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McFarlane A, Pohler E, Moraga I. Molecular and cellular factors determining the functional pleiotropy of cytokines. FEBS J 2023; 290:2525-2552. [PMID: 35246947 PMCID: PMC10952290 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble factors vital for mammalian physiology. Cytokines elicit highly pleiotropic activities, characterized by their ability to induce a wide spectrum of functional responses in a diverse range of cell subsets, which makes their study very challenging. Cytokines activate signalling via receptor dimerization/oligomerization, triggering activation of the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling pathway. Given the strong crosstalk and shared usage of key components of cytokine signalling pathways, a long-standing question in the field pertains to how functional diversity is achieved by cytokines. Here, we discuss how biophysical - for example, ligand-receptor binding affinity and topology - and cellular - for example, receptor, JAK and STAT protein levels, endosomal compartment - parameters contribute to the modulation and diversification of cytokine responses. We review how these parameters ultimately converge into a common mechanism to fine-tune cytokine signalling that involves the control of the number of Tyr residues phosphorylated in the receptor intracellular domain upon cytokine stimulation. This results in different kinetics of STAT activation, and induction of specific gene expression programs, ensuring the generation of functional diversity by cytokines using a limited set of signalling intermediaries. We describe how these first principles of cytokine signalling have been exploited using protein engineering to design cytokine variants with more specific and less toxic responses for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McFarlane
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
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2
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Sun X, Xu Y, Zhou J. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activation improves allergic rhinitis and suppresses Th2 cytokine release. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e763. [PMID: 36705419 PMCID: PMC9846113 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allergic rhinitis (AR) is primarily regulated by type I hypersensitivity, with Th2 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) playing essential roles. This study aimed to determine whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 could participate in the regulation of AR. METHODS Nasal mucosal tissues of AR patients were collected to determine ACE2 levels. Following AR mouse models were established, ACE2 levels in nasal mucosa were determined. Then the influences of diminazene aceturate (ACE2 agonist) on AR symptoms, pathology, specific antibodies, histamine, and interleukins (ILs) release in vivo were evaluated. Afterward, human nasal mucosa epithelial cells were exposed to IL-13, and the impacts of ACE2 overexpression on the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors in vitro were assessed. RESULTS ACE2 levels significantly declined in nasal mucosa both in patients and mouse models (p < .001). Diminazene aceturate treatment elevated the ACE2 level in mice (p < .01), accompanied by reduced frequency of nasal spray and nasal friction, decreased eosinophils and goblet cells (p < .001) according to histopathological staining. Furthermore, lgE, lgG1, histamine, and IL levels in mice were also decreased (p < .05). In vitro experiments revealed that ACE2 overexpression suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (p < .001). CONCLUSION Together, ACE2 activation can alleviate the symptoms of AR in mice and inhibit the release of Th2 cytokines. Activating ACE2 is a promising therapeutic approach for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Sun
- Department of OtorhinostomologyThe Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityHuai′anJiangsuChina
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of OtorhinostomologyThe Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityHuai′anJiangsuChina
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Department of OtorhinostomologyThe Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityHuai′anJiangsuChina
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3
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Gevenois PJLY, De Pauw P, Schoonooghe S, Delporte C, Sebti T, Amighi K, Muyldermans S, Wauthoz N. Development of Neutralizing Multimeric Nanobody Constructs Directed against IL-13: From Immunization to Lead Optimization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2608-2620. [PMID: 34645688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine mainly secreted by Th2 cells. It reacts with many different types of cells involved in allergy, inflammation, and fibrosis, e.g., mastocytes, B cells, and fibroblasts. The role of IL-13 in conditions involving one or several of these phenotypes has therefore been extensively investigated. The inhibition of this cytokine in animal models for various pathologies yielded highly promising results. However, most human trials relying on anti-IL-13 conventional mAbs have failed to achieve a significant improvement of the envisaged disorders. Where some studies might have suffered from several weaknesses, the strategies themselves, such as targeting only IL-13 using conventional mAbs or employing a systemic administration, could be questioned. Nanobodies are recombinant Ag-binding fragments derived from the variable part of H chain-only Abs occurring in Camelidae. Thanks to their single-domain structure, small size (≈15 kDa), good stability, and solubility, they can be engineered into multispecific constructs for combined therapies or for use in new strategies such as formulations for local administration, e.g., pulmonary administration. In this study, we describe the generation of 38 nanobodies that can be subdivided into five CDR3 families. Nine nanobodies were found to have a good affinity profile (KD = 1-200 nM), but none were able to strongly inhibit IL-13 biological activity in vitro (IC50 > 50 µM: HEK-Blue IL-13/IL-4 cells). Multimeric constructs were therefore designed from these inhibitors and resulted in an up to 36-fold improvement in affinity and up to 300-fold enhancement of the biological activity while conserving a high specificity toward IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J-L Y Gevenois
- Unit of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Pharmacy, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Pieter De Pauw
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Free University of Brussels, Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Steve Schoonooghe
- Flemish Institute for Biotechnology Nanobody Core, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, RD3 and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | | | - Karim Amighi
