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Fan Q, Xie Z, Zhao J, Hua J, Wei Y, Li X, Li D, Luo S, Li M, Xie L, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang S, Ren H, Wan L. Simultaneous differential detection of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses by a triplex fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419312. [PMID: 39015104 PMCID: PMC11250583 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
H5, H7, and H9 are pivotal avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes that cause substantial economic losses and pose potential threats to public health worldwide. In this study, a novel triplex fluorescence reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TLAMP) assay was developed in which traditional LAMP techniques were combined with probes for detection. Through this innovative approach, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV can be simultaneously identified and differentiated, thereby offering crucial technical support for prevention and control efforts. Three primer sets and composite probes were designed based on conserved regions of the haemagglutinin gene for each subtype. The probes were labelled with distinct fluorophores at their 3' ends, which were detached to release the fluorescence signal during the amplification process. The detection results were interpreted based on the colour of the TLAMP products. Then, the reaction conditions were optimized, and three primer sets and probes were combined in the same reaction system, resulting in a TLAMP detection assay for the differential diagnosis of AIV subtypes. Sensitivity testing with in vitro-transcribed RNA revealed that the detection limit of the TLAMP assay was 205 copies per reaction for H5, 360 copies for H7, and 545 copies for H9. The TLAMP assay demonstrated excellent specificity, no cross-reactivity with related avian viruses, and 100% consistency with a previously published quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Therefore, due to its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity, this TLAMP assay is suitable for epidemiological investigations and is a valuable tool for detecting and distinguishing H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
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Huang X, Li W, Cao X, Zhang Q, Lin Y, Xu S, Dong X, Liu P, Liu Y, He G, Luo K, Feng S. Generation and characterization of a nanobody against the avian influenza virus H7 subtype. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131458. [PMID: 38593899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 diseases have been recently reported, raising concerns about a potential pandemic. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective therapeutics for AIV H7N9 infections. Herein, camelid immunization and yeast two-hybrid techniques were used to identify potent neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) targeting the H7 subtype hemagglutinin. First, we evaluated the binding specificity and hemagglutination inhibition activity of the screened Nbs against the H7 subtype hemagglutinin. Nb-Z77, with high hemagglutination inhibition activity was selected from the screened Nbs to optimize the yeast expression conditions and construct oligomeric forms of Nb-Z77 using various ligation methods. The oligomers Nb-Z77-DiGS, Nb-Z77-TriGS, Nb-Z77-Fc and Nb-Z77-Foldon were successfully constructed and expressed. Nb-Z77-DiGS and Nb-Z77-Foldon exhibited considerably greater activity than did Nb-Z77 against H7 subtype hemagglutinin, with median effective concentrations of 384.7 and 27.33 pM and binding affinity values of 213 and 5.21 pM, respectively. Nb-Z77-DiGS and Nb-Z77-Foldon completely inhibited the hemagglutination activity of the inactivated virus H7-Re1 at the lowest concentration of 0.938 μg/mL. This study screened a strain of Nb with high hemagglutination inhibition activity and enhanced its antiviral activity through oligomerization, which may have great potential for developing effective agents for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of AIV H7 subtype infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiye Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijian Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Saixiang Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yu DS, Wu XX, Weng TH, Cheng LF, Liu FM, Wu HB, Lu XY, Wu NP, Sun SL, Yao HP. Host proteins interact with viral elements and affect the life cycle of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H7N9. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28218. [PMID: 38560106 PMCID: PMC10981070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-virus interactions can significantly impact the viral life cycle and pathogenesis; however, our understanding of the specific host factors involved in highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H7N9 (HPAI H7N9) infection is currently restricted. Herein, we designed and synthesized 65 small interfering RNAs targeting host genes potentially associated with various aspects of RNA virus life cycles. Afterward, HPAI H7N9 viruses were isolated and RNA interference was used to screen for host factors likely to be involved in the life cycle of HPAI H7N9. Moreover, the research entailed assessing the associations between host proteins and HPAI H7N9 proteins. Twelve key host proteins were identified: Annexin A (ANXA)2, ANXA5, adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit sigma 1 (AP2S1), adaptor related protein complex 3 subunit sigma 1 (AP3S1), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A1), COPI coat complex subunit alpha (COP)A, COPG1, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A (HSPA)1A, HSPA8, heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), RAB11B, and RAB18. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed intricate interactions between viral proteins (hemagglutinin, matrix 1 protein, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, polymerase basic 1, and polymerase basic 2) and these host proteins, presumably playing a crucial role in modulating the life cycle of HPAI H7N9. Notably, ANXA5, AP2S1, AP3S1, ATP5A1, HSP90A1, and RAB18, were identified as novel interactors with HPAI H7N9 proteins rather than other influenza A viruses (IAVs). These findings underscore the significance of host-viral protein interactions in shaping the dynamics of HPAI H7N9 infection, while highlighting subtle variations compared with other IAVs. Deeper understanding of these interactions holds promise to advance disease treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Lin-Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Fu-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250021, PR China
| | - Shui-Lin Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250021, PR China
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Tang C, Carrera Montoya J, Fritzlar S, Flavel M, Londrigan SL, Mackenzie JM. Polyphenol rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) has potential antiviral activity against influenza A virus in vitro. Virology 2024; 590:109969. [PMID: 38118269 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the major global public health concerns but the emerging resistance of IAV to currently available antivirals requires the need to identify potential alternatives. Polyphenol rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) is an extract prepared from the sugarcane plant Saccharum Officinarum. Herein we aimed to determine if PRSE had antiviral activity against IAV. We showed that treatment of IAV-infected cells with PRSE results in a dose-dependent inhibition of virus infection at concentrations that were non-cytotoxic. PRSE treatment limited the early stages of infection, reducing viral genome replication, mRNA transcription and viral protein expression. PRSE did not affect the ability of IAV to bind sialic acid or change the morphology of viral particles. Additionally, PRSE treatment attenuated the replication of multiple IAV strains of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtype. In conclusion, we show that PRSE displays antiviral activity against a broad range of IAV strains, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caolingzhi Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Julio Carrera Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Matthew Flavel
