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Murphy EJ. Glucose as a carbon source to synthesize palmitate de novo in the adult rodent brain: Adding to the carbon recycling story in the brain. J Neurochem 2022; 161:109-111. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota Grand Forks ND USA
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2
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Röszer T. Co-Evolution of Breast Milk Lipid Signaling and Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1705. [PMID: 34827703 PMCID: PMC8615456 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a unique and defining behavior of mammals and has a fundamental role in nourishing offspring by supplying a lipid-rich product that is utilized to generate heat and metabolic fuel. Heat generation from lipids is a feature of newborn mammals and is mediated by the uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration in specific fat depots. Breastfeeding and thermogenic adipose tissue have a shared evolutionary history: both have evolved in the course of homeothermy evolution; breastfeeding mammals are termed "thermolipials", meaning "animals with warm fat". Beyond its heat-producing capacity, thermogenic adipose tissue is also necessary for proper lipid metabolism and determines adiposity in offspring. Recent advances have demonstrated that lipid metabolism in infants is orchestrated by breast milk lipid signals, which establish mother-to-child signaling and control metabolic development in the infant. Breastfeeding rates are declining worldwide, and are paralleled by an alarming increase in childhood obesity, which at least in part may have its roots in the impaired metabolic control by breast milk lipid signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Science, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Lawrence GD. Perspective: The Saturated Fat-Unsaturated Oil Dilemma: Relations of Dietary Fatty Acids and Serum Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:647-656. [PMID: 33693484 PMCID: PMC8166560 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PUFAs are known to regulate cholesterol synthesis and cellular uptake by multiple mechanisms that do not involve SFAs. Polymorphisms in any of the numerous proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis, as a result of genetic variation, could lead to higher or lower serum cholesterol. PUFAs are susceptible to lipid peroxidation, which can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cancer, and disorders associated with inflammation, such as insulin resistance, arthritis, and numerous inflammatory syndromes. Eicosanoids from arachidonic acid are among the most powerful mediators that initiate an immune response, and a wide range of PUFA metabolites regulate numerous physiological processes. There is a misconception that dietary SFAs can cause inflammation, although endogenous palmitic acid is converted to ceramides and other cell constituents involved in an inflammatory response after it is initiated by lipid mediators derived from PUFAs. This article will discuss the many misconceptions regarding how dietary lipids regulate serum cholesterol, the fact that all-cause death rate is higher in humans with low compared with normal or moderately elevated serum total cholesterol, the numerous adverse effects of increasing dietary PUFAs or carbohydrate relative to SFAs, as well as metabolic conversion of PUFAs to SFAs and MUFAs as a protective mechanism. Consequently, dietary saturated fats seem to be less harmful than the proposed alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen D Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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5
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Lacombe RJS, Giuliano V, Chouinard-Watkins R, Bazinet RP. Natural Abundance Carbon Isotopic Analysis Indicates the Equal Contribution of Local Synthesis and Plasma Uptake to Palmitate Levels in the Mouse Brain. Lipids 2018; 53:481-490. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 306, FitzGerald Building; Toronto Ontario M5S3E2 Canada
| | - Vanessa Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 306, FitzGerald Building; Toronto Ontario M5S3E2 Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 306, FitzGerald Building; Toronto Ontario M5S3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto, 150 College St., Room 306, FitzGerald Building; Toronto Ontario M5S3E2 Canada
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6
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Delgado R, Nicodemus N, Abad-Guamán R, Sastre J, Menoyo D, Carabaño R, García J. Effect of dietary soluble fibre and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on growth performance and nitrogen and energy retention efficiency in growing rabbits. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Acosta-Montaño P, García-González V. Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids in Pancreatic Beta Cell Metabolism, Implications in Homeostasis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040393. [PMID: 29565831 PMCID: PMC5946178 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in several metabolic processes, including the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years a disease that has received escalated interest is type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many contributing factors including a high-caloric diet rich in dietary saturated fats have been broadly characterized as triggers of T2D. Insulin resistance resulting from a high saturated fat diet leads to alterations in lipid cellular intake and accumulation which generate lipotoxic conditions, a key phenomenon in the metabolism of β-cells. Alternatively, unsaturated fatty acids have been described to show opposite effects in pancreatic β-cells. The purpose of this work is to perform a critical analysis of the complex role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in β-cell metabolism. We discuss the diverse effects main dietary fatty acids have upon pancreatic β-cell metabolism as a key factor to maintain homeostasis by focusing in the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of T2D. For instance, modifications in protein homeostasis as well as the intracellular management of lipid metabolism which are associated with inflammatory pathways. These conditions initiate critical metabolic rearrangements, that in turn have repercussions on insulin β-cell metabolism. This review allows an integral and broad understanding of different functions of fatty acids inside β-cells, being important metabolites for novel therapeutic targets in T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Acosta-Montaño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico.
| | - Víctor García-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico.
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Hennebelle M, Otoki Y, Yang J, Hammock BD, Levitt AJ, Taha AY, Swardfager W. Altered soluble epoxide hydrolase-derived oxylipins in patients with seasonal major depression: An exploratory study. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:94-101. [PMID: 28259037 PMCID: PMC5611448 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many cytochrome p450-derived lipids promote resolution of inflammation, in contrast to their soluble epoxide hydrolase(sEH)-derived oxylipin breakdown products. Here we compare plasma oxylipins and precursor fatty acids between seasons in participants with major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern (MDD-s). Euthymic participants with a history of MDD-s recruited in summer-fall were followed-up in winter. At both visits, a structured clinical interview (DSM-5 criteria) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) were administered. Unesterified and total oxylipin pools were assayed by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Precursor fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. In nine unmedicated participants euthymic at baseline who met depression criteria in winter, BDI-II scores increased from 4.9±4.4 to 19.9±7.7. Four sEH-derived oxylipins increased in winter compared to summer-fall with moderate to large effect sizes. An auto-oxidation product (unesterified epoxyketooctadecadienoic acid) and lipoxygenase-derived 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid also increased in winter. The cytochrome p450-derived 20-COOH-leukotriene B4 (unesterified) and total 14(15)-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and the sEH-derived 14,15-dihydroxyeicostrienoic acid (unesterified), decreased in winter. We conclude that winter depression was associated with changes in cytochrome p450- and sEH-derived oxylipins, suggesting that seasonal shifts in omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid metabolism mediated by sEH may underlie inflammatory states in symptomatic MDD-s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony J Levitt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
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Intake of n-3 fatty acids and long-term outcome in renal transplant recipients: a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:2066-2073. [PMID: 27993180 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids may improve long-term outcomes of renal transplant recipients (RTR). Recent evidence suggests that EPA and DHA have different outcomes compared with α-linolenic acid (ALA). We examined the prospective associations of EPA-DHA and ALA intakes with graft failure and all-cause mortality in 637 RTR. During 3·1 years (interquartile range 2·7, 3·8) of follow-up, forty-one developed graft failure and sixty-seven died. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, EPA-DHA and ALA intakes were not associated with graft failure. EPA-DHA intake was not significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 0·79; 95% CI 0·54, 1·15 per 0·1 energy% difference). ALA intake was significantly associated with mortality (HR 1·17; 95% CI 1·04, 1·31 per 0·1 energy% difference). This association remained following adjustments for BMI, proteinuria and intakes of fat, carbohydrate and protein. RTR in the highest tertile of ALA intake exhibited about 2-fold higher mortality risk (HR 2·21; 95% CI 1·23, 3·97) compared with the lowest tertile. In conclusion, ALA intake may be associated with increased mortality in RTR. Future RCT are needed to confirm these results.