- Unit of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Pharmacy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Free University of Brussels, Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Unit of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Free University of Brussels, Faculty of Pharmacy, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Eenjes E, van Riet S, Kroon AA, Slats AM, Khedoe PPSJ, Boerema-de Munck A, Buscop-van Kempen MJ, Ninaber DK, Reiss IKM, Clevers H, Rottier RJ, Hiemstra PS. Disease modelling following organoid-based expansion of airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L775-L786. [PMID: 34378410 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00234.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures are frequently used in lung research but require substantial cell numbers that cannot readily be obtained from patients. We explored whether organoid expansion (3D) can be used to establish ALI cultures from clinical samples with low epithelial cell numbers. Airway epithelial cells were obtained from tracheal aspirates (TA) from preterm newborns, and from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or bronchial tissue (BT) from adults. TA and BAL cells were 3D-expanded, whereas cells from BT were expanded in 3D and 2D. Following expansion, cells were cultured at ALI to induce differentiation. The impact of cell origin and 2D or 3D expansion was assessed with respect to (i) cellular composition; (ii) response to cigarette smoke exposure; (iii) effect of Notch inhibition or IL-13 stimulation on cellular differentiation. We established well-differentiated ALI cultures from all samples. Cellular compositions (basal, ciliated and goblet cells) were comparable. All 3D-expanded cultures showed a similar stress response following cigarette smoke exposure but differed from the 2D-expanded cultures. Higher peak levels of antioxidant genes HMOX1 and NQO1 and a more rapid return to baseline, and a lower unfolded protein response was observed after cigarette smoke exposure in 3D-derived cultures compared to 2D-derived cultures. Additionally, TA- and BAL-derived cultures were less sensitive to modulation by DAPT or IL-13 than BT-derived cultures. Organoid-based expansion of clinical samples with low cell numbers, such as TA from preterm newborns is a valid method and tool to establish ALI cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdamnn, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andre A Kroon
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus MC- Sophia, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies M Slats
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Boerema-de Munck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdamnn, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon J Buscop-van Kempen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdamnn, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis K Ninaber
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus MC- Sophia, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdamnn, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Mo Y, Bae B, Kim J, Kim RL, Son K, Kang MJ, Lee CG, Cho SH, Kang HR. Therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on interleukin-13-induced lung pathology. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2021. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2021.9.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosep Mo
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Bae
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ruth Lee Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jong Kang
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chun-Gen Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Evaluation of Antibody Properties and Clinically Relevant Immunogenicity, Anaphylaxis, and Hypersensitivity Reactions in Two Phase III Trials of Tralokinumab in Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma. Drug Saf 2020; 42:769-784. [PMID: 30649752 PMCID: PMC6520328 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-00788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tralokinumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that neutralizes interleukin (IL)-13, a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Objective The objectives of this study were to characterize the potential immunogenic properties of tralokinumab and report data for anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and hypersensitivity reactions from two phase III clinical trials. Methods The oligosaccharide structure of tralokinumab, Fab-arm exchange, and ADAs were characterized by standard techniques. Hypersensitivity adverse events (AEs) were evaluated in two pivotal clinical trials of tralokinumab in severe, uncontrolled asthma: STRATOS 1 and 2 (NCT02161757 and NCT02194699). Results No galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) epitopes were found in the Fab region of tralokinumab and only 4.5% of glycoforms contained α-Gal in the Fc region. Under non-reducing conditions, Fab-arm exchange did not take place with another immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 mAb (mavrilimumab). However, following glutathione reduction, a hybrid antibody with monovalent bioactivity was detected. ADA incidences (titers) were as follows: STRATOS 1—every 2 weeks (Q2 W) 0.8% (26.0), every 4 weeks (Q4 W) 0.5% (26.0), placebo 0.8% (52.0); STRATOS 2—Q2 W 1.2% (39.0), placebo 0.8% (13.0). Participant-reported hypersensitivity AE rates were as follows: STRATOS 1—Q2 W 25.9%, Q4 W 25.0%, placebo 25.5%; STRATOS 2—Q2 W 13.2%, placebo 9.0%. External evaluation for anaphylaxis by Sampson criteria found no tralokinumab-related severe hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis reactions. Conclusion Preclinical assessments suggested a low likelihood of immunogenicity for tralokinumab. In STRATOS 1 and 2, ADA incidence was low, no differences were found between tralokinumab-treated and placebo groups in reporting of hypersensitivity reactions, and there were no Sampson criteria-evaluated anaphylaxis events with tralokinumab treatment. Together, the results suggest that tralokinumab treatment would not increase the risk for severe hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40264-018-00788-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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7
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Beng H, Su H, Wang S, Kuai Y, Hu J, Zhang R, Liu F, Tan W. Differential effects of inhaled R- and S-terbutaline in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:581-589. [PMID: 31234092 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled terbutaline is commercially available β2-agonist which consists of equivalent amount of R- and S-enantiomer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of single enantiomers of terbutaline and its racemate in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of asthma via. seven days inhalation and the potential mechanisms involved. In a standard experimental asthma model, BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. R-terbutaline (R-ter), S-terbutaline (S-ter) or racemic terbutaline (rac-ter) was given via. nose-only inhalation for one week. Airway responsiveness to methacholine was measured by the plethysmography in conscious mice. Eosinophils counts in blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid were determined. The OVA-sIgE in plasma and inflammatory cytokines and mediators in BAL fluid or lung tissue were analyzed by ELISA, qRT-PCR or western blotting. Airway inflammation and remodeling were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Masson staining. Drug distribution and deposition after inhalation were determined by LC-MS/MS. Our data showed that R-ter efficiently ameliorated asthma responses, including airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophils influx and IL-5 in BALF, plasma OVA-sIgE and significantly reduced pulmonary inflammation, peribronchial smooth muscle layer thickness, goblet cell hyperplasia, and deposition of collagen fibers, as well as downregulation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB expression. Racemic mixture exhibited diminished effects while S-ter enhanced airway responsiveness to methacholine and exerted pro-asthmatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Beng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Su
