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Xu X, Han Y, Zhang B, Ren Q, Ma J, Liu S. Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:132. [PMID: 38368403 PMCID: PMC10874090 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal inflammatory states in the brain are associated with a variety of brain diseases. The dynamic changes in the number and function of immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous for the early prediction and diagnosis of immune diseases affecting the brain. The aggregated factors and cells in inflamed CSF may represent candidate targets for therapy. The physiological barriers in the brain, such as the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), establish a stable environment for the distribution of resident immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which peripheral immune cells migrate into the brain and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis in CSF are still unclear. To advance our understanding of the causal link between brain diseases and immune cell status, we investigated the characteristics of immune cell changes in CSF and the molecular mechanisms involved in common brain diseases. Furthermore, we summarized the diagnostic and treatment methods for brain diseases in which immune cells and related cytokines in CSF are used as targets. Further investigations of the new immune cell subtypes and their contributions to the development of brain diseases are needed to improve diagnostic specificity and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Binlong Zhang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
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Amaslidou A, Ierodiakonou-Benou I, Bakirtzis C, Nikolaidis I, Tatsi T, Grigoriadis N, Nimatoudis I. Multiple sclerosis and mental health related quality of life: The role of defense mechanisms, defense styles and family environment. AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:354-375. [PMID: 38188008 PMCID: PMC10767059 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating chronic neurologic disease that can lead to disability and thus to deterioration of quality of life. Psychological parameters such as ego defense mechanisms, defense styles and family environment are important factors in the adaptation process, and as such they can play important roles in QoL. This study aims to assess the psychological factors as well as the clinical and demographic characteristics related to mental health quality of life (MHQoL). Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional study conducted in a sample of 90 people with MS in the years 2018-2020. All participants completed the following questionnaires: MSQoL-54, DSQ-88, LSI, FES-R, SOC, BDI-II, STAI. Disability was assessed using EDSS. Results In multiple linear regression, significant roles were played by depression (R2: 41.1%, p: 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the event of a relapse (R2: 3.5%, p: 0.005), expressiveness (R2: 3.6%, p < 0.05) and image distortion style (R2: 4.5%, p: 0.032). After performing a hierarchical-stepwise analysis (excluding depression), the important factors were maladaptive defense style (R2: 23.7%, p: 0.002), the event of relapse (R2: 8.1%, p < 0.001), expressiveness (R2: 5.5%, p: 0.004) and self-sacrificing defense style (R2: 2.4%, p: 0.071). Conclusion Psychological factors play important roles in MHQoL of people with multiple sclerosis. Thus, neurologists should integrate in their practice an assessment by mental health specialists. Moreover, targeted psychotherapeutic interventions could be planned i to improve QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Amaslidou
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ierodiakonou-Benou
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- 2 Department of Neurology, MS Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nikolaidis
- 2 Department of Neurology, MS Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theano Tatsi
- 2 Department of Neurology, MS Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- 2 Department of Neurology, MS Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nimatoudis
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhanel GG, Keynan R, Keynan Y, Karlowsky JA. The role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in treating patients with multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:921-930. [PMID: 37615494 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2250919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The associations between multiple sclerosis (MS) and altered intestinal microbiomes have clinicians considering the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Animal data suggests that administering FMT from people with MS into healthy mice results in a microbiome with decreased abundance of Sutterella, reduced anti-inflammatory signals, increase in inflammation and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Animal studies that administered FMT (from normal healthy donors) into mice resulted in slowing down EAE development relieving symptoms, improving BBB integrity and restoration of microbiota diversity. Human studies indicated clinical benefits of FMT (from healthy donors) in people with MS including: improved intestinal motility and motor ability which lasted at least for the duration of the studies, ranging from 2 to 15 years. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the efficacy and safety of FMT in treatment of experimental MS in animals and humans with MS. A literature search was performed via PubMed (up to July 2023), using the key words: multiple sclerosis, fecal microbiota transplantation, microbiome. EXPERT OPINION Limited associative data do not provide an understanding of role of FMT in the treatment for MS. Until appropriately designed randomized comparative trials which are underway, are completed, we cannot recommend routine use of FMT in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rotem Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Bridgeman CJ, Shah SA, Oakes RS, Jewell CM. Dissecting regulatory T cell expansion using polymer microparticles presenting defined ratios of self-antigen and regulatory cues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1184938. [PMID: 37441198 PMCID: PMC10334287 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1184938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials allow for the precision control over the combination and release of cargo needed to engineer cell outcomes. These capabilities are particularly attractive as new candidate therapies to treat autoimmune diseases, conditions where dysfunctional immune cells create pathogenic tissue environments during attack of self-molecules termed self-antigens. Here we extend past studies showing combinations of a small molecule immunomodulator co-delivered with self-antigen induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells. In particular, we sought to elucidate how different ratios of these components loaded in degradable polymer particles shape the antigen presenting cell (APC) -T cell interactions that drive differentiation of T cells toward either inflammatory or regulatory phenotypes. Using rapamycin (rapa) as a modulatory cue and myelin self-peptide (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein- MOG) - self-antigen attacked during multiple sclerosis (MS), we integrate these components into polymer particles over a range of ratios and concentrations without altering the physicochemical properties of the particles. Using primary cell co-cultures, we show that while all ratios of rapa:MOG significantly decreased expression of co-stimulation molecules on dendritic cells (DCs), these levels were insensitive to the specific ratio. During co-culture with primary T cell receptor transgenic T cells, we demonstrate that the ratio of rapa:MOG controls the expansion and differentiation of these cells. In particular, at shorter time points, higher ratios induce regulatory T cells most efficiently, while at longer time points the processes are not sensitive to the specific ratio. We also found corresponding changes in gene expression and inflammatory cytokine secretion during these times. The in vitro results in this study contribute to in vitro regulatory T cell expansion techniques, as well as provide insight into future studies to explore other modulatory effects of rapa such as induction of maintenance or survival cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Bridgeman
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, Baltimore, MD, United states
| | - Shrey A. Shah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, Baltimore, MD, United states
| | - Robert S. Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, Baltimore, MD, United states
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, United states
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, Baltimore, MD, United states
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, United states
- Robert E Fischell Institute of Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland College Park, Baltimore, MD, United states
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, United states
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United states
