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Ito HC, Sasaki A. The Adaptation Front Equation Explains Innovation-Driven Taxonomic Turnovers and Living Fossilization. Am Nat 2023; 202:E163-E180. [PMID: 38033181 DOI: 10.1086/727046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEvolutionary taxonomic turnovers are often associated with innovations beneficial in various ecological niches. Such innovations can repeatedly occur in species occupying optimum niches for a focal species group, resulting in their repeated diversifications and species flows from optimum to suboptimum niches, at the expense of less innovated ones. By combining species packing theory and adaptive dynamics theory, we develop an equation that allows analytical prediction for such innovation-driven species flows over a niche space of arbitrary dimension under a unimodal carrying capacity distribution. The developed equation and simulated evolution show that central niches (with the highest carrying capacities) tend to attain the fastest innovation speeds to become biodiversity sources. Species that diverge from the central niches outcompete the indigenous species in peripheral niches. The outcompeted species become extinct or evolve directionally toward far more peripheral niches. Because of this globally acting process over niches, species occupying the most peripheral niches are the least innovated and have deep divergence times from their closest relatives, and thus they correspond to living fossils. The extension of this analysis for multiple geographic regions shows that living fossils are also expected in geographically peripheral regions for the focal species group.
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2
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Raulo A, Rojas A, Kröger B, Laaksonen A, Orta CL, Nurmio S, Peltoniemi M, Lahti L, Žliobaitė I. What are patterns of rise and decline? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230052. [PMID: 38026026 PMCID: PMC10646453 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The notions of change, such as birth, death, growth, evolution and longevity, extend across reality, including biological, cultural and societal phenomena. Patterns of change describe how success and composition of every entity, from species to societies, vary across time. Languages develop into new languages, music and fashion continuously evolve, economies rise and decline, ecological and societal crises come and go. A common way to perceive and analyse change processes is through patterns of rise and decline, the ubiquitous, often distinctively unimodal trajectories describing life histories of various entities. These patterns come in different shapes and are measured according to varying definitions. Depending on how they are measured, patterns of rise and decline can reveal, emphasize, mask or obscure important dynamics in natural and cultural phenomena. Importantly, the variations of how dynamics are measured can be vast, making it impossible to directly compare patterns of rise and decline across fields of science. Standardized analysis of these patterns has the potential to uncover important but overlooked commonalities across natural phenomena and potentially help us catch the onset of dramatic shifts in entities' state, from catastrophic crashes in success to gradual emergence of new entities. We provide a framework for standardized recognizing, characterizing and comparing patterns of change by combining understanding of dynamics across fields of science. Our toolkit aims at enhancing understanding of the most general tendencies of change, through two complementary perspectives: dynamics of emergence and dynamics of success. We gather comparable cases and data from different research fields and summarize open research questions that can help us understand the universal principles, perception-biases and field-specific tendencies in patterns of rise and decline of entities in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Raulo
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Alexis Rojas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Björn Kröger
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Laaksonen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Lamuela Orta
- Mobility Research Group, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Silva Nurmio
- Department of Languages, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirva Peltoniemi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indrė Žliobaitė
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Monarrez PM, Heim NA, Payne JL. Reduced strength and increased variability of extinction selectivity during mass extinctions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230795. [PMID: 37771968 PMCID: PMC10523066 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Two of the traits most often observed to correlate with extinction risk in marine animals are geographical range and body size. However, the relative effects of these two traits on extinction risk have not been investigated systematically for either background times or during mass extinctions. To close this knowledge gap, we measure and compare extinction selectivity of geographical range and body size of genera within five classes of benthic marine animals across the Phanerozoic using capture-mark-recapture models. During background intervals, narrow geographical range is strongly associated with greater extinction probability, whereas smaller body size is more weakly associated with greater extinction probability. During mass extinctions, the association between geographical range and extinction probability is reduced in every class and fully eliminated in some, whereas the association between body size and extinction probability varies in strength and direction across classes. While geographical range is universally the stronger predictor of survival during background intervals, variation among classes during mass extinction suggests a fundamental shift in extinction processes during these global catastrophes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Monarrez