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanping Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihe Kuai
- Institute of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junhua Hu
- Institute of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Li X, He M, Zhang G, Bao W, Fei X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Zhang P. The effects of neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody on ozone-induced inflammation and glucocorticoids insensitivity in a murine model of asthma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108786. [PMID: 30917335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Exposure to ozone contributed to the worsening of inflammation and glucocorticoids insensitivity in OVA-challenged asthma. Interleukin-17A participates centrally in stages of the inflammatory response and glucocorticoids insensitivity. In this study, the effect of neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody (IL-17A mAb) on inflammation and glucocorticoids insensitivity in ozone-exposed and ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice was investigated. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and then exposed to ozone. Dexamethasone (Dex) and IL-17A mAb were administrated in corresponding periods. RESULTS Compared with OVA-challenged mice, combination administration of ozone exposure and OVA challenge increased the recruitment of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, enhanced the inflammation scores and levels of inflammatory cytokines and IL-17A mRNA, and caused the activation of p38 MAPK together with down regulation of glucocorticoids recepters (GR) in lung tissue. Monotherapy of IL-17A mAb partially attenuated lung inflammation in OVA-challenged and ozone-exposed mice, while the combination treatment of Dex and IL-17A mAb effectively reduced lung inflammation, inactivated p38 MAPK and up regulated GR in lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS Ozone exposure worsened OVA-challenged airway inflammation, activation of p38 MAPK and down regulation of GR in OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice, which was effectively counteracted by IL-17A mAb, and combination treatment of IL-17A mAb and Dex shows profound efficacy in inhibiting airway inflammation and improving glucocorticoids insensitivity synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingjing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Shanghai First People's Hospital of Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Mudan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Shanghai First People's Hospital of Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuping Bao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Fei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhao J, Cheng W, He X, Liu Y, Li J, Sun J, Li J, Wang F, Gao Y. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Molecular Subtyping and Pathway Deviation-Based Candidate Gene Identification. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:326-332. [PMID: 29845785 PMCID: PMC6004990 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the molecular subtypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to prioritize COPD candidate genes using bioinformatics methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this bioinformatics study, the gene expression dataset GSE76705 (including 229 COPD samples) and known COPD-related genes (candidate genes) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) databases respectively. Based on the expression values of the candidate genes, COPD samples were divided into molecular subtypes through hierarchical clustering analysis. Candidate genes were accordingly allocated into the defined molecular subtypes and functional enrichment analysis was undertaken. Pathway deviation scores were then analyzed, followed by the analysis of clinical indicators (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, age and gender) of COPD patients in each subtype, and prediction models were constructed. Furthermore, the gene expression dataset GSE71220 was used to bioinformatically validate our results. RESULTS A total of 213 COPD-related genes were identified, which divided samples into three subtypes based on the gene expression values. After intersection analysis, 160 common genes including transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and interleukin 13 (IL13) were obtained. Functional enrichment analysis identified 22 pathways such as 'hsa04060: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways, 'hsa04110: cell cycle' and 'hsa05222: small cell lung cancer'. Pathways in subtype 2 had higher deviation scores. Furthermore, three receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (accuracies >80%) were constructed. The three subtypes in COPD samples were also identified in the validation dataset GSE71220. CONCLUSION COPD may be further subdivided into several molecular subtypes, which may be useful in improving COPD therapy based on the molecular subtype of a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xigang He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of RizhaoLanshan, Rizhao, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yufang Gao
- Department of President's Office, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.Electronic Address:
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Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2143. [PMID: 30319612 PMCID: PMC6170656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted ligands that are critical for the regulation of immune homeostasis. Cytokines initiate signaling via dimerization or oligomerization of the cognate receptor subunits, triggering the activation of the Janus Kinases (JAKs)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) pathway and the induction of specific gene expression programs and bioactivities. Deregulation of cytokines or their downstream signaling pathways are at the root of many human disorders including autoimmunity and cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanistic principles that govern cytokine signaling will, therefore, be highly important in order to harness the therapeutic potential of cytokines. In this review, we will analyze how biophysical (ligand-receptor binding geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters shape the cytokine signalosome and cytokine functional pleiotropy; from the initial cytokine binding to its receptor to the degradation of the cytokine receptor complex in the proteasome and/or lysosome. We will also discuss how combining advanced protein engineering with detailed signaling and functional studies has opened promising avenues to tackle complex questions in the cytokine signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorby
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Airway Eosinophilopoietic and Autoimmune Mechanisms of Eosinophilia in Severe Asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2018; 38:639-654. [PMID: 30342585 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are critical in asthma biology, contributing to symptoms, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. In severe asthma, in addition to local maturation in bone marrow, in situ eosinophilopoiesis plays a key role in the persistence of airway eosinophilia. Local milieu of structural, epithelial and inflammatory cells contribute by generating eosinophilopoietic cytokines in response to epithelial-derived alarmins. Another mechanism of persistent airway eosinophilia is glucocorticosteroid insensitivity, which is linked to recurrent airway infections and presence of local autoantibodies. Novel molecules are being developed to target specific immune pathways as potential steroid-sparing strategies.