- The Product Makers (Australia) Pty Ltd, Keysborough, VIC, 3173, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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Mihaescu G, Chifiriuc MC, Filip R, Bleotu C, Ditu LM, Constantin M, Cristian RE, Grigore R, Bertesteanu SV, Bertesteanu G, Vrancianu CO. Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1273604. [PMID: 38288121 PMCID: PMC10822962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalians sense antigenic messages from infectious agents that penetrate the respiratory and digestive epithelium, as well as signals from damaged host cells through membrane and cytosolic receptors. The transduction of these signals triggers a personalized response, depending on the nature of the stimulus and the host's genetics, physiological condition, and comorbidities. Interferons (IFNs) are the primary effectors of the innate immune response, and their synthesis is activated in most cells within a few hours after pathogen invasion. IFNs are primarily synthesized in infected cells, but their anti-infective effect is extended to the neighboring cells by autocrine and paracrine action. The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in 2019 was a stark reminder of the potential threat posed by newly emerging viruses. This pandemic has also triggered an overwhelming influx of research studies aiming to unveil the mechanisms of protective versus pathogenic host immune responses induced by SARS-CoV-2. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of IFNs as vital players in the battle against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We will briefly characterize and classify IFNs, present the inductors of IFN synthesis, their sensors, and signaling pathways, and then discuss the role of IFNs in controlling the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical outcome. Finally, we will present the perspectives and controversies regarding the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigore Mihaescu
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Life, Medical and Agricultural Sciences, Biological Sciences Section, Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Filip
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Microbiology Department, Suceava Emergency County Hospital, Suceava, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lia Mara Ditu
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Constantin
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Institute of Biology of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Cristian
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Grigore
- ENT Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila and Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Vifor Bertesteanu
- ENT Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila and Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gloria Bertesteanu
- ENT Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila and Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrancianu
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- DANUBIUS Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
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Mu T, Wang X, Lu Z, Tong J. Implications of LDH in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1180187. [PMID: 37965268 PMCID: PMC10642759 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1180187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to explore the value of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of pneumonia associated with the novel coronavirus infection. Methods A total of 101 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia were included in the study. According to the severity of the initial chest computed tomography (CT), the patients were divided into the ordinary pneumonia group and the severe pneumonia group and then divided into the remission group and the nonremission group according to the changes of the chest CT after medication treatment. The differences in general characteristics, underlying diseases, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and imaging examination outcomes between groups were observed retrospectively. To analyze the diagnostic performance of LDH, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Results Compared with ordinary pneumonia patients, patients in the severe group presented with significantly higher LDH, neutrophil count, high-sensitivity troponin T (HS-TnT), C-reactive protein (CRP), human serum amyloid A (SAA), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), and D-dimer. Compared with remission patients, non-remission patients presented with significantly higher LDH, neutrophil count, HS-TnT, CRP, SAA, procalcitonin (PCT), creatine kinase-MB mass (CKMB_M), NTproBNP, and D-dimer. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that LDH [odds ratio (OR), 1.015; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.006-1024; p = 0.001] and neutrophil count (OR, 1.352; 95% CI, 1.008-1.811; p = 0.044) were independently associated with exacerbation in COVID-19 patients. For ROC analysis, the AUC was 0.833 (95% CI, 0.729-0.936; p < 0.001) when we use the LDH value of 256.69 U/L to discriminate the ordinary pneumonia and severe pneumonia patients. The AUC was 0.759 (95% CI, 0.603-0.914; p = 0.008) and the sensitivity is 92.3% when we combined the LDH (cutoff value 258.46 U/L) and the neutrophil count (cutoff value 6.76 × 109/L) to discriminate remission and non-remission patients. Conclusion The level of LDH is associated with the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and can be used as important indicators to evaluate the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xingguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Khrustalev VV, Stojarov AN, Shen C, Khrustaleva TA. Consequences of asymmetric mutational pressure for the dynamic of linear B-cell epitopes repertoire of influenza a virus neuraminidase rearrangement. Biosystems 2023; 231:104970. [PMID: 37442364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Full-length nucleotide sequences of avian influenza A virus neuraminidase coding region (20,631 sequences) were analyzed and compared with those isolated from viruses infecting human and swine (63,750 sequences). If in fourfold degenerate sites there is asymmetric A-bias that may be more or less asymmetric depending on the type of neuraminidase and the host, than in twofold degenerate sites from third codon positions there is a strong asymmetric U-bias in coding regions of N4, N5, and N8 isolated from viruses infecting birds, as well as in those of N1 and N2 isolated from viruses infecting human, swine, and birds, while in coding regions of N9 isolated from birds, there is surprisingly strong C-bias, and in sequences of N3, N6, and N7 the usage of C is quite close to the level of U. Revealed stabilization of both U and C in twofold degenerate sites is the evidence of frequent changes in mutational pressure direction. Asymmetric mutational pressure was one of the sources of amino acid replacements that resulted in an equal percentage of sites with appeared and disappeared linear B-cell epitopes in N1, N2, N4, and N5 (33.62-35.33% vs. 32.41-36.45%, respectively), and controlled by the immune pressure it resulted in a stronger tendency to disappear for B-cell epitopes of N3, N6, N7, N8, and N9 of avian viruses (8.74-28.77% vs. 28.96-38.89%). The lack of correlation between nucleotide usages in fourfold and twofold degenerate sites for three nucleotides, except U, is a strong evidence of mutational pressure theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Victorovich Khrustalev
- Department of General Chemistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzinskogo, 83, Minsk, Belarus; Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Academicheskaya, 28, Minsk, Belarus.
| | | | - Chenguang Shen
- Southern Medical University, Guanzhou, China No.1023-1063 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510515, PR China
| | - Tatyana Aleksandrovna Khrustaleva
- Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Academicheskaya, 28, Minsk, Belarus
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8
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Pinto RM, Bakshi S, Lytras S, Zakaria MK, Swingler S, Worrell JC, Herder V, Hargrave KE, Varjak M, Cameron-Ruiz N, Collados Rodriguez M, Varela M, Wickenhagen A, Loney C, Pei Y, Hughes J, Valette E, Turnbull ML, Furnon W, Gu Q, Orr L, Taggart A, Diebold O, Davis C, Boutell C, Grey F, Hutchinson E, Digard P, Monne I, Wootton SK, MacLeod MKL, Wilson SJ, Palmarini M. BTN3A3 evasion promotes the zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses. Nature 2023; 619:338-347. [PMID: 37380775 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Spillover events of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) to humans could represent the first step in a future pandemic1. Several factors that limit the transmission and replication of avian IAVs in mammals have been identified. There are several gaps in our understanding to predict which virus lineages are more likely to cross the species barrier and cause disease in humans1. Here, we identified human BTN3A3 (butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A3)2 as a potent inhibitor of avian IAVs but not human IAVs. We determined that BTN3A3 is expressed in human airways and its antiviral activity evolved in primates. We show that BTN3A3 restriction acts primarily at the early stages of the virus life cycle by inhibiting avian IAV RNA replication. We identified residue 313 in the viral nucleoprotein (NP) as the genetic determinant of BTN3A3 sensitivity (313F or, rarely, 313L in avian viruses) or evasion (313Y or 313V in human viruses). However, avian IAV serotypes, such as H7 and H9, that spilled over into humans also evade BTN3A3 restriction. In these cases, BTN3A3 evasion is due to substitutions (N, H or Q) in NP residue 52 that is adjacent to residue 313 in the NP structure3. Thus, sensitivity or resistance to BTN3A3 is another factor to consider in the risk assessment of the zoonotic potential of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Spyros Lytras
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Simon Swingler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie C Worrell
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Herder
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kerrie E Hargrave
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Colin Loney
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elise Valette
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lauren Orr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ola Diebold
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam J Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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10
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Gu M, Jiao J, Liu S, Zhao W, Ge Z, Cai K, Xu L, He D, Zhang X, Qi X, Jiang W, Zhang P, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. Monoclonal antibody targeting a novel linear epitope on nucleoprotein confers pan-reactivity to influenza A virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2437-2450. [PMID: 36820898 PMCID: PMC9947902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (NP) functions crucially in the replicative cycle of influenza A virus (IAV) via forming the ribonucleoprotein complex together with PB2, PB1, and PA proteins. As its high conservation, NP ranks one of the hot targets for design of universal diagnostic reagents and antiviral drugs for IAV. Here, we report an anti-NP murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5F10 prepared from traditional lymphocyte hybridoma technique with the immunogen of a clade 2.3.4.4 H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus. The specificity of mAb 5F10 to NP protein was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and western blotting, and the mAb 5F10 could be used in immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry assays. Importantly, mAb 5F10 possessed broad-spectrum reactivity against H1~H11 subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including various HA clades of H5Nx subtype. In addition, mAb 5F10 also showed good affinity with H1N1 and H3N2 subtype influenza viruses of swine and human origin. Furthermore, the recognized antigenic epitope of mAb 5F10 was identified to consist of the conserved amino acid motif 81EHPSA85 in the second flexible loop region of NP protein through screening the phage display peptide library. Collectively, the mAb 5F10 which recognizes the novel universal NP linear B-cell epitope of IAV with diverse origins and subtypes will be a powerful tool for NP protein-based structural, functional, and mechanistic studies, as well as the development of detection methods and universal vaccines for IAV. KEY POINTS: • A broad-spectrum mAb against various subtypes and sources of IAV was developed • The mAb possessed good reactivity in IFA, western blot, IP, and IHC assays • The mAb targeted a novel conserved linear B-cell epitope involving 81EHPSA85 on NP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Jiao
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Suhan Liu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Wanchen Zhao
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhichuang Ge
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Kairui Cai
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Lijun Xu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongchang He
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xian Qi
- grid.410734.50000 0004 1761 5845Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032 China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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11
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Zhao L, Qiu M, Li X, Yang J, Li J. CRISPR-Cas13a system: A novel tool for molecular diagnostics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1060947. [PMID: 36569102 PMCID: PMC9772028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a natural adaptive immune system of prokaryotes. The CRISPR-Cas system is currently divided into two classes and six types: types I, III, and IV in class 1 systems and types II, V, and VI in class 2 systems. Among the CRISPR-Cas type VI systems, the CRISPR/Cas13a system has been the most widely characterized for its application in molecular diagnostics, gene therapy, gene editing, and RNA imaging. Moreover, because of the trans-cleavage activity of Cas13a and the high specificity of its CRISPR RNA, the CRISPR/Cas13a system has enormous potential in the field of molecular diagnostics. Herein, we summarize the applications of the CRISPR/Cas13a system in the detection of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, chlamydia, and fungus; biomarkers, such as microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs; and some non-nucleic acid targets, including proteins, ions, and methyl groups. Meanwhile, we highlight the working principles of some novel Cas13a-based detection methods, including the Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing (SHERLOCK) and its improved versions, Cas13a-based nucleic acid amplification-free biosensors, and Cas13a-based biosensors for non-nucleic acid target detection. Finally, we focus on some issues that need to be solved and the development prospects of the CRISPR/Cas13a system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhao
- Department of Biosafety, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minyue Qiu
- Department of Biosafety, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Department of Biosafety, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanzhen Yang
- Department of Biosafety, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Department of Biosafety, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Jintao Li,
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12
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Liu S, Yang G, Li M, Sun F, Li Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Yang P. Transcutaneous immunization via dissolving microneedles protects mice from lethal influenza H7N9 virus challenge. Vaccine 2022; 40:6767-6775. [PMID: 36243592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza H7N9 virus has first emerged in 2013 and since then has spread in China in five seasonal waves. In humans, influenza H7N9 virus infection is associated with a high fatality rate; thus, an effective vaccine for this virus is needed. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of dissolving microneedles (MNs) loaded with influenza H7N9 vaccine in terms of the dissolution time, insertion capacity, insertion depth, and structural integrity of H7N9 virus in vitro. Our in vitro results showed MNs dissolved within 6 mins. The depth of skin penetration was 270 µm. After coating with a matrix material solution, the H7N9 proteins were agglomerated. We detected the H7N9 delivery time and humoral immune response in vivo. In a mouse model, the antigen retention time was longer for MNs than for intramuscular (IM) injection. The humoral response showed that similar to IM administration, MN administration increased the levels of functional and systematic antibodies and protection against the live influenza A/Anhui/01/2013 virus (Ah01/H7N9). The protection level was determined by the analysis of pathological sections of infected lungs. MN and IM administration yielded results superior to those in the control group. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the use of dissolving MNs to deliver influenza H7N9 vaccines is a promising immunization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100835, China; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, NL, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photo Chemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Fang Sun
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100835, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100835, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photo Chemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Penghui Yang
- The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100835, China.
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13
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Su W, Lin XT, Zhao S, Zheng XQ, Zhou YQ, Xiao LL, Chen H, Zhang ZY, Zhang LJ, Wu XX. Tripartite motif-containing protein 46 accelerates influenza A H7N9 virus infection by promoting K48-linked ubiquitination of TBK1. Virol J 2022; 19:176. [PMID: 36329446 PMCID: PMC9632593 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A H7N9 emerged in 2013, threatening public health and causing acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even death, in the human population. However, the underlying mechanism by which H7N9 virus causes human infection remains elusive. METHODS Herein, we infected A549 cells with H7N9 virus for different times and assessed tripartite motif-containing protein 46 (TRIM46) expression. To determine the role of TRIM46 in H7N9 infection, we applied lentivirus-based TRIM46 short hairpin RNA sequences and overexpression plasmids to explore virus replication, and changes in type I interferons and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation levels in response to silencing and overexpression of TRIM46. Finally, we used Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays to examine the mechanism by which TRIM46 mediated the activity of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). RESULTS Type I interferons play an important role in defending virus infection. Here, we found that TRIM46 levels were significantly increased during H7N9 virus infection. Furthermore, TRIM46 knockdown inhibited H7N9 virus replication compared to that in the control group, while the production of type I interferons increased. Meanwhile, overexpression of TRIM46 promoted H7N9 virus replication and decrease the production of type I interferons. In addition, the level of phosphorylated IRF3, an important interferon regulatory factor, was increased in TRIM46-silenced cells, but decreased in TRIM46 overexpressing cells. Mechanistically, we observed that TRIM46 could interact with TBK1 to induce its K48-linked ubiquitination, which promoted H7N9 virus infection. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TRIM46 negatively regulates the human innate immune response against H7N9 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xian-Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Zheng
- Department of Lung Transplant, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Yang Y, Zhao R, Wang Y, Song D, Jiang B, Guo X, Liu W, Long F, Song H, Hao R. Rapid and universal detection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus using a reusable dual-channel optic fiber immunosensor. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5325-5335. [PMID: 35859097 PMCID: PMC9349508 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of rapid on-site detection technology capable of concurrently detecting SARS-Cov-2 and influenza A virus is urgent to effectively control the epidemic from these two types of important viruses. Accordingly, we developed a reusable dual-channel optical fiber immunosensor (DOFIS), which utilized the evanescent wave-sensing properties and tandem detection mode of the mobile phase, effectively accelerating the detection process such that it can be completed within 10 min. It could detect the nucleoprotein of multiple influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2, and H7N9), as well as the spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants, and could respond to 20 TCID50 /ml SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and 100 TCID50 /ml influenza A (A/PR/8/H1N1), presenting lower limit of detection and wider linear range than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The detection results on 26 clinical samples for SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated its specificity (100%) and sensitivity (94%), much higher than the sensitivity of commercial colloidal gold test strip (35%). Particularly, DOFIS might be reused more than 80 times, showing not only cost-saving but also potential in real-time monitoring of the pathogenic viruses. Therefore, this newly-developed DOFIS platform is low cost, simple to operate, and has broad spectrum detection capabilities for SARS-CoV-2 mutations and multiple influenza A strains. It may prove suitable for deployment as a rapid on-site screening and surveillance technique for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Rongtao Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Yule Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Dan Song