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Noel A. Heim
- Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Payne
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Huang S, Edie SM, Collins KS, Crouch NMA, Roy K, Jablonski D. Diversity, distribution and intrinsic extinction vulnerability of exploited marine bivalves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4639. [PMID: 37582749 PMCID: PMC10427664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine bivalves are important components of ecosystems and exploited by humans for food across the world, but the intrinsic vulnerability of exploited bivalve species to global changes is poorly known. Here, we expand the list of shallow-marine bivalves known to be exploited worldwide, with 720 exploited bivalve species added beyond the 81 in the United Nations FAO Production Database, and investigate their diversity, distribution and extinction vulnerability using a metric based on ecological traits and evolutionary history. The added species shift the richness hotspot of exploited species from the northeast Atlantic to the west Pacific, with 55% of bivalve families being exploited, concentrated mostly in two major clades but all major body plans. We find that exploited species tend to be larger in size, occur in shallower waters, and have larger geographic and thermal ranges-the last two traits are known to confer extinction-resistance in marine bivalves. However, exploited bivalve species in certain regions such as the tropical east Atlantic and the temperate northeast and southeast Pacific, are among those with high intrinsic vulnerability and are a large fraction of regional faunal diversity. Our results pinpoint regional faunas and specific taxa of likely concern for management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M A Crouch
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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5
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Zhou S, Edie SM, Collins KS, Crouch NMA, Jablonski D. Cambrian origin but no early burst in functional disparity for Class Bivalvia. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230157. [PMID: 37254520 PMCID: PMC10230185 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the Cambrian explosion, more than half a billion years ago, and its Ordovician aftermath some 35 Myr later, are often framed as episodes of widespread ecological opportunity, but not all clades originating during this interval showed prolific rises in morphological or functional disparity. In a direct analysis of functional disparity, instead of the more commonly used proxy of morphological disparity, we find that ecological functions of Class Bivalvia arose concordantly with and even lagged behind taxonomic diversification, rather than the early-burst pattern expected for clades originating in supposedly open ecological landscapes. Unlike several other clades originating in the Cambrian explosion, the bivalves' belated acquisition of key anatomical novelties imposed a macroevolutionary lag, and even when those novelties evolved in the Early Ordovician, functional disparity never surpassed taxonomic diversity. Beyond this early period of animal evolution, the founding and subsequent diversification of new major clades and their functions might be expected to follow the pattern of the early bivalves-one where interactions between highly dynamic environmental and biotic landscapes and evolutionary contingencies need not promote prolific functional innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Zhou
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stewart M. Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M. A. Crouch
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Environmental signal in the evolutionary diversification of bird skeletons. Nature 2022; 611:306-311. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Slater GJ. Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for teeth, skeletons, and size explain the adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia). Evolution 2022; 76:2049-2066. [PMID: 35880607 PMCID: PMC9546082 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Models of adaptive radiation were originally developed to explain the early, rapid appearance of distinct modes of life within diversifying clades. Phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis have yielded limited support for temporally declining rates of phenotypic evolution across diverse clades, but the concept of an adaptive landscape that links form to fitness, while also crucial to these models, has received more limited attention. Using methods that assess the temporal accumulation of morphological variation and estimate the topography of the underlying adaptive landscape, I found evidence of an early partitioning of mandibulo-dental morphological variation in Carnivora (Mammalia) that occurs on an adaptive landscape with multiple peaks, consistent with classic ideas about adaptive radiation. Although strong support for this mode of adaptive radiation is present in traits related to diet, its signal is not present in body mass data or for traits related to locomotor behavior and substrate use. These findings suggest that adaptive radiations may occur along some axes of ecomorphological variation without leaving a signal in others and that their dynamics are more complex than simple univariate tests might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Slater
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
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8