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12
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Gao Y, Yu Z. MicroRNA‑16 inhibits interleukin‑13‑induced inflammatory cytokine secretion and mucus production in nasal epithelial cells by suppressing the IκB kinase β/nuclear factor‑κB pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4042-4050. [PMID: 30132525 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosal tissue plays important roles in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to have strong associations with inflammatory reactions in allergic diseases; however, its functional significance and molecular mechanism underlying in AR remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological functions of miRNA and reveal its underlying molecular mechanisms in AR. miRNA microarray was performed to analyze miRNAs expression levels in 3 paired nasal mucosal samples from patients with AR and a control group. Subsequently, human nasal epithelial cells (JME/CF15) were used as an in vitro model to further explore the functions of miRNAs. Microarray data revealed that miR‑16 was one of the miRNAs being most significantly downregulated. Interleukin (IL)‑13 stimulation gradually decreased the levels of miR‑16 in JME/CF15 cells. Moreover, upregulation of miR‑16 inhibited inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte‑macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (GM‑CSF), eotaxin, IL‑1β, IL‑6 and IL‑10 in IL‑13‑treated JME/CF15 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of miR‑16 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC). IκB kinase β (IKKβ) was identified as a direct target of miR‑16 and its expression was negatively regulated by miR‑16 at mRNA and protein levels. Notably, forced expression of miR‑16 blocked NF‑κB signaling by decreasing the expression of nuclear p‑p65 and p‑IκB‑α, as well as increasing the expression of IκB‑α in IL‑13‑treated nasal epithelial cells. Moreover, enhanced IKKβ reactivated the NF‑κB pathway that was blocked by miR‑16 mimics and then effectively suppressed the miR‑16‑mediated inhibitory effects on inflammatory response. These findings suggested that miR‑16 suppressed the inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of IKKβ/NF‑κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiu Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhengzheng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Gon Y, Maruoka S, Inoue T, Kuroda K, Yamagishi K, Kozu Y, Shikano S, Soda K, Lötvall J, Hashimoto S. Selective release of miRNAs via extracellular vesicles is associated with house-dust mite allergen-induced airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 47:1586-1598. [PMID: 28859242 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may facilitate cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs). The biological roles of miRNAs in EVs on allergic airway inflammation are unclear. METHODS Airway-secreted EVs (AEVs) were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of control and house-dust mite (HDM) allergen-exposed HDM-sensitized mice. The expression of miRNAs in AEVs or miRNAs and mRNAs in lung tissue was analysed using miRNA microarray. RESULTS The amount of AEV increased 8.9-fold in BALF from HDM-exposed mice compared with that from sham-control mice. HDM exposure resulted in significant changes in the expression of 139 miRNAs in EVs and 175 miRNAs in lung tissues, with 54 miRNAs being common in both samples. Expression changes of these 54 miRNAs between miRNAs in AEVs and lung tissues after HDM exposure were inversely correlated. Computational analysis revealed that 31 genes, including IL-13 and IL-5Ra, are putative targets of the miRNAs up-regulated in AEVs but down-regulated in lung tissues after HDM exposure. The amount of AEV in BALF after HDM exposure was diminished by treatment with the sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869. The treatment with GW4869 also decreased Th2 cytokines and eosinophil counts in BALFs and reduced eosinophil accumulation in airway walls and mucosa. CONCLUSION These results indicate that selective sorting of miRNA including Th2 inhibitory miRNAs into AEVs and increase release to the airway after HDM exposure would be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Maruoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Inoue
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kuroda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yamagishi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama-shi, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Y Kozu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Shikano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Soda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lötvall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Krefting Research Centre, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, MA
| | - S Hashimoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cai T, Qiu J, Ji Y, Li W, Ding Z, Suo C, Chang J, Wang J, He R, Qian Y, Guo X, Zhou L, Sheng H, Shen L, Qiu J. IL-17-producing ST2 + group 2 innate lymphoid cells play a pathogenic role in lung inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:229-244.e9. [PMID: 29625134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-17 plays a pathogenic role in asthma. ST2- inflammatory group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) driven by IL-25 can produce IL-17, whereas ST2+ natural ILC2s produce little IL-17. OBJECTIVE We characterized ST2+IL-17+ ILC2s during lung inflammation and determined the pathogenesis and molecular regulation of ST2+IL-17+ ILC2s. METHODS Lung inflammation was induced by papain or IL-33. IL-17 production by lung ILC2s from wild-type, Rag1-/-, Rorcgfp/gfp, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-/- mice