional competence of human spermatozoa. When generated in moderate amounts, ROS promote sperm capacitation by facilitating cholesterol efflux from the plasma membrane, enhancing cAMP generation, inducing cytoplasmic alkalinization, increasing intracellular calcium levels, and stimulating the protein phosphorylation events that drive the attainment of a capacitated state. However, when ROS generation is excessive and/or the antioxidant defences of the reproductive system are compromised, a state of oxidative stress may be induced that disrupts the fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa and the structural integrity of their DNA. This article focusses on the sources of ROS within this system and examines the circumstances under which the adequacy of antioxidant protection might become a limiting factor. Seminal leukocyte contamination can contribute to oxidative stress in the ejaculate while, in the germ line, the dysregulation of electron transport in the sperm mitochondria, elevated NADPH oxidase activity, or the excessive stimulation of amino acid oxidase action are all potential contributors to oxidative stress. A knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for creating such stress within the human ejaculate is essential in order to develop better antioxidant strategies that avoid the unintentional creation of its reductive counterpart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4921-6851
| | - Joël R. Drevet
- GReD Institute, INSERM U1103-CNRS UMR6293—Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculty of Medicine, CRBC Building, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (J.R.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Aron Moazamian
- GReD Institute, INSERM U1103-CNRS UMR6293—Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculty of Medicine, CRBC Building, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (J.R.D.); (A.M.)
- CellOxess LLC, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ara C, Jabeen S, Afshan G, Farooq A, Akram MS, Asmatullah, Islam A, Ziafat S, Nawaz B, Khan RU. Angiogenic potential and wound healing efficacy of chitosan derived hydrogels at varied concentrations of APTES in chick and mouse models. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:177-190. [PMID: 35033532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (Cs) based biomaterials seem to be indispensable for neovasculogenesis and angiogenesis that ensure accelerated wound healing. Cs/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) bio-constructs were cross-linked and investigated with varying concentrations of aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). This study comprised of three phases: fabrication of hydrogels, characterization, assessment of angiogenic potential along with toxico-pathological effects, wound healing efficacy in chick and mice, respectively. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, SEM and TGA and the swelling response was examined in different solvents. The hydrogels swelling ratio was decreased with increasing amount of APTES, showed the highest swelling at acidic and basic pH while low swelling at neutral pH. Chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) assay was performed to study in-vivo angiogenesis, toxicological, morphological, biochemical and histological analyses in developing chicks. The results showed remarkably improved angiogenesis with little deviations in morphological, histological features and liver enzymes of chick embryos at higher concentrations of APTES. Besides, full thickness wounds were excised on mice dorsolateral skin to assess the wound healing. The rate of wound size reduction was significantly higher after topical application of hydrogels with elevated levels of crosslinker. Hence, the hydrogels showed enhanced angiogenesis, accelerated wound healing with little or no observable in-vivo toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Ara
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sehrish Jabeen
- Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Afshan
- Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ariba Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz Akram
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asmatullah
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Atif Islam
- Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shumaila Ziafat
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Nawaz
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rafi Ullah Khan
- Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Concentrations of urinary parabens and reproductive hormones in Iranian women: Exposure and risk assessment. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1894-1900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
19
|
Minocycline-Derived Silver Nanoparticles for Assessment of Their Antidiabetic Potential against Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101678. [PMID: 34683970 PMCID: PMC8541160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a life-threatening disease, and chronic diabetes affects parts of the body including the liver, kidney, and pancreas. The root cause of diabetes is mainly associated with oxidative stress produced by reactive oxygen species. Minocycline is a drug with a multi-substituted phenol ring and has shown excellent antioxidant activities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic potential of minocycline-modified silver nanoparticles (mino/AgNPs) against alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The mino/AgNPs were synthesized using minocycline as reducing and stabilizing agents. UV-visible, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied for the characterization of mino/AgNPs. A 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay was conducted to determine the antioxidant potential of newly synthesized mino/AgNPs. The results revealed that the mino/AgNPs showed higher radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 