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Ziminski D, Harmon-Darrow C, Westley-Henson K, Ross S. Exploring the Role of Fear, Civic Disengagement, and Economic Disenfranchisement Within Communities that Experience Gun Violence. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241269500. [PMID: 39096345 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241269500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research has documented how gun violence can affect mental and physical health outcomes among adults. Likewise, the literature is also beginning to reveal negative psychological effects related to distress and hypervigilance and sociological implications around diminished community engagement and economic opportunity. However, there remains a need to fully explore the role of fear related to the experience of gun violence. Through a qualitative inquiry consisting of community resident focus groups and community leader interviews, this study examined how participants' perceptions of fear related to their exposures to and experiences of gun violence. The findings highlight the pervasive emotional experience of existing in a fearful, distressed, and/or anxious state within certain communities, and how civic disengagement, neighborhood disconnection, and economic disenfranchisement exist in communities that disproportionately experience violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Ziminski
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University - Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kiersten Westley-Henson
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University - Cadmen, Camden, NJ, USA
- Department of Prevention Science, Rutgers University - Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel Ross
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University - Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
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Tong G, Spell VT, Horton N, Thornhill T, Keene D, Montgomery C, Spiegelman D, Wang EA, Roy B. Trusted residents and housing assistance to decrease violence exposure in New Haven (TRUE HAVEN): a strengths-based and community-driven stepped-wedge intervention to reduce gun violence. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1545. [PMID: 37580653 PMCID: PMC10426138 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the rationale and study design for "TRUsted rEsidents and Housing Assistance to decrease Violence Exposure in New Haven (TRUE HAVEN)," a prospective type 1 hybrid effectiveness/implementation study of a multi-level intervention using a stepped wedge design. TRUE HAVEN aims to lower rates of community gun violence by fostering the stability, wealth, and well-being of individuals and families directly impacted by incarceration through the provision of stable housing and by breaking the cycle of trauma. DESIGN TRUE HAVEN is an ongoing, multi-level intervention with three primary components: financial education paired with housing support (individual level), trauma-informed counseling (neighborhood level), and policy changes to address structural racism (city/state level). Six neighborhoods with among the highest rates of gun violence in New Haven, Connecticut, will receive the individual and neighborhood level intervention components sequentially beginning at staggered 6-month steps. Residents of these neighborhoods will be eligible to participate in the housing stability and financial education component if they were recently incarcerated or are family members of currently incarcerated people; participants will receive intense financial education and follow-up for six months and be eligible for special down payment and rental assistance programs. In addition, trusted community members and organization leaders within each target neighborhood will participate in trauma-informed care training sessions to then be able to recognize when their peers are suffering from trauma symptoms, to support these affected peers, and to destigmatize accessing professional mental health services and connect them to these services when needed. Finally, a multi-stakeholder coalition will be convened to address policies that act as barriers to housing stability or accessing mental healthcare. Interventions will be delivered through existing partnerships with community-based organizations and networks. The primary outcome is neighborhood rate of incident gun violence. To inform future implementation and optimize the intervention package as the study progresses, we will use the Learn As You Go approach to optimize and assess the effectiveness of the intervention package on the primary study outcome. DISCUSSION Results from this protocol will yield novel evidence for whether and how addressing structural racism citywide leads to a reduction in gun violence. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05723614. Registration date: February 01, 2023. Please refer to https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05723614 for public and scientific inquiries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Tong
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Methods of Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Nadine Horton
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Thornhill
- Public Health Modeling, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Danya Keene
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christine Montgomery
- Clifford Beers Guidance Clinic, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Social Work, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Methods of Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily A Wang
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brita Roy
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Tong G, Spell VT, Horton N, Thornhill T, Keene D, Montgomery C, Spiegelman D, Wang EA, Roy B. TRUsted rEsidents and Housing Assistance to decrease Violence Exposure in New Haven (TRUE HAVEN): A strengths-based and community-driven stepped-wedge intervention to reduce gun violence. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2874381. [PMID: 37214890 PMCID: PMC10197755 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2874381/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background We describe the rationale and study design for " TRU sted r Esidents and H ousing A ssistance to decrease V iolence E xposure in N ew Haven (TRUE HAVEN)," a prospective type 1 hybrid effectiveness/implementation study of a multi-level intervention using a stepped wedge design. TRUE HAVEN aims to lower rates of community gun violence by fostering the stability, wealth, and well-being of individuals and families directly impacted by incarceration through the provision of stable housing and by breaking the cycle of trauma. Design: TRUE HAVEN is a multi-level intervention with three primary components: financial education paired with housing support (individual level), trauma-informed counseling (neighborhood level), and policy changes to address structural racism (city/state level). Six neighborhoods with among the highest rates of gun violence in New Haven, Connecticut, will receive the individual and neighborhood level intervention components sequentially beginning at staggered 6-month steps. Residents of these neighborhoods will be eligible to participate in the housing stability and financial education component if they were recently incarcerated or are family members of currently incarcerated people; participants will receive intense financial education and follow-up for six months and be eligible for special down payment and rental assistance programs. In addition, trusted community members and organization leaders within each target neighborhood will participate in trauma-informed care training sessions to then be able to recognize when their peers are suffering from trauma symptoms, to support these affected peers, and to destigmatize accessing professional mental health services and connect them to these services when needed. Finally, a multi-stakeholder coalition will be convened to address policies that act as barriers to housing stability or accessing mental healthcare. Interventions will be delivered through existing partnerships with community-based organizations and networks. The primary outcome is neighborhood rate of incident gun violence. To inform future implementation and optimize the intervention package as the study progresses, we will use the Learn As You Go approach to optimize and assess the effectiveness of the intervention package on the primary study outcome. Discussion Results from this protocol will yield novel evidence for whether and how addressing structural racism citywide leads to a reduction in gun violence. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05723614. Registration date: February 01, 2023.
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Gurrey S, McCauley H, Benson M, Prabhu P, Fan MD, Rivara FP, Hemenway D, Miller M, Azrael D, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Firearm-related research articles in health sciences by funding status and type: A scoping review. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101604. [PMID: 34976661 PMCID: PMC8683892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Federal restrictions have impacted funding for firearm-related research. We know little about the funding landscape for this research in the health sciences. A smaller proportion of articles reported funding in 2019 compared to 2000. Despite an increase in volume of publications, funding limitations still exist.
Federal funding for firearm-related research in the health sciences has incurred Congressional restrictions and executive actions. Little is known about the funding landscape for published scholarship in this field. This study’s aim was to characterize the number and sources of funding, including federal and non-federal sources, for firearm-related research articles published in health sciences journals. We performed a scoping review of original, empirical, peer-reviewed articles related to firearms published in health science journals and indexed in PubMed between January 2000 and December 2019, using the PRISMA extension for Scoping Review checklist. Four reviewers independently screened each article twice for inclusion. Included articles were reviewed again to identify funding sources. Articles were characterized as having explicitly declared funding, explicitly declared no funding, or no explicit funding declaration. Among articles with funding, we examined proportions by funding source. 812 articles met the inclusion criteria. 119 (14.7%) of the articles declared not having received any funding, and 240 (29.6%) had no funding declaration. 453 (55.8%) of the articles declared at least one source of funding. Of those, 221 (48.8%) reported at least one federal grant, and 232 (51.2%) reported at least one philanthropic grant. The number of published articles increased by 328.6% between 2000 and 2019. While the volume increased during the study period, the proportion of articles with funding was lower in 2019 (55.6%) than it was in 2000 (87.5%; proportion difference: 31.9%; 95% CI: 16.7%–47.2%). This study highlights the continued funding limitations in this field despite a growing volume of research.
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Parsons AA, Leggett D, Vollmer D, Perez V, Smith R, Goodman E, Mayes C, McLellan C, Laird N, Beck AF, Kahn R, Riley C. Cultivating social relationships and disrupting social isolation in low-income, high-disparity neighbourhoods in Ohio, USA. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2021; 29:1876-1886. [PMID: 33560567 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation undermines health. Inequities in social networks exist due to historical and contemporary practices of socioeconomic and racial segregation. Thus, lower income and minority families are less likely to have the number, strength, and variety of social connections as higher income and white families. Therefore, social isolation may contribute to inequities in health and well-being across socioeconomic and racial groups. Disrupting social isolation by strengthening social networks may be a meaningful way to equitably improve population health. In this study we aimed to better understand the factors that influence the formation and sustainment of social connections in neighbourhoods experiencing a disproportionate burden of social needs and poor health outcomes. Participants were recruited through our community-academic partnership, Healthy Homes (HH). Healthy Homes serves families with pregnant women and/or children <6 years in two low-income, high-morbidity neighbourhoods, focusing on supporting families' needs and hopes. Between October 2016 and April 2017, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews (n = 20) with English-speaking mothers and grandmothers of children under <6 years. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and independently coded. After applying an a priori code list, we conducted emergent coding to identify additional themes. Themes focused on the social environment, including social connections and social isolation, among vulnerable populations in included neighbourhoods. Families want connection to one another and to resources but look to others to facilitate those connections. Families may want or need social connections but do not engage if it means sacrificing their values or sense of self-worth. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the factors that might allow us to disrupt social isolation by building relationships in communities that face social and health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Parsons
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dawna Leggett
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nancy Laird
- Santa Maria Community Services, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew F Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of General & Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of General & Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carley Riley
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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COVID-19 and crime: Analysis of crime dynamics amidst social distancing protocols. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249414. [PMID: 33793642 PMCID: PMC8016314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the pandemic in early 2020, cities implemented states of emergency and stay at home orders to reduce virus spread. Changes in social dynamics due to local restrictions impacted human behavior and led to a shift in crime dynamics. We analyze shifts in crime types by comparing crimes before the implementation of stay at home orders and the time period shortly after these orders were put in place across three cities. We find consistent changes across Chicago, Baltimore, and Baton Rouge with significant declines in total crimes during the time period immediately following stay at home orders. The starkest differences occurred in Chicago, but in all three cities the crime types contributing to these declines were related to property crime and statutory crime rather than interpersonal crimes.
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Wang EA, Riley C, Wood G, Greene A, Horton N, Williams M, Violano P, Brase RM, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Papachristos AV, Roy B. Building community resilience to prevent and mitigate community impact of gun violence: conceptual framework and intervention design. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040277. [PMID: 33040016 PMCID: PMC7552873 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The USA has the highest rate of community gun violence of any developed democracy. There is an urgent need to develop feasible, scalable and community-led interventions that mitigate incident gun violence and its associated health impacts. Our community-academic research team received National Institutes of Health funding to design a community-led intervention that mitigates the health impacts of living in communities with high rates of gun violence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We adapted 'Building Resilience to Disasters', a conceptual framework for natural disaster preparedness, to guide actions of multiple sectors and the broader community to respond to the man-made disaster of gun violence. Using this framework, we will identify existing community assets to be building blocks of future community-led interventions. To identify existing community assets, we will conduct social network and spatial analyses of the gun violence episodes in our community and use these analyses to identify people and neighbourhood blocks that have been successful in avoiding gun violence. We will conduct qualitative interviews among a sample of individuals in the network that have avoided violence (n=45) and those living or working on blocks that have not been a location of victimisation (n=45) to identify existing assets. Lastly, we will use community-based system dynamics modelling processes to create a computer simulation of the community-level contributors and mitigators of the effects of gun violence that incorporates local population-based based data for calibration. We will engage a multistakeholder group and use themes from the qualitative interviews and the computer simulation to identify feasible community-led interventions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Human Investigation Committee at Yale University School of Medicine (#2000022360) granted study approval. We will disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and academic and community presentations. The qualitative interview guides, system dynamics model and group model building scripts will be shared broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Wang
- Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Research Engagement, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Carley Riley
- Division of Critical Care, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Clinical Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - George Wood
- Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ann Greene
- Center for Research Engagement, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nadine Horton
- Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maurice Williams
- Center for Research Engagement, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pina Violano
- Injury Prevention Center, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rachel Michele Brase
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Brita Roy
- Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
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Wu C. How does gun violence affect Americans' trust in each other? SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2020; 91:102449. [PMID: 32933647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article examines how Americans' actual experience of gun victimization affects their trust in others and how this further connects to the widely-discussed association between gun crime and trust at the place level. Analyzing data from the U.S. General Social Survey (GSS), I find that, regardless when it occurred in life, Americans who were victimized by guns trust much less in others than those who had no such experience. In terms of the size of the effect, repeated gun victimization has the strongest effect, followed by adulthood victimization, and then childhood victimization. I also find that individuals who later achieve higher socioeconomic status are better able to recover from the psychological effect of childhood gun victimization, lending support for the experiential theory of trust that people can update their trust according to changing experiences later in life. Finally, combing the GSS data with data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), I also show that higher percentages of nonfatal and fatal gun violence victims lead to lower levels of trust both across and within the U.S. census divisions over time. Findings of this study demonstrate that America's gun violence affects not only just those killed, injured, or present during gunfire, but it can also sabotage the social and psychological well-being of all Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Wu
- Department of Sociology, York University, Vari Hall, Room 2060, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Roy B, Kiefe CI, Jacobs DR, Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones D, Shikany JM, Reis JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lewis CE. Education, Race/Ethnicity, and Causes of Premature Mortality Among Middle-Aged Adults in 4 US Urban Communities: Results From CARDIA, 1985-2017. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:530-536. [PMID: 32078342 PMCID: PMC7067110 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To assess causes of premature death and whether race/ethnicity or education is more strongly and independently associated with premature mortality in a diverse sample of middle-aged adults in the United States.Methods. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA) is a longitudinal cohort study of 5114 participants recruited in 1985 to 1986 and followed for up to 29 years, with rigorous ascertainment of all deaths; recruitment was balanced regarding sex, Black and White race/ethnicity, education level (high school or less vs. greater than high school), and age group (18-24 and 25-30 years). This analysis included all 349 deaths that had been fully reviewed through month 348. Our primary outcome was years of potential life lost (YPLL).Results. The age-adjusted mortality rate per 1000 persons was 45.17 among Black men, 25.20 among White men, 17.63 among Black women, and 10.10 among White women. Homicide and AIDS were associated with the most YPLL, but cancer and cardiovascular disease were the most common causes of death. In multivariable models, each level of education achieved was associated with 1.37 fewer YPLL (P = .007); race/ethnicity was not independently associated with YPLL.Conclusions. Lower education level was an independent predictor of greater YPLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brita Roy
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Catarina I Kiefe
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David R Jacobs
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David C Goff
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - James M Shikany
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jared P Reis
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Brita Roy is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Catarina I. Kiefe is with the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. David R. Jacobs is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. During the time of the study, David C. Goff was with the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Donald Lloyd-Jones is with the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. James M. Shikany is with the Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Jared P. Reis is with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Penny Gordon-Larsen is with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Cora E. Lewis is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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10
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Richardson MA. Framing Community-Based Interventions for Gun Violence: A Review of the Literature. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2019; 44:259-270. [PMID: 31665285 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Social workers are uniquely situated to lead community-based efforts to reduce gun violence, which has been identified as a prevalent and pressing public health concern. The current literature, however, has not addressed the frameworks guiding community-based interventions for gun violence. In the present article, a systematic literature review examines frameworks used to support community-based interventions for gun violence and to evaluate their outcomes. The search found 13 articles-unique to gun violence interventions-organized by the frameworks shaping perceptions of gun violence and community-based research. The review assessed frameworks based on their relationship to intervention stage and study outcomes. Findings suggest that these community-based gun violence interventions are shaped by systems, public health, and community mobilization frameworks. The article discusses frameworks found to be associated with successful community-based interventions and explains how the findings are relevant to future social work practice and research.
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11
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Guo M, O'Connor Duffany K, Shebl FM, Santilli A, Keene DE. The Effects of Length of Residence and Exposure to Violence on Perceptions of Neighborhood Safety in an Urban Sample. J Urban Health 2018. [PMID: 29541963 PMCID: PMC5906388 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perceptions of neighborhood safety shape the well-being of individuals and communities, affecting neighborhood walkability, associated physical activity behaviors, and health conditions. However, less is known about the factors that determine perceptions of safety. One factor that may affect perceptions of neighborhood safety is the length of time someone has lived in their neighborhood. We use a representative, adult sample of urban low-income residents from the 2015 New Haven Health Survey (n = 1189) to investigate the associations between length of residence (new residents of < 1 year in neighborhood versus longer-term residents of 1 or more years in neighborhood) and perceptions of neighborhood safety (whether feeling unsafe to walk at night). We then examine the potential moderating effect of exposure to neighborhood violence on these associations. We find that the association between length of residence and perceived safety differs by exposure to neighborhood violence. Among those unexposed to neighborhood violence, longer-term neighborhood residents were more likely to feel unsafe compared to new residents (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.19, 3.45). Additionally, the effect of exposure to violence on feelings of safety was larger for new residents (OR = 9.10, 95% CI 2.72, 30.44) compared to longer-term residents (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.28, 2.77). Our findings suggest that length of residence may have implications for feelings of safety, and that experiences of violence may uniquely contribute to feelings of unsafety among new residents. These findings hold implications for interventions and policy efforts aimed at neighborhood safety improvements through community development, housing, or city urban planning initiatives, particularly for new neighborhood residents or those who experience neighborhood violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guo
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Kathleen O'Connor Duffany
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alycia Santilli
- Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, New Haven, CT, USA.,Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Santilli A, O'Connor Duffany K, Carroll-Scott A, Thomas J, Greene A, Arora A, Agnoli A, Gan G, Ickovics J. Bridging the Response to Mass Shootings and Urban Violence: Exposure to Violence in New Haven, Connecticut. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:374-379. [PMID: 28103071 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We have described self-reported exposure to gun violence in an urban community of color to inform the movement toward a public health approach to gun violence prevention. The Community Alliance for Research and Engagement at Yale School of Public Health conducted community health needs assessments to document chronic disease prevalence and risk, including exposure to gun violence. We conducted surveys with residents in six low-income neighborhoods in New Haven, Connecticut, using a neighborhood-stratified, population-based sample (n = 1189; weighted sample to represent the neighborhoods, n = 29 675). Exposure to violence is pervasive in these neighborhoods: 73% heard gunshots; many had family members or close friends hurt (29%) or killed (18%) by violent acts. Although all respondents live in low-income neighborhoods, exposure to violence differs by race/ethnicity and social class. Residents of color experienced significantly more violence than did White residents, with a particularly disparate increase among young Black men aged 18 to 34 years. While not ignoring societal costs of horrific mass shootings, we must be clear that a public health approach to gun violence prevention means focusing on the dual epidemic of mass shootings and urban violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Santilli
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Kathleen O'Connor Duffany
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Amy Carroll-Scott
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Jordan Thomas
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Ann Greene
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Anita Arora
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Alicia Agnoli
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Geliang Gan
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Jeannette Ickovics
- At the time of study, Alycia Santilli, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany, Jordan Thomas, and Jeannette Ickovics were with the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Amy Carroll-Scott is with the Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA. Ann Greene, Anita Arora, and Alicia Agnoli are with the Robert Wood John Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven. Geliang Gan is with the Yale Center for Analytic Science, Yale School of Public Health
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