was examined by using flow cytometry. Bone marrow transfer experiments were performed to evaluate hematopoietic myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 (MyD88) signaling in regulating IL-17 production by ILC2s. mRNA expression of IL-17 was analyzed in purified naive ILC2s treated with IL-33, leukotrienes, and inhibitors for nuclear factor of activated T cells, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells. The pathogenesis of IL-17+ ILC2s was determined by transferring wild-type or Il17-/- ILC2s to Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice, which further induced lung inflammation. Finally, expression of 106 ILC2 signature genes was compared between ST2+IL-17+ ILC2s and ST2+IL-17- ILC2s. RESULTS Papain or IL-33 treatment boosted IL-17 production from ST2+ ILC2s (referred to by us as ILC217s) but not ST2- ILC2s. Ahr, but not retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt, facilitated the production of IL-17 by ILC217s. The hematopoietic compartment of MyD88 signaling is essential for ILC217 induction. IL-33 works in synergy with leukotrienes, which signal through nuclear factor of activated T-cell activation to promote IL-17 in ILC217s. Il17-/- ILC2s were less pathogenic in lung inflammation. ILC217s concomitantly expressed IL-5 and IL-13 but expressed little GM-CSF. CONCLUSION During lung inflammation, IL-33 and leukotrienes synergistically induce ILC217s. ILC217s are a highly pathogenic and unexpected source for IL-17 in lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxin Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyun Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Role of Polyamines in Asthma Pathophysiology. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6010004. [PMID: 29316647 PMCID: PMC5872161 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease of airways, where the interactions of immune and structural cells result in disease outcomes with airway remodeling and airway hyper-responsiveness. Polyamines, which are small-sized, natural super-cations, interact with negatively charged intracellular macromolecules, and altered levels of polyamines and their interactions have been associated with different pathological conditions including asthma. Elevated levels of polyamines have been reported in the circulation of asthmatic patients as well as in the lungs of a murine model of asthma. In various studies, polyamines were found to potentiate the pathogenic potential of inflammatory cells, such as mast cells and granulocytes (eosinophils and neutrophils), by either inducing the release of their pro-inflammatory mediators or prolonging their life span. Additionally, polyamines were crucial in the differentiation and alternative activation of macrophages, which play an important role in asthma pathology. Importantly, polyamines cause airway smooth muscle contraction and thus airway hyper-responsiveness, which is the key feature in asthma pathophysiology. High levels of polyamines in asthma and their active cellular and macromolecular interactions indicate the importance of the polyamine pathway in asthma pathogenesis; therefore, modulation of polyamine levels could be a suitable approach in acute and severe asthma management. This review summarizes the possible roles of polyamines in different pathophysiological features of asthma.
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16
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Galvão JGFM, Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Carvalho DCM, Ferreira LKDP, Monteiro TM, Alves AF, Ferreira LAMP, Gadelha FAAF, Piuvezam MR, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S. Ouabain attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:1117-1130. [PMID: 28905075 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ouabain, an Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor hormone, presents immunomodulatory actions, including anti-inflammatory effect on acute inflammation models. METHODS In the present study, the effect of ouabain in a model of allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA) was assessed. RESULTS Initially, it was observed that ouabain treatment inhibited cellular migration induced by OVA on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), mostly granulocytes, without modulating macrophage migration. In addition, it was observed, by flow cytometry, that ouabain reduces CD3high lymphocytes cells on BALF. Furthermore, treatment with ouabain decreased IL-4 and IL-13 levels on BALF. Ouabain also promoted pulmonary histological alterations, including decreased cell migration into peribronchiolar and perivascular areas, and reduced mucus production in bronchioles regions observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and by periodic acid-Schiff stain, respectively. Allergic airway inflammation is characterized by high OVA-specific IgE serum titer. This parameter was also reduced by the treatment with ouabain. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our data demonstrate that ouabain negatively modulates allergic airway inflammation induced by OVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guilherme F M Galvão
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Deyse Cristina M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Laércia Karla D P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Talissa Mozzini Monteiro
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Adriano Francisco Alves
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Larissa Adilis M P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Francisco Allysson A F Gadelha
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Piuvezam
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rodrigues-Mascarenhas
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil.