19.7 µg/mL) compared to the minocycline (IC50 = 26.0 µg/mL) and ascorbic acid (IC50 = 25.2 µg/mL). Further, mino/AgNPs were successfully employed to examine their antidiabetic potential against alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Hematological results showed that the mice treated with mino/AgNPs demonstrated a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level and lipid profile compared to the untreated diabetic group. A histopathological examination confirmed that the diabetic mice treated with mino/AgNPs showed significant recovery and revival of the histo-morphology of the kidney, central vein of the liver, and islet cells of the pancreas compared to the untreated diabetic mice. Hence, mino/AgNPs have good antidiabetic potential and could be an appropriate nanomedicine to prevent the development of diabetes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ara C, Yaseen F, Ali S, Shakir HA, Khan M, Andleeb S, Ramzan N. Evaluation of sex steroid hormones and reproductive irregularities in diethyl phthalate-exposed premature mice: modulatory effect of raw honey against potential anomalies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55265-55276. [PMID: 34129163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, plasticizing chemicals, are top-rated environmental contaminants. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), a chief member of this family, was declared a potent endocrine disruptor and carcinogen in animals and humans. The current study was designed to explore the probable reproductive damage induced by DEP and the therapeutic efficacy of raw honey in male albino mice. Four-week-old 50 male mice were randomized equally in five groups, as control (C) received 0.1 ml distilled water; vehicle control (VC) received corn oil (0.1 ml/mouse); DEP (3mg/g/BW) dissolved in corn oil; honey control (HC) administered with honey (0.2 mg/g/day); and phthalate plus honey (P+H) administered with DEP and honey (3mg and 0.2 mg/g/BW/day respectively). Mice were treated through oral gavage for 54 days routinely, acclimatized for 6 days, and dissected. In the first instance, the antioxidant potential and total phenolic contents (TPC) of honey were analyzed through ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and Folin-Ciocalteu assay to confirm the antioxidant capacity of honey. The morphological, morphometric, histological, micrometric, sperm count, and hormonal analyses, and antioxidant capacity test in tissue homogenates were conducted by using tissues (testis, epididymis) and blood samples of mice. Mice exposed to DEP have a significant increase in body weight, LH level, and seminiferous tubule lumen diameter and decrease in the gonado-somatic index, testosterone level, sperm count, and seminiferous tubule diameter. Additionally, histopathology of testes showed interstitial space dilations, exfoliations, Leydig cell atrophy, germ cell degenerations, and spermatid retention in DEP-exposed testes sections. However, concomitant use of honey and DEP had shown a significant improvement in histopathological lesions, steroid hormone levels, and healthy sperm count. By these results, it is concluded that honey possessed antioxidant potential that can efficiently protect DEP-induced anomalies in male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Ara
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Yaseen
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Khan
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Andleeb
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nageena Ramzan
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ali S, Bashir S, Mumtaz S, Shakir HA, Ara C, Ahmad F, Tahir HM, Faheem M, Irfan M, Masih A, Ulhaq M, Andleeb S. Evaluation of Cadmium Chloride-Induced Toxicity in Chicks Via Hematological, Biochemical Parameters, and Cadmium Level in Tissues. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3457-3469. [PMID: 33125667 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal and a non-biodegradable environmental contaminant, and its omnipresence ensures its recurrent exposure to humans and animals. Its intake by chicks leads to fatal implications. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) because of its bio-accumulative nature is an emerging threat to the poultry industry as well as to the humans which consumes these cadmium-intoxicated chickens. In the current study, the target was to elucidate the toxic effects of CdCl2on body weight, hematological, and biochemical parameters as well as its bioaccumulation in different organs of broiler chicks. Various concentrations of CdCl2 (0, 12, 24, 38, and 48 mg/kg body weight) were administered orally to five groups (A, B, C, D, and E) of broiler chicks, respectively. The biometric screening of the exposed birds was carried out by hematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total protein, white blood cells (WBC), and hemoglobin (Hb), as well as biochemical parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with commercially available kits. Metal accumulation in different organs was detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The compound exposure produced a varied impact on broiler birds. Hematological parameters showed a significant decrease except for WBC. Biochemical parameters also decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. However, it was revealed that the body weight of chickens was not affected considerably after CdCl2 exposure. A direct relationship was detected between the accumulation of metal within tissues (lungs, heart, and flesh) and exposure frequency. It can be deduced that an increase in Cd deposition in tissues may lead to an alteration in hematological-biochemical markers which may significantly contribute to systemic toxicity in broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Saleha Bashir
- Department of Zoology, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Chaman Ara