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Cao Y, Ji S, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ding G, Tang F. Association between autoimmune diseases of the nervous system and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 122:152370. [PMID: 36709559 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have found an association between autoimmune diseases of the nervous system (ADNS) and schizophrenia (SCZ), but the findings remain controversial. We conducted the first meta-analysis to summarize the current evidence from cohort studies that evaluated the association between ADNS and SCZ. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were comprehensively searched until May 30, 2022 for articles on the association between ADNS and SCZ. Every included study was reported effect size with 95% CIs for the association between ADNS and SCZ. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to assess the heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 8 cohort studies with 12 cohorts were included in the meta-analysis. We observed a significant association between ADNS and SCZ (RR = 1.42; 95%CI, 1.18-1.72). Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of SCZ was significantly increased when ADNS were used as exposure factors (RR = 1.48; 95%CI, 1.15-1.89), whereas with SCZ did not observe an increased risk of subsequent ADNS (RR = 1.33; 95%CI, 0.92-1.92); multiple sclerosis (MS) was positively associated with SCZ (RR = 1.36; 95%CI, 1.12-1.66), but no significant association was found between Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and SCZ (RR = 1.90; 95%CI, 0.87-4.17). Meanwhile, we found location was the source of heterogeneity. LIMITATIONS High heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 92.0%), and only English literature was included in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association between ADNS and SCZ, and the association was different across the different types of ADNS. The results of the study are helpful for clinicians to carry out targeted preventive measures for ADNS and SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Cao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Ji
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Tang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China; Center for Big Data Research in Health and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Jayaraman S, Jayaraman A. Impact of histone modifier-induced protection against autoimmune encephalomyelitis on multiple sclerosis treatment. Front Neurol 2022; 13:980758. [PMID: 36313502 PMCID: PMC9614082 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.980758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a progressive demyelinating central nervous system disorder with unknown etiology. The condition has heterogeneous presentations, including relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying these various forms of multiple sclerosis remain elusive. Many disease-modifying therapies approved for multiple sclerosis are broad-spectrum immunomodulatory drugs that reduce relapses but do not halt the disease progression or neuroaxonal damage. Some are also associated with many severe side effects, including fatalities. Improvements in disease-modifying treatments especially for primary progressive multiple sclerosis remain an unmet need. Several experimental animal models are available to decipher the mechanisms involved in multiple sclerosis. These models help us decipher the advantages and limitations of novel disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Sundararajan Jayaraman
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Lv J, Han M, Xiang Z, Gong R, Shi C, Hua Q, Zhang R, Du C. Chlorzoxazone Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Inhibiting IL-6 Secretion of Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1545-1553. [PMID: 35277421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease with chronic inflammatory demyelination of the CNS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an important animal model to study MS, with many pathological phenomena similar to MS. Th17 cells are important regulators of EAE and MS pathogenesis. Most cytokines needed for Th cell development are secreted by APCs, such as dendritic cells (DCs). Consequently, MS could be improved by inhibiting cytokine secretion from DCs. In this study, we reported that chlorzoxazone could ameliorate EAE pathogenesis via inhibiting IL-6 production by DCs. The EAE signs in the chlorzoxazone-treated group of mice were relieved, which was mainly manifested as lower clinical scores, a decrease in the number of immune cells, and a reduction of demyelination in the CNS. Moreover, the proportion of Th17 cells in the spleen and CNS decreased significantly. In vitro experiments showed that chlorzoxazone treatment significantly reduced DC-derived IL-6 production. In the DC-T cell coculture experiment, significantly decreased Th17 differentiation was observed after chlorzoxazone treatment. In addition, mass spectrometric analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism by which chlorzoxazone affected EAE and DC function. We showed that the effect of chlorzoxazone on inhibiting the secretion of IL-6 by DCs may be mediated via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Overall, our study elucidated the key role of chlorzoxazone in regulating EAE pathogenesis and suggested that it might be used as a new drug for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Han
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenglong Xiang
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Gong
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjie Shi
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuhong Hua
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changsheng Du
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Sorboni SG, Moghaddam HS, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Soleimanpour S. A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0033820. [PMID: 34985325 PMCID: PMC8729913 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial acquisition of microbiota occurs from both the external and maternal environments, and the vast majority of them colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These microbial communities play a central role in the maturation and development of the immune system, the central nervous system, and the GIT system and are also responsible for essential metabolic pathways. Various factors, including host genetic predisposition, environmental factors, lifestyle, diet, antibiotic or nonantibiotic drug use, etc., affect the composition of the gut microbiota. Recent publications have highlighted that an imbalance in the gut microflora, known as dysbiosis, is associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Moreover, characterization of the microbiome-host cross talk pathways provides insight into novel therapeutic strategies. Novel preclinical and clinical research on interventions related to the gut microbiome for treating neurological conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and stroke, hold significant promise. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the potential involvement of the human gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, with a particular emphasis on the potential of microbe-based therapies and/or diagnostic microbial biomarkers. This review also discusses the potential health benefits of the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Blood Borne Infectious Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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GANAB as a Novel Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis: Correlation with Neuroinflammation and IFI35. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111195. [PMID: 34832977 PMCID: PMC8625565 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) still lacks reliable biomarkers of neuroinflammation predictive for disease activity and treatment response. Thus, in a prospective study we assessed 55 MS patients (28 interferon (IFN)-treated, 10 treated with no-IFN therapies, 17 untreated) and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs) for the putative correlation of the densitometric expression of glucosidase II alpha subunit (GANAB) with clinical/paraclinical parameters and with interferon-induced protein 35 (IFI35). We also assessed the disease progression in terms of the Rio Score (RS) in order to distinguish the responder patients to IFN therapy (RS = 0) from the non-responder ones (RS ≥ 1). We found GANAB to be 2.51-fold downregulated in the IFN-treated group with respect to the untreated one (p < 0.0001) and 3.39-fold downregulated in responder patients compared to the non-responders (p < 0.0001). GANAB correlated directly with RS (r = 0.8088, p < 0.0001) and lesion load (LL) (r = 0.5824, p = 0.0014) in the IFN-treated group and inversely with disease duration (DD) (r = −0.6081, p = 0.0096) in the untreated one. Lower mean values were expressed for GANAB than IFI35 in IFN responder (p < 0.0001) and higher mean values in the non-responder patients (p = 0.0022). Inverse correlations were also expressed with IFI35 in the overall patient population (r = −0.6468, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the modular expression of GANAB reflects IFI35, RS, DD, and LL values, making it a biomarker of neuroinflammation that is predictive for disease activity and treatment response in MS.
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Bruggeman Y, Sodré FMC, Buitinga M, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Kracht MJL. Targeting citrullination in autoimmunity: insights learned from preclinical mouse models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:269-281. [PMID: 33896351 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1918104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant citrullination and excessive peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity are detected in numerous challenging autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Because excessive PAD activity is a common denominator in these diseases, PADs are interesting potential therapeutic targets for future therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the advances made in the design of PAD inhibitors, their utilization and therapeutic potential in preclinical mouse models of autoimmunity. Relevant literature encompasses studies from 1994 to 2021 that are available on PubMed.gov. EXPERT OPINION Pan-PAD inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Drugs achieving pan-PAD inhibition were capable of ameliorating, reversing, and preventing clinical symptoms in preclinical mouse models. However, the implications for PADs in key biological processes potentially present a high risk for clinical complications and could hamper the translation of PAD inhibitors to the clinic. We envisage that PAD isozyme-specific inhibitors will improve the understanding the role of PAD isozymes in disease pathology, reduce the risk of side-effects and enhance prospects for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylke Bruggeman
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Si Z, Sun L, Wang X. Evidence and perspectives of cell senescence in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111327. [PMID: 33545662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancies have significantly increased the number of individuals suffering from geriatric neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The financial cost for current and future patients with these diseases is overwhelming, resulting in substantial economic and societal costs. Unfortunately, most recent high-profile clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases have failed to obtain efficacious results, indicating that novel approaches are desperately needed to treat these pathologies. Cell senescence, characterized by permanent cell cycle arrest, resistance to apoptosis, mitochondrial alterations, and secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) components, has been extensively studied in mitotic cells such as fibroblasts, which is considered a hallmark of aging. Furthermore, multiple cell types in the senescent state in the brain, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and neural stem cells, have recently been observed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that these senescent cells may play an essential role in the pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review begins by outlining key aspects of cell senescence constitution followed by examining the evidence implicating senescent cells in neurodegenerative diseases. In the final section, we review how cell senescence may be targeted as novel therapeutics to treat pathologies associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Si
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xidi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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Delfan N, Galehdari H, Ghanbari Mardasi F, Zabihi R, Latifi Pakdehi T, Seifi T, Majdinasab N. Association of HLA-DR2-Related Haplotype (HLA-DRB5*01-DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602) in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Khuzestan Province. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2021; 15:35-46. [PMID: 34282361 PMCID: PMC8272550 DOI: 10.22037/ijcn.v14i4.18795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a partially heritable autoimmune disease. HLA-DR2 is the largest identified genetic risk factor for MS. The largest identified genetic risk factor is haplotype from the MHC class II HLA-DR2, which increases the disease risk. The HLA-DR2 distribution in MS patients has been confirmed, but contradictory outcomes have been found. Moreover, the HLA-DR2 effect on ethnicity and gender is unclear. There are no data regarding the HLA-DR2 (HLA-DRB1*1501-DRB5*01-DQB1*0602) association with MS in Khuzestan Province, Iran. This study aimed to investigate the association of HLA-DR2 with MS regarding both sex and ethnicity in this province. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 399 individuals were recruited. HLA typing was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers technology. The HLA-DR2 association with MS was analyzed, and also its probable association with gender, ethnicity, the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and MS clinical course was examined using the Chi-square test. RESULTS HLA-DRB5*01 - -DQB1*0602 - as the most common HLA haplotype was found in both patient and control groups. In contrast, the DRB5*01 + -DRB1*1501 + -DQB1*0602 - frequency was very low in the groups. It was observed that haplotypes had no association with MS susceptibility. Most of the haplotypes showed no association with ethnicity, sex, EDSS, and MS course except for the HLA-DRB5*01 + -DRB1*1501 + -DQB1*0602 - haplotype that was positively associated with EDSS steps 5 to 10 (p=0.014) and non-RRMS (p=0.023). CONCLUSION There was no association between HLA-DR2 and MS susceptibility. However, the higher HLA-DRB5*01 + -DRB1*1501 + -DQB1*0602 - frequency may play a role in MS development. Also, HLA-DR2 did not increase significantly concerning clinical course, ethnicity, sex, and EDSS. This study further supports the importance of replication studies as susceptible loci that might differ in various ethnicities. Therefore, it is concluded that the association between HLA-DR2 and MS is more allelic than haplotypic in Khuzestan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Delfan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz Iran
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz Iran
| | | | - Rezvan Zabihi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz Iran
| | - Tahereh Latifi Pakdehi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz Iran
| | - Tahereh Seifi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Department of Neurology, Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
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13
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De Masi R, Orlando S. IFI35 as a biomolecular marker of neuroinflammation and treatment response in multiple sclerosis. Life Sci 2020; 259:118233. [PMID: 32781067 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unpredictable clinical outcome. As such, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that can predict the treatment response. Therefore, in an open-label, clinical, paraclinical and molecular prospective study, we assessed 50 interferon (IFN) treated MS patients for Rio Score (RS)/Modified Rio Score (MRS) and densitometric expression of the interferon-induced protein 35 (IFI35), a signal-protein with potential to be clinically relevant in the management of the disease. We found 4.92-fold upregulated IFI35 in IFN-treated MS group respect to healthy controls (p < .0001) and 2.31-fold respect to untreated MS group (p < .0001). Moreover, IFI35 expression profile correlated with RS and MRS rank values (r = -0.6018, p < .0001; r = -0.620, p < .0001), white matter volume (r = -0.5041; p = .0017) and cerebral lesion load (r = -0.5075; p = .0026). Finally, the main proportion of IFN-treated MS patients non-reaching the 65% threshold in IFI35 expression leaved the RS/MRS rank value 0 in a period ranging from 5 to 15 months (p < .0001) from the study entry; instead, all patients that reaching this threshold maintained the RS/MRS value 0 until the study end (p < .0001). In conclusion, the expression level of IFI35 in untreated MS patients highlights a correlation with neuroinflammation. Furthermore, IFI35 expression in IFN-treated MS patients shows a modular correlation between dosing regimes, which is predictive for long-term clinical outcome and drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Masi
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, "F. Ferrari" Hospital, 73042 Casarano, Lecce, Italy; Complex Operative Unit of Neurology, "F. Ferrari" Hospital, 73042 Casarano, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Orlando
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, "F. Ferrari" Hospital, 73042 Casarano, Lecce, Italy; Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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14
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Herden L, Weissert R. The Effect of Coffee and Caffeine Consumption on Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082262. [PMID: 32731633 PMCID: PMC7468779 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coffee and caffeine are considered to have beneficial effects in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that can lead to disability and chronic fatigue. Methods: In the present study the preference in terms of coffee and caffeine consumption in patients with MS was assessed. In total the opinions of 124 MS patients were explored with a questionnaire, which was developed to investigate the consumption behavior and associated beneficial and harmful effects of coffee and caffeine concerning symptoms of fatigue. Results: Our study showed that 37.1% of the included patients experience severe symptoms of fatigue. In our cohort, fatigue was not related to age, type of diagnosis or duration of the disease. The effects of coffee did not differ between MS patients with and without fatigue. Very few side effects linked to coffee consumption were reported, and we could demonstrate that coffee consumption had no negative impact on quality of sleep. A positive effect on everyday life was observed particularly among patients with a mid-level expanded disability status scale (EDSS). The strongest effects of coffee consumption were observed regarding a better ability to concentrate while fulfilling tasks, an expanded attention span and a better structured daily routine. Conclusions: Since coffee showed no severe side effects and in the absence of an effective fatigue therapy, coffee consumption might be a therapeutic approach for selected patients with MS-related fatigue.