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10
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Cunnane SC, Courchesne-Loyer A, Vandenberghe C, St-Pierre V, Fortier M, Hennebelle M, Croteau E, Bocti C, Fulop T, Castellano CA. Can Ketones Help Rescue Brain Fuel Supply in Later Life? Implications for Cognitive Health during Aging and the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:53. [PMID: 27458340 PMCID: PMC4937039 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose that brain energy deficit is an important pre-symptomatic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that requires closer attention in the development of AD therapeutics. Our rationale is fourfold: (i) Glucose uptake is lower in the frontal cortex of people >65 years-old despite cognitive scores that are normal for age. (ii) The regional deficit in brain glucose uptake is present in adults <40 years-old who have genetic or lifestyle risk factors for AD but in whom cognitive decline has not yet started. Examples include young adult carriers of presenilin-1 or apolipoprotein E4, and young adults with mild insulin resistance or with a maternal family history of AD. (iii) Regional brain glucose uptake is impaired in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but brain uptake of ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), remains the same in AD and MCI as in cognitively healthy age-matched controls. These observations point to a brain fuel deficit which appears to be specific to glucose, precedes cognitive decline associated with AD, and becomes more severe as MCI progresses toward AD. Since glucose is the brain's main fuel, we suggest that gradual brain glucose exhaustion is contributing significantly to the onset or progression of AD. (iv) Interventions that raise ketone availability to the brain improve cognitive outcomes in both MCI and AD as well as in acute experimental hypoglycemia. Ketones are the brain's main alternative fuel to glucose and brain ketone uptake is still normal in MCI and in early AD, which would help explain why ketogenic interventions improve some cognitive outcomes in MCI and AD. We suggest that the brain energy deficit needs to be overcome in order to successfully develop more effective therapeutics for AD. At present, oral ketogenic supplements are the most promising means of achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Courchesne-Loyer
- Research Center on Aging, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada
| | - Camille Vandenberghe
- Research Center on Aging, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada
| | - Valérie St-Pierre
- Research Center on Aging, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, SherbrookeQC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, SherbrookeQC, Canada
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11
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Chen CT, Bazinet RP. β-oxidation and rapid metabolism, but not uptake regulate brain eicosapentaenoic acid levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:33-40. [PMID: 24986271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, with high levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) while levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are several orders of magnitude lower. As evidence accumulated that fatty acid entry into the brain was not selective and, in fact, that DHA and EPA enter the brain at similar rates, new mechanisms were required to explain their large concentration differences in the brain. Here we summarize recent research demonstrating that EPA is rapidly and extensively β-oxidized upon entry into the brain. Although the ATP generated from the β-oxidation of EPA is low compared to the use of glucose, fatty acid β-oxidation may serve to regulate brain fatty acid levels in the absence of selective transportation. Furthermore, when β-oxidation of EPA is blocked, desaturation of EPA increases and Land׳s recycling decreases to maintain low EPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada.
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12
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Bauernfeind AL, Babbitt CC. The appropriation of glucose through primate neurodevelopment. J Hum Evol 2014; 77:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Komprda T, Zorníková G, Rozíková V, Borkovcová M, Przywarová A. The effect of dietary Salvia hispanica seed on the content of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissues of selected animal species, including edible insects. J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A high-fat diet enriched with low omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio reduced fat cellularity and plasma leptin concentration in Sprague-Dawley rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:757593. [PMID: 24294136 PMCID: PMC3833013 DOI: 10.1155/2013/757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acids on the accretion pattern of major fat pads, inguinal fat cellularity, and their relation with plasma leptin concentration. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups and received the following diets for 22 weeks: (1) standard rat chow diet (CTRL), (2) CTRL + 10% (w/w) butter (HFAR), (3) CTRL + 3.33% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 6.67% (w/w) soybean oil (MFAR), and (4) CTRL + 6.67% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 3.33% (w/w) soybean oil (LFAR). Inguinal fat cellularity and plasma leptin concentration were measured in this study. Results for inguinal fat cellularity showed that the mean adipocyte number for the MFAR (9.2 ∗ 105 ± 3.6) and LFAR (8.5 ∗ 105 ± 5.1) groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the rest, while the mean adipocyte diameter of HFAR group was larger (P < 0.05) (46.2 ± 2.8) than the rest. The plasma leptin concentration in the HFAR group was higher (P < 0.05) (3.22 ± 0.32 ng/mL), than the other groups. The higher inguinal fat cellularity clearly indicated the ability of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and butter supplemented diets to induce hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells, respectively, which caused adipocyte remodeling due to hyperleptinemia.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies fairly convincingly suggest that higher intakes of fatty fish and n-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DHA in plasma is normally positively associated with DHA intake. However, despite being associated with lower fish and DHA intake, unexpectedly, plasma (or brain) DHA is frequently not lower in AD. This review will highlight some metabolic and physiological factors such as ageing and apoE polymorphism that influence DHA homeostasis. Compared with young adults, blood DHA is often slightly but significantly higher in older adults without any age-related cognitive decline. Higher plasma DHA in older adults could be a sign that their fish or DHA intake is higher. However, our supplementation and carbon-13 tracer studies also show that DHA metabolism, e.g. transit through the plasma, apparent retroconversion and β-oxidation, is altered in healthy older compared with healthy young adults. ApoE4 increases the risk of AD, possibly in part because it too changes DHA homeostasis. Therefore, independent of differences in fish intake, changing DHA homeostasis may tend to obscure the relationship between DHA intake and plasma DHA which, in turn, may contribute to making older adults more susceptible to cognitive decline despite older adults having similar or sometimes higher plasma DHA than in younger adults. In conclusion, recent development of new tools such as isotopically labelled DHA to study DHA metabolism in human subjects highlights some promising avenues to evaluate how and why DHA metabolism changes during ageing and AD.