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, TheIslamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, PK-63100, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Faheem
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Masih
- Department of Zoology, Government Murray College Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ulhaq
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, PK-46300, Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Andleeb
- Department of Zoology, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liszewski W, Zaidi AJ, Fournier E, Scheman A. Review of aluminum, paraben, and sulfate product disclaimers on personal care products. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:1081-1086. [PMID: 34144080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Product disclaimers listed on personal care products face limited regulation. These disclaimers may be helpful or may mislead the public. OBJECTIVE Review the evidence supporting the potential harms of three compounds commonly addressed by product disclaimers: parabens, aluminum, and sulfates. METHODS Reported cases of adverse events to these compounds were identified. Trends in allergic contact dermatitis to chemicals used in place of these compounds were also identified. RESULTS There is limited evidence that parabens and aluminum pose a threat to human health; there is even less evidence that topical sulfate containing products pose a danger to consumers. In the setting of paraben avoidence, there has been a steady increase in cases of allergic contact dermatitis to preservatives which are more allergenic, specifically the isothiazolinones. LIMITATIONS Assessment of the toxicology of these compounds is ongoing and may change with new data. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence that parabens, aluminum, and sulfates used in personal care products pose a health risk. There is evidence that avoidance of parabens has resulted in an epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis to isothiazolonine preservatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Liszewski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - A Jaafar Zaidi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Elise Fournier
- North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
| | - Andrew Scheman
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Naeem S, Ashraf M, Babar ME, Zahoor S, Ali S. The effects of some heavy metals on some fish species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25566-25578. [PMID: 33462689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current research was designed to investigate the adverse effects of dense ores in different organs exposed to these metals polluted water on three edible fish species (Wallago attu, Catla catla and Tilapia nilotica), sampled from River Sutlej at Head Islam (Hasilpur), Pakistan. The assimilation of different elements Ni, Fe, Cd, Cr and Pb in body parts of normal fish took from the fish farm and also made a comparison among understudied fishes. Overall absorption of ores in fishes was ranked as Fe > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb. A remarkable variation in the deposition of elements in different organs of three fish species and was analyzed statistically (p < 0.05). High levels of ore assimilation in fish organs pointed out potential health risks for the fish, other aquatic organisms and human beings too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Naeem
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 54-Lawrence Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 54-Lawrence Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masroor Ellahi Babar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 54-Lawrence Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Zahoor
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 54-Lawrence Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tariq M, Tahir HM, Butt SA, Ali S, Ahmad AB, Raza C, Summer M, Hassan A, Nadeem J. Silk derived formulations for accelerated wound healing in diabetic mice. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10232. [PMID: 33510964 PMCID: PMC7798629 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to prepare effective silk derived formulations in combination with plant extract (Aloe vera gel) to speed up the wound healing process in diabetic mice. METHODS Diabetes was induced in albino mice by using alloxan monohydrate. After successful induction of diabetes in mice, excision wounds were created via biopsy puncture (6 mm). Wound healing effect of silk sericin (5%) and silk fibroin (5%) individually and in combination with 5% Aloe vera gel was evaluated by determining the percent wound contraction, healing time and histological analysis. RESULTS The results indicated that the best biocompatible silk combination was of 5% silk fibroin and 5% Aloe vera gel in which wounds were healed in 13 days with wound contraction: 98.33 ± 0.80%. In contrast, the wound of the control group (polyfax) healed in 19 day shaving 98.5 ± 0.67% contraction. Histological analysis revealed that the wounds which were treated with silk formulations exhibited an increased growth of blood vessels, collagen fibers, and much reduced inflammation. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that a combination of Bombyx mori silk and Aloe vera gel is a natural biomaterial that can be utilized in wound dressings and to prepare more innovative silk based formulations for speedy recovery of chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muniba Tariq
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Samima Asad Butt
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Bashir Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chand Raza
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Summer
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Nadeem
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|