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17
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Yang Y, Yin X, Yi J, Peng X. MiR-146a overexpression effectively improves experimental allergic conjunctivitis through regulating CD4 +CD25 -T cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:937-943. [PMID: 28810531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the mechanism of miR-146a in the regulation of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) through CD4+CD25-T cells. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized with ragweed pollen (RW) and alum, and then challenged with RW. Eosinophil infiltration was determined using Giemsa assay. ELISA assay was performed to examine the level of antigen-specific IgE in the serum and cytokine levels in splenocytes. The expression of miR-146a was measured by qRT-PCR. Flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze the percentage of CD4+CD25-T cells and Tregs. RESULTS In this study, we found that miR-146a overexpression could effectively improve the symptoms of AC in mouse models. Moreover, in vitro experiments, the proliferation of splenocytes was controlled and the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 was also decreased after transfected with miR-146a mimic. In addition, the inhibitory effect of Tregs on Tcons was affected by the change of miR-146a content in Tcons and had a positive correlation effect. When the content of miR-146a in Tregs changed, the inhibition was not affected. In addition, when inhibited miR-146a, NF-κB signaling pathway was activated, and the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 in Tcons increased. While after added Bay (NF-κB blocker), the NF-κB activity was decreased, and the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 in Tcons also reduced. CONCLUSION MiR-146a decreased in Tcons was contributed to the development of AC through regulating the inhibitory effect of Tregs on Tcons and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Yin
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Christensen S, Jaffar Z, Cole E, Porter V, Ferrini M, Postma B, Pinkerton KE, Yang M, Kim YJ, Montrose L, Roberts K, Holian A, Cho YH. Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure increases allergic asthma risk with methylation changes in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:423-433. [PMID: 28543436 PMCID: PMC5513771 DOI: 10.1002/em.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma remains an inadequately understood disease. In utero exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been identified as an environmental exposure that can increase an individual's asthma risk. To improve our understanding of asthma onset and development, we examined the effect of in utero ETS exposure on allergic disease susceptibility in an asthmatic phenotype using a house dust mite (HDM) allergen-induced murine model. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either filtered air or ETS during gestation, and their offspring were further exposed to HDM at 6-7 weeks old to induce allergic inflammation. Methylation in the promoter regions of allergic inflammation-related genes and genomic DNA was quantified. Exposure to HDM resulted in the onset of allergic lung inflammation, with an increased presence of inflammatory cells, Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), and airway remodeling. These asthmatic phenotypes were significantly enhanced when the mice had been exposed to in utero ETS. Furthermore, prenatal ETS exposure and subsequent HDM (ETS/HDM)-induced asthmatic phenotypes agree with methylation changes in the selected asthma-related genes, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, INF-γ, and FOXP3. Global DNA methylation was significantly lower in ETS/HDM-exposed mice than that of controls, which coincides with the results observed in lung, spleen, and blood DNAs. Prenatal ETS exposure resulted in a severe increase in allergic inflammatory responses after an HDM challenge, with corresponding methylation changes. Prenatal ETS exposure may influence developmental plasticity and result in altered epigenetic programming, leading to an increased susceptibility to asthma. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:423-433, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Christensen
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Zeina Jaffar
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Elizabeth Cole
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Virginia Porter
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Maria Ferrini
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Britten Postma
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mihi Yang
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Department of Toxicology, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Jee Kim
- Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Luke Montrose
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Kevan Roberts
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT USA
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Fei X, Zhang X, Zhang GQ, Bao WP, Zhang YY, Zhang M, Zhou X. Cordycepin inhibits airway remodeling in a rat model of chronic asthma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:335-341. [PMID: 28119235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential suppression role of cordycepin (Cor) on airway remodeling in a rat model of chronic asthma was investigated in this paper. We evaluated the anti-remodeling of Cor (50mg/kg) combined with or without budesonide (BUD) and investigated the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that Cor attenuated immunoglobulin (Ig) E, alleviated the airway wall thickness, and decreased eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Notably, Cor reduced the up-regulation of IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α in the BALF. Cor also regulated the increase of A2AARmRNA and the decrease of TGF-β1 expression. Furthermore, Cor markedly blocked p38MAPK signaling pathway activation in the OVA-driven asthmatic mice. The combination treatment of Cor and BUD showed profound efficacy in regulating the levels of inflammatory cells and the expression of IL-13, TGF-β1 and A2AARmRNA. Collectively, this study demonstrated that Cor combined with glucocorticoids treatment shows synergistically profound efficacy in inhibiting airway remodeling, and some benefits of Cor may result from the increased A2AARmRNA expression, the reduced TGF-β1 levels and the inhibition of Th2-cytokines through the suppression of the p38MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wu-Ping Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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20
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Han CZ, Juncadella IJ, Kinchen JM, Buckley MW, Klibanov AL, Dryden K, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Erdbrügger U, Turner SD, Shim YM, Tung KS, Ravichandran KS. Macrophages redirect phagocytosis by non-professional phagocytes and influence inflammation. Nature 2016; 539:570-574. [PMID: 27820945 PMCID: PMC5799085 DOI: 10.1038/nature20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non-professional phagocytes (such as epithelial cells) clear billions of apoptotic cells and particles on a daily basis. Although professional and non-professional macrophages reside in proximity in most tissues, whether they communicate with each other during cell clearance, and how this might affect inflammation, is not known. Here we show that macrophages, through the release of a soluble growth factor and microvesicles, alter the type of particles engulfed by non-professional phagocytes and influence their inflammatory response. During phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or in response to inflammation-associated cytokines, macrophages released insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The binding of IGF-1 to its receptor on non-professional phagocytes redirected their phagocytosis, such that uptake of larger apoptotic cells was reduced whereas engulfment of microvesicles was increased. IGF-1 did not alter engulfment by macrophages. Macrophages also released microvesicles, whose uptake by epithelial cells was enhanced by IGF-1 and led to decreased inflammatory responses by epithelial cells. Consistent with these observations, deletion of IGF-1 receptor in airway epithelial cells led to exacerbated lung inflammation after allergen exposure. These genetic and functional studies reveal that IGF-1- and microvesicle-dependent communication between macrophages and epithelial cells can critically influence the magnitude of tissue inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Z Han
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Ignacio J Juncadella
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Jason M Kinchen
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Monica W Buckley
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Alexander L Klibanov
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Kelly Dryden
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Yun M Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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Suzaki I, Kawano S, Komiya K, Tanabe T, Akaba T, Asano K, Suzaki H, Izuhara K, Rubin BK. Inhibition of IL-13-induced periostin in airway epithelium attenuates cellular protein expression of MUC5AC. Respirology 2016; 22:93-100. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Suzaki