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesRenmin University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public HealthCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xudong Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Wanying Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Feng Long
- School of Environment and Natural ResourcesRenmin University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Hongbin Song
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina,Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public HealthCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental ToxicologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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15
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Yang R, Sun H, Gao F, Luo K, Huang Z, Tong Q, Song H, Han Q, Liu J, Lan Y, Qi J, Li H, Chen S, Xu M, Qiu J, Zeng G, Zhang X, Huang C, Pei R, Zhan Z, Ye B, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Ye W, Yao D, Ren M, Li B, Yang J, Wang Y, Pu J, Sun Y, Shi Y, Liu WJ, Ou X, Gao GF, Gao L, Liu J. Human infection of avian influenza A H3N8 virus and the viral origins: a descriptive study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e824-e834. [PMID: 36115379 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been circulating in wild birds, with occasional interspecies transmission to mammals. The first human infection of H3N8 subtype occurred in Henan Province, China, in April, 2022. We aimed to investigate clinical, epidemiological, and virological data related to a second case identified soon afterwards in Hunan Province, China. METHODS We analysed clinical, epidemiological, and virological data for a 5-year-old boy diagnosed with H3N8 AIV infection in May, 2022, during influenza-like illness surveillance in Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. H3N8 virus strains from chicken flocks from January, 2021, to April, 2022, were retrospectively investigated in China. The genomes of the viruses were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis of all the eight gene segments. We evaluated the receptor-binding properties of the H3N8 viruses by using a solid-phase binding assay. We used sequence alignment and homology-modelling methods to study the effect of specific mutations on the human receptor-binding properties. We also conducted serological surveillance to detect the H3N8 infections among poultry workers in the two provinces with H3N8 cases. FINDINGS The clinical symptoms of the patient were mild, including fever, sore throat, chills, and a runny nose. The patient's fever subsided on the same day of hospitalisation, and these symptoms disappeared 7 days later, presenting mild influenza symptoms, with no pneumonia. An H3N8 virus was isolated from the patient's throat swab specimen. The novel H3N8 virus causing human infection was first detected in a chicken farm in Guangdong Province in December, 2021, and subsequently emerged in several provinces. Sequence analyses revealed the novel H3N8 AIVs originated from multiple reassortment events. The haemagglutinin gene could have originated from H3Ny AIVs of duck origin. The neuraminidase gene belongs to North American lineage, and might have originated in Alaska (USA) and been transferred by migratory birds along the east Asian flyway. The six internal genes had originated from G57 genotype H9N2 AIVs that were endemic in chicken flocks. Reassortment events might have occurred in domestic ducks or chickens in the Pearl River Delta area in southern China. The novel H3N8 viruses possess the ability to bind to both avian-type and human-type sialic acid receptors, which pose a threat to human health. No poultry worker in our study was positive for antibodies against the H3N8 virus. INTERPRETATION The novel H3N8 virus that caused human infection had originated from chickens, a typical spillover. The virus is a triple reassortment strain with the Eurasian avian H3 gene, North American avian N8 gene, and dynamic internal genes of the H9N2 viruses. The virus already possesses binding ability to human-type receptors, though the risk of the H3N8 virus infection in humans was low, and the cases are rare and sporadic at present. Considering the pandemic potential, comprehensive surveillance of the H3N8 virus in poultry flocks and the environment is imperative, and poultry-to-human transmission should be closely monitored. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Innovative Construction Special Fund: Emergency response to COVID-19 outbreak, Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Health Department, and the Hunan Provincial Health Commission Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengui Yang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiwei Luo
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Han
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Mingzhong Xu
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Qiu
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Xixing Zhang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoyang Huang
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiqing Pei
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifei Zhan
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Beiwei Ye
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinzhu Zhou
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Min Ren
- Kaifu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pediatric, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jizhe Yang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - George F Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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16