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van Valenberg H, Hettinga K, Dijkstra J, Bovenhuis H, Feskens E. Concentrations of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in Dutch bovine milk fat and their contribution to human dietary intake. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4173-81. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Heinze CR, Hawkins MG, Gillies LA, Wu X, Walzem RL, German JB, Klasing KC. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on red blood cell lipid composition and plasma metabolites in the cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3068-79. [PMID: 22585819 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dietary n-3 fatty acids have been extensively studied in poultry, they have not yet been prospectively investigated in psittacines, despite potential benefits for preventing and treating atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, and other chronic disease processes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids into red blood cells (RBC) and to determine the effects of supplementation of psittacine diets with fish or flax oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the cockatiel. Adult cockatiels were fed a custom-formulated diet containing either 4% (wt/wt, as-fed) beef tallow (CON), 3% fish oil + 1% tallow (FSH), or 3.5% flax oil + 0.5% tallow (FLX; n = 20 per diet group). Baseline measurements were obtained for RBC fatty acid composition, triacylglycerides (TAG), and cholesterol. After 8 to 13 wk on the study diets, plasma chemistry profiles, lipoprotein density profiles, and RBC fatty acid composition were determined. At 8 wk, total plasma cholesterol was least in FSH birds (P < 0.05) and TAG concentrations were less in FSH birds than FLX birds (P < 0.05). Total n-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were markedly greater in the RBC of FSH birds than FLX or CON birds (P < 0.05). Alpha linolenic acid was greatest in FLX (P < 0.05). Initial and final BW, and nonlipid plasma chemistry values did not differ among diet groups. No adverse effects of dietary supplementation of cockatiels with 3.5% flax oil or 3% fish oil were observed during the 13-wk feeding period. Although fish and flax oils provided similar total n-3 PUFA to the diets, fish oil caused greater reductions in cholesterol and TAG, and greater total RBC n-3 incorporation. Thus, dietary modification of psittacine diets with long chain n-3 PUFA from fish oil appears safe and may be beneficial to these long-lived companion birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Heinze
- Department Of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis 95616, USA
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18
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Muriuki M, Purdie N, Dumancas G. Quantification of the major ω-3, ω-6 PUFAs using the Purdie assay and their ratios in different cholesterol types and the effects of gender and cholesterol on PUFA levels. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as inflammation-modulating and lipid homeostasis influencing nutraceuticals: A review. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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21
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Cheon Y, Park JY, Modi HR, Kim HW, Lee HJ, Chang L, Rao JS, Rapoport SI. Chronic olanzapine treatment decreases arachidonic acid turnover and prostaglandin E₂ concentration in rat brain. J Neurochem 2011; 119:364-76. [PMID: 21812779 PMCID: PMC3188676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine (OLZ), is used to treat bipolar disorder, but its therapeutic mechanism of action is not clear. Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) plays a critical role in brain signaling and an up-regulated AA metabolic cascade was reported in postmortem brains from bipolar disorder patients. In this study, we tested whether, similar to the action of the mood stabilizers lithium, carbamazepine and valproate, chronic OLZ treatment would reduce AA turnover in rat brain. We administered OLZ (6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle i.p. to male rats once daily for 21 days. A washout group received 21 days of OLZ followed by vehicle on day 22. Two hours after the last injection, [1-¹⁴C]AA was infused intravenously for 5 min, and timed arterial blood samples were taken. After the rat was killed at 5 min, its brain was microwaved, removed and analyzed. Chronic OLZ decreased plasma unesterified AA concentration, AA incorporation rates and AA turnover in brain phospholipids. These effects were absent after washout. Consistent with reduced AA turnover, OLZ decreased brain cyclooxygenase activity and the brain concentration of the proinflammatory AA-derived metabolite, prostaglandin E₂, In view of up-regulated brain AA metabolic markers in bipolar disorder, the abilities of OLZ and the mood stabilizers to commonly decrease prostaglandin E₂, and AA turnover in rat brain phospholipids, albeit by different mechanisms, may be related to their efficacy against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Cheon
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Lukas R, Gigliotti JC, Smith BJ, Altman S, Tou JC. Consumption of different sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by growing female rats affects long bone mass and microarchitecture. Bone 2011; 49:455-62. [PMID: 21672645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) consumption has been reported to improve bone health. However, sources of ω-3 PUFAs differ in the type of fatty acids and structural form. The study objective was to determine the effect of various ω-3 PUFAs sources on bone during growth. Young (age 28d) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=10/group) to a high fat 12% (wt) diet consisting of either corn oil (CO) or ω-3 PUFA rich, flaxseed (FO), krill (KO), menhaden (MO), salmon (SO) or tuna (TO) for 8 weeks. Bone mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone microarchitecture by micro-computed tomography (μCT). Bone turnover markers were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Lipid peroxidation was measured by calorimetric assays. Results showed that rats fed TO, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω-3) had higher (P<0.009) tibial bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) and lower (P=0.05) lipid peroxidation compared to the CO-fed rats. Reduced lipid peroxidation was associated with increased tibial BMD (r2=0.08, P=0.02) and BMC (r2=0.71, P=0.01). On the other hand, rats fed FO or MO, rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω-3), improved bone microarchitecture compared to rats fed CO or SO. Serum osteocalcin was higher (P=0.03) in rats fed FO compared to rats fed SO. Serum osteocalcin was associated with improved trabecular bone microarchitecture. The animal study results suggest consuming a variety of ω-3 PUFA sources to promote bone health during the growth stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lukas
- Human Nutrition and Foods, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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He M, Pei Z, Mohsen AW, Watkins P, Murdoch G, Van Veldhoven PP, Ensenauer R, Vockley J. Identification and characterization of new long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 102:418-29. [PMID: 21237683 PMCID: PMC3073726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids are an important source of energy in muscle and heart where the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) participate in consecutive cycles of β-oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA and reducing equivalents for generating energy. However, the role of long-chain fatty acid oxidation in the brain and other tissues that do not rely on fat for energy is poorly understood. Here we characterize two new ACADs, ACAD10 and ACAD11, both with significant expression in human brain. ACAD11 utilizes substrates with primary carbon chain lengths between 20 and 26, with optimal activity towards C22CoA. The combination of ACAD11 with the newly characterized ACAD9 accommodates the full spectrum of long chain fatty acid substrates presented to mitochondrial β-oxidation in human cerebellum. ACAD10 has significant activity towards the branched-chain substrates R and S, 2 methyl-C15-CoA and is highly expressed in fetal but not adult brain. This pattern of expression is similar to that of LCAD, another ACAD previously shown to be involved in long branched chain fatty acid metabolism. Interestingly, the ACADs in human cerebellum were found to have restricted cellular distribution. ACAD9 was most highly expressed in the granular layer, ACAD11 in the white matter, and MCAD in the molecular layer and axons of specific neurons. This compartmentalization of ACADs in the human central nerve system suggests that β-oxidation in cerebellum participates in different functions other than generating energy, for example, the synthesis and/or degradation of unique cellular lipids and catabolism of aromatic amino acids, compounds that are vital to neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zhengtong Pei