- Department of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Kosaku Komiya
- Department of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Tomohiro Akaba
- Department of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Kazuhito Asano
- Division of Physiology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences; Showa University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Harumi Suzaki
- Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Disease and Allergy Institute; Tokyo General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Saga Medical School; Saga Japan
| | - Bruce K. Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia USA
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Baverel PG, Jain M, Stelmach I, She D, Agoram B, Sandbach S, Piper E, Kuna P. Pharmacokinetics of tralokinumab in adolescents with asthma: implications for future dosing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1337-49. [PMID: 26182954 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tralokinumab, an investigational human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody, potently and specifically neutralizes interleukin-13, a central mediator of asthma. Tralokinumab has shown improvements in clinical endpoints in adults with uncontrolled asthma. The present study explored the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of a single tralokinumab dose, and utilized a population PK modelling and simulation approach to evaluate the optimal dosing strategy for adolescents. METHODS Adolescent subjects with asthma, using daily controller medication, received a single subcutaneous dose of tralokinumab 300 mg. Safety, immunogenicity and PK data were collected during a 57-day follow-up. A population PK model was developed using data from the present study and prior studies in adults. Simulations were performed to evaluate dose adjustment requirements for adolescents. RESULTS Twenty adolescents (12-17 years) were enrolled; all completed the study. No clinically relevant safety findings or antidrug antibodies were detected. PK parameters were similar to those observed in adults. PK modelling showed that body weight was a minor predictor of tralokinumab PK; after incorporating body weight into the PK model, a 15% (nonparametric 95% confidence interval 5%, 26%) lower clearance was found in adolescents compared with adults [173 (151, 209) vs. 204 (191, 229) ml day(-1)]. Simulations showed no therapeutically relevant differences in exposures between adolescent and adult populations, and similar PK profiles for weight-based (4 mg kg(-1)) and fixed (300 mg) fortnightly subcutaneous doses of tralokinumab. CONCLUSION Single-dose administration of tralokinumab 300 mg in adolescents was well tolerated, with a PK profile similar to that in adults. Exposure predictions suggest that dose adjustment is not required for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Baverel
- Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meena Jain
- Clinical Development, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iwona Stelmach
- Department of Paediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
| | - Dewei She
- Biostatistics, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Balaji Agoram
- Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
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Jacobsen EA, Doyle AD, Colbert DC, Zellner KR, Protheroe CA, LeSuer WE, Lee NA, Lee JJ. Differential activation of airway eosinophils induces IL-13-mediated allergic Th2 pulmonary responses in mice. Allergy 2015; 70:1148-59. [PMID: 26009788 DOI: 10.1111/all.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils are hallmark cells of allergic Th2 respiratory inflammation. However, the relative importance of eosinophil activation and the induction of effector functions such as the expression of IL-13 to allergic Th2 pulmonary disease remain to be defined. METHODS Wild-type or cytokine-deficient (IL-13(-/-) or IL-4(-/-) ) eosinophils treated with cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-33) were adoptively transferred into eosinophil-deficient recipient mice subjected to allergen provocation using established models of respiratory inflammation. Allergen-induced pulmonary changes were assessed. RESULTS In contrast to the transfer of untreated blood eosinophils to the lungs of recipient eosinophil deficient mice, which induced no immune/inflammatory changes either in the lung or in the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLN), pretreatment of blood eosinophils with GM-CSF prior to transfer elicited trafficking of these eosinophils to LDLN. In turn, these LDLN eosinophils elicited the accumulation of dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cells to these same LDLNs without inducing pulmonary inflammation. However, exposure of eosinophils to GM-CSF, IL-4, and IL-33 prior to transfer induced not only immune events in the LDLN, but also allergen-mediated increases in airway Th2 cytokine/chemokine levels, the subsequent accumulation of CD4(+) T cells as well as alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, and the induction of pulmonary histopathologies. Significantly, this allergic respiratory inflammation was dependent on eosinophil-derived IL-13, whereas IL-4 expression by eosinophils had no significant role. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the differential activation of eosinophils as a function of cytokine exposure and suggest that eosinophil-specific IL-13 expression by activated cells is a necessary component of the subsequent allergic Th2 pulmonary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Jacobsen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - A. D. Doyle
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - D. C. Colbert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - K. R. Zellner
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - C. A. Protheroe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - W. E. LeSuer
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - N. A. Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
| | - J. J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; 13400 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
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MESOS: considerations in designing a mechanistic study for a biologic used to treat asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Insights into cytokine-receptor interactions from cytokine engineering. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:139-67. [PMID: 25493332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often mitigated by toxicity or lack of efficacy, either of which results from cytokine receptor pleiotropy and/or undesired activation of off-target cells. As our understanding of the structural principles of cytokine-receptor interactions has advanced, mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through protein engineering has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Modified cytokines, both agonists and antagonists, have been engineered with narrowed target cell specificities, and they have also yielded important mechanistic insights into cytokine biology and signaling. Here we review the theory and practice of cytokine engineering and rationalize the mechanisms of several engineered cytokines in the context of structure. We discuss specific examples of how structure-based cytokine engineering has opened new opportunities for cytokines as drugs, with a focus on the immunotherapeutic cytokines interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; , , ,
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Boorsma CE, Dekkers BGJ, van Dijk EM, Kumawat K, Richardson J, Burgess JK, John AE. Beyond TGFβ--novel ways to target airway and parenchymal fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:166-80. [PMID: 25197006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Within the lungs, fibrosis can affect both the parenchyma and the airways. Fibrosis is a hallmark pathological change in the parenchyma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), whilst in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fibrosis is a component of the remodelling of the airways. In the past decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the disease behaviour and pathogenesis of parenchymal and airway fibrosis and as a result a variety of novel therapeutic targets for slowing or preventing progression of these fibrotic changes have been identified. This review highlights a number of these targets and discusses the potential for treating parenchymal or airway fibrosis through these mediators/pathways in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Boorsma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B G J Dekkers
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E M van Dijk
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Kumawat
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Richardson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, QMC Campus, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - J K Burgess
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - A E John
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.