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Crouch NMA, Jablonski D. Is species richness mediated by functional and genetic divergence? A global analysis in birds. Funct Ecol 2022; 37:125-138. [PMID: 37064506 PMCID: PMC10086807 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling why species richness shows such dramatic spatial variation is an ongoing challenge. Common to many theories is that increasing species richness (e.g. with latitude) requires a compensatory trade-off on an axis of species' ecology. Spatial variation in species richness may also affect genetic diversity if large numbers of coexisting, related species result in smaller population sizes.Here, we test whether increasing species richness results in differential occupation of morphospace by the constituent species, or decreases species' genetic diversity. We test for two potential mechanisms of morphological accommodation: denser packing in ecomorphological space, and expansion of the space. We then test whether species differ in their nucleotide diversity depending on allopatry or sympatry with relatives, indicative of potential genetic consequences of coexistence that would reduce genetic diversity in sympatry. We ask these questions in a spatially explicit framework, using a global database of avian functional trait measurements in combination with >120,000 sequences downloaded from GenBank.We find that higher species richness within families is not systematically correlated with either packing in morphological space or overdispersion but, at the Class level, we find a general positive relationship between packing and species richness, but that points sampled in the tropics have comparatively greater packing than temperate ones relative to their species richness. We find limited evidence that geographical co-occurrence with closely related species or tropical distributions decreases nucleotide diversity of nuclear genes; however, this requires further analysis.Our results suggest that avian families can accumulate species regionally with minimal tradeoffs or cost, implying that external biotic factors do not limit species richness. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. A. Crouch
- Dept. of the Geophysical Sciences The University of Chicago s Chicago Illinois U.S.A
| | - David Jablonski
- Dept. of the Geophysical Sciences The University of Chicago s Chicago Illinois U.S.A
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9
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Abstract
AbstractEvolvability is best addressed from a multi-level, macroevolutionary perspective through a comparative approach that tests for among-clade differences in phenotypic diversification in response to an opportunity, such as encountered after a mass extinction, entering a new adaptive zone, or entering a new geographic area. Analyzing the dynamics of clades under similar environmental conditions can (partially) factor out shared external drivers to recognize intrinsic differences in evolvability, aiming for a macroevolutionary analog of a common-garden experiment. Analyses will be most powerful when integrating neontological and paleontological data: determining differences among extant populations that can be hypothesized to generate large-scale, long-term contrasts in evolvability among clades; or observing large-scale differences among clade histories that can by hypothesized to reflect contrasts in genetics and development observed directly in extant populations. However, many comparative analyses can be informative on their own, as explored in this overview. Differences in clade-level evolvability can be visualized in diversity-disparity plots, which can quantify positive and negative departures of phenotypic productivity from stochastic expectations scaled to taxonomic diversification. Factors that evidently can promote evolvability include modularity—when selection aligns with modular structure or with morphological integration patterns; pronounced ontogenetic changes in morphology, as in allometry or multiphase life cycles; genome size; and a variety of evolutionary novelties, which can also be evaluated using macroevolutionary lags between the acquisition of a trait and phenotypic diversification, and dead-clade-walking patterns that may signal a loss of evolvability when extrinsic factors can be excluded. High speciation rates may indirectly foster phenotypic evolvability, and vice versa. Mechanisms are controversial, but clade evolvability may be higher in the Cambrian, and possibly early in the history of clades at other times; in the tropics; and, for marine organisms, in shallow-water disturbed habitats.
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10
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Life rather than climate influences diversity at scales greater than 40 million years. Nature 2022; 607:307-312. [PMID: 35732740 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of life on Earth is controlled by hierarchical processes that interact over wide ranges of timescales1. Here, we consider the megaclimate regime2 at scales ≥1 million years (Myr). We focus on determining the domains of 'wandering' stochastic Earth system processes ('Court Jester'3) and stabilizing biotic interactions that induce diversity dependence of fluctuations in macroevolutionary rates ('Red Queen'4). Using state-of-the-art multiscale Haar and cross-Haar fluctuation analyses, we analysed the global genus-level Phanerozoic marine animal Paleobiology Database record of extinction rates (E), origination rates (O) and diversity (D) as well as sea water palaeotemperatures (T). Over the entire observed range from several million years to several hundred million years, we found that the fluctuations of T, E and O showed time-scaling behaviour. The megaclimate was characterized by positive scaling exponents-it is therefore apparently unstable. E and O are also scaling but with negative exponents-stable behaviour that is biotically mediated. For D, there were two regimes with a crossover at critical timescale [Formula: see text] ≈ 40 Myr. For shorter timescales, D exhibited nearly the same positive scaling as the megaclimate palaeotemperatures, whereas for longer timescales it tracks the scaling of macroevolutionary rates. At scales of at least [Formula: see text] there is onset of diversity dependence of E and O, probably enabled by mixing and synchronization (globalization) of the biota by geodispersal ('Geo-Red Queen').
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11
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Cole SR, Hopkins MJ. Selectivity and the effect of mass extinctions on disparity and functional ecology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf4072. [PMID: 33952521 PMCID: PMC8099180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selectivity of mass extinctions is thought to play a major role in coupling or decoupling of taxonomic, morphological, and ecological diversity, yet these measures have never been jointly evaluated within a single clade over multiple mass extinctions. We investigate extinction selectivity and changes in taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, and functional ecology over the ~160-million-year evolutionary history of diplobathrid crinoids (Echinodermata), which spans two mass extinctions. Whereas previous studies documented extinction selectivity for crinoids during background extinction, we find no evidence for selectivity during mass extinctions. Despite no evidence for extinction selectivity, disparity remains strongly correlated with richness over extinction events, contradicting expected patterns of disparity given nonselective extinction. Results indicate that (i) disparity and richness can remain coupled across extinctions even when selective extinction does not occur, (ii) simultaneous decreases in taxonomic diversity and disparity are insufficient evidence for extinction selectivity, and (iii) selectivity differs between background and mass extinction regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina R Cole
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, PO Box 37012, MRC 121, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Melanie J Hopkins
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024, USA
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12
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Nelsen MP. Sharing and double-dating in the lichen world. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1751-1754. [PMID: 33720470 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Historic and modern efforts to understand lichen diversity and evolution have overwhelmingly concentrated on that of the fungal partner, which represents one of the most taxonomically diverse nutritional modes among the Fungi. But what about the algal and cyanobacterial symbionts? An explosion of studies on these cryptic symbionts over the past 20+ years has facilitated a richer understanding of their diversity, patterns of association, and the symbiosis itself. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Dal Forno et al. (2021) provide new insight into one of the most fascinating lichen symbioses. By sequencing cyanobacterial symbionts from over 650 specimens, they reveal the presence of overlooked cyanobacterial diversity, evidence for symbiont sharing among distantly related fungi, and utilize a comparative dating framework to demonstrate temporal discordance among interacting fungal and cyanobacterial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nelsen
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center and Grainger Bioinformatics Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Januario M, Quental TB. Re-evaluation of the "law of constant extinction" for ruminants at different taxonomical scales. Evolution 2021; 75:656-671. [PMID: 33486771 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The "law of constant extinction," proposed by Van Valen, states that long and short-lived taxa have equal chances of going extinct. This pattern of age-independent extinction was originally inferred using the fossil record of several different taxa and relied on survivorship curves built from the literal reading of the fossil record. Van Valen's seminal work was mostly done at higher taxonomic levels, hence its prevalence at the species level could not be directly inferred. The surprisingly few subsequent studies done at the species level have challenged the prevalence of age-independent extinction, but those have, for the most part, failed to explicitly incorporate inherent biases of the fossil record. Using a recent Bayesian framework that accounts for several of those biases, including the fact that very short-living lineages might never make to the record itself, we showed that Ruminantia species present age-dependent extinction, where extinction probability decreases with species age. An analysis at the genus level suggested age-independent extinction but further examination suggested that the pattern might be more complex than previously reported by Van Valen. Our results indicate that different taxonomic levels may present different extinction regimes, which could justify the development of new macroevolutionary theory and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Januario
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Hembry DH, Weber MG. Ecological Interactions and Macroevolution: A New Field with Old Roots. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Linking interspecific interactions (e.g., mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism) to macroevolution (evolutionary change on deep timescales) is a key goal in biology. The role of species interactions in shaping macroevolutionary trajectories has been studied for centuries and remains a cutting-edge topic of current research. However, despite its deep historical roots, classic and current approaches to this topic are highly diverse. Here, we combine historical and contemporary perspectives on the study of ecological interactions in macroevolution, synthesizing ideas across eras to build a zoomed-out picture of the big questions at the nexus of ecology and macroevolution. We discuss the trajectory of this important and challenging field, dividing research into work done before the 1970s, research between 1970 and 2005, and work done since 2005. We argue that in response to long-standing questions in paleobiology, evidence accumulated to date has demonstrated that biotic interactions (including mutualism) can influence lineage diversification and trait evolution over macroevolutionary timescales, and we outline major open questions for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Hembry
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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15
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Wilke T, Hauffe T, Jovanovska E, Cvetkoska A, Donders T, Ekschmitt K, Francke A, Lacey JH, Levkov Z, Marshall CR, Neubauer TA, Silvestro D, Stelbrink B, Vogel H, Albrecht C, Holtvoeth J, Krastel S, Leicher N, Leng MJ, Lindhorst K, Masi A, Ognjanova-Rumenova N, Panagiotopoulos K, Reed JM, Sadori L, Tofilovska S, Van Bocxlaer B, Wagner-Cremer F, Wesselingh FP, Wolters V, Zanchetta G, Zhang X, Wagner B. Deep drilling reveals massive shifts in evolutionary dynamics after formation of ancient ecosystem. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb2943. [PMID: 32998898 PMCID: PMC7527215 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of high-resolution empirical data directly tracking diversity over time limits our understanding of speciation and extinction dynamics and the drivers of rate changes. Here, we analyze a continuous species-level fossil record of endemic diatoms from ancient Lake Ohrid, along with environmental and climate indicator time series since lake formation 1.36 million years (Ma) ago. We show that speciation and extinction rates nearly simultaneously decreased in the environmentally dynamic phase after ecosystem formation and stabilized after deep-water conditions established in Lake Ohrid. As the lake deepens, we also see a switch in the macroevolutionary trade-off, resulting in a transition from a volatile assemblage of short-lived endemic species to a stable community of long-lived species. Our results emphasize the importance of the interplay between environmental/climate change, ecosystem stability, and environmental limits to diversity for diversification processes. The study also provides a new understanding of evolutionary dynamics in long-lived ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Jovanovska
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Cvetkoska
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timme Donders
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Klemens Ekschmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Francke
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jack H Lacey
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zlatko Levkov
- Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubauer
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg (Ch. de Musee 10), 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Holtvoeth
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cambridge University, Conservation Research Institute, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK
| | - Sebastian Krastel
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Leicher
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie J Leng
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Lindhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessia Masi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jane M Reed
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Laura Sadori
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Slavica Tofilovska
- Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Bert Van Bocxlaer
- CNRS, Université de Lille, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | | | - Frank P Wesselingh
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Volkmar Wolters
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Xiaosen Zhang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Erwin DH. A conceptual framework of evolutionary novelty and innovation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:1-15. [PMID: 32869437 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since 1990 the recognition of deep homologies among metazoan developmental processes and the spread of more mechanistic approaches to developmental biology have led to a resurgence of interest in evolutionary novelty and innovation. Other evolutionary biologists have proposed central roles for behaviour and phenotypic plasticity in generating the conditions for the construction of novel morphologies, or invoked the accessibility of new regions of vast sequence spaces. These approaches contrast with more traditional emphasis on the exploitation of ecological opportunities as the primary source of novelty. This definitional cornucopia reflects differing stress placed on three attributes of novelties: their radical nature, the generation of new taxa, and ecological and evolutionary impact. Such different emphasis has led to conflating four distinct issues: the origin of novel attributes (genes, developmental processes, phenotypic characters), new functions, higher clades and the ecological impact of new structures and functions. Here I distinguish novelty (the origin of new characters, deep character transformations, or new combinations) from innovation, the ecological and evolutionary success of clades. Evidence from the fossil record of macroevolutionary lags between the origin of a novelty and its ecological success demonstrates that novelty may be decoupled from innovation, and only definitions of novelty based on radicality (rather than generativity or consequentiality) can be assessed without reference to the subsequent history of the clade to which a novelty belongs. These considerations suggest a conceptual framework for novelty and innovation, involving: (i) generation of the potential for novelty; (ii) the formation of novel attributes; (iii) refinement of novelties through adaptation; (iv) exploitation of novelties by a clade, which may coincide with a new round of ecological or environmental potentiation; followed by (v) the establishment of innovations through ecological processes. This framework recognizes that there is little empirical support for either the dominance of ecological opportunity, nor abrupt discontinuities (often caricatured as 'hopeful monsters'). This general framework may be extended to aspects of cultural and social innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 National Museum of Natural History, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, U.S.A.,Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, U.S.A
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17
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Knope ML, Bush AM, Frishkoff LO, Heim NA, Payne JL. Ecologically diverse clades dominate the oceans via extinction resistance. Science 2020; 367:1035-1038. [PMID: 32108111 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ecological differentiation is correlated with taxonomic diversity in many clades, and ecological divergence is often assumed to be a cause and/or consequence of high speciation rate. However, an analysis of 30,074 genera of living marine animals and 19,992 genera of fossil marine animals indicates that greater ecological differentiation in the modern oceans is actually associated with lower rates of origination over evolutionary time. Ecologically differentiated clades became taxonomically diverse over time because they were better buffered against extinction, particularly during mass extinctions, which primarily affected genus-rich, ecologically homogeneous clades. The relationship between ecological differentiation and taxonomic richness was weak early in the evolution of animals but has strengthened over geological time as successive extinction events reshaped the marine fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Knope
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Andrew M Bush
- Department of Geosciences and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Luke O Frishkoff
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Noel A Heim
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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18
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago Chicago Illinois
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20
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Liow LH, Taylor PD. Cope's Rule in a modular organism: Directional evolution without an overarching macroevolutionary trend. Evolution 2019; 73:1863-1872. [PMID: 31301184 PMCID: PMC6771556 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cope's Rule describes increasing body size in evolutionary lineages through geological time. This pattern has been documented in unitary organisms but does it also apply to module size in colonial organisms? We address this question using 1169 cheilostome bryozoans ranging through the entire 150 million years of their evolutionary history. The temporal pattern evident in cheilostomes as a whole shows no overall change in zooid (module) size. However, individual subclades show size increases: within a genus, younger species often have larger zooids than older species. Analyses of (paleo)latitudinal shifts show that this pattern cannot be explained by latitudinal effects (Bergmann's Rule) coupled with younger species occupying higher latitudes than older species (an "out of the tropics" hypothesis). While it is plausible that size increase was linked to the advantages of large zooids in feeding, competition for trophic resources and living space, other proposed mechanisms for Cope's Rule in unitary organisms are either inapplicable to cheilostome zooid size or cannot be evaluated. Patterns and mechanisms in colonial organisms cannot and should not be extrapolated from the better-studied unitary organisms. And even if macroevolution simply comprises repeated rounds of microevolution, evolutionary processes occurring within lineages are not always detectable from macroevolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hsiang Liow
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary SynthesisUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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21
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Collins KS, Edie SM, Gao T, Bieler R, Jablonski D. Spatial filters of function and phylogeny determine morphological disparity with latitude. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221490. [PMID: 31465483 PMCID: PMC6715166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The drivers of latitudinal differences in the phylogenetic and ecological composition of communities are increasingly studied and understood, but still little is known about the factors underlying morphological differences. High-resolution, three-dimensional morphological data collected using computerized micro-tomography (micro-CT) allows comprehensive comparisons of morphological diversity across latitude. Using marine bivalves as a model system, this study combines 3D shape analysis (based on a new semi-automated procedure for placing landmarks and semilandmarks on shell surfaces) with non-shape traits: centroid size, proportion of shell to soft-tissue volume, and magnitude of shell ornamentation. Analyses conducted on the morphology of 95% of all marine bivalve species from two faunas along the Atlantic coast of North America, the tropical Florida Keys and the boreal Gulf of Maine, show that morphological shifts between these two faunas, and in phylogenetic and ecological subgroups shared between them, occur as changes in total variance with a bounded minimum rather than directional shifts. The dispersion of species in shell-shape morphospace is greater in the Gulf of Maine, which also shows a lower variance in ornamentation and size than the Florida Keys, but the faunas do not differ significantly in the ratio of shell to internal volume. Thus, regional differences conform to hypothesized effects of resource seasonality and predation intensity, but not to carbonate saturation or calcification costs. The overall morphological differences between the regional faunas is largely driven by the loss of ecological functional groups and family-level clades at high latitudes, rather than directional shifts in morphology within the shared groups with latitude. Latitudinal differences in morphology thus represent a complex integration of phylogenetic and ecological factors that are best captured in multivariate analyses across several hierarchical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - S. M. Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - T. Gao
- Committee on Computational and Applied Mathematics, Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - R. Bieler
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - D. Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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22
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Fristoe TS, Botero CA. Alternative ecological strategies lead to avian brain size bimodality in variable habitats. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3818. [PMID: 31444351 PMCID: PMC6707158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological contexts that promote larger brains have received considerable attention, but those that result in smaller-than-expected brains have been largely overlooked. Here, we use a global sample of 2062 species to provide evidence that metabolic and life history tradeoffs govern the evolution of brain size in birds and play an important role in defining the ecological strategies capable of persisting in Earth's most thermally variable and unpredictable habitats. While some birds cope with extreme winter conditions by investing in large brains (e.g., greater capacity for planning, innovation, and behavioral flexibility), others have small brains and invest instead in traits that allow them to withstand or recover from potentially deadly events. Specifically, these species are restricted to large body sizes, diets consisting of difficult-to-digest but readily available foods, and high reproductive output. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering strategic tradeoffs when investigating potential drivers of brain size evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S Fristoe
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA.
| | - Carlos A Botero
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
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23
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Doolittle WF. Making Evolutionary Sense of Gaia. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:889-894. [PMID: 31155421 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Gaia hypothesis in a strong and frequently criticized form assumes that global homeostatic mechanisms have evolved by natural selection favoring the maintenance of conditions suitable for life. Traditional neoDarwinists hold this to be impossible in theory. But the hypothesis does make sense if one treats the clade that comprises the biological component of Gaia as an individual and allows differential persistence - as well as differential reproduction - to be an outcome of evolution by natural selection. Recent developments in theoretical and experimental evolutionary biology may justify both maneuvers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ford Doolittle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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24
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Edie SM, Huang S, Collins KS, Roy K, Jablonski D. Loss of Biodiversity Dimensions through Shifting Climates and Ancient Mass Extinctions. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1179-1190. [PMID: 30204879 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of climate affect the deployment of biodiversity in time and space, and so changes in climate might be expected to drive regional and global extinction of both taxa and their ecological functions. Here we examine the association of past climate changes with extinction in marine bivalves, which are increasingly used as a model system for macroecological and macroevolutionary analysis. Focusing on the Cenozoic Era (66 Myr ago to the present), we analyze extinction patterns in shallow-water marine bivalve genera relative to temperature dynamics as estimated from isotopic data in microfossils. When the entire Cenozoic timeseries is considered, extinction intensity is not significantly associated with the mean temperature or the detrended variance in temperature within a given time interval (stratigraphic stage). However, extinction increases significantly with both the rate of temperature change within the stage of extinction and the absolute change in mean temperature from the preceding stage to the stage of extinction. Thus, several extinction events, particularly the extinction pulse near the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, do appear to have climatic drivers. Further, the latitudinal diversity gradient today and the Cenozoic history of polar faunas suggest that long-term, regional extinctions associated with cooling removed not just taxa but a variety of ecological functions from high-latitude seas. These dynamics of biodiversity loss contrast with the two mass extinctions bracketing the Mesozoic Era, which had negligible effects on the diversity of ecological functions despite removing nearly as many taxa as the latitudinal gradient does today. Thus, the fossil record raises a key issue: whether the biotic consequences of present-day stresses will more closely resemble the long-term effects of past climate changes or those that cascaded from the mass extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany
| | - Katie S Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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25
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Chen M, Strömberg CAE, Wilson GP. Assembly of modern mammal community structure driven by Late Cretaceous dental evolution, rise of flowering plants, and dinosaur demise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9931-9940. [PMID: 31036651 PMCID: PMC6525522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820863116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-standing view that Mesozoic mammaliaforms living in dinosaur-dominated ecosystems were ecologically constrained to small size and insectivory has been challenged by astonishing fossil discoveries over the last three decades. By studying these well-preserved early mammaliaform specimens, paleontologists now agree that mammaliaforms underwent ecomorphological diversification during the Mesozoic Era. This implies that Mesozoic mammaliaform communities had ecological structure and breadth that were comparable to today's small-bodied mammalian communities. However, this hypothesis remains untested in part because the primary focus of most studies is on individual taxa. Here, we present a study quantifying the ecological structure of Mesozoic mammaliaform communities with the aim of identifying evolutionary and ecological drivers that influenced the deep-time assembly of small-bodied mammaliaform communities. We used body size, dietary preference, and locomotor mode to establish the ecospace occupation of 98 extant, small-bodied mammalian communities from diverse biomes around the world. We calculated ecological disparity and ecological richness to measure the magnitude of ecological differences among species in a community and the number of different eco-cells occupied by species of a community, respectively. This modern dataset served as a reference for analyzing five exceptionally preserved, extinct mammaliaform communities (two Jurassic, two Cretaceous, one Eocene) from Konservat-Lagerstätten. Our results indicate that the interplay of at least three factors, namely the evolution of the tribosphenic molar, the ecological rise of angiosperms, and potential competition with other vertebrates, may have been critical in shaping the ecological structure of small-bodied mammaliaform communities through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3010
| | - Gregory P Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800;
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3010
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26
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Sang S, Friend DS, Allmon WD, Anderson BM. Protoconch enlargement in Western Atlantic turritelline gastropod species following the closure of the Central American Seaway. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5309-5323. [PMID: 31110681 PMCID: PMC6509377 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The closure of the late Neogene interoceanic seaways between the Western Atlantic (WA) and Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP)-commonly referred to as the Central American Seaway-significantly decreased nutrient supply in the WA compared to the TEP. In marine invertebrates, an increase in parental investment is expected to be selectively favored in nutrient-poor marine environments as prolonged feeding in the plankton becomes less reliable. Here, we examine turritelline gastropods, which were abundant and diverse across this region during the Neogene and serve as important paleoenvironmental proxies, and test whether species exhibit decreased planktotrophy in the WA postclosure as compared to preclosure fossils and extant TEP species. We also test for differences in degree of planktotrophy in extant sister species pairs. Degree of planktotrophy was inferred by measuring the size of protoconchs, the species' larval shell that represents egg size. Protoconch size was compared between extant postclosure WA and TEP species and preclosure fossil species. To compare extant sister species, we reconstructed the phylogeny of available WA and TEP species using one nuclear (H3) and three mitochondrial markers (12S, 16S, and COI). Compared to the preclosure fossils, protoconch size increased in WA species but remained the same in the TEP species. In the two extant sister species pairs recovered in the phylogenetic analysis, the WA species are inferred to be nonplanktotrophic while the TEP species are planktotrophic. This suggests that decreased nutrient availability and primary productivity in the WA may have driven this change in developmental mode, and was the primary selective force resulting in postclosure turritelline extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesSnee Hall, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
- Paleontological Research InstitutionIthacaNew York
- Present address:
Department of Organismal Biology and AnatomyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Dana Suzanne Friend
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesSnee Hall, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
- Paleontological Research InstitutionIthacaNew York
| | - Warren Douglas Allmon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesSnee Hall, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
- Paleontological Research InstitutionIthacaNew York
| | - Brendan Matthew Anderson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesSnee Hall, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
- Paleontological Research InstitutionIthacaNew York
- Present address:
Department of Geology and GeographyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest Virginia
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27
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Czekanski-Moir JE, Rundell RJ. The Ecology of Nonecological Speciation and Nonadaptive Radiations. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:400-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Size, weapons, and armor as predictors of competitive outcomes in fossil and contemporary marine communities. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Slater GJ, Friscia AR. Hierarchy in adaptive radiation: A case study using the Carnivora (Mammalia). Evolution 2019; 73:524-539. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Slater
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicago Illinois 60637
| | - Anthony R. Friscia
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles California 90095
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30
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Multiple Components of Phylogenetic Non-stationarity in the Evolution of Brain Size in Fossil Hominins. Evol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-019-09471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ceballos
- Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, DF 04510, Mexico.
| | - Paul R Ehrlich
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Muñoz MM, Hu Y, Anderson PSL, Patek SN. Strong biomechanical relationships bias the tempo and mode of morphological evolution. eLife 2018; 7:e37621. [PMID: 30091704 PMCID: PMC6133543 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of biomechanics on the tempo and mode of morphological evolution is unresolved, yet is fundamental to organismal diversification. Across multiple four-bar linkage systems in animals, we discovered that rapid morphological evolution (tempo) is associated with mechanical sensitivity (strong correlation between a mechanical system's output and one or more of its components). Mechanical sensitivity is explained by size: the smallest link(s) are disproportionately affected by length changes and most strongly influence mechanical output. Rate of evolutionary change (tempo) is greatest in the smallest links and trait shifts across phylogeny (mode) occur exclusively via the influential, small links. Our findings illuminate the paradigms of many-to-one mapping, mechanical sensitivity, and constraints: tempo and mode are dominated by strong correlations that exemplify mechanical sensitivity, even in linkage systems known for exhibiting many-to-one mapping. Amidst myriad influences, mechanical sensitivity imparts distinct, predictable footprints on morphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgUnited States
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonUnited States
| | - Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Animal BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignUnited States
| | - SN Patek
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
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33
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Padró J, De Panis DN, Vrdoljak J, Carmona PM, Colines B, Hasson E, Soto IM. Experimental Evolution of Alkaloid Tolerance in Sibling Drosophila Species with Different Degrees of Specialization. Evol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Jablonski D. Approaches to Macroevolution: 1. General Concepts and Origin of Variation. Evol Biol 2017; 44:427-450. [PMID: 29142333 PMCID: PMC5661017 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to macroevolution require integration of its two fundamental components, i.e. the origin and the sorting of variation, in a hierarchical framework. Macroevolution occurs in multiple currencies that are only loosely correlated, notably taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, and functional variety. The origin of variation within this conceptual framework is increasingly understood in developmental terms, with the semi-hierarchical structure of gene regulatory networks (GRNs, used here in a broad sense incorporating not just the genetic circuitry per se but the factors controlling the timing and location of gene expression and repression), the non-linear relation between magnitude of genetic change and the phenotypic results, the evolutionary potential of co-opting existing GRNs, and developmental responsiveness to nongenetic signals (i.e. epigenetics and plasticity), all requiring modification of standard microevolutionary models, and rendering difficult any simple definition of evolutionary novelty. The developmental factors underlying macroevolution create anisotropic probabilities-i.e., an uneven density distribution-of evolutionary change around any given phenotypic starting point, and the potential for coordinated changes among traits that can accommodate change via epigenetic mechanisms. From this standpoint, "punctuated equilibrium" and "phyletic gradualism" simply represent two cells in a matrix of evolutionary models of phenotypic change, and the origin of trends and evolutionary novelty are not simply functions of ecological opportunity. Over long timescales, contingency becomes especially important, and can be viewed in terms of macroevolutionary lags (the temporal separation between the origin of a trait or clade and subsequent diversification); such lags can arise by several mechanisms: as geological or phylogenetic artifacts, or when diversifications require synergistic interactions among traits, or between traits and external events. The temporal and spatial patterns of the origins of evolutionary novelties are a challenge to macroevolutionary theory; individual events can be described retrospectively, but a general model relating development, genetics, and ecology is needed. An accompanying paper (Jablonski in Evol Biol 2017) reviews diversity dynamics and the sorting of variation, with some general conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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