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Al-Walid Mohsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paul Watkins
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Geoffrey Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Ludwig-Maximilians University, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Children’s Research Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
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Chen CT, Liu Z, Bazinet RP. Rapid de-esterification and loss of eicosapentaenoic acid from rat brain phospholipids: an intracerebroventricular study. J Neurochem 2010; 116:363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sampels S, Turner T, Öström Å, Pickova J. Effects of α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid from linseed and algae, respectively, on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandusL.) muscle fatty acid composition. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2010.523092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lower Efficacy in the Utilization of Dietary ALA as Compared to Preformed EPA + DHA on Long Chain n-3 PUFA Levels in Rats. Lipids 2010; 45:799-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee HJ, Rao JS, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Kim HW. Chronic imipramine but not bupropion increases arachidonic acid signaling in rat brain: is this related to 'switching' in bipolar disorder? Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:602-14. [PMID: 18982003 PMCID: PMC2874651 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Agents effective against mania in bipolar disorder are reported to decrease turnover of arachidonic acid (AA) in phospholipids and expression of calcium-dependent AA-selective cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) in rat brain. In contrast, fluoxetine, an antidepressant that is reported to switch bipolar depressed patients to mania, increases cPLA(2) expression and AA turnover in rat brain. We therefore hypothesized that antidepressants that increase switching to mania generally increase cPLA(2) and AA turnover in brain. To test this hypothesis, adult male CDF-344 rats were administered imipramine and bupropion, with reported high and low switching rates, respectively, at daily doses of 10 and 30 mg kg(-1) i.p., respectively, or i.p. saline (control) for 21 days. Frontal cortex expression of different PLA(2) enzymes and AA turnover rates in brain when the rats were unanesthetized were measured. Compared with chronic saline, chronic imipramine but not bupropion significantly increased cortex cPLA(2) mRNA activity, protein and phosphorylation, expression of the cPLA(2) transcription factor, activator protein-2alpha (AP-2alpha) and AA turnover in phospholipids. Protein levels of secretory phospholipase A(2), calcium-independent phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 were unchanged, and prostaglandin E(2) was unaffected. These results, taken with prior data on chronic fluoxetine in rats, suggest that antidepressants that increase the switching tendency of bipolar depressed patients to mania do so by increasing AA recycling and metabolism in brain. Mania in bipolar disorder thus may involve upregulated brain AA metabolism.
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Tremblay-Mercier J, Tessier D, Plourde M, Fortier M, Lorrain D, Cunnane SC. Bezafibrate mildly stimulates ketogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:341-6. [PMID: 20404010 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.166504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether bezafibrate, a hypotriglyceridemic drug and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist, is ketogenic and increases fatty acid oxidation in humans. We measured fatty acid metabolism and ketone levels in 13 mildly hypertriglycemic adults (67 +/- 11 years old) during 2 metabolic study days lasting 6 h, 1 day before and 1 day after bezafibrate (400 mg of bezafibrate per day for 12 weeks). beta-Hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty acid profiles, insulin, and glucose were measured in plasma, and fatty acid beta-oxidation was measured in breath after an oral 50-mg dose of the fatty acid tracer [U-(13)C]linoleic acid. As expected, 12 weeks on bezafibrate decreased plasma triglycerides by 35%. Bezafibrate tended to raise postprandial beta-hydroxybutyrate, an effect that was significant after normalization to the fasting baseline values (p = 0.03). beta-Oxidation of [U-(13)C]linoleic acid increased by 30% (p = 0.03) after treatment. On the metabolic study day after bezafibrate treatment, postprandial insulin decreased by 26% (p = 0.01), and glucose concentrations were lower 2 to 5 h postprandially. Thus, in hypertriglyceridemic individuals, bezafibrate is mildly ketogenic and significantly changes fatty acid metabolism, effects that may be linked to PPARalpha stimulation and to moderately improved glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tremblay-Mercier
- Research Center on Aging, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Duncan RE, Bazinet RP. Brain arachidonic acid uptake and turnover: implications for signaling and bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:130-8. [PMID: 20145439 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328336b615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arachidonic acid was first detected in the brain in 1922. Although earlier work examined the role of arachidonic acid in growth and development, more recent advancements have elucidated roles for arachidonic acid in brain health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we summarize evidence demonstrating that unesterified arachidonic acid in the plasma pool, which is supplied in part from adipose, is readily taken up and incorporated into brain phospholipids. By labeling plasma unesterified arachidonic acid, it is possible to trace the subsequent release of arachidonic acid from brain phospholipids upon neuroreceptor-mediated release by phospholipase A2 in response to drugs and neuroinflammation in rodents. With the synthesis of 11C labeled fatty acids, brain arachidonic acid signaling can now be measured in humans with position emission tomography. Arachidonic acid signals are known to regulate important biological functions, including neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity, and we focus on how the brain arachidonic acid cascade is a common target of drugs used to treat bipolar disorder (e.g. lithium, carbamazepine and valproate). SUMMARY A better understanding of the regulation of arachidonic acid uptake into the brain and the brain arachidonic acid cascade could lead to new imaging techniques and the identification of novel therapeutic targets in excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Duncan
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Morse NL. A meta-analysis of blood fatty acids in people with learning disorders with particular interest in arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:373-89. [PMID: 19819683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Small individual studies report that people with learning disorders have lower than normal blood concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. The origin and consequence of the subnormal docosahexaenoic acid have been much speculated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the significance of the low arachidonic acid concentration. Studies were identified through a literature search including subjects with various learning disorders or symptoms thereof and age-matched controls. A meta-analysis of pooled data from the red blood cell and plasma/serum showed that red blood cell arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid concentrations were significantly lower than normal [-3.93 and -18.92, respectively (weighted mean difference as a % of weighted mean control)]. Plasma/serum arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were also significantly lower than normal [-6.99 and -15.66, respectively (weighted mean difference as a % of weighted mean control)]. However, in absolute amounts the arachidonic acid was as severely depressed as docosahexanoic acid within red blood cells 0.57mg/100mg of fatty acid below normal verses 0.59mg/100mg for docosahexaenoic acid. Plasma/serum arachidonic acid was even lower; 0.71mg/100mg of fatty acid below normal verses 0.34mg/100mg for docosahexaenoic acid. The origin, consequences and relative importance of subnormal arachidonic acid to brain function bears further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Morse
- Efamol Ltd., 14 The Mole Business Park, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7BA, UK.
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31
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Green JT, Liu Z, Bazinet RP. Brain phospholipid arachidonic acid half-lives are not altered following 15 weeks of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid adequate or deprived diet. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:535-43. [PMID: 19661256 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have infused radiolabeled arachidonic acid (AA) into rat brains and followed AA esterification into phospholipids for up to 24 h; however, the half-life of AA in rat brain phospholipids is unknown. Eighteen day old rats were fed either an n-3 PUFA adequate or deprived diet for 15 weeks. Following the 15 weeks, 40 microCi of [(3)H] AA was injected intracerebroventricularly into the right lateral ventricle using stereotaxic surgery and returned to their dietary treatment. From 4-120 days after [(3)H] AA administration, brains were collected for chemical analyses. The half-life of AA in rat brain phospholipids was 44 +/- 4 days for the n-3 PUFA adequate group and 46 +/- 4 days for the n-3 PUFA deprived group, which closely approximates the predicted half-life previously reported, based on the rate of entry from the plasma unesterified pool, suggesting the plasma unesterified pool is a major contributor to brain uptake of AA. Furthermore, unlike a previous report in which the half-life of brain phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was increased in n-3 PUFA deprived rats, n-3 PUFA deprivation did not significantly alter the AA half-life, suggesting different mechanisms exist to maintain brain concentrations of AA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Alessandri JM, Extier A, Astorg P, Lavialle M, Simon N, Guesnet P. Métabolisme des acides gras oméga-3 : différences entre hommes et femmes. NUTR CLIN METAB 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sampels S, Strandvik B, Pickova J. Processed animal products with emphasis on polyunsaturated fatty acid content. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Extier A, Perruchot MH, Baudry C, Guesnet P, Lavialle M, Alessandri JM. Differential effects of steroids on the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by human neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:295-301. [PMID: 19576517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are crucial for proper functioning of cell membranes, particularly in brain. Biologically important PUFA include docosahexaenoic acid (n-3 series) and arachidonic acid (n-6 series) which can be formed from their respective dietary essential precursors, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Steroid hormones are thought to modulate PUFA synthesis in humans but whether they regulate PUFA status in brain and/or in neural membranes is unknown. In human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, we compared the effect of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone on PUFA synthesis. Cells were incubated with ALA and/or LA 7 microM in combination with estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone at 10 nM without serum. The fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography and the mRNA expression of genes involved in PUFA metabolism by real-time RT-PCR. Estradiol affected both the n-3 and the n-6 PUFA conversion, the n-3 PUFA pathway being more sensitive to the estradiol treatment. In ALA-supplemented cells, estradiol increased while testosterone decreased the long-chain n-3 PUFA content (+17% and -15%, respectively) and the mRNA expression of the Delta5-desaturase (+11% and -9%), these two events being strongly correlated. Progesterone did not affect the PUFA composition. The positive effect of estradiol was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780. We conclude that steroids have differential effects on PUFA synthesis and that their mode of action could involve the modulation of the Delta5-desaturase mRNA expression in neuroblastoma cells. These results help our understanding of the regulation of brain PUFA metabolism by steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Extier
- Unit of Lipid Nutrition & Regulation of Brain Functions, Nu.Re.Li.Ce, UR909, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, F 78352-Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Brochot A, Guinot M, Auchere D, Macaire JP, Weill P, Grynberg A, Rousseau-Ralliard D. Effects of alpha-linolenic acid vs. docosahexaenoic acid supply on the distribution of fatty acids among the rat cardiac subcellular membranes after a short- or long-term dietary exposure. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:14. [PMID: 19320987 PMCID: PMC2670308 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work showed that the functional cardiac effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in rats requires a long feeding period (6 months), although a docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid-supply affects cardiac adrenergic response after 2 months. However, the total cardiac membrane n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition remained unchanged after 2 months. This delay could be due to a specific reorganization of the different subcellular membrane PUFA profiles. This study was designed to investigate the evolution between 2 and 6 months of diet duration of the fatty acid profile in sarcolemmal (SL), mitochondrial (MI), nuclear (NU) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane fractions. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 dietary groups (n = 10/diet/period), either n-3 PUFA-free diet (CTL), or ALA or DHA-rich diets. After 2 or 6 months, the subcellular cardiac membrane fractions were separated by differential centrifugations and sucrose gradients. Each membrane profile was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) after lipid extraction. RESULTS As expected the n-3 PUFA-rich diets incorporated n-3 PUFA instead of n-6 PUFA in all the subcellular fractions, which also exhibited individual specificities. The diet duration increased SFA and decreased PUFA in SL, whereas NU remained constant. The SR and MI enriched in n-3 PUFA exhibited a decreased DHA level with ageing in the DHA and CTL groups. Conversely, the n-3 PUFA level remained unchanged in the ALA group, due to a significant increase in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). N-3 PUFA rich diets lead to a better PUFA profile in all the fractions and significantly prevent the profile modifications induced by ageing. CONCLUSION With the ALA diet the n-3 PUFA content, particularly in SR and SL kept increasing between 2 and 6 months, which may partly account for the delay to achieve the modification of adrenergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Brochot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
- Société Valorex, Combourtillé, France
| | - Marine Guinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Daniel Auchere
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Jean-Paul Macaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | | | - Alain Grynberg
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud 11, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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Chen CT, Liu Z, Ouellet M, Calon F, Bazinet RP. Rapid beta-oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in mouse brain: an in situ study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:157-63. [PMID: 19237271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of brain phospholipid fatty acid profiles reveal a selective deficiency and enrichment in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. In order to account for this difference in brain fatty acid levels, we hypothesized that EPA is more rapidly beta-oxidized upon its entry into the brain. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were perfused with either (14)C-EPA or (14)C-DHA via in situ cerebral perfusion for 40s, followed by a bicarbonate buffer to wash out the residual radiolabeled polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the capillaries. (14)C-PUFA-perfused brains were extracted for chemical analyses of neutral lipid and phospholipid fatty acids. Based on the radioactivity in aqueous, total lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions, volume of distribution (V(D), microl/g) was calculated. The V(D) between (14)C-EPA- and (14)C-DHA-perfused samples was not statistically different for total lipid, neutral lipids or total phospholipids. However, the V(D) of (14)C-EPA in the aqueous fraction was 2.5 times higher than that of (14)C-DHA (p=0.025), suggesting a more extensive beta-oxidation than DHA. Furthermore, radiolabeled palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid that can be synthesized de novo, was detected in brain phospholipids from (14)C-EPA but not from (14)C-DHA-perfused mice suggesting that beta-oxidation products of EPA were recycled into endogenous fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. These findings suggest that low levels of EPA in brain phospholipids compared to DHA may be the result of its rapid beta-oxidation upon uptake by the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College St., Room 306, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2.
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Brenna JT, Salem N, Sinclair AJ, Cunnane SC. alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:85-91. [PMID: 19269799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered biomarkers of status. Alpha-linolenic acid, ALA, the plant omega-3, is the dietary precursor for the long-chain omega-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Studies in normal healthy adults consuming western diets, which are rich in linoleic acid (LA), show that supplemental ALA raises EPA and DPA status in the blood and in breast milk. However, ALA or EPA dietary supplements have little effect on blood or breast milk DHA levels, whereas consumption of preformed DHA is effective in raising blood DHA levels. Addition of ALA to the diets of formula-fed infants does raise DHA, but no level of ALA tested raises DHA to levels achievable with preformed DHA at intakes similar to typical human milk DHA supply. The DHA status of infants and adults consuming preformed DHA in their diets is, on average, greater than that of people who do not consume DHA. With no other changes in diet, improvement of blood DHA status can be achieved with dietary supplements of preformed DHA, but not with supplementation of ALA, EPA, or other precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Pifferi F, Tremblay S, Plourde M, Tremblay-Mercier J, Bentourkia M, Cunnane SC. Ketones and brain function: Possible link to polyunsaturated fatty acids and availability of a new brain PET tracer,11C-acetoacetate. Epilepsia 2008; 49 Suppl 8:76-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen CT, Green JT, Orr SK, Bazinet RP. Regulation of brain polyunsaturated fatty acid uptake and turnover. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:85-91. [PMID: 18938067 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain is particularly enriched in glycerophospholipids with either arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acid esterified in the stereospecifically numbered-2 position. In this paper, we review how combining a kinetic approach to study the uptake and turnover of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids within brain phospholipids of unanesthetized rats, along with chronic administration of antimanic drugs (lithium, valproate and carbamazepine), have advanced our understanding of how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enter the brain, and the mechanisms that regulate their turnover within brain phospholipids. The incorporation rates of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid from the plasma unesterified pool into brain phospholipids closely approximate independent measures of their consumption rates by the brain, suggesting this is quantitatively the major pool for uptake of these PUFA. Antimanic drugs (lithium and carbamazepine) that downregulate the activity of the calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) transcription factor AP-2, and in turn the expression and activity of cPLA(2,) lead to a selective downregulation in brain arachidonic acid turnover. Furthermore, targeting arachidonoyl-CoA formation via ordered, non-competitive inhibition of an acyl-CoA synthetase with valproate also selectively decreases brain arachidonic acid turnover. Drugs that increase brain cPLA(2) activity (N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and fluoxetine) are correlated with increased turnover of arachidonic acid in brain phospholipids. Altered PUFA metabolism has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Identifying the enzymes that regulated brain PUFA metabolism could lead to new therapeutic approaches for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 306, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a major medical, social and economic burden worldwide. However, the mechanisms of action of effective antibipolar disorder drugs remain elusive. In this paper, we review studies using a neuropharmacological approach in unanesthetized rats, combined with kinetic, biochemical and molecular biology techniques, showing that chronic administration of three Food and Drug Administration-approved mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate and carbamazepine) at therapeutically relevant doses, selectively target the brain arachidonic acid (AA) cascade. Whereas chronic lithium and carbamazepine decrease the binding activity of activator protein-2 and in turn the transcription, translation and activity of its AA-selective calcium-dependent phospholipase A(2) gene product, valproate appears to be a non-competitive inhibitor of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. The net overlapping effects of the three drugs are decreased turnover of AA but not of docosahexaenoic acid in rat brain phospholipids, and decreased brain cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E(2). Although these observations support the hypothesis proposed by Rapoport and colleagues that the AA cascade is a common target of mood stabilizers, this hypothesis is not necessarily exclusive of other targets. Targeting the AA cascade with drugs or diet may be a useful therapeutic approach in bipolar disorder, and examining the AA cascade in patients might help in better understanding the disease.
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Green JT, Orr SK, Bazinet RP. The emerging role of group VI calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in releasing docosahexaenoic acid from brain phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:939-44. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r700017-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Moussavi N, Gavino V, Receveur O. Could the quality of dietary fat, and not just its quantity, be related to risk of obesity? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:7-15. [PMID: 18223605 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the possible association between types of fatty acids and weight change. It examines the biological plausibility underlining these associations and the evidence obtained to date from clinical trials and epidemiological studies. Animal studies have shown that dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids appear to promote weight loss. Similarly, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) appear to favor weight loss compared to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in human studies. The structure of fatty acids seems to affect their degree of oxidation and deposition. Although results are conflicting, human studies follow the general trend reported in animal studies. These trials suggest that some fatty acids are prone to oxidation and some others lead to fat storage when comparing isocaloric diets. For instance, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids are preferentially oxidizied to other PUFA but results remain inconsistent. Epidemiological studies concerning this issue reported that total dietary fat, which includes MUFA, PUFA, and SFA could increase the risk of obesity, but results are few and conflicting. The rising biological plausibility linking dietary fat quality and risk of obesity, together with the rather recent addition of fatty acids content in food composition tables, support the need for major epidemiological studies in that area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Moussavi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Burdge GC, Calder PC. Dietary α-linolenic acid and health-related outcomes: a metabolic perspective. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 19:26-52. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr2005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (αLNA; 18: 3n-3) is essential in the human diet, probably because it is the substrate for the synthesis of longer-chain, more unsaturatedn-3 fatty acids, principally EPA (20: 5n-3) and DHA (22: 6n-3), which confer important biophysical properties on cell membranes and so are required for tissue function. The extent to which this molecular transformation occurs in man is controversial. The present paper reviews the recent literature on the metabolism of αLNA in man, including the use of dietary αLNA in β-oxidation, recycling of carbon by fatty acid synthesisde novoand conversion to longer-chain PUFA. Sex differences in αLNA metabolism and the possible biological consequences are discussed. Increased consumption of EPA and DHA in fish oil has a number of well-characterised beneficial effects on health. The present paper also reviews the efficacy of increased αLNA consumption in increasing the concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood and cell lipid pools, and the extent to which such dietary interventions might be protective against CVD and inflammation. Although the effects on CVD risk factors and inflammatory markers are variable, where beneficial effects have been reported these are weaker than have been achieved from increasing consumption of EPA+DHA or linoleic acid. Overall, the limited capacity for conversion to longer-chainn-3 fatty acids, and the lack of efficacy in ameliorating CVD risk factors and inflammatory markers in man suggests that increased consumption of αLNA may be of little benefit in altering EPA+DHA status or in improving health outcomes compared with other dietary interventions.
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Lin YH, Salem N. Whole body distribution of deuterated linoleic and α-linolenic acids and their metabolites in the rat. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2709-24. [PMID: 17876057 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700369-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the uptake or metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in various mammalian organs. Thus, the distribution of deuterated alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and their metabolites was studied using a stable isotope tracer technique. Rats were orally administered a single dose of a mixture (20 mg each) of ethyl D5-18:3n-3 and D5-18:2n-6, and 25 tissues per animal were analyzed for D5-labeled PUFAs at 4, 8, 24, 96, 168, 240, 360, and 600 h after dosing. Plasma, stomach, and spleen contained the highest concentrations of labeled precursors at the earliest time points, whereas other internal organs and red blood cells reached their maximal concentrations at 8 h. The time-course data were consistent with liver metabolism of EFAs, but local metabolism in other tissues could not be ruled out. Brain, spinal cord, heart, testis, and eye accumulated docosahexaenoic acid with time, whereas skin accumulated mainly 20:4n-6. On average, approximately 16-18% of the D5-18:3n-3 and D5-18:2n-6 initial dosage was eventually accumulated in tissues, principally in adipose, skin, and muscle. Approximately 6.0% of D5-18:3n-3 and 2.6% of D5-18:2n-6 were elongated/desaturated and stored, mainly in muscle, adipose, and the carcass. The remaining 78% of both precursors was apparently catabolized or excreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hong Lin
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
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Lee HJ, Rao JS, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic N-methyl-D-aspartate administration increases the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:162-8. [PMID: 17957090 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700406-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas antibipolar drug administration to rats reduces brain arachidonic acid turnover, excessive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) signaling is thought to contribute to bipolar disorder symptoms and may increase arachidonic acid turnover in rat brain phospholipids. To determine whether chronic NMDA would increase brain arachidonic acid turnover, rats were daily administered NMDA (25 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle for 21 days. In unanesthetized rats, on day 21, [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid was infused intravenously and arterial blood plasma was sampled until the animal was euthanized at 5 min and its microwaved brain was subjected to chemical and radiotracer analysis. Using equations from our in vivo fatty acid model, we found that compared with controls, chronic NMDA increased the net rate of incorporation of plasma unesterified arachidonic acid into brain phospholipids (25-34%) as well as the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids (35-58%). These changes were absent at 3 h after a single NMDA injection. The changes, opposite to those after chronic administration of antimanic drugs to rats, suggest that excessive NMDA signaling via arachidonic acid may be a model of upregulated arachidonic acid turnover in brain phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Joo Lee
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bradley NS, Heigenhauser GJF, Roy BD, Staples EM, Inglis JG, LeBlanc PJ, Peters SJ. The acute effects of differential dietary fatty acids on human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 104:1-9. [PMID: 17947500 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00636.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is an important regulator of carbohydrate oxidation during exercise, and its activity can be downregulated by an increase in dietary fat. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of differential dietary fatty acids on the activation of the PDH complex (PDHa activity) at rest and at the onset of moderate-intensity exercise. University-aged male subjects (n = 7) underwent two fat-loading trials spaced at least 2 wk apart. Subjects consumed approximately 300 g saturated (SFA) or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) fat over the course of 5 h. Following this, participants cycled at 65% of their maximum oxygen uptake for 15 min. Muscle biopsies were taken before and following fat loading and at 1 min exercise. Plasma free fatty acids increased from 0.15 +/- 0.07 to 0.54 +/- 0.19 mM over 5 h with SFA and from 0.11 +/- 0.04 to 0.35 +/- 0.13 mM with n-6 PUFA and were significantly lower throughout the n-6 PUFA trial. PDHa activity was unchanged following fat loading but increased at the onset of exercise in the SFA trial, from 1.18 +/- 0.27 to 2.16 +/- 0.37 mmol x min(-1) x kg wet wt(-1). This effect was negated in the n-6 PUFA trial (1.04 +/- 0.20 to 1.28 +/- 0.36 mmol x min(-1) x kg wet wt(-1)). PDH kinase was unchanged in both trials, suggesting that the attenuation of PDHa activity with n-6 PUFA was a result of changes in the concentrations of intramitochondrial effectors, potentially intramitochondrial NADH or Ca(2+). Our findings suggest that attenuated PDHa activity contributes to the preferential oxidation of n-6 PUFA during moderate-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette S Bradley
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock Univ., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Lee HJ, Rao JS, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic lamotrigine does not alter the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat: implications for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:467-74. [PMID: 17487474 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drugs that are effective in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder (lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate) upon chronic administration to rats decrease the turnover of arachidonic acid in their brain phospholipids. Lamotrigine may not be effective in the manic phase, but is effective in delaying the depressive phase and for treating rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Thus, lamotrigine provides a pharmacological tool to differentiate if downregulation of arachidonic acid turnover is specific to drugs effective in the manic phase of bipolar disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, rats were administered lamotrigine (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or vehicle intragastrically once daily for 42 days. In the unanesthetized rat, [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid was infused intravenously and arterial blood plasma was sampled until the animal was killed at 5 min, and its microwaved brain was subjected to chemical and radiotracer analysis. RESULTS Using equations from our fatty acid model, we found that chronic lamotrigine compared with vehicle did not alter the net incorporation rate of plasma arachidonic acid into brain phospholipids, nor did it alter the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids. CONCLUSION Chronic lamotrigine, which is effective in the depressive phase or rapid cycling bipolar disorder does not alter brain arachidonic acid turnover in the unanesthetized rat. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that drugs effective in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder decrease brain arachidonic acid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Joo Lee
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Plourde M, Cunnane SC. Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:619-34. [PMID: 17622276 DOI: 10.1139/h07-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the potential impact of several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in mitigating the significant morbidity and mortality caused by degenerative diseases of the cardiovascular system and brain. Despite this interest, confusion surrounds the extent of conversion in humans of the parent PUFA, linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid (ALA), to their respective long-chain PUFA products. As a result, there is uncertainty about the potential benefits of ALA versus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Some of the confusion arises because although mammals have the necessary enzymes to make the long-chain PUFA from the parent PUFA, in vivo studies in humans show that ≈5% of ALA is converted to EPA and <0.5% of ALA is converted to DHA. Because the capacity of this pathway is very low in healthy, nonvegetarian humans, even large amounts of dietary ALA have a negligible effect on plasma DHA, an effect paralleled in the ω6 PUFA by a negligible effect of dietary linoleic acid on plasma arachidonic acid. Despite this inefficient conversion, there are potential roles in human health for ALA and EPA that could be independent of their metabolism to DHA through the desaturation – chain elongation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Departments of Medicine, and Physiology and Biophysics, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvedere St, South, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
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He M, Rutledge SL, Kelly DR, Palmer CA, Murdoch G, Majumder N, Nicholls RD, Pei Z, Watkins PA, Vockley J. A new genetic disorder in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation: ACAD9 deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:87-103. [PMID: 17564966 PMCID: PMC1950923 DOI: 10.1086/519219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are a family of multimeric flavoenzymes that catalyze the alpha,beta -dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA esters in fatty acid beta -oxidation and amino acid catabolism. Genetic defects have been identified in most of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in humans. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD9) is a recently identified acyl-CoA dehydrogenase that demonstrates maximum activity with unsaturated long-chain acyl-CoAs. We now report three cases of ACAD9 deficiency. Patient 1 was a 14-year-old, previously healthy boy who died of a Reye-like episode and cerebellar stroke triggered by a mild viral illness and ingestion of aspirin. Patient 2 was a 10-year-old girl who first presented at age 4 mo with recurrent episodes of acute liver dysfunction and hypoglycemia, with otherwise minor illnesses. Patient 3 was a 4.5-year-old girl who died of cardiomyopathy and whose sibling also died of cardiomyopathy at age 21 mo. Mild chronic neurologic dysfunction was reported in all three patients. Defects in ACAD9 mRNA were identified in the first two patients, and all patients manifested marked defects in ACAD9 protein. Despite a significant overlap of substrate specificity, it appears that ACAD9 and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase are unable to compensate for each other in patients with either deficiency. Studies of the tissue distribution and gene regulation of ACAD9 and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase identify the presence of two independently regulated functional pathways for long-chain fat metabolism, indicating that these two enzymes are likely to be involved in different physiological functions.
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MESH Headings
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/analysis
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/chemistry
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/genetics
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/isolation & purification
- Adolescent
- Base Sequence
- Brain/enzymology
- Child
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Male
- Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Substrate Specificity
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- M He
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Lee HJ, Rao JS, Ertley RN, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic fluoxetine increases cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity and arachidonic acid turnover in brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190:103-15. [PMID: 17093977 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fluoxetine is used to treat unipolar depression and is thought to act by increasing the concentration of serotonin (5-HT) in the synaptic cleft, leading to increased serotonin signaling. The 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor subtypes are coupled to a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). We hypothesized that chronic fluoxetine would increase the brain activity of PLA(2) and the turnover rate of arachidonic acid (AA) in phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, rats were administered fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally daily for 21 days. In the unanesthetized rat, [1-(14)C]AA was infused intravenously and arterial blood plasma was sampled until the animal was killed at 5 min and its brain was subjected to chemical, radiotracer, or enzyme analysis. RESULTS Using equations from our fatty acid model, we found that chronic fluoxetine compared with vehicle increased the turnover rate of AA within several brain phospholipids by 75-86%. The activity and protein levels of brain cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) but not of secretory or calcium-independent PLA(2) were increased in rats administered fluoxetine. In a separate group of animals that received chronic fluoxetine followed by a 3-day saline washout, the turnover of AA and activity and protein levels of cPLA(2) were not significantly different from controls. The protein levels of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 as well as the concentration of prostaglandin E(2) in rats chronically administered fluoxetine did not differ significantly from controls. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that fluoxetine increases the cPLA(2)-mediated turnover of AA within brain phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Joo Lee
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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