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Ranasinghe C, Trivedi S, Wijesundara DK, Jackson RJ. IL-4 and IL-13 receptors: Roles in immunity and powerful vaccine adjuvants. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:437-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xu W, Janocha AJ, Leahy RA, Klatte R, Dudzinski D, Mavrakis LA, Comhair SAA, Lauer ME, Cotton CU, Erzurum SC. A novel method for pulmonary research: assessment of bioenergetic function at the air-liquid interface. Redox Biol 2014; 2:513-9. [PMID: 24624341 PMCID: PMC3949089 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Air–liquid interface cell culture is an organotypic model for study of differentiated functional airway epithelium in vitro. Dysregulation of cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial function have been suggested to contribute to airway diseases. However, there is currently no established method to determine oxygen consumption and glycolysis in airway epithelium in air–liquid interface. In order to study metabolism in differentiated airway epithelial cells, we engineered an insert for the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer that enabled the measure of respiration by oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis by extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Oxidative metabolism and glycolysis in airway epithelial cells cultured on the inserts were successfully measured. The inserts did not affect the measures of OCR or ECAR. Cells under media with apical and basolateral feeding had less oxidative metabolism as compared to cells on the inserts at air-interface with basolateral feeding. The design of inserts that can be used in the measure of bioenergetics in small numbers of cells in an organotypic state may be useful for evaluation of new drugs and metabolic mechanisms that underlie airway diseases. Endothelial cells generate hydrogen peroxide through several enzymatic systems and the mitochondrial electron transport chain Redox-sensitive thiols within specific families of proteins such as kinases are key targets for hydrogen peroxide in endothelial cells Hydrogen peroxide regulates fundamental processes in endothelial cells including cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis and vascular tone
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Xu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison J Janocha
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rachel A Leahy
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan Klatte
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dave Dudzinski
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lori A Mavrakis
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Suzy A A Comhair
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Calvin U Cotton
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Hatchwell L, Girkin J, Dun MD, Morten M, Verrills N, Toop HD, Morris JC, Johnston SL, Foster PS, Collison A, Mattes J. Salmeterol attenuates chemotactic responses in rhinovirus-induced exacerbation of allergic airways disease by modulating protein phosphatase 2A. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1720-7. [PMID: 24388637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Agonists are used for relief and control of asthma symptoms by reversing bronchoconstriction. They might also have anti-inflammatory properties, but the underpinning mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently, a direct interaction between formoterol and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been described in vitro. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which β-agonists exert anti-inflammatory effects in allergen-driven and rhinovirus 1B-exacerbated allergic airways disease (AAD). METHODS Mice were sensitized and then challenged with house dust mite to induce AAD while receiving treatment with salmeterol, formoterol, or salbutamol. Mice were also infected with rhinovirus 1B to exacerbate lung inflammation and therapeutically administered salmeterol, dexamethasone, or the PP2A-activating drug (S)-2-amino-4-(4-[heptyloxy]phenyl)-2-methylbutan-1-ol (AAL[S]). RESULTS Systemic or intranasal administration of salmeterol protected against the development of allergen- and rhinovirus-induced airway hyperreactivity and decreased eosinophil recruitment to the lungs as effectively as dexamethasone. Formoterol and salbutamol also showed anti-inflammatory properties. Salmeterol, but not dexamethasone, increased PP2A activity, which reduced CCL11, CCL20, and CXCL2 expression and reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and active nuclear factor κB subunits in the lungs. The anti-inflammatory effect of salmeterol was blocked by targeting the catalytic subunit of PP2A with small RNA interference. Conversely, increasing PP2A activity with AAL(S) abolished rhinovirus-induced airway hyperreactivity, eosinophil influx, and CCL11, CCL20, and CXCL2 expression. Salmeterol also directly activated immunoprecipