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Nakamura T. HAM/TSP Pathogenesis: The Transmigration Activity of HTLV-1-Infected T Cells into Tissues. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030492. [PMID: 36986415 PMCID: PMC10057245 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Slowly progressive spastic paraparesis with bladder dysfunction, the main clinical feature of human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), is induced by chronic inflammation in the spinal cord, mainly the lower thoracic cord. A long-standing bystander mechanism, such as the destruction of surrounding tissues by inflammatory cytokines, etc., induced under the interaction between infiltrated HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and HTLV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, has been considered implicated for the induction of chronic inflammation. As this bystander mechanism is triggered conceivably by the transmigration of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells to the spinal cord, heightened transmigrating activity of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells to the spinal cord might play a crucial role as the first responder in the development of HAM/TSP. This review evaluated the functions of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in HAM/TSP patients as the prerequisite for the acquisition of the activity such as adhesion molecule expression changes, small GTPases activation, and expression of mediators involved in basement membrane disruption. The findings suggest that HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in HAM/TSP patients have enough potential to facilitate transmigration into the tissues. Future HAM/TSP research should clarify the molecular mechanisms leading to the establishment of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells as the first responder in HAM/TSP patients. In addition, a regimen with an inhibitory activity against the transmigration of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells into the spinal cord might be recommended as one of the therapeutic strategies against HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Nakamura
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
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2
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XCL1, a serum biomarker in neurological diseases; HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and multiple sclerosis. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105962. [PMID: 36572194 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The XCL1-XCR1 axis has a potential role in the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation. The present study aimed to examine the relation of XCL1 serum levels with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), as chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). DNA was extracted to evaluate HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) using real-time PCR. Serum levels of XCL1 was determined by using an ELISA assay. The serum level of XCL1 was significantly higher in patients with HAM than that of asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and healthy controls (HCs) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and was also higher in MS patients compared to HCs (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the concentration of XCL1 serum level was significantly different between the ACs and HCs group (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, increased expression of XCL1 might contribute to the migration of autoreactive T cells to the central nervous system and play a critical role in the development and pathogenesis of inflammatory neurological diseases including HAM and MS.
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3
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Gallo RC, Tagaya Y. Reflections on Some of the Exceptional Features of HTLV-1 and HTLV-1 Research: A Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859654. [PMID: 35432297 PMCID: PMC9010860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The report is not a review or a summary. In a manner, it is a perspective but an unusual one. It looks back to the years my colleagues and I (RG) began preparing for human retroviruses (beginning in 1970), how they evolved, and attempts to bring to light or simply to emphasize many exceptional characteristics of a retrovirus known as HTLV-1 and some fortuitous coincidences, with emphasis on the needs of the field. These events cover over one half a century. We have had many reviews on HTLV-1 disease, epidemiology, and basic aspects of its replication, genome, gene functions, structure, and pathogenesis, though continued updates are needed. However, some of its truly exceptional features have not been highlighted, or at least not in a comprehensive manner. This article attempts to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Gallo,
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Cell Biology Lab, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Navarro Borba MM, Santos LA, Neto RC, Oliveira Andrade FD, Salgado Á, de Almeida Rego FF, Júnior Alcantara LC, Farre L, Barreto FK. In silico analysis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 complete genomes from patients with different clinical outcomes. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This study aims to identify nucleotide variations in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral genome that might be related with the different clinical conditions associated to the virus. Materials & methods: 91 complete HTLV-1 genomes available in GenBank with their respective clinical information were subjected to in silico analyzes (subtyping, molecular characterization and machine learning). Results: We identified 22 mutations that seems to be important in patients’ clinical condition. The presence of some mutations demonstrated alterations in the proteins physicochemical profile, such as the P34L, present in the p12 protein. Furthermore, a correlation between mutations in long terminal repeat and pX region seems to be important for clinical manifestation. Conclusions: Some mutations have the potential to alter the conformation of viral proteins that are important for infection outcomes. Therefore, further functional studies should be performed to assess the impact of these variations on the pathogenesis and on the development of clinical manifestations associated with HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Católica do Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Álvaro Salgado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcantara
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Farre
- Institut Català d’Oncologia, Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Cordeiro PAS, Assone T, Prates G, Tedeschi MRM, Fonseca LAM, Casseb J. The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e64. [PMID: 36197425 PMCID: PMC9528752 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in viral infections by preventing viral replication and in the promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, IFN-gamma can exert distinct effects in different persistent viral infections. The long-term overproduction of IFN-γ in retroviral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting in inflammation, may cause neuronal damage. This review is provocative about the role of IFN-γ during persistent retroviral infections and its relationship with the causation of some neurological disorders that are important for public health.
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Clements DM, Crumley B, Chew GM, Davis E, Bruhn R, Murphy EL, Ndhlovu LC, Jain P. Phenotypic and Functional Analyses Guiding Combination Immune Checkpoint Immunotherapeutic Strategies in HTLV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:608890. [PMID: 33767694 PMCID: PMC7985073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.608890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) develops in 1–5% of HTLV-1-infected individuals. Previous studies by us and others have shown that the expression of negative immune checkpoint receptors (NCRs) is significantly increased on CD8 T cells in various chronic viral infections and are associated with poor anti-viral immunity. We have previously identified the differential expression of NCRs on CD8 T cells in blood from patients with HAM/TSP and in central nervous system (CNS) tissues of HTLV-1 infected humanized mice and defined the association with neurological complications. In this study, we determined the co-expression patterns of several key NCRs (PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, and LAG-3) and their cognate ligands in HTLV-1 infection and assessed how combination strategies targeting these pathways would impact HTLV-1-specific CD8 T-cell effector functions as an approach to reduce CNS disease outcomes. We found that global CD8 T cells from HAM/TSP patients co-express multiple NCRs at significantly higher frequencies than asymptomatic carriers (AC). Moreover, NCR ligands (PVR and PD-LI) on both plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells were also expressed at higher frequencies in HAM/TSP compared to AC. In both AC and HAM/TSP subjects, combination dual PD-L1/TIGIT or triple PD-L1/TIGIT/TIM-3 blockade with monoclonal antibodies resulted in increases in intracellular cytokine expression in CD8 T cells after virus stimulation, particularly CD107a, a marker of degranulation, and TNF-α, a key cytokine that can directly inhibit viral replication. Interestingly, almost all blockade combinations resulted in reduced IL-2+ HTLV-1-specific CD8 T cell frequencies in HAM/TSP subjects, but not in AC. These results define a novel combinatorial NCR immunotherapeutic blockade strategy to reduce HAM/TSP disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Clements
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brenndan Crumley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Glen M Chew
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Elijah Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roberta Bruhn
- Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Edward L Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Naito T, Ushirogawa H, Fukushima T, Tanaka Y, Saito M. EOS, an Ikaros family zinc finger transcription factor, interacts with the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax and is downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HTLV-1-infected individuals, irrespective of clinical statuses. Virol J 2019; 16:160. [PMID: 31856855 PMCID: PMC6923961 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EOS plays an important role in maintaining the suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and induces a regulated transformation of Tregs into T helper-like cells, which are capable of secreting proinflammatory cytokines in response to specific inflammatory signals. Meanwhile, significant reduction in Treg activity along with production of proinflammatory cytokines has been reported in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHODS In this study, to examine whether there is an alteration in EOS expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from HTLV-1-infected individuals especially HAM/TSP, we investigated the expression of HTLV-1 tax genotype, proviral load (PVL), and the mRNA expression of tax, HBZ and EOS in HTLV-1 infected individuals including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), HAM/TSP, or asymptomatic carriers. The expression levels of EOS mRNA and protein in various HTLV-1-infected or uninfected human T-cell lines were also investigated. RESULTS EOS was highly expressed at the protein level in most HTLV-1 infected T-cell lines, and was augmented after the HTLV-1 regulatory factor Tax was induced in a Tax-inducible JPX-9 cell line. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a physical interaction between EOS and the viral regulatory protein Tax, but not HBZ. Meanwhile, there was a significant decrease in EOS mRNA levels in PBMCs of HTLV-1 infected individuals irrespective of their clinical statuses. We found an inverse correlation between EOS mRNA levels and HTLV-1 PVL in ATL patients, and positive correlations between both EOS mRNA load and PVL, and EOS and HBZ mRNA load in HAM/TSP patients, whereas this correlation was not observed in other clinical statuses. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that both Tax and HBZ can alter the expression of EOS through undetermined mechanisms, and dysregulated expression of EOS in PBMCs of HTLV-1 infected individuals may contribute to the pathological progression of HTLV-1-associated diseases, such as ATL and HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasuke Naito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushirogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukushima
- Laboratory of Hematoimmnology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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8
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Mohammadi A, Fazeli B, Poursina Z, Tehranian F, Vakili V, Boostani R, Rafatpanah H. HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic carriers compared to HAM/TSP patients over-express the apoptosis- and cytotoxicity-related molecules. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:835-844. [PMID: 31317252 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection causes a chronic progressive debilitating neuroinflammatory disease which is called, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). One of the host defense mechanisms against viral infection is apoptosis which may control HTLV-1 infection. Therefore, we aimed to investigate this process and its interaction with viral factors in HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic carriers (ACs) compared to HAM/TSP patients. Fas, FasL, TRAIL, perforin, granzyme A, granzyme B, and granulysin gene expression and serum levels of Fas, FasL, TRAIL, and granulysin in the peripheral blood of 21 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs), ACs, and HAM/TSP patients were evaluated. Also, the level of granulysin secretion in the cell culture supernatant was measured. Finally, the correlation of the expression of these molecules with HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), Tax, and HBZ mRNA expression was analyzed. ACs compared to HAM/TSP patients significantly over-expressed the Fas, FasL, TRAIL, perforin, and granzyme B molecules. Fas, FasL, TRAIL, and granulysin serum levels were not different among studied groups; whereas, the secretion of granulysin was significantly decreased in ACs and HAM/TSP patients compared to HCs. Also, HAM/TSP patients expressed higher levels of HTLV-1 PVL, Tax, and HBZ mRNA. In addition, in ACs, inverse correlations between the Fas, FasL, TRAIL, perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin levels with HBZ mRNA expression were seen. ACs compared to HAM/TSP patients over-expressed the apoptosis- and cytotoxicity-related molecules. It could be concluded that successful control of the HTLV-1 infection and suppression of HAM/TSP development stem from the strong apoptosis and cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahare Fazeli
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Poursina
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Tehranian
- Research Center of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Veda Vakili
- Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Forlani G, Baratella M, Tedeschi A, Pique C, Jacobson S, Accolla RS. HTLV-1 HBZ Protein Resides Exclusively in the Cytoplasm of Infected Cells in Asymptomatic Carriers and HAM/TSP Patients. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:819. [PMID: 31080441 PMCID: PMC6497793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected subjects. Two viral proteins, Tax-1 and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), play important roles in the pathogenesis of both diseases. We recently demonstrated that HBZ, previously considered a nuclear protein, is exclusively localized in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HAM/TSP patients. Here, the analysis of a larger panel of HAM/TSP cases confirmed that HBZ is a cytoplasmic protein, while Tax-1 preferentially localized in the cytoplasm with fewer speckle-like dots in the nucleus. More importantly, here we report for the first time that HBZ, when expressed in asymptomatic carriers (AC), is also confined in the cytoplasm. Similarly, Tax-1 was preferentially expressed in the cytoplasm in a significant proportion of AC. Interestingly, in both HAM/TSP and AC patients, the expression of HBZ and Tax-1 was rarely found in the same cell. We observed only few cases coexpressing the two oncoprotein in a very limited number of cells. In representative AC and HAM/TSP patients, cells expressing cytoplasmic HBZ were almost exclusively found in the CD4+ T cell compartment and very rarely in CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, at least in the cases analyzed, the expression of thymocite-expressed molecule involved in selection (THEMIS) is dispensable for the cytoplasmic localization of HBZ in both AC and HAM/TSP. The study of an HTLV-1-immortalized cell line established from an HAM/TSP patient confirmed HBZ as a resident cytoplasmic protein not shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus. These results extend our previous observation on the dichotomy of HBZ localization between HAM/TSP and ATL, pointing to the exclusive either cytoplasmic or nuclear localization in the two diseased states, respectively. Moreover, they show a rather selective expression in distinct cells of either HBZ or Tax-1. The unprecedented observation that HBZ is expressed only in the cytoplasm in AC strongly suggests a progressive modification of HBZ localization during the disease states associated to HTLV-1 infection. Future studies will clarify whether the distinct HBZ intracellular localization is a marker or a causative event of disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi,” Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Baratella
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi,” Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tedeschi
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi,” Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudine Pique
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Steve Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Roberto S. Accolla
- Laboratories of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi,” Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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10
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Nozuma S, Jacobson S. Neuroimmunology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31105674 PMCID: PMC6492533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of both adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is clinically characterized by chronic progressive spastic paraparesis, urinary incontinence, and mild sensory disturbance. Given its well-characterized clinical presentation and pathophysiology, which is similar to the progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), HAM/TSP is an ideal system to better understand other neuroimmunological disorders such as MS. Since the discovery of HAM/TSP, large numbers of clinical, virological, molecular, and immunological studies have been published. The host-virus interaction and host immune response play an important role for the development with HAM/TSP. HTLV-1-infected circulating T-cells invade the central nervous system (CNS) and cause an immunopathogenic response against virus and possibly components of the CNS. Neural damage and subsequent degeneration can cause severe disability in patients with HAM/TSP. Little progress has been made in the discovery of objective biomarkers for grading stages and predicting progression of disease and the development of molecular targeted therapy based on the underlying pathological mechanisms. We review the recent understanding of immunopathological mechanism of HAM/TSP and discuss the unmet need for research on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nozuma
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Comprehensive Analysis of TCR-β Repertoire in Patients with Neurological Immune-mediated Disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 30674904 PMCID: PMC6344574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we characterized the TCR repertoire profiles in patients with chronic progressive inflammatory neurological disorders including HAM/TSP, associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection, and multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS of unknown etiology. We hypothesized that a T-cell receptor (TCR) clonal repertoire ‘signature’ could distinguish HAM/TSP patients from healthy controls, as well as from patients with a more heterogeneous CNS-reactive inflammatory disease such as MS. In this study, we applied an unbiased molecular technique – unique molecular identifier (UMI) library-based strategy to investigate with high accuracy the TCR clonal repertoire by high throughput sequencing (HTS) technology. cDNA-TCR β-chain libraries were sequenced from 2 million peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 14 HAM/TSP patients, 34 MS patients and 20 healthy controls (HC). While HAM/TSP patients showed a higher clonal T-cell expansion compared to MS and HC, increase of the TCR clonal expansion was inversely correlated with the diversity of TCR repertoire in all subjects. In addition, longitudinal analysis of TCR repertoires from HAM/TSP patients demonstrated a correlation of the TCR clonal expansion with HTLV-I proviral load. Surprisingly, MS patients showed a higher diversity of TCR repertoires than other groups. Despite higher TCR clonal expansions in HAM/TSP patients, no disease-specific TCRs were shared among patients. Only non-shared or “private” TCR repertoires was observed. While no clones that shared the same CDR3 amino acid sequences were seen in either HC or MS patients, there was a cluster of related CDR3 amino acid sequences observed for 18 out of 34 MS patients when evaluated by phylogenetic tree analysis. This suggests that a TCR-repertoire signature may be identified in a subset of patients with MS.