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15
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Papadopoulos D, Magliozzi R, Mitsikostas DD, Gorgoulis VG, Nicholas RS. Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:178. [PMID: 32694983 PMCID: PMC7338849 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the most important risk factors for the development of several neurodegenerative diseases including progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Cellular senescence (CS) is a key biological process underlying aging. Several stressors associated with aging and MS pathology, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytokines and replicative exhaustion are known triggers of cellular senescence. Senescent cells exhibit stereotypical metabolic and functional changes, which include cell-cycle arrest and acquiring a pro-inflammatory phenotype secreting cytokines, growth factors, metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species. They accumulate with aging and can convert neighboring cells to senescence in a paracrine manner. In MS, accelerated cellular senescence may drive disease progression by promoting chronic non-remitting inflammation, loss or altered immune, glial and neuronal function, failure of remyelination, impaired blood-brain barrier integrity and ultimately neurodegeneration. Here we discuss the evidence linking cellular senescence to the pathogenesis of MS and the putative role of senolytic and senomorphic agents as neuroprotective therapies in tackling disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dimos D Mitsikostas
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard S Nicholas
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Visual Neuroscience, Faculty of Brain Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Cardamone G, Paraboschi EM, Soldà G, Cantoni C, Supino D, Piccio L, Duga S, Asselta R. Not only cancer: the long non-coding RNA MALAT1 affects the repertoire of alternatively spliced transcripts and circular RNAs in multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1414-1428. [PMID: 30566690 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, whose implication in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases remains poorly understood. We analyzed publicly available microarray data sets to identify dysregulated lncRNAs in multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease. We found a consistent upregulation in MS of the lncRNA MALAT1 (2.7-fold increase; meta-analysis, P = 1.3 × 10-8; 190 cases, 182 controls), known to regulate alternative splicing (AS). We confirmed MALAT1 upregulation in two independent MS cohorts (1.5-fold increase; P < 0.01; 59 cases, 50 controls). We hence performed MALAT1 overexpression/knockdown in cell lines, demonstrating that its modulation impacts on endogenous expression of splicing factors (HNRNPF and HNRNPH1) and on AS of MS-associated genes (IL7R and SP140). Minigene-based splicing assays upon MALAT1 modulation recapitulated IL7R and SP140 isoform unbalances observed in patients. RNA-sequencing of MALAT1-knockdown Jurkat cells further highlighted MALAT1 role in splicing (approximately 1100 significantly-modulated AS events) and revealed its contribution to backsplicing (approximately 50 differentially expressed circular RNAs). Our study proposes a possible novel role for MALAT1 dysregulation and the consequent AS alteration in MS pathogenesis, based on anomalous splicing/backsplicing profiles of MS-relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cardamone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy
| | - Elvezia M Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Domenico Supino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
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17
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Vaughn CB, Jakimovski D, Kavak KS, Ramanathan M, Benedict RHB, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B. Epidemiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis in elderly populations. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 15:329-342. [PMID: 31000816 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the age of affected patients are increasing owing to increased longevity of the general population and the availability of effective disease-modifying therapies. However, ageing presents unique challenges in patients with MS largely as a result of their increased frequency of age-related and MS-related comorbidities as well as transition of the disease course from an inflammatory to a neurodegenerative phenotype. Immunosenescence (the weakening of the immune system associated with natural ageing) might be at least partly responsible for this transition, which further complicates disease management. Currently approved therapies for MS are effective in preventing relapse but are not as effective in preventing the accumulation of disability associated with ageing and disease progression. Thus, ageing patients with MS represent a uniquely challenging population that is currently underserved by existing therapeutic regimens. This Review focuses on the epidemiology of MS in ageing patients. Unique considerations relevant to this population are discussed, including the immunology and pathobiology of the complex relationship between ageing and MS, the safety and efficacy of disease-modifying therapies, when discontinuation of treatment might be appropriate and the important role of approaches to support wellness and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caila B Vaughn
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katelyn S Kavak
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ralph H B Benedict
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Clinical Translational Science Institute, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.
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18
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Wang S, Millward JM, Hanke-Vela L, Malla B, Pilch K, Gil-Infante A, Waiczies S, Mueller S, Boehm-Sturm P, Guo J, Sack I, Infante-Duarte C. MR Elastography-Based Assessment of Matrix Remodeling at Lesion Sites Associated With Clinical Severity in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1382. [PMID: 31998225 PMCID: PMC6970413 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA) is routinely used in the clinic to visualize lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although GBCA reveal endothelial permeability, they fail to expose other aspects of lesion formation such as the magnitude of inflammation or tissue changes occurring at sites of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Moreover, evidence pointing to potential side effects of GBCA has been increasing. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop GBCA-independent imaging tools to monitor pathology in MS. Using MR-elastography (MRE), we previously demonstrated in both MS and the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that inflammation was associated with a reduction of brain stiffness. Now, using the relapsing-remitting EAE model, we show that the cerebellum—a region with predominant inflammation in this model—is especially prone to loss of stiffness. We also demonstrate that, contrary to GBCA-MRI, reduction of brain stiffness correlates with clinical disability and is associated with enhanced expression of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN). Further, we show that FN is largely expressed by activated astrocytes at acute lesions, and reflects the magnitude of tissue remodeling at sites of BBB breakdown. Therefore, MRE could emerge as a safe tool suitable to monitor disease activity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Wang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason M Millward
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Hanke-Vela
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bimala Malla
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kjara Pilch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Gil-Infante
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Waiczies
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Tahrali I, Kucuksezer UC, Akdeniz N, Altintas A, Uygunoglu U, Aktas-Cetin E, Deniz G. CD3 -CD56 + NK cells display an inflammatory profile in RR-MS patients. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:63-69. [PMID: 31589897 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated and neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system. Relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS occurring with acute attacks and remissions, is the most common clinical type of MS. There are different strategies applied in first-line treatment of RR-MS patients such as interferon-beta (IFN-β) and glatiramer acetate. In this study, activating and inhibitory receptor expressions and interleukin (IL)-22 levels of NK cells were investigated in RR-MS patients with or without IFN-β therapy. Activating receptor expression and IL-22 levels of NK cells were increased in RR-MS patients under IFN-β therapy. Elevated NK cells with activating profile and increased IL-22 under IFN-β therapy suggest that IFN-β treatment might direct NK cells toward a pro-inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tahrali
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Koc University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Uygunoglu
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas-Cetin
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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20
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Schepici G, Silvestro S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. The Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Trials. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1507-1527. [PMID: 31512505 PMCID: PMC6923550 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719873890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, and
degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. A recent study
showed that interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota plays a
crucial role in the development of MS. This review reports the clinical studies
carried out in recent years that aimed to evaluate the composition of the
microbiota in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS). We also report what
is available in the literature regarding the effectiveness of fecal microbiota
transplantation and the role of the diet in restoring the intestinal bacterial
population. Studies report that patients with RR-MS have a microbiota that,
compared with healthy controls, has higher amounts of
Pedobacteria, Flavobacterium,
Pseudomonas, Mycoplana,
Acinetobacter, Eggerthella,
Dorea, Blautia,
Streptococcus and Akkermansia. In
contrast, MS patients have a microbiota with impoverished microbial populations
of Prevotella, Bacteroides,
Parabacteroides, Haemophilus,
Sutterella, Adlercreutzia,
Coprobacillus, Lactobacillus,
Clostridium, Anaerostipes and
Faecalibacterium. In conclusion, the restoration of the
microbial population in patients with RR-MS appears to reduce inflammatory
events and the reactivation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Schepici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Serena Silvestro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
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21
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Schorner A, Weissert R. Patients With Epileptic Seizures and Multiple Sclerosis in a Multiple Sclerosis Center in Southern Germany Between 2003-2015. Front Neurol 2019; 10:613. [PMID: 31244766 PMCID: PMC6563689 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: So far, many studies have shown that the risk of developing seizures and epilepsy is higher among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the general population. However, the causal link between these two diseases is still unclear. In addition, it is not clearly understood whether and to what extent the manifestation of seizures and epilepsy in patients with MS affects the clinical course and the long-term prognosis of the disease. We aimed to retrospectively identify and describe patients with MS and with seizures and epilepsy which were seen at the Department of Neurology of the University of Regensburg in Germany between the years 2003-2015. Methods: With the help of the electronic documentation system of hospital admitted patients followed by scrutinizing medical records of patients with MS for evidence of seizures and epilepsy, we identified patients with MS and seizures or epilepsy. Results: We identified 22 individuals (1.74%) out of 1,267 patients with MS with seizures or epilepsy. 18 of these 22 individuals met criteria for epilepsy (1.42%). Nine MS patients (40.9%) suffered from relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) whereas 11 MS patients (50.0%) showed a secondary progressive disease course (SPMS). Five of those (45.5%) converted from RRMS to SPMS before they acquired epilepsy. None of the identified patients with MS and seizures or epilepsy suffered from primary progressive MS (PPMS). Moreover, two MS patients (9.1%) had a history of seizures before MS onset. Seizures were of focal onset in 17 patients with MS (77.3%). Fourteen out of these 17 MS patients presented with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (82.4%). Five MS patients (22.7%) showed tonic clonic seizures of unknown onset. Status epilepticus was reported in three patients with MS (13%), for one patient the data was inconclusive. Conclusion: The occurrence of seizures and epilepsy was higher than in the general population, suggesting a causal relationship between both diseases. In most cases, seizures occurred after the first manifestation of MS. The high frequency of focal seizures supports the concept of cerebral lesions in patients with MS playing an important role in precipitation of seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schorner
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Wang Z, Xie J, Wu C, Xiao G. Correlation Between Smoking and Passive Smoking with Multiple Sclerosis and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:893-902. [PMID: 30703074 PMCID: PMC6367889 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the spinal cord and brain. Many studies have shown that smoking and passive smoking are key environmental risk factors for MS. Here, we provide an overview of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene studies on smoking and MS risk, and we discuss recent studies on between epigenetics and smoking-induced MS. In addition, in this review we also summarize current research advances in biological pathways and smoking-induced MS. This review provides an overview of studies on the association between smoking, passive smoking, and MS susceptibility, and the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jianpin Xie
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chenglong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Guirong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Khaibullin TN, Kirillova EV, Bikbaev RM, Boyko AN. Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of multiple sclerosis and neuroopticomyelitis in the Central Asia. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:12-17. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191192212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pathological transitions in myelin membranes driven by environmental and multiple sclerosis conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11156-11161. [PMID: 30322944 PMCID: PMC6217380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804275115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, the structure of the axons’ protective sheaths is disrupted. Due to the proximity of cytoplasmic myelin membrane to structural phase transition, minor alterations in the local environmental conditions can have devastating results. Using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we show that drastic structural reorganization and instabilities of myelin membrane are linked to specific environmental conditions and molecular composition in healthy and diseased states. These instabilities involve phase transition from the healthy lamellar membranes to pathological inverted hexagonal phase. These results highlight that local environmental conditions are critical for myelin function and should be considered as alternative routes for early pathology and as a means to avoid the initiation of demyelination. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, leading to the destruction of the myelin sheaths, the protective layers surrounding the axons. The etiology of the disease is unknown, although there are several postulated environmental factors that may contribute to it. Recently, myelin damage was correlated to structural phase transition from a healthy stack of lamellas to a diseased inverted hexagonal phase as a result of the altered lipid stoichiometry and low myelin basic protein (MBP) content. In this work, we show that environmental conditions, such as buffer salinity and temperature, induce the same pathological phase transition as in the case of the lipid composition in the absence of MBP. These phase transitions have different transition points, which depend on the lipid’s compositions, and are ion specific. In extreme environmental conditions, we find an additional dense lamellar phase and that the native lipid composition results in similar pathology as the diseased composition. These findings demonstrate that several local environmental changes can trigger pathological structural changes. We postulate that these structural modifications result in myelin membrane vulnerability to the immune system attacks and thus can help explain MS etiology.
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Tahedl M, Levine SM, Greenlee MW, Weissert R, Schwarzbach JV. Functional Connectivity in Multiple Sclerosis: Recent Findings and Future Directions. Front Neurol 2018; 9:828. [PMID: 30364281 PMCID: PMC6193088 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating disorder resulting from scattered lesions in the central nervous system. Because of the high variability of the lesion patterns between patients, it is difficult to relate existing biomarkers to symptoms and their progression. The scattered nature of lesions in multiple sclerosis offers itself to be studied through the lens of network analyses. Recent research into multiple sclerosis has taken such a network approach by making use of functional connectivity. In this review, we briefly introduce measures of functional connectivity and how to compute them. We then identify several common observations resulting from this approach: (a) high likelihood of altered connectivity in deep-gray matter regions, (b) decrease of brain modularity, (c) hemispheric asymmetries in connectivity alterations, and (d) correspondence of behavioral symptoms with task-related and task-unrelated networks. We propose incorporating such connectivity analyses into longitudinal studies in order to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms affected by multiple sclerosis, which can consequently offer a promising route to individualizing imaging-related biomarkers for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Tahedl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Seth M. Levine
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens V. Schwarzbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Effects of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 on the viability and functionality of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 331:36-45. [PMID: 30195439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease, where neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation has been suggested as a potential neuroprotective therapeutic strategy. Since the effect of inflammation on NPCs is poorly known, their effect on the survival and functionality of human NPCs were studied. Treatment with interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ did not induced cytotoxicity, but IFN-γ treatment showed decreased proliferation and neuronal migration. By contrast, increased proliferation and inhibition of electrical activity were detected after TNF-α treatment. Treatments induced secretion of inflammatory factors. Inflammatory cytokines appear to modulate proliferation as well as the cellular and functional properties of human NPCs.
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The Dual Immunoregulatory function of Nlrp12 in T Cell-Mediated Immune Response: Lessons from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090119. [PMID: 30150571 PMCID: PMC6162721 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic, the role of T cells is unquestionably central in this pathology. Immune cells respond to pathogens and danger signals via pattern-recognition receptors (PRR). Several reports implicate Nlrp12, an intracellular PRR, in the development of a mouse MS-like disease, called Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we used induced and spontaneous models of EAE, as well as in vitro T cell assays, to test the hypothesis that Nlrp12 inhibits Th1 response and prevents T-cell mediated autoimmunity. We found that Nlrp12 plays a protective role in induced EAE by reducing IFNγ/IL-4 ratio in lymph nodes, whereas it potentiates the development of spontaneous EAE (spEAE) in 2D2 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. Looking into the mechanism of Nlrp12 activity in T cell response, we found that it inhibits T cell proliferation and suppresses Th1 response by reducing IFNγ and IL-2 production. Following TCR activation, Nlrp12 inhibits Akt and NF-κB phosphorylation, while it has no effect on S6 phosphorylation in the mTOR pathway. In conclusion, we propose a model that can explain the dual immunoregulatory function of Nlrp12 in EAE. We also propose a model explaining the molecular mechanism of Nlrp12-dependent regulation of T cell response.
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Tahrali I, Kucuksezer UC, Altintas A, Uygunoglu U, Akdeniz N, Aktas-Cetin E, Deniz G. Dysfunction of CD3 -CD16 +CD56 dim and CD3 -CD16 -CD56 bright NK cell subsets in RR-MS patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 193:88-97. [PMID: 29448007 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tahrali
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Uygunoglu
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas-Cetin
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Javor J, Shawkatová I, Ďurmanová V, Párnická Z, Čierny D, Michalik J, Čopíková-Cudráková D, Smahová B, Gmitterová K, Peterajová Ľ, Bucová M. TNFRSF1A polymorphisms and their role in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and severity in the Slovak population. Int J Immunogenet 2018; 45:257-265. [PMID: 30009568 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated signalling plays a key role in inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes leading to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have highlighted the role of tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) gene encoding the type 1 TNF receptor in the genetic predisposition to MS. This study aimed to validate the association of TNFRSF1A rs1800693 and rs4149584 polymorphisms with susceptibility to MS in the Slovak population and analyse their influence on age at disease onset, severity, and disability progression. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to genotype both TNFRSF1A polymorphisms in 541 MS patients and 724 healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly increased risk of developing MS for the carriers of rs1800693 C allele (TC + CC vs. TT: pcorr = 0.005; OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.23-2.12), irrespective of sex and carriage of the major MS risk allele HLA-DRB1*15:01. On the other hand, no association could be found between rs4149584 and MS risk (GA + AA vs. GG: pcorr = 1.00; OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.71-2.21). Moreover, neither polymorphism was significantly associated with age at disease onset, MS Severity Score (MSSS) or MS Progression Index (PI) in any of the inheritance models. In conclusion, our results provide support for a sex- and HLA-DRB1*15:01-independent association of TNFRSF1A rs1800693 SNP with MS susceptibility, but not with age at disease onset, severity or rate of disability accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Javor
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Shawkatová
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Ďurmanová
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Párnická
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Čierny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Michalik
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Čopíková-Cudráková
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Smahová
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karin Gmitterová
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Peterajová
- Haematology Outpatient Clinic, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bucová
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Using the Anterior Visual System to Assess Neuroprotection and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis Trials. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:49. [PMID: 29923130 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinical trials using agents directed at neuroprotection and remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) are needed. As optic neuritis (ON) is common in people with MS and the pathology of ON is similar to other MS lesions in the brain, measurements of the anterior visual system are frequently utilized in neuroprotection and remyelination trials. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the measurements is vital when interpreting the results of this research. RECENT FINDINGS Techniques such as visual evoked potentials (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are well established in MS and are thought to measure axonal integrity and myelination. Novel imaging techniques can also be used in conjunction with these measurements to provide better insight into optic nerve structure and function. Magnetization transfer imaging (MTR) together with optic nerve area and volume measures neurodegeneration; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures myelination status and neurodegeneration. However, these techniques require various levels of experience to interpret, and all can be confounded by ocular motion and surrounding fat and bone. This article provides a review of established and novel techniques to measure the anterior visual system in multiple sclerosis with a focus on the evidence to support their use as outcome measures in clinical trials focused on neuroprotection and remyelination therapies.
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Link between overweight/obese in children and youngsters and occurrence of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2018; 265:2755-2763. [PMID: 29700643 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The prevalence of overweight/obesity is a major problem in the world, and the number of MS cases is increasing. This literature study examines the relationship between overweight/obesity in children and adolescents and later occurrence of MS. METHOD This is a complete literature survey. The search database is primarily Pubmed using MeSH terms "multiple sclerosis", "obesity", and "overweight", and text words not to restrict searches. RESULTS All included studies show a link between being overweight/obese and the presence of MS among people below 20 years of age. The relation is especially true for young girls. The same relation in boys is not significant. CONCLUSION The literature survey convincingly revealed a link between young overweight/obese and occurrence of MS, in particular for girls. There is a need for more and larger studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms that link obesity and MS.
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Yang C, Lai W, Zhou J, Zheng X, Cai Y, Yang W, Xie S, Gao Y, Du C. Betaine Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-6 Production and Th17 Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1316-1324. [PMID: 29330324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-17-secreting T cells (Th17 cells) play a pathogenic role in multiple autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), and dendritic cell (DC)-derived cytokines play pivotal roles in promoting the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th cell subsets (Th1 and Th17). Therefore, small molecules blocking the key cytokines produced by DCs will be beneficial in MS. In this article, we report that betaine treatment ameliorates MS pathogenesis by inhibiting DC-derived IL-6 production and Th17 differentiation. Using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a widely used mouse model of MS, we found that, compared with the vehicle-treated group, betaine-treated mice exhibited less severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis symptoms, including lower clinical scores, reduced leukocyte infiltration, and less extensive demyelination in the CNS. Moreover, a significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells, one of the major pathogenic effector cells in MS progression, was observed in the peripheral immune system and in the CNS. Interestingly, in the in vitro Th17-differentiation assay, no significant change in Th17 cells was observed between the vehicle- and betaine-treated groups, whereas in the in vitro DC culture experiment, betaine treatment significantly decreased DC-derived IL-6 production. In the DC-T cell coculture experiment, a significantly decreased Th17 differentiation was observed upon betaine treatment. All of these data demonstrated that betaine inhibited Th17 differentiation indirectly by reducing IL-6 production by DCs. In brief, our findings demonstrated the pivotal roles of betaine in modulating MS pathogenesis and suggested that it may serve as a potential novel drug candidate for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Yang
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiming Lai
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhou
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinyuan Zheng
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wanjie Yang
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sirong Xie
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Changsheng Du
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Steimer J, Weissert R. Effects of Sport Climbing on Multiple Sclerosis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1021. [PMID: 29311957 PMCID: PMC5742106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with different types of disease courses (relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive, primary progressive) that leads to physical as well as mental disability. The symptoms comprise paresis or/and paralysis, ataxia, bladder dysfunction, visual problems as well as effects on cognition. There is limited data regarding the possible effects of sport climbing respectively therapeutic climbing on patients with MS. Sport climbing offers many potentially beneficial effects for patients with MS since there are effects on coordination, muscular strength, and cognition to name the most relevant ones. Also, disease models in rodents point toward such positive outcomes of climbing. Therefore, we assessed the currently available research literature on general effects of physical exercise, impact of climbing on body and mind and therapeutic climbing for prevention or therapy for the treatment of MS. The sparse published controlled trials that investigated this sport activity on different groups of patients with neurological or geriatric diseases grossly differ in study design and outcome parameters. Nevertheless, it appears that climbing offers the opportunity to improve some of the symptoms of patients with MS and can contribute to an enhanced quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steimer
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Taurine supplementation reduces neuroinflammation and protects against white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Amino Acids 2017; 50:439-451. [PMID: 29256178 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to substantial neuronal damage and neurological deterioration. Taurine, an abundant amino acid in the nervous system, is reported to reduce inflammatory injury in various central nervous system diseases, but its role and the possible underlying mechanisms in the pathology following ICH remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of taurine supplementation on neurological deficits, acute inflammatory responses and white matter injury in a model of ICH in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to collagenase-induced ICH injury were injected intravenously with different concentrations of taurine or vehicle 10 min after ICH and subsequently daily for 3 days. Behavioral studies, brain water content, and assessments of hemorrhagic lesion volume were quantified at day 1 and day 3 post-ICH. Neuronal damage, peri-hematomal inflammatory responses, and white matter injury were determined at 24 h, meanwhile, the content of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) along with the expression of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in peri-hematomal tissues was analyzed to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of taurine. Treatment with a high dosage of taurine (50 mg/kg) significantly attenuated functional deficits and reduced brain edema and hemorrhagic lesion volume after ICH. Taurine administration also resulted in significant amelioration of neuronal damage and white matter injury. These changes were associated with marked reductions in neutrophil infiltration, glial activation, and expression levels of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of taurine was accompanied by increased H2S content, enhanced CBS expression, and less expression of P2X7R. Our study demonstrated that the high dosage of taurine supplementation effectively mitigated the severity of pathological inflammation and white matter injury after ICH, and the mechanism may be related to upregulation of H2S content and reduced P2X7R expression.
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Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis from EEG signals using nonlinear methods. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2017; 40:785-797. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-017-0584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Jayaraman A, Soni A, Prabhakar BS, Holterman M, Jayaraman S. The epigenetic drug Trichostatin A ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via T cell tolerance induction and impaired influx of T cells into the spinal cord. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:1-12. [PMID: 28736194 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a T cell mediated chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although currently available therapies reduce relapses, they do not facilitate tolerization of myelin antigen-specific T lymphocytes to ensure prolonged protection against multiple sclerosis. Here, we show that treatment of NOD mice with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A affords robust protection against myelin peptide induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Protection was accompanied by histone hyperacetylation, and reduced inflammation and axonal damage in the spinal cord. Drug treatment diminished the generation of CD4+ memory T cells and induced tolerance in CD4+ T cells recognizing the immunizing myelin peptide. During the early immunization period, CD4+ T cells producing GM-CSF+IFN-γ, GM-CSF+IL-17A, as well as those expressing both IL-17A+IFN-γ (double-producers) were detected in the secondary lymphoid organs followed by the appearance of cells producing IFN-γ and GM-CSF. On the other hand, IFN-γ producing Th1 cells appear first in the spinal cord followed by cells producing IL-17A and GM-CSF. Treatment with Trichostatin A substantially reduced the frequencies of all T cells secreting various lymphokines both in the periphery and in the spinal cord. These data indicate that epigenetic modifications induced by histone hyperacetylation facilitates T cell tolerance induction in the periphery leading to reduced migration of T cells to the spinal cord and mitigation of neuronal damage and improved clinical outcome. These results suggest that epigenetic modulation of the genome may similarly offer benefits to multiple sclerosis patients via abrogating the function of encephalitogenic T lymphocytes without exerting severe side effects associated with currently used disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Jayaraman
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Advait Soni
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Dept. of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark Holterman
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sundararajan Jayaraman
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Dept. of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Popp RF, Fierlbeck AK, Knüttel H, König N, Rupprecht R, Weissert R, Wetter TC. Daytime sleepiness versus fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review on the Epworth sleepiness scale as an assessment tool. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 32:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Weissert R. Adaptive Immunity Is the Key to the Understanding of Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28386263 PMCID: PMC5362596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are common aspects and mechanisms between different types of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as well as paraneoplastic inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. To our present knowledge, depending on the disease, T and B cells as well as antibodies contribute to various aspects of the pathogenesis. Possibly the events leading to the breaking of tolerance between the different diseases are of great similarity and so far, only partially understood. Beside endogenous factors (genetics, genomics, epigenetics, malignancy) also exogenous factors (vitamin D, sun light exposure, smoking, gut microbiome, viral infections) contribute to susceptibility in such diseases. What differs between these disorders are the target molecules of the immune attack. For T cells, these target molecules are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules as MHC-bound ligands. B cells have an important role by amplifying the immune response of T cells by capturing antigen with their surface immunoglobulin and presenting it to T cells. Antibodies secreted by plasma cells that have differentiated from B cells are highly structure specific and can have important effector functions leading to functional impairment or/and lesion evolvement. In MS, the target molecules are mainly myelin- and neuron/axon-derived proteins; in NMOSD, mainly aquaporin-4 expressed on astrocytes; and in AE, various proteins that are expressed by neurons and axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Vargas DL, Tyor WR. Update on disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. J Investig Med 2017; 65:883-891. [PMID: 28130412 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It predominantly affects young women and is one of the most common causes of disability in young adults. MS is characterized by formation of white matter lesions in the CNS as a result of inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss. Treatment has been a focus of neurological research for over 60 years. A number of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have become available making MS a treatable disease. These compounds target the inflammatory response in MS. They work by decreasing the chances of relapse, decreasing the chances of new lesion formation seen on MRI of the CNS and slowing the accumulation of disability. The first drugs for MS to be available were interferon-β and glatiramer acetate. These work by modulating the inflammatory response via different mechanisms that are briefly discussed. Newer agents have since become available and have significantly changed the dynamics of MS treatment. These include fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide, which are oral agents. Other second-line and third-line Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications include natalizumab and alemtuzumab. Natalizumab is considered one of the most potent treatments for relapse prevention. However, the high risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is caused by JC virus infection in the brain, tempers the more widespread use of this agent; nevertheless, JC virus antibody tests have helped to stratify the risk of PML. Alemtuzumab, which also has a considerable side effect profile, is likewise highly efficacious. Ocrelizumab, a monoclonal antibody to CD20 on B cells, is a highly effective agent for MS that is likely to be approved soon by the FDA. MS is a major contributor to healthcare costs and it is critical that healthcare providers be aware of the availability and benefits of DMTs. It is imperative that prompt and adequate treatment be established on diagnosis. Changes in therapy should be considered when there is evidence of disease activity as well as accumulation of disability or safety or tolerability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Vargas
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Neurology Service, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - William R Tyor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Neurology Service, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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Assessment of Serum Nitrogen Species and Inflammatory Parameters in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Different Therapeutic Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4570351. [PMID: 28078290 PMCID: PMC5204117 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4570351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide and its reactive derivatives (NO x ) is well known in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, which is an inflammatory disease while NO x seems to be important in coordinating inflammatory response. The purpose of the present study was to assess serum NO x as one of the nitrogen species and inflammatory parameters in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and to compare the effectiveness of various types of disease-modifying therapies that reduce nitric oxide and inflammatory biomarkers. Elevated NO x level was observed in patients who received the first-line disease-modifying therapy (interferons beta-1a and beta-1b) in comparison with the subjects treated with the second-line disease-modifying therapy (natalizumab; fingolimod) and healthy controls without significant differences in C-reactive protein and interleukin-1 beta. A negative correlation was observed between serum NO x level and the duration of multiple sclerosis confirmed in the whole study population and in subjects treated with the first-line agents. Only serum NO x , concentration could reveal a potential efficacy of disease-modifying therapy with a better reduction in NO x level due to the second-line agents of disease-modifying therapy.
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Shaharabani R, Ram-On M, Avinery R, Aharoni R, Arnon R, Talmon Y, Beck R. Structural Transition in Myelin Membrane as Initiator of Multiple Sclerosis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12159-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rona Shaharabani
- Raymond & Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel
Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maor Ram-On
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
(RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ram Avinery
- Tel
Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Raymond & Beverly Sackler School of Physics & Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department
of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruth Arnon
- Department
of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
(RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Roy Beck
- Tel
Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Raymond & Beverly Sackler School of Physics & Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School
of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Herrmann MM, Barth S, Greve B, Schumann KM, Bartels A, Weissert R. Identification of gene expression patterns crucially involved in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1211-1220. [PMID: 27519689 PMCID: PMC5087830 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
After encounter with a central nervous system (CNS)-derived autoantigen, lymphocytes leave the lymph nodes and enter the CNS. This event leads only rarely to subsequent tissue damage. Genes relevant to CNS pathology after cell infiltration are largely undefined. Myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that results in disability. To assess genes that are involved in encephalitogenicity and subsequent tissue damage mediated by CNS-infiltrating cells, we performed a DNA microarray analysis from cells derived from lymph nodes and eluted from CNS in LEW.1AV1 (RT1av1) rats immunized with MOG 91-108. The data was compared to immunizations with adjuvant alone or naive rats and to immunizations with the immunogenic but not encephalitogenic MOG 73-90 peptide. Here, we show involvement of Cd38, Cxcr4 and Akt and confirm these findings by the use of Cd38-knockout (B6.129P2-Cd38tm1Lnd/J) mice, S1P-receptor modulation during EAE and quantitative expression analysis in individuals with MS. The hereby-defined underlying pathways indicate cellular activation and migration pathways mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors as crucial events in CNS tissue damage. These pathways can be further explored for novel therapeutic interventions. Summary: To define disease-inducing immune responses, unbiased gene expression in LEW.1AV1 (RT1av1) rats immunized with autoantigen-derived encephalitogenic and non-encephalitogenic peptides was investigated in MOG-EAE. CXCR4, CXCL12, AKT and CD38 control CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Herrmann
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Barth
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Greve
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin M Schumann
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bartels
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Ghalamfarsa G, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Anvari E, Farhadi S, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Application of nanomedicine for crossing the blood–brain barrier: Theranostic opportunities in multiple sclerosis. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:603-19. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1159264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Shohreh Farhadi
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bhise V, Dhib-Jalbut S. Further understanding of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: impact on future treatments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1069-89. [PMID: 27191526 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1191351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has expanded with more research into T-cell subtypes, cytokine contributors, B-cell participation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and more. Treatment options have rapidly expanded with three relatively recent oral therapy alternatives entering the arena. AREAS COVERED In the following review, we discuss current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in MS, how they relate to current treatments, and the impact these findings will have on the future of therapy. Expert commentary: The efficacy of these medications and understanding their mechanisms of actions validates the immunopathogenic mechanisms thought to underlie MS. Further research has exposed new targets, while new promising therapies have shed light on new aspects into the pathophysiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhise
- a Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Pediatrics , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- b Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Neurology , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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Huang Q, Xiao B, Ma X, Qu M, Li Y, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Zhou J. MicroRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:148-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Luerding R, Gebel S, Gebel EM, Schwab-Malek S, Weissert R. Influence of Formal Education on Cognitive Reserve in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2016; 7:46. [PMID: 27065941 PMCID: PMC4809897 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) and its influence on cognitive impairment has attracted increasing interest. One hundred twenty-eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) from Southern Germany were evaluated during the years 2000 to 2012. Twenty-seven neuropsychological (NP) tests were applied regarding basic cognitive functions, attention, executive functions, visual perception and construction, memory and learning, problem solving, and language. By this retrospective approach, a comprehensive NP profile of the investigated individuals was established. An effect of timespan of formal education on CR was observed. Enrichment by reading, physical activities, and challenging vocational practices had more profound effects in patients who had undergone a shorter educational period compared to a longer educational period. In summary, our study demonstrates that the advantage of longer formal education periods, compared to shorter formal education periods, can be counterbalanced by high frequencies of reading, physical activities, and challenging vocational practices in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Luerding
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sophie Gebel
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Gebel
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | | | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Angelici L, Piola M, Cavalleri T, Randi G, Cortini F, Bergamaschi R, Baccarelli AA, Bertazzi PA, Pesatori AC, Bollati V. Effects of particulate matter exposure on multiple sclerosis hospital admission in Lombardy region, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:68-73. [PMID: 26624240 PMCID: PMC4797990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by recurrent relapses of inflammation that cause mild to severe disability. Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with acute increases in systemic inflammatory responses and neuroinflammation. In the present study, we hypothesize that exposure to PM<10μm in diameter (PM10) might increase the occurrence of MS-related hospitalizations. METHODS We obtained daily concentrations of PM10 from 53 monitoring sites covering the study area and we identified 8287 MS-related hospitalization through hospital admission-discharge records of the Lombardy region, Italy, between 2001 and 2009. We used a Poisson regression analysis to investigate the association between exposure to PM10 and risk of hospitalization. RESULTS A higher RR of hospital admission for MS relapse was associated with exposure to PM10 at different time intervals. The maximum effect of PM10 on MS hospitalization was found for exposure between days 0 and 7: Hospital admission for MS increased 42% (95%CI 1.39-1.45) on the days preceded by one week with PM10 levels in the highest quartile. The p-value for trend across quartiles was<0.001. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that air pollution may have a role in determining MS occurrence and relapses. Our findings could open new avenues for determining the pathogenic mechanisms of MS and potentially be applied to other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Angelici
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Piola
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cavalleri
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Randi
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortini
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Clinical Neurology, Neurological Institute 'C. Mondino', Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies indicate a role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. This review addresses the current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of multiple sclerosis, including the impact of environmental risk factors on immunity in both multiple sclerosis and its animal models. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T-helper (Th) cells have long been implicated as the main drivers of pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, current studies indicate that multiple sclerosis is largely a heterogeneous disease process, which involves both innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammatory mechanisms that ultimately contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Therefore, B cells, CD8 T cells, and microglia/macrophages can also play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis apart from proinflammatory CD4 Th1/Th17 cell subsets. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that environmental risk factors, such as Vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, Western diet, and the commensal microbiota, influence the development of multiple sclerosis through interactions with genetic variants of multiple sclerosis, thus leading to the dysregulation of immune responses. SUMMARY A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of multiple sclerosis will help further improve therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression.
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Mosley RL. Adaptive Immunity in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychological Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:522-7. [PMID: 26496777 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders are becoming a greater proportion of the global disease burden; however the pathogenic mechanisms by which these disorders originate and contribute to disease progression are not well-described. Increasing evidence supports neuroinflammation as a common underlying component associated with the neuropathological processes that effect disease progression. This collection of articles explores the role of adaptive immunity in autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, neurotrauma, and psychological disorders. The section emphasizes the interactions of T cells with innate cellular responses within the CNS and the effects on neurological functions. One recurrent theme is that modified and aggregated self-proteins upregulate innate-mediated inflammation and provide a permissive environment for polarization of T cells to proinflammatory effector cells. Moreover, infiltration and reactivation of those T effector cells exacerbate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress to greater neurotoxic levels. Another recurrent theme in these disorders promotes diminished regulatory functions that reduce control over activated T effector cells and microglia, and ultimately augment proinflammatory conditions. Augmentation of regulatory control is discussed as therapeutic strategies to attenuate neuroinflammation, mitigate neurodegeneration or neuronal dysfunction, and lessen disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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