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Daniell H, Nair SK, Guan H, Guo Y, Kulchar RJ, Torres MDT, Shahed-Al-Mahmud M, Wakade G, Liu YM, Marques AD, Graham-Wooten J, Zhou W, Wang P, Molugu SK, de Araujo WR, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Ma C, Short WR, Tebas P, Margulies KB, Bushman FD, Mante FK, Ricciardi RP, Collman RG, Wolff MS. Debulking different Corona (SARS-CoV-2 delta, omicron, OC43) and Influenza (H1N1, H3N2) virus strains by plant viral trap proteins in chewing gums to decrease infection and transmission. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121671. [PMID: 35953331 PMCID: PMC9290430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is 3-5 orders of magnitude higher than nasal transmission, we investigated debulking of oral viruses using viral trap proteins (CTB-ACE2, FRIL) expressed in plant cells, delivered through the chewing gum. In omicron nasopharyngeal (NP) samples, the microbubble count (based on N-antigen) was significantly reduced by 20 μg of FRIL (p < 0.0001) and 0.925 μg of CTB-ACE2 (p = 0.0001). Among 20 delta or omicron NP samples, 17 had virus load reduced below the detection level of spike protein in the RAPID assay, after incubation with the CTB-ACE2 gum powder. A dose-dependent 50% plaque reduction with 50-100 ng FRIL or 600-800 μg FRIL gum against Influenza strains H1N1, H3N2, and Coronavirus HCoV-OC43 was observed with both purified FRIL, lablab bean powder or gum. In electron micrographs, large/densely packed clumps of overlapping influenza particles and FRIL protein were observed. Chewing simulator studies revealed that CTB-ACE2 release was time/dose-dependent and release was linear up to 20 min chewing. Phase I/II placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial (IND 154897) is in progress to evaluate viral load in saliva before or after chewing CTB-ACE2/placebo gum. Collectively, this study advances the concept of chewing gum to deliver proteins to debulk oral viruses and decrease infection/transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Smruti K Nair
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hancheng Guan
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuwei Guo
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rachel J Kulchar
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marcelo D T Torres
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Md Shahed-Al-Mahmud
- Genomics Research Center, Taiwan Academy of Sciences, 128 Academia Rd. Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Geetanjali Wakade
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yo-Min Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Taiwan Academy of Sciences, 128 Academia Rd. Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Andrew D Marques
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jevon Graham-Wooten
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wan Zhou
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sudheer K Molugu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - William R de Araujo
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Taiwan Academy of Sciences, 128 Academia Rd. Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - William R Short
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Francis K Mante
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert P Ricciardi
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark S Wolff
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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17
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Chia MY, Lin CY, Chen PL, Lai CC, Weng TC, Sung WC, Hu AYC, Lee MS. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Influenza H7N9 Vaccine Antigens Produced Using a Serum-Free Suspension MDCK Cell-Based Platform. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091937. [PMID: 36146744 PMCID: PMC9502495 DOI: 10.3390/v14091937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian-origin H7N9 influenza A viruses were first reported in China, and an approximately 38% human mortality rate was described across six waves from February 2013 to September 2018. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics and pandemics. Egg-based platforms for the production of influenza vaccines are labor-intensive and unable to meet the surging demand during pandemics. Therefore, cell culture-based technology is becoming the alternative strategy for producing influenza vaccines. The current influenza H7N9 vaccine virus (NIBRG-268), a reassortant virus from A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) and egg-adapted A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) viruses, could grow efficiently in embryonated eggs but not mammalian cells. Moreover, a freezing-dry formulation of influenza H7N9 vaccines with long-term stability will be desirable for pandemic preparedness, as the occurrence of influenza H7N9 pandemics is not predictable. In this study, we adapted a serum-free anchorage-independent suspension Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line for producing influenza H7N9 vaccines and compared the biochemical characteristics and immunogenicity of three influenza H7N9 vaccine antigens produced using the suspension MDCK cell-based platform without freeze-drying (S-WO-H7N9), the suspension MDCK cell-based platform with freeze-drying (S-W-H7N9) or the egg-based platform with freeze-drying (E-W-H7N9). We demonstrated these three vaccine antigens have comparable biochemical characteristics. In addition, these three vaccine antigens induced robust and comparable neutralizing antibody (NT; geometric mean between 1016 and 4064) and hemagglutinin-inhibition antibody (HI; geometric mean between 640 and 1613) titers in mice. In conclusion, the serum-free suspension MDCK cell-derived freeze-dried influenza H7N9 vaccine is highly immunogenic in mice, and clinical development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ling Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Lai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chou Sung
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-(37)-246-166 (ext. 35520); Fax: +886-(37)-583-009
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18
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Ravikumar R, Chan J, Prabakaran M. Vaccines against Major Poultry Viral Diseases: Strategies to Improve the Breadth and Protective Efficacy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061195. [PMID: 35746665 PMCID: PMC9230070 DOI: 10.3390/v14061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is the largest source of meat and eggs for human consumption worldwide. However, viral outbreaks in farmed stock are a common occurrence and a major source of concern for the industry. Mortality and morbidity resulting from an outbreak can cause significant economic losses with subsequent detrimental impacts on the global food supply chain. Mass vaccination is one of the main strategies for controlling and preventing viral infection in poultry. The development of broadly protective vaccines against avian viral diseases will alleviate selection pressure on field virus strains and simplify vaccination regimens for commercial farms with overall savings in husbandry costs. With the increasing number of emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases in the poultry industry, there is an urgent need to understand the strategies for broadening the protective efficacy of the vaccines against distinct viral strains. The current review provides an overview of viral vaccines and vaccination regimens available for common avian viral infections, and strategies for developing safer and more efficacious viral vaccines for poultry.
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19
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Daniell H, Nair SK, Esmaeili N, Wakade G, Shahid N, Ganesan PK, Islam MR, Shepley-McTaggart A, Feng S, Gary EN, Ali AR, Nuth M, Cruz SN, Graham-Wooten J, Streatfield SJ, Montoya-Lopez R, Kaznica P, Mawson M, Green BJ, Ricciardi R, Milone M, Harty RN, Wang P, Weiner DB, Margulies KB, Collman RG. Debulking SARS-CoV-2 in saliva using angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in chewing gum to decrease oral virus transmission and infection. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1966-1978. [PMID: 34774754 PMCID: PMC8580552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To advance a novel concept of debulking virus in the oral cavity, the primary site of viral replication, virus-trapping proteins CTB-ACE2 were expressed in chloroplasts and clinical-grade plant material was developed to meet FDA requirements. Chewing gum (2 g) containing plant cells expressed CTB-ACE2 up to 17.2 mg ACE2/g dry weight (11.7% leaf protein), have physical characteristics and taste/flavor like conventional gums, and no protein was lost during gum compression. CTB-ACE2 gum efficiently (>95%) inhibited entry of lentivirus spike or VSV-spike pseudovirus into Vero/CHO cells when quantified by luciferase or red fluorescence. Incubation of CTB-ACE2 microparticles reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus count in COVID-19 swab/saliva samples by >95% when evaluated by microbubbles (femtomolar concentration) or qPCR, demonstrating both virus trapping and blocking of cellular entry. COVID-19 saliva samples showed low or undetectable ACE2 activity when compared with healthy individuals (2,582 versus 50,126 ΔRFU; 27 versus 225 enzyme units), confirming greater susceptibility of infected patients for viral entry. CTB-ACE2 activity was completely inhibited by pre-incubation with SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, offering an explanation for reduced saliva ACE2 activity among COVID-19 patients. Chewing gum with virus-trapping proteins offers a general affordable strategy to protect patients from most oral virus re-infections through debulking or minimizing transmission to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Smruti K Nair
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Geetanjali Wakade
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Naila Shahid
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Prem Kumar Ganesan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Md Reyazul Islam
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ariel Shepley-McTaggart
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ebony N Gary
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali R Ali
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manunya Nuth
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Selene Nunez Cruz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jevon Graham-Wooten
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Kaznica
- Fraunhofer USA, Center Mid-Atlantic, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | | | - Brian J Green
- Fraunhofer USA, Center Mid-Atlantic, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Robert Ricciardi
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Milone
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Hu J, Hu S, Liu X. Characterization of antibody response to an epitope spanning the haemagglutinin cleavage site of H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:330-338. [PMID: 35297704 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractH7N9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is endemic in poultry in China and vaccination is used as the primary strategy for disease control. However, monitoring H7N9 virus infection in vaccinated poultry by current serological tests is difficult because vaccine-induced antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. Therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) is critical for H7N9 virus monitoring. However, no DIVA test is available for H7N9 subtype AIV. In this study, the potential of an epitope (the peptide 11) spanning the haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site as a DIVA antigen for H7N9 virus was investigated. The results showed that the H7N9 virus infection sera and post-challenge sera obtained from H7N9 vaccinated chickens reacted with the peptide 11, whereas the sera elicited by inactivated and viral-vectored H7N9 vaccines had no reactivity with this peptide. The peptide 11 was further split in two peptides at the HA cleavage site, and the truncated peptides failed to discriminate H7N9 infected and vaccinated chickens. The peptide 11 locates in a prominent surface loop in the HA protein and contains highly conserved residues in the HA cleavage site among the H7N9 subtype and different subtypes of group 1 and 2, suggesting the potential of this peptide as a broad DIVA antigen for influenza viruses. Our study highlighted that the peptide 11 is a promising DIVA antigen and serological tests based on this peptide may serve as useful tools for monitoring H7N9 virus infection in vaccinated poultry in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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21
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Coinfection of Chickens with H9N2 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Leads to Emergence of Reassortant H9N9 Virus with Increased Fitness for Poultry and a Zoonotic Potential. J Virol 2022; 96:e0185621. [PMID: 35019727 PMCID: PMC8906417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01856-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) emerged in 2013 through genetic reassortment between H9N2 and other LPAIVs circulating in birds in China. This virus causes inapparent clinical disease in chickens, but zoonotic transmission results in severe and fatal disease in humans. To examine a natural reassortment scenario between H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses predominant in the Indian subcontinent, we performed an experimental coinfection of chickens with A/Anhui/1/2013/H7N9 (Anhui/13) virus and A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/2008/H9N2 (UDL/08) virus. Plaque purification and genotyping of the reassortant viruses shed via the oropharynx of contact chickens showed H9N2 and H9N9 as predominant subtypes. The reassortant viruses shed by contact chickens also showed selective enrichment of polymerase genes from H9N2 virus. The viable "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having nucleoprotein [NP] and neuraminidase [NA] from H7N9 and the remaining genes from H9N2) was successfully shed from the oropharynx of contact chickens, plus it showed an increased replication rate in human A549 cells and a significantly higher receptor binding to α2,6 and α2,3 sialoglycans compared to H9N2. The reassortant H9N9 virus also had a lower fusion pH, replicated in directly infected ferrets at similar levels compared to H7N9 and transmitted via direct contact. Ferrets exposed to H9N9 via aerosol contact were also found to be seropositive, compared to H7N9 aerosol contact ferrets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that cocirculation of H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses could represent a threat for the generation of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with greater virulence in poultry and a zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE We evaluated the consequences of reassortment between the H7N9 and the contemporary H9N2 viruses of the G1 lineage that are enzootic in poultry across the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Coinfection of chickens with these viruses resulted in the emergence of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with genes derived from both H9N2 and H7N9 viruses. The "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having NP and NA from H7N9) virus was shed from contact chickens in a significantly higher proportion compared to most of the reassortant viruses, showed significantly increased replication fitness in human A549 cells, receptor binding toward human (α2,6) and avian (α2,3) sialic acid receptor analogues, and the potential to transmit via contact among ferrets. This study demonstrated the ability of viruses that already exist in nature to exchange genetic material, highlighting the potential emergence of viruses from these subtypes with zoonotic potential.
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22
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810142. [PMID: 35082774 PMCID: PMC8784678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Yin L, Liu S, Shi H, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Wu D, Song Z, Zhang L. Subcellular Proteomic Analysis Reveals Dysregulation in Organization of Human A549 Cells Infected with Influenza Virus H7N9. CURR PROTEOMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164619666211222145450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
H7N9 influenza virus poses a high risk to human beings and proteomic evaluations of these infections may help to better understand its pathogenic mechanisms in human systems. Objective: To find membrane proteins related to H7N9 infection.
Methods:
Here, we infected primary human alveolar adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549) cells with H7N9 (including wild and mutant strains) and then produced enriched cellular membrane isolations which were evaluated by western blot. The proteins in these cell membrane fractions were analyzed using the isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) proteome technologies.
Results:
Differentially expressed proteins (n = 32) were identified following liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, including 20 down-regulated proteins such as CD44 antigen, and CD151 antigen, and 12 up-regulated proteins such as tight junction protein ZO-1, and prostaglandin reductase 1. Gene Ontology database searching revealed that 20 out of the 32 differentially expressed proteins were localized to the plasma membrane. These proteins were primarily associated with cellular component organization (n = 20), and enriched in the Reactome pathway of extracellular matrix organization (n = 4).
Conclusion:
These findings indicate that H7N9 may dysregulate cellular organization via specific alterations to the protein profile of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- The College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Huichun Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Dage Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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24
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Murphy T, Phan K, Irvine KN, Lean D. The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11446. [PMID: 34769963 PMCID: PMC8582812 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The illegal trade of wildlife in SE Asia has been identified as the likely cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 198 papers on the current COVID pandemic in Cambodia, diseases such as avian influenza and Nipah virus, most likely to develop into a new pandemic in Cambodia, and common features of disease that require mitigation. Artisanal goldmining uses pure mercury in the areas where wildlife is smuggled to China. Moreover, 30-40% of Cambodians are zinc deficient. High levels of arsenic in irrigation water (>1000 µg/L) are associated with very low levels of zinc in rice (5 µg/g) and rice is the primary staple food for the region. Brown rice from nine of 15 paddy fields in the arsenic zone of Cambodia had double the new guidelines of 100 µg/kg inorganic arsenic for children's food in the EU and USA. The combination of deficiencies of essential micronutrients like zinc and pervasive presence of arsenic and mercury has the potential to compromise the immunity of many Cambodians. Innovative solutions are suggested to improve micronutrient nutrition. Toxins that suppress the immune system must be better managed to reduce the virulence of pathogens. Cambodia was not likely the source of the COVID-19 but does have problems that could result in a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia;
| | - Kongkea Phan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia;
| | - Kim Neil Irvine
- Faculty of Architecture & Planning, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Khlong Nueng 12121, Thailand;
| | - David Lean
- Lean Environmental, Apsley, ON K0L1A0, Canada;
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Zhu D, Ma Z, Wang Z, Wei Q, Li X, Wang J, Su S, Zuo X, Fan C, Chao J, Wang L. Modular DNA Circuits for Point-of-Care Colorimetric Assay of Infectious Pathogens. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13861-13869. [PMID: 34506117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, specific, and inexpensive detection of multiple infectious pathogens simultaneously is a significant goal for human health and safety. Herein we present a rationally designed modular DNA circuit for point-of-care (POC) detection of a variety of infectious pathogens based on nucleic acid isothermal amplification technology and DNAzyme-mediated colorimetric readout. A modular DNA circuit was constructed with a fixed module and a flexible module and was rationally designed according to genetic targets. On this basis, the platform could detect multiple genetic targets corresponding to infectious pathogens simultaneously. Signal amplification properties of the DNA circuit and the peroxidase-like DNAzyme enable the detection limits to reach the picomolar level. By urea treatment and magnetic separation, the fixed module can be reused at least five times, which makes this assay more economical and environmentally friendly. The detection of genetic infectious pathogens should be accomplished in 2 h with naked-eye observation and may provide an efficient tool for POC analysis of multiple infectious pathogens, especially in resource-poor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zichun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Shao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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