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12
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Yaghouti N, Boostani R, Mohamamdi A, Poursina Z, Rezaee SA, Vakili V, Valizadeh N, Shams A, Rafatpanah H. Role of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products and High-Mobility Group Box 1 in the Outcome of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Type 1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:89-94. [PMID: 30585773 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic viral neuroinflammatory disease, which leads to damage of the central nervous system. Inflammatory responses and mediators are both involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and in determining its outcome. High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a chromatin-associated nuclear protein acting as a signaling molecule in cells after binding to its receptors. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a transmembrane multiligand receptor that binds to HMGB1. HMGB1-RAGE signaling has an important role in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Inhibition of HMGB1 activity reduces the inflammation in immune-associated diseases. In the present study, we examined the gene expressions and plasma levels of HMGB1 and its receptor RAGE in HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from all the groups and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. HMGB-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) TaqMan method, and plasma levels of HMGB1 and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of HMGB1 was the same among the groups (p > 0.05). No significant difference in the plasma levels of HMGB1 was observed between the groups (p > 0.05). The plasma levels of sRAGE were higher in ACs than HAM/TSP patients, and a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p < 0.001). Our results showed that sRAGE could play a potential role in the control of inflammatory response in HTLV-1 carriers through the inhibition of HMGB1 signaling and potentially could be used as an indicator for evaluation of HAM/TSP developing in HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafise Yaghouti
- 1 Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- 2 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohamamdi
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Poursina
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Veda Vakili
- 4 Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shams
- 1 Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- 3 Immunology Research Centre, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Otaguiri KK, Dos Santos DF, Slavov SN, Depieri LV, Palma PVB, Meirelles FV, Covas DT, da Silveira JC, Kashima S. TAX-mRNA-Carrying Exosomes from Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Infected Cells Can Induce Interferon-Gamma Production In Vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:1075-1082. [PMID: 30229663 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. The development of HAM/TSP, a chronic neuroinflammatory disease, is correlated to complex interaction between the host immune response and the infecting virus. Tax expression plays an important role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis by activating various cellular genes, including the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Exosomes have emerged as an important factor of cell-to-cell communication contributing to diverse cellular processes, including immune modulation. Considering the potential role of exosomes in modulating the immune response and inflammation, the main objective of this study was to examine if HTLV-1-infected cells produce exosomes carrying viral proteins or inflammatory molecules, which can participate in the chronic inflammation that is observed in patients with HAM/TSP. Exosomes were isolated from HTLV-1-infected cell line, evaluated for the tax mRNA presence, and tested for the ability to activate peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) in inducing an inflammatory immune response. We observed that the proinflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α, were upregulated in T cells after treatment of the PBMC with Tax-carrying exosomes compared to the negative control. Interleukin-4, Granzyme B, and Perforin did not show alterations. Taken together, these results suggest that exosomes carrying tax-mRNA isolated from HTLV-1-infected cells might induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activate T helper (Th)1, and not Th2-immune response. If this finding is further confirmed, this study may have impact on investigations on the pathogenesis of HAM-TSP and the inflammatory response involved in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Kaori Otaguiri
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daiane Fernanda Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lívia Vieira Depieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia Vianna Bonini Palma
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Juliano Coelho da Silveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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14
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Rajaei T, Farajifard H, Rezaee SA, Azarpazhooh MR, Mahmoudi M, Valizadeh N, Rafatpanah H. Different roles of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:641-650. [PMID: 30341468 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the prominent features of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the excessive recruitment of leukocytes to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to an inflammatory response-with chemokines and their receptors playing the main role in this recruitment. The aim of the study was to examine the relation of CXCR1 and CXCR2, both of which are involved in the trafficking of lymphocytes into the CNS, with the outcome of HTLV-1 infection. The mRNA levels of CXCR1 and CXCR2 were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CXCR1 and CXCR2 was evaluated in the studied groups. The results of the present study showed a substantial increase in the mean mRNA expression of CXCR2 in the HAM/TSP patients compared to the HCs and ACs (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was also found between PVL and CXCR2 mRNA expression in the total population of HTLV-1-infected subjects (R = 0.526, p < 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of CD8+ CXCR2-expressing cells was higher in HAM/TSP patients compared to ACs and HCs (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Although the percentage of CD4+ CXCR2-expressing cells was higher in HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs, a significant difference was only found between HAM/TSP patients and HCs (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the CXCR1 mRNA expression was observed in the studied groups. The frequency of the CD8+ CXCR1- and CD4+ CXCR1-expressing cells was significantly lower in HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, the high frequency of CXCR2 CD8+ T cells and the high levels of CXCR2 mRNA expression in HAM/TSP patients are associated with disease pathogenesis, while the high frequencies of CXCR1 T cells in ACs might suggest that these cells act as effector CD8 T cells and are involved in controlling the viral spread and modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Rajaei
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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15
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Rosa DV, Magno LA, Pereira NC, Romanelli LC, Albuquerque MR, Martins ML, de Freitas Carneiro Proietti AB, Nicolato R, Simões E Silva AC, de Miranda DM. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of cytokines as disease markers of neurologic manifestation in long-term HTLV-1 infected individuals. Biomark Med 2018; 12:447-454. [PMID: 29737866 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of a particular immunological profile in individuals long-term infected with HTLV-1, followed presenting different clinical courses. MATERIALS & METHODS Forty-eight individuals were evaluated for 19 cytokines analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with HTLV-1 presenting with and without neurological symptoms. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokines and the chemokine ligand 11 (ITAC/CXCL11) were increased in individuals with HTLV-1 coursing with neurological symptoms. CONCLUSION Different cytokines' expression profile in the presence of neurological symptoms may help to understand and characterize the progression for severe clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Rosa
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Luiz A Magno
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Nathália Cm Pereira
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Luiz C Romanelli
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.,GIPH Hemominas, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Maicon R Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Nicolato
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Ana C Simões E Silva
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Debora M de Miranda
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
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16
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Nakamura T, Satoh K, Nakamura H, Fukushima N, Nishiura Y, Furuya T, Ichinose K. Role of Integrin Signaling Activation on the Development of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Its Relationship to HTLV-1-Infected CD4 + T Cell Transmigrating Activity into the Tissues. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:331-336. [PMID: 29400072 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The main clinical feature of human T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is slowly progressive spastic paraparesis with bladder dysfunction. HAM/TSP is induced by chronic inflammation in the spinal cord, mainly the lower thoracic cord. A long-standing bystander mechanism, such as the destruction of surrounding tissues by the interaction between infiltrated Th1-like, HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and HTLV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL), is probably critical for the induction of chronic inflammation. Although the HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in HAM/TSP appear to play a crucial role in the initial pathogenesis of HAM/TSP, the exact mechanisms of how these cells acquire their function as the first responders in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP still remain unresolved. Herein, we propose the importance of the activation of both outside-in signals from integrin signaling and inside-out signals for integrin signaling in the HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells of HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Nakamura
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naomi Fukushima
- Section of Neurology, Nagasaki Kita Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishiura
- Section of Neurology, Isahaya Health Insurance General Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuya
- Division of Neurology, Nagasaki Midori Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Enose-Akahata Y, Vellucci A, Jacobson S. Role of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in the Pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2563. [PMID: 29312243 PMCID: PMC5742587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection can lead to development of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected subjects. Understanding the interaction between host and HTLV-1 and the molecular mechanisms associated with disease pathogenesis is critical for development efficient therapies. Two HTLV-1 genes, tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), have been demonstrated to play important roles in HTLV-1 infectivity and the growth and survival of leukemic cells. Increased HTLV-1 Tax expression induces the expression of various cellular genes such as IL-2 and IL-15, which directly contributes to lymphocyte activation and immunopathogenesis in HAM/TSP patients. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanism of HBZ in development of HAM/TSP. It has been reported that HBZ mRNA expression was detected in HAM/TSP patients higher than in asymptomatic carriers and correlated with proviral load and disease severity. Unlike HTLV-1 tax, HBZ escapes efficient anti-viral immune responses and therefore these reactivities are difficult to detect. Thus, it is important to focus on understanding the function and the role of HTLV-1 tax and HBZ in disease development of HAM/TSP and discuss the potential use of these HTLV-1 viral gene products as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ashley Vellucci
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Nozuma S, Matsuura E, Kodama D, Tashiro Y, Matsuzaki T, Kubota R, Izumo S, Takashima H. Effects of host restriction factors and the HTLV-1 subtype on susceptibility to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Retrovirology 2017; 14:26. [PMID: 28420387 PMCID: PMC5395872 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is a prerequisite for the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), specific provirus mutations in HAM/TSP have not yet been reported. In this study, we examined whether HAM/TSP patients had the disease-specific genomic variants of HTLV-1 by analyzing entire sequences of HTLV-1 proviruses in these patients, including familial cases. In addition, we investigated the genetic variants of host restriction factors conferring antiretroviral activity to determine which mutations may be related to resistance or susceptibility to HAM/TSP. RESULTS The subjects included 30 patients with familial HAM/TSP (f-HAM/TSP), 92 patients with sporadic HAM/TSP (s-HAM/TSP), and 89 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs). In all 211 samples, 37 samples (18%) were classified into transcontinental subtype and 174 samples (82%) were classified as Japanese subtype. Among three groups, the percentage of transcontinental subtype in f-HAM/TSP, s-HAM/TSP and ACs was 33, 23 and 7%, respectively. The frequency of transcontinental subtype was significantly higher in both f-HAM/TSP (p < 0.001) and s-HAM/TSP (p < 0.001) than in ACs. Fifty mutations in HTLV-1 sequences were significantly more frequent in HAM/TSP patients than in ACs, however, they were common only in transcontinental subtype. Among these mutations, ten common mutations causing amino acid changes in the HTLV-1 sequences were specific to the transcontinental subtype. We examined host restriction factors, and detected a rare variant in TRIM5α in HAM/TSP patients. The patients with TRIM5α 136Q showed lower proviral loads (PVLs) than those with 136R (354 vs. 654 copies/104 PBMC, p = 0.003). The patients with the 304L variant of TRIM5α had significantly higher PVLs than those with 304H (1669 vs. 595 copies/104 PBMC, p = 0.025). We could not find any HAM/TSP-specific mutations of host restriction factors. CONCLUSIONS Transcontinental subtype is susceptible to HAM/TSP, especially in familial cases. Ten common mutations causing amino acid changes in the HTLV-1 gene were specific to the transcontinental subtype. TRIM5α polymorphisms were associated with PVLs, indicating that TRIM5α could be implicated in HTLV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nozuma
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kodama
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tashiro
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsuzaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shuji Izumo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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19
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Rafatpanah H, Felegari M, Azarpazhooh MR, Vakili R, Rajaei T, Hampson I, Hassanshahi G, Valizadeh N, Gerayli S, Hamid F, Zamanian S, MollaHosseini F, Rezaee SA. Altered expression of CXCR3 and CCR6 and their ligands in HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1461-1468. [PMID: 28206670 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes by chemokines and chemokine receptors to CNS plays a crucial role in the induction of inflammatory response in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). In the present study, chemokine and chemokine receptors involved in trafficking of lymphocytes to the CNS were measured in HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and healthy controls. The PVL, CCR6, and CXCR3 mRNA expression, and CXCL9 and CXCL10 protein levels were measured in all subjects. The PVL of HAM/TSP patients was higher than that of ACs (P = 0.02). CCR6 expression was higher in HAM/TSP patients and in ACs compared to the healthy controls (P = 0.005 and P = 0.04, respectively). A significant difference was observed in CCR6 expression when a combination of HAM/TSP patients and ACs were compared to the healthy individuals (P = 0.005). Furthermore, there was a significantly lower CXCR3 expression between HAM/TSP and control groups (P = 0.001), and between the ACs and healthy controls (P = 0.001). However, the increased CXCR3 expression in ACs compared to HAM/TSP patients was not significant. Furthermore, the CXCL10 protein levels in HAM/TSP patients was higher than in controls (P = 0.012), and CXCL9 protein levels was also higher in the HAM/TSP and ACs groups than in the controls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, it seems that decreased expression of CXCR3 and higher expression of CCR6 were associated with HTLV-1 infection, what indicate that these alterations may favor virus dissemination but not disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Felegari
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Rosita Vakili
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Taraneh Rajaei
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ian Hampson
- Viral Oncology Labs, Institute of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Narges Valizadeh
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Gerayli
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Farajifard Hamid
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shadi Zamanian
- Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Mohammadi A, Fazeli B, Taheri M, Sahebkar A, Poursina Z, Vakili V, Yazdi SZ, Keramati Z, Boostani R, Hampson I, Rafatpanah H. Modulatory effects of curcumin on apoptosis and cytotoxicity-related molecules in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:457-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Tarokhian H, Taghadosi M, Rafatpanah H, Rajaei T, Azarpazhooh MR, Valizadeh N, Rezaee SR. The effect of HTLV-1 virulence factors (HBZ, Tax, proviral load), HLA class I and plasma neopterin on manifestation of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesis. Virus Res 2017; 228:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Long-term follow-up of HTLV-1 proviral load in asymptomatic carriers and in incident cases of HAM/TSP: what is its relevance as a prognostic marker for neurologic disease? J Neurovirol 2016; 23:125-133. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chaves DG, Sales CC, de Cássia Gonçalves P, da Silva-Malta MCF, Romanelli LC, Ribas JG, de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti AB, Martins ML. Plasmatic proinflammatory chemokines levels are tricky markers to monitoring HTLV-1 carriers. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1438-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonçalves Chaves
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Camila Campos Sales
- Pharmacy College; Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Cláudio Romanelli
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Ribas
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Anna Bárbara de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marina Lobato Martins
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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Quintremil S, Alberti C, Rivera M, Medina F, Puente J, Cartier L, Ramírez E, Tanaka Y, Valenzuela MA. Tax and Semaphorin 4D Released from Lymphocytes Infected with Human Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Their Effect on Neurite Growth. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:68-79. [PMID: 26389656 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus causing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) axonopathy. This virus mainly infects CD4(+) T lymphocytes without evidence of neuronal infection. Viral Tax, secreted from infected lymphocytes infiltrated in the CNS, is proposed to alter intracellular pathways related to axonal cytoskeleton dynamics, producing neurological damage. Previous reports showed a higher proteolytic release of soluble Semaphorin 4D (sSEMA-4D) from CD4(+) T cells infected with HTLV-1. Soluble SEMA-4D binds to its receptor Plexin-B1, activating axonal growth collapse pathways in the CNS. In the current study, an increase was found in both SEMA-4D in CD4(+) T cells and sSEMA-4D released to the culture medium of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HAM/TSP patients compared to asymptomatic carriers and healthy donors. After a 16-h culture, infected PBMCs showed significantly higher levels of CRMP-2 phosphorylated at Ser(522). The effect was blocked either with anti-Tax or anti-SEMA-4D antibodies. The interaction of Tax and sSEMA-4D was found in secreted medium of PBMCs in patients, which might be associated with a leading role of Tax with the SEMA-4D-Plexin-B1 signaling pathway. In infected PBMCs, the migratory response after transwell assay showed that sSEMA-4D responding cells were CD4(+)Tax(+) T cells with a high CRMP-2 pSer(522) content. In the present study, the participation of Tax-sSEMA-4D in the reduction in neurite growth in PC12 cells produced by MT2 (HTLV-1-infected cell line) culture medium was observed. These results lead to the participation of plexins in the reported effects of infected lymphocytes on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Quintremil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Alberti
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Rivera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- Departamento de Ciencias Neurológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Ramírez
- Programa de Virología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ryukyus, Japan
| | - M. Antonieta Valenzuela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Quaresma JAS, Yoshikawa GT, Koyama RVL, Dias GAS, Fujihara S, Fuzii HT. HTLV-1, Immune Response and Autoimmunity. Viruses 2015; 8:v8010005. [PMID: 26712781 PMCID: PMC4728565 DOI: 10.3390/v8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (PET/HAM) is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's Syndrome (SS). The development of HTLV-1-driven autoimmunity is hypothesized to rely on molecular mimicry, because virus-like particles can trigger an inflammatory response. However, HTLV-1 modifies the behavior of CD4⁺ T cells on infection and alters their cytokine production. A previous study showed that in patients infected with HTLV-1, the activity of regulatory CD4⁺ T cells and their consequent expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are altered. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying changes in cytokine release leading to the loss of tolerance and development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juarez A S Quaresma
- Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto T Yoshikawa
- Science Health Institute, Federal University of Pará, Praça Camilo Salgado, 1, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil.
| | - Roberta V L Koyama
- Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil.
| | - George A S Dias
- Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil.
| | - Satomi Fujihara
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil.
| | - Hellen T Fuzii
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil.
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26
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Correlation between clinical symptoms and peripheral immune response in HAM/TSP. Microb Pathog 2015; 92:72-75. [PMID: 26626960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-1 infects principally CD4+ T cells that are the main reservoirs of the virus in vivo, which play an important role in the immunological response. Most of the infected patients are asymptomatic. However, 2-3% of patients will develop HAM/TSP or Adult T lymphoma. HAM/TSP is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by unremitting myelopathic symptoms. Studies have shown that cytokines levels alterations (IFN-γ and TNF-α) were associated with tissue injury in HAM/TSP. The aims of this study were to compare the gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 of asymptomatic and HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients, and to correlate the gene expression with those of clinical symptoms. 28 subjects were included, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 and 8 with HAM/TSP. Spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the degree of walking aid was classified on a progressive scale. The relative gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured by Real-Time PCR. Results showed high gene expression of IFN-γ for all patients, but it was higher among HAM/TSP. A significant correlation was observed between IFN-γ gene expression and the degree of walking aid, and IFN-γ gene expression was higher among wheelchair users compared to non-wheelchair users. No association was found with IL-4 and IL-10. These findings indicate that HAM/TSP patients express higher amounts of IFN-γ than asymptomatic patients, and more importantly, the expression of this cytokine was strongly correlated with the need of walking aid.
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Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-1) Infection among Iranian Blood Donors: First Case-Control Study on the Risk Factors. Viruses 2015; 7:5736-45. [PMID: 26556363 PMCID: PMC4664977 DOI: 10.3390/v7112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is an endemic condition in Northeast Iran and, as such, identification of risk factors associated with the infection in this region seems to be a necessity. All the possible risk factors for HTLV-1 seropositivity among first-time blood donors were evaluated in Mashhad, Iran, during the period of 2011–2012. Blood donation volunteers were interviewed for demographic data, medical history, and behavioral characteristics and the frequencies of risk factors were compared between HTLV-1 positive (case) and HTLV-1 negative (control) donors. The data was analyzed using Chi square and t-tests. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for the infection. Assessments were carried out on 246 cases aged 17–60 and 776 controls aged 17–59, who were matched based on their ages, gender, and date and center of donation. Logistic analysis showed low income (OR = 1.53, p = 0.035), low educational level (OR = 1.64, p = 0.049), being born in the cities of either Mashhad (OR = 2.47, p = 0.001) or Neyshabour (OR = 4.30, p < 0001), and a history of blood transfusion (OR = 3.17, p = 0.007) or non-IV drug abuse (OR = 3.77, p < 0.0001) were significant predictors for infection with HTLV-1. Lack of variability or small sample size could be reasons of failure to detect some well-known risk factors for HTLV-1 infection, such as prolonged breastfeeding and sexual promiscuity. Pre-donation screening of possible risk factors for transfusion-transmissible infections should also be considered as an important issue, however, a revision of the screening criteria such as a history of transfusion for more than one year prior to donation is strongly recommended.
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Nata T, Basheer A, Cocchi F, van Besien R, Massoud R, Jacobson S, Azimi N, Tagaya Y. Targeting the binding interface on a shared receptor subunit of a cytokine family enables the inhibition of multiple member cytokines with selectable target spectrum. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22338-51. [PMID: 26183780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common γ molecule (γc) is a shared signaling receptor subunit used by six γc-cytokines. These cytokines play crucial roles in the differentiation of the mature immune system and are involved in many human diseases. Moreover, recent studies suggest that multiple γc-cytokines are pathogenically involved in a single disease, thus making the shared γc-molecule a logical target for therapeutic intervention. However, the current therapeutic strategies seem to lack options to treat such cases, partly because of the lack of appropriate neutralizing antibodies recognizing the γc and, more importantly, because of the inherent and practical limitations in the use of monoclonal antibodies. By targeting the binding interface of the γc and cytokines, we successfully designed peptides that not only inhibit multiple γc-cytokines but with a selectable target spectrum. Notably, the lead peptide inhibited three γc-cytokines without affecting the other three or non-γc-cytokines. Biological and mutational analyses of our peptide provide new insights to our current understanding on the structural aspect of the binding of γc-cytokines the γc-molecule. Furthermore, we provide evidence that our peptide, when conjugated to polyethylene glycol to gain stability in vivo, efficiently blocks the action of one of the target cytokines in animal models. Collectively, our technology can be expanded to target various combinations of γc-cytokines and thereby will provide a novel strategy to the current anti-cytokine therapies against immune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Nata
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | - Fiorenza Cocchi
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Richard van Besien
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Raya Massoud
- the Section of Neuroimmunology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20890
| | - Steven Jacobson
- the Section of Neuroimmunology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20890
| | | | - Yutaka Tagaya
- From the Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
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29
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Raval GU, Bidoia C, Forlani G, Tosi G, Gessain A, Accolla RS. Localization, quantification and interaction with host factors of endogenous HTLV-1 HBZ protein in infected cells and ATL. Retrovirology 2015; 12:59. [PMID: 26140924 PMCID: PMC4491271 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of a severe form of neoplasia designated Adult T cell Leukaemia (ATL). It is widely accepted that the viral transactivator Tax-1 is the major viral product involved in the onset, but not in the maintenance, of neoplastic phenotype, as only 30-40% of ATL cells express Tax-1. It has been recently demonstrated that HBZ (HTLV-1 bZIP factor), a protein encoded by the minus strand of HTLV-1 genome, constantly expressed in infected cells and in ATL tumor cells, is also involved in the pathogenesis of leukaemia. The full role played by HBZ in oncogenesis is not clarified in detail also because of the limited availability of tools to assess quantitative expression, subcellular location and interaction of HBZ with host factors in ATL. RESULTS By the use of the first reported monoclonal antibody against HBZ, 4D4-F3, generated in our laboratory it has been possible to carefully assess for the first time the above parameters in HTLV-1 chronically infected cells and, most importantly, in fresh leukemic cells from patients. Endogenous HBZ is expressed in speckle-like structures localized in the nucleus. The calculated number of endogenous HBZ molecules varies between 17.461 and 39.615 molecules per cell, 20- to 50-fold less than the amount expressed in HBZ transfected cells used by most investigators to assess the expression, function and subcellular localization of the viral protein. HBZ interacts in vivo with p300 and JunD and co-localizes only partially, and depending on the amount of expressed HBZ, not only with p300 and JunD but also with CBP and CREB2. CONCLUSIONS The possibility to study endogenous HBZ in detail may significantly contribute to a better delineation of the role of HBZ during HTLV-1 infection and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham U Raval
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bidoia
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Greta Forlani
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tosi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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30
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Mendes GB, Kalil RS, Rosadas C, de Freitas MR, Puccioni-Sohler M. Temporal lesions and widespread involvement of white matter associated with multi-organ inflammatory disease in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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31
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Araya N, Sato T, Ando H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Coler-Reilly A, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Hasegawa A, Kannagi M, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi K, Kunitomo Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Nishioka K, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3431-42. [PMID: 24960164 PMCID: PMC4109535 DOI: 10.1172/jci75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to multiple diseases, including the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Evidence suggests that HTLV-1, via the viral protein Tax, exploits CD4+ T cell plasticity and induces transcriptional changes in infected T cells that cause suppressive CD4+CD25+CCR4+ Tregs to lose expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and produce IFN-γ, thus promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that transformation of HTLV-1-infected CCR4+ T cells into Th1-like cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Here, using patient cells and cell lines, we demonstrated that Tax, in cooperation with specificity protein 1 (Sp1), boosts expression of the Th1 master regulator T box transcription factor (T-bet) and consequently promotes production of IFN-γ. Evaluation of CSF and spinal cord lesions of HAM/TSP patients revealed the presence of abundant CD4+CCR4+ T cells that coexpressed the Th1 marker CXCR3 and produced T-bet and IFN-γ. Finally, treatment of isolated PBMCs and CNS cells from HAM/TSP patients with an antibody that targets CCR4+ T cells and induces cytotoxicity in these cells reduced both viral load and IFN-γ production, which suggests that targeting CCR4+ T cells may be a viable treatment option for HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/genetics
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Evaluation of HTLV-1 activity in HAM/TSP patients using proviral load and Tax mRNA expression after In Vitro lymphocyte activation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:531-6. [PMID: 25429345 PMCID: PMC4242924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HTLV-1 is the first human retrovirus that has been recognized and is associated with HAM/TSP and ATLL. Studies have shown that less than five percent of HTLV-1 infected carriers develop HAM/TSP or ATLL and about ninety-five percent remain asymptomatic. Therefore, the proviral load with Tax may affect cellular genes such as cytokines and oncogenes, as well as involve in pathogenicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty HAM/TSP patients, thirty HTLV-1 healthy carriers, and MT-2 cell line were evaluated for HTLV-1 activity. PBMCs were isolated and activated using PMA and ionomycine. Real-time PCR and TaqMan methods were performed using specific primers and fluorescence probes for Tax expression and proviral load assessment. B2microglobulin (β2m) and albumin were used as controls in Tax expression and in proviral load, respectively. RESULTS An insignificant increase in Tax expression was observed in rest PBMCs of HAM/TSP patients compared to healthy carriers. However, after lymphocyte activation there was a significant increase in Tax expression in HAM/TSP patients (P=0.042). The Proviral load in patients was significantly higher than in carriers. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between Tax mRNA expression in activated PBMCs and proviral load (R=0.37, P=0.012). CONCLUSION Although proviral load had been addressed as a valuable index for monitoring HTLV-1 infected subjects, the results of this study demonstrated that Tax expression in activated PBMCs along with proviral load assessment in HAM/TSP patients are a more reliable factor for determining the prognosis and monitoring healthy carriers and HAM/TSP patients.
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Pinto MT, Malta TM, Rodrigues ES, Pinheiro DG, Panepucci RA, Malmegrim de Farias KCR, Sousa ADP, Takayanagui OM, Tanaka Y, Covas DT, Kashima S. Genes related to antiviral activity, cell migration, and lysis are differentially expressed in CD4(+) T cells in human t cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:610-22. [PMID: 24041428 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) preferentially infects CD4(+) T cells and these cells play a central role in HTLV-1 infection. In this study, we investigated the global gene expression profile of circulating CD4(+) T cells from the distinct clinical status of HTLV-1-infected individuals in regard to TAX expression levels. CD4(+) T cells were isolated from asymptomatic HTLV-1 carrier (HAC) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients in order to identify genes involved in HAM/TSP development using a microarray technique. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that healthy control (CT) and HTLV-1-infected samples clustered separately. We also observed that the HAC and HAM/TSP groups clustered separately regardless of TAX expression. The gene expression profile of CD4(+) T cells was compared among the CT, HAC, and HAM/TSP groups. The paxillin (Pxn), chemokine (C-X-C motif ) receptor 4 (Cxcr4), interleukin 27 (IL27), and granzyme A (Gzma) genes were differentially expressed between the HAC and HAM/TSP groups, regardless of TAX expression. The perforin 1 (Prf1) and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) genes were increased in the HAM/TSP group and presented a positive correlation to the expression of TAX and the proviral load (PVL). The frequency of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) was higher in HTLV-1-infected individuals. Foxp3 gene expression was positively correlated with cell lysis-related genes (Gzma, Gzmb, and Prf1). These findings suggest that CD4(+) T cell activity is distinct between the HAC and HAM/TSP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tomazini Pinto
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tathiane Maistro Malta
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Evandra Strazza Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alexandre Panepucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kelen Cristina Ribeiro Malmegrim de Farias
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alessandra De Paula Sousa
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy and Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJS, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Life Sci 2014; 104:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zane L, Jeang KT. HTLV-1 and leukemogenesis: virus-cell interactions in the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:191-210. [PMID: 24008300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was originally discovered in the early 1980s. It is the first retrovirus to be unambiguously linked causally to a human cancer. HTLV-1 currently infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. In this chapter, we review progress made over the last 30 years in our understanding of HTLV-1 infection, replication, gene expression, and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, The National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0460, USA
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Sato T, Coler-Reilly A, Utsunomiya A, Araya N, Yagishita N, Ando H, Yamauchi J, Inoue E, Ueno T, Hasegawa Y, Nishioka K, Nakajima T, Jacobson S, Izumo S, Yamano Y. CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and neopterin as candidate prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2479. [PMID: 24130912 PMCID: PMC3794911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) -associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a rare chronic neuroinflammatory disease. Since the disease course of HAM/TSP varies among patients, there is a dire need for biomarkers capable of predicting the rate of disease progression. However, there have been no studies to date that have compared the prognostic values of multiple potential biomarkers for HAM/TSP. Methodology/Principal Findings Peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from HAM/TSP patients and HTLV-1-infected control subjects were obtained and tested retrospectively for several potential biomarkers, including chemokines and other cytokines, and nine optimal candidates were selected based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Next, we evaluated the relationship between these candidates and the rate of disease progression in HAM/TSP patients, beginning with a first cohort of 30 patients (Training Set) and proceeding to a second cohort of 23 patients (Test Set). We defined “deteriorating HAM/TSP” as distinctly worsening function (≥3 grades on Osame's Motor Disability Score (OMDS)) over four years and “stable HAM/TSP” as unchanged or only slightly worsened function (1 grade on OMDS) over four years, and we compared the levels of the candidate biomarkers in patients divided into these two groups. The CSF levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), CXCL9, and neopterin were well-correlated with disease progression, better even than HTLV-1 proviral load in PBMCs. Importantly, these results were validated using the Test Set. Conclusions/Significance As the CSF levels of CXCL10, CXCL9, and neopterin were the most strongly correlated with rate of disease progression, they represent the most viable candidates for HAM/TSP prognostic biomarkers. The identification of effective prognostic biomarkers could lead to earlier detection of high-risk patients, more patient-specific treatment options, and more productive clinical trials. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 infects 10–20 million people worldwide, and, depending on the region, 0.25–3.8% of infected individuals develop HAM/TSP. As the disease progresses, chronic inflammation damages the spinal cord and lower limb and bladder function gradually decline. In the worst cases, even middle-aged patients can become perpetually bedridden. Today, there are treatments that may alleviate the symptoms to a certain degree, but there is no cure that can halt disease progression, and there are no known biomarkers to indicate the level and speed of disease progression. In this study, we successfully identified three promising candidate biomarkers. We believe that the use of these biomarkers could lead to more accurate prognoses and more prudent, patient-specific treatment plans. We not only hope that these biomarkers are sensitive enough to use as selection criteria for clinical trials, but also that measurements of these biomarkers can be used to accurately evaluate drug effectiveness. In short, the biomarkers we identified have the potential to help more effectively treat current HAM/TSP patients and to pave the way for new drugs to potentially cure future HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eisuke Inoue
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Ueno
- Unit of Medical Statistics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuji Izumo
- Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Manuel SL, Sehgal M, Connolly J, Makedonas G, Khan ZK, Gardner J, Goedert JJ, Betts MR, Jain P. Lack of recall response to Tax in ATL and HAM/TSP patients but not in asymptomatic carriers of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1223-39. [PMID: 23888327 PMCID: PMC3784618 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE & METHODS The immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for debilitating neurodegenerative and oncologic diseases associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are not fully understood. Quality of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is being increasingly associated with the outcome of persistent HTLV-1 infection. In this respect, a patient cohort (from HTLV-1 endemic region) consisting of seronegative controls (controls), asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) or HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) was analyzed for CD8(+) T cells polyfunctionality in response to the viral antigen Tax. RESULTS Compared to ACs, ATL and HAM/TSP patients had lower frequency and polyfunctionality of CTLs in response to Tax suggesting dysfunction of CD8(+) T cells in these individuals. As an underlying mechanism, programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor was found to be highly unregulated in Tax-responsive as well as total CD8(+) T cells from ATL and HAM/TSP but not from ACs and directly correlated with the lack of polyfunctionality in these individuals. Further, PD-1 expression showed a direct whereas MIP-1α expression had an indirect correlation with the proviral load providing new insights about the immunopathogenesis of HTLV-associated diseases. Additionally, we identified key cytokine signatures defining the immune activation status of clinical samples by the luminex assay. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that reconstitution of fully functional CTLs, stimulation of MIP-1α expression, and/or blockade of the PD-1 pathway are potential approaches for immunotherapy / therapeutic vaccine against HTLV-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharrón L. Manuel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - George Makedonas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zafar K. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jay Gardner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James J. Goedert
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yamamoto-Taguchi N, Satou Y, Miyazato P, Ohshima K, Nakagawa M, Katagiri K, Kinashi T, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces inflammation through labile Foxp3 expression. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003630. [PMID: 24068936 PMCID: PMC3777874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes both a neoplastic disease and inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene is encoded in the minus strand of the proviral DNA and is constitutively expressed in infected cells and ATL cells. HBZ increases the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells by inducing the Foxp3 gene transcription. Recent studies have revealed that some CD4+Foxp3+ T cells are not terminally differentiated but have a plasticity to convert to other T-cell subsets. Induced Treg (iTreg) cells tend to lose Foxp3 expression, and may acquire an effector phenotype accompanied by the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this study, we analyzed a pathogenic mechanism of chronic inflammation related with HTLV-1 infection via focusing on HBZ and Foxp3. Infiltration of lymphocytes was observed in the skin, lung and intestine of HBZ-Tg mice. As mechanisms, adhesion and migration of HBZ-expressing CD4+ T cells were enhanced in these mice. Foxp3−CD4+ T cells produced higher amounts of IFN-γ compared to those from non-Tg mice. Expression of Helios was reduced in Treg cells from HBZ-Tg mice and HAM/TSP patients, indicating that iTreg cells are predominant. Consistent with this finding, the conserved non-coding sequence 2 region of the Foxp3 gene was hypermethylated in Treg cells of HBZ-Tg mice, which is a characteristic of iTreg cells. Furthermore, Treg cells in the spleen of HBZ-transgenic mice tended to lose Foxp3 expression and produced an excessive amount of IFN-γ, while Foxp3 expression was stable in natural Treg cells of the thymus. HBZ enhances the generation of iTreg cells, which likely convert to Foxp3−T cells producing IFN-γ. The HBZ-mediated proinflammatory phenotype of CD4+ T cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated inflammation. Viral infection frequently induces tissue inflammation in the host. HTLV-1 infection is associated with chronic inflammation in the CNS, skin, and lung, but the inflammatory mechanism is not fully understood yet. Since HTLV-1 directly infects CD4+ T cells, central player of the host immune regulation, HTLV-1 should modulate the host immune response not only via viral antigen stimulation but also via CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune deregulation. It has been reported that Foxp3+CD4+ T cells are increased in HTLV-1 infection. It remains a central question in HTLV-1 pathogenesis why HTLV-1 induces inflammation despite of increase of FoxP3+ cells, which generally possess immune suppressive function. We have elucidated here that most of the increased Foxp3+ cells in HBZ-Tg mice or HAM/TSP patients is not thymus-derived naturally occurring Treg cells but induced Treg cells. Since the iTreg cells are prone to lose FoxP3 expression and then become cytokine-producing cells, the increase of iTreg cells could serve as a source of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells. Thus HTLV-1 causes abnormal CD4+ T-cell differentiation by expressing HBZ, which should play a crucial role in chronic inflammation related with HTLV-1. This study has provided new insights into the mechanism of chronic inflammation accompanied with viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methylation
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- HTLV-I Infections/physiopathology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/etiology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae Proteins
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Thymus Gland/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Yamamoto-Taguchi
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Saito M. Neuroimmunological aspects of human T cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:164-74. [PMID: 23943469 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus etiologically associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Only approximately 0.25-4 % of infected individuals develop HAM/TSP; the majority of infected individuals remain lifelong asymptomatic carriers. Recent data suggest that immunological aspects of host-virus interactions might play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. This review outlines and discusses the current understanding, ongoing developments, and future perspectives of HAM/TSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan,
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40
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Ando H, Sato T, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Utsunomiya A, Yamauchi J, Araya N, Yagishita N, Coler-Reilly A, Shimizu Y, Yudoh K, Hasegawa Y, Nishioka K, Nakajima T, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. Positive feedback loop via astrocytes causes chronic inflammation in virus-associated myelopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2876-87. [PMID: 23892452 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the spinal cord. We hypothesized that a positive feedback loop driven by chemokines may be responsible for the chronic inflammation in HAM/TSP. We aimed to determine the identity of these chemokines, where they are produced, and how they drive chronic inflammation in HAM/TSP. We found that patients with HAM/TSP have extraordinarily high levels of the chemokine CXCL10 (also known as IP-10) and an abundance of cells expressing the CXCL10-binding receptor CXCR3 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Histological analysis revealed that astrocytes are the main producers of CXCL10 in the spinal cords of patients with HAM/TSP. Co-culture of human astrocytoma cells with CD4+ T cells from patients with HAM/TSP revealed that astrocytes produce CXCL10 in response to IFN-γ secreted by CD4+ T cells. Chemotaxis assays results suggest that CXCL10 induces migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the central nervous system and that anti-CXCL10 neutralizing antibody can disrupt this migration. In short, we inferred that human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected cells in the central nervous system produce IFN-γ that induces astrocytes to secrete CXCL10, which recruits more infected cells to the area via CXCR3, constituting a T helper type 1-centric positive feedback loop that results in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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41
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Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Proviral Load and Clinical Features in Iranian HAM/TSP Patients: Comparison of HTLV-I Proviral Load in HAM/TSP Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 16:268-72. [PMID: 24470875 PMCID: PMC3881253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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42
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Lavorgna A, Harhaj EW. Is there a role for ubiquitin or SUMO in human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 Tax-induced NF-κB activation? Future Virol 2013; 8:223-227. [PMID: 23730325 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-encoded oncoprotein Tax (Tax1) undergoes polyubiquitination as part of its mechanism to persistently activate NF-κB. However, it remains unclear whether Tax2 encoded by the closely related human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 utilizes any post-translational mechanisms to activate NF-κB. This study examines the role of ubiquitination and SUMOylation in Tax2 activation of NF-κB. The authors have demonstrated that, in contrast to Tax1, Tax2 is not conjugated by ubiquitin or SUMO proteins. Overexpression of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13 specifically enhances Tax1, but not Tax2, ubiquitination and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, a Tax2 lysineless mutant that is unable to be ubiquitinated, SUMOylated or acetylated retains NEMO/IKKγ interactions and activation of the NF-κB pathway. Together, these results provide evidence that Tax1 and Tax2 utilize distinct mechanisms to activate NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lavorgna
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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43
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Enose-Akahata Y, Abrams A, Massoud R, Bialuk I, Johnson KR, Green PL, Maloney EM, Jacobson S. Humoral immune response to HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) in HTLV-1-infected individuals. Retrovirology 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23405908 PMCID: PMC3584941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection can lead to development of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected subjects. HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene has a critical role in HTLV-1 infectivity and the development of ATL and HAM/TSP. However, little is known about the immune response against HBZ in HTLV-1-infected individuals. In this study, we examined antibody responses against HBZ in serum/plasma samples from 436 subjects including HTLV-1 seronegative donors, asymptomatic carriers (AC), ATL, and HAM/TSP patients using the luciferase immunoprecipitation system. Results Immunoreactivity against HBZ was detected in subsets of all HTLV-1-infected individuals but the test did not discriminate between AC, ATL and HAM/TSP. However, the frequency of detection of HBZ-specific antibodies in the serum of ATL patients with the chronic subtype was higher than in ATL patients with the lymphomatous subtype. Antibody responses against HBZ were also detected in cerebrospinal fluid of HAM/TSP patients with anti-HBZ in serum. Antibody responses against HBZ did not correlate with proviral load and HBZ mRNA expression in HAM/TSP patients, but the presence of an HBZ-specific response was associated with reduced CD4+ T cell activation in HAM/TSP patients. Moreover, HBZ-specific antibody inhibited lymphoproliferation in the PBMC of HAM/TSP patients. Conclusions This is the first report demonstrating humoral immune response against HBZ associated with HTLV-I infection. Thus, a humoral immune response against HBZ might play a role in HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Leal FE, Ndhlovu LC, Hasenkrug AM, Bruno FR, Carvalho KI, Wynn-Williams H, Neto WK, Sanabani SS, Segurado AC, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. Expansion in CD39⁺ CD4⁺ immunoregulatory t cells and rarity of Th17 cells in HTLV-1 infected patients is associated with neurological complications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2028. [PMID: 23409198 PMCID: PMC3566991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection is associated with several inflammatory disorders, including the neurodegenerative condition HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is unclear why a minority of infected subjects develops HAM/TSP. CD4⁺ T cells are the main target of infection and play a pivotal role in regulating immunity to HTLV and are hypothesized to participate in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. The CD39 ectonucleotidase receptor is expressed on CD4⁺ T cells and based on co-expression with CD25, marks T cells with distinct regulatory (CD39⁺CD25⁺) and effector (CD39⁺CD25⁻) function. Here, we investigated the expression of CD39 on CD4⁺ T cells from a cohort of HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), and matched uninfected controls. The frequency of CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cells was increased in HTLV-1 infected patients, regardless of clinical status. More importantly, the proportion of the immunostimulatory CD39⁺CD25⁻ CD4⁺ T-cell subset was significantly elevated in HAM/TSP patients as compared to AC and phenotypically had lower levels of the immunoinhibitory receptor, PD-1. We saw no difference in the frequency of CD39⁺CD25⁺ regulatory (Treg) cells between AC and HAM/TSP patients. However, these cells transition from being anergic to displaying a polyfunctional cytokine response following HTLV-1 infection. CD39⁻CD25⁺ T cell subsets predominantly secreted the inflammatory cytokine IL-17. We found that HAM/TSP patients had significantly fewer numbers of IL-17 secreting CD4⁺ T cells compared to uninfected controls. Taken together, we show that the expression of CD39 is upregulated on CD4⁺ T cells HAM/TSP patients. This upregulation may play a role in the development of the proinflammatory milieu through pathways both distinct and separate among the different CD39 T cell subsets. CD39 upregulation may therefore serve as a surrogate diagnostic marker of progression and could potentially be a target for interventions to reduce the development of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio E. Leal
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Hasenkrug
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fernanda R. Bruno
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina I. Carvalho
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harry Wynn-Williams
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Walter K. Neto
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fundação Pró-Sangue, Hemocentro de São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabri S. Sanabani
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluisio C. Segurado
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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45
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Groover CJ. Pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration based on the phenotypic expression of progressive forms of immune-mediated neurologic disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:175-187. [PMID: 30890887 PMCID: PMC6065584 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s38353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering there are no treatments for progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), a comprehensive understanding of the role of neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of MS should lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat it. Many studies have implicated viral triggers as a cause of MS, yet no single virus has been exclusively shown to cause MS. Given this, human and animal viral models of MS are used to study its pathogenesis. One example is human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Importantly, HAM/TSP is similar clinically, pathologically, and immunologically to progressive MS. Interestingly, both MS and HAM/TSP patients were found to make antibodies to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, an RNA-binding protein overexpressed in neurons. Anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies reduced neuronal firing and caused neurodegeneration in neuronal cell lines, suggesting the autoantibodies are pathogenic. Further, microarray analyses of neurons exposed to anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies revealed novel pathways of neurodegeneration related to alterations of RNA levels of the spinal paraplegia genes (SPGs). Mutations in SPGs cause hereditary spastic paraparesis, genetic disorders clinically indistinguishable from progressive MS and HAM/TSP. Thus, there is a strong association between involvement of SPGs in neurodegeneration and the clinical phenotype of progressive MS and HAM/TSP patients, who commonly develop spastic paraparesis. Taken together, these data begin to clarify mechanisms of neurodegeneration related to the clinical presentation of patients with chronic immune-mediated neurological disease of the central nervous system, which will give insights into the design of novel therapies to treat these neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
- Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
| | - Chassidy J Groover
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
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Andrade RG, Gonçalves PDC, Ribeiro MA, Romanelli LCF, Ribas JG, Torres EB, Carneiro-Proietti ABDF, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Martins ML. Strong correlation between tax and HBZ mRNA expression in HAM/TSP patients: distinct markers for the neurologic disease. J Clin Virol 2012; 56:135-40. [PMID: 23127563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1 proviral load is a risk marker for HAM/TSP, but it is insufficient to determine the disease outcome. HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ proteins have been implicated in HAM/TSP pathogenesis in inducing cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocytes response. OBJECTIVES To quantify the expression of tax and HBZ mRNA in asymptomatic carriers (AC) and HAM patients, and to investigate their association with HAM/TSP. STUDY DESIGN We quantified the expression of HTLV-1 tax and HBZ mRNA in 37 AC and 26 HAM patients classified according to proviral load as low (AC(L) and HAM(L): <1% infected cells) or high (AC(H) and HAM(H): >1%). RESULTS The AC(L) subgroup showed the lowest frequency of individuals expressing tax mRNA in comparison with AC(H), HAM(L) and HAM(H), and tax mRNA load normalized by proviral load was significantly lower in the AC(L). In turn, normalized HBZ mRNA expression was similar in all subgroups. Both tax and HBZ mRNA expression were moderately correlated with proviral load in AC (r=0.6, p<0.001) and were weaker in HAM (r=0.4, p<0.05). In contrast, the correlation between tax and HBZ mRNA load was moderate in AC (r=0.5, p=0.001) and was much stronger in HAM (r=0.8, p<0.001). In addition, HBZ mRNA load, but not tax, was significantly associated with motor disability in HAM patients (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS The expression of tax mRNA seems to be best to estimate the risk of HAM/TSP, whereas HBZ mRNA appears to be a surrogate marker to disease progression, indicating that they have important but distinct roles in HAM/TSP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Gomes Andrade
- Microbiology Department, Biology Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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47
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O'Connor GM, Seich Al Basatena NK, Olavarria V, MacNamara A, Vine A, Ying Q, Hisada M, Galvão-Castro B, Asquith B, McVicar DW. In contrast to HIV, KIR3DS1 does not influence outcome in HTLV-1 retroviral infection. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:783-7. [PMID: 22609443 PMCID: PMC3402611 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While most carriers of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) remain asymptomatic throughout their lifetime, infection is associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The exact parameters that determine these outcomes are unknown but are believed to include host genetic factors that control the immune response to infection. Host response to fellow retroviridae member HIV is influenced by the expression of members of the Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor (KIR) family including KIR3DS1. In this study we examined the association of KIR3DS1 with the outcome of HTLV-1 infection in three geographically distinct cohorts (Jamaican, Japanese and Brazilian). Despite increased prevalence of KIR3DS1 in the HAM/TSP patients of the Jamaican cohort, we found no evidence for a role of KIR3DS1 in influencing control of proviral load or disease outcome. This suggests that unlike HIV, KIR3DS1-mediated regulation of HTLV-1 infection does not occur, or is ineffective.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Asymptomatic Diseases
- Brazil/epidemiology
- Child
- Cohort Studies
- Ethnicity
- Female
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Humans
- Jamaica/epidemiology
- Japan/epidemiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/complications
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/ethnology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/complications
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/ethnology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Prevalence
- Prognosis
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/immunology
- Spinal Cord Diseases/complications
- Spinal Cord Diseases/ethnology
- Spinal Cord Diseases/immunology
- Spinal Cord Diseases/virology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M O'Connor
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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48
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Moreno-Carvalho OA. Brain white matter lesions in HAM/TSP: do they have any special meaning? ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 70:241-2. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Enose-Akahata Y, Matsuura E, Tanaka Y, Oh U, Jacobson S. Minocycline modulates antigen-specific CTL activity through inactivation of mononuclear phagocytes in patients with HTLV-I associated neurologic disease. Retrovirology 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22335964 PMCID: PMC3296610 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, contributes to central nervous system inflammation in various neurological diseases. In HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), MPs are reservoirs of HTLV-I, and induce proinflammatory cytokines and excess T cell responses. The virus-infected or activated MPs may play a role in immuneregulation and disease progression in patients with HTLV-I-associated neurological diseases. RESULTS Phenotypic analysis of CD14⁺ monocytes in HAM/TSP patients demonstrated high expression of CX3CR1 and HLA-DR in CD14lowCD16⁺ monocytes, compared to healthy normal donors (NDs) and asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in cultured CD14⁺ cells of HAM/TSP patients. CD14⁺ cells of HAM/TSP patients also showed acceleration of HTLV-I Tax expression in CD4⁺ T cells. Minocycline, an inhibitor of activated MPs, decreased TNF-α expression in CD14⁺ cells and IL-1β release in PBMCs of HAM/TSP patients. Minocycline significantly inhibited spontaneous lymphoproliferation and degranulation/IFN-γ expression in CD8⁺ T cells of HAM/TSP patients. Treatment of minocycline also inhibited IFN-γ expression in CD8⁺ T cells of HAM/TSP patients after Tax11-19 stimulation and downregulated MHC class I expression in CD14⁺ cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that minocycline directly inhibits the activated MPs and that the downregulation of MP function can modulate CD8⁺ T cells function in HAM/TSP patients. It is suggested that activated MPs may be a therapeutic target for clinical intervention in HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
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50
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Quantitative differences in HTLV-I antibody responses: classification and relative risk assessment for asymptomatic carriers and ATL and HAM/TSP patients from Jamaica. Blood 2012; 119:2829-36. [PMID: 22318200 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-390807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) are known to be caused by HTLV-I infection. However, current methods used to determine HTLV-I infection do not differentiate between HTLV-I asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and ATL and HAM/TSP patients. Using the luciferase immunoprecipitation system, a highly sensitive, quantitative technology that can efficiently detect HTLV-I Ab responses, we examined Ab responses for HTLV-I in serum/plasma samples from 439 subjects in Jamaica, including HTLV-I-seronegative donors, ACs, and ATL and HAM/TSP patients. The Ab responses of HTLV-I-infected subjects differed significantly from those of seronegative donors for all 3 immunodominant proteins, Gag, Env, and Tax. HAM/TSP patients had significantly higher Ab responses for Gag and Env compared with ACs, and Ab responses for all 3 Ags were higher in HAM/TSP patients than in ATL patients. Moreover, immunoreactivities for HTLV-I Ags as determined by the luciferase immunoprecipitation system could distinguish HAM/TSP patients from ACs at a true-positive rate of 85.42% and from ATL patients at a true-positive rate of 75.00%, and modeled in conjunction with subject information to distinguish HAM/TSP patients from ACs (odds ratio = 14.12) and from ATL patients (odds ratio = 7.00). The relative risk assessment resulting from these significant differences between Ab responses in HTLV-I-infected groups may be a useful diagnostic tool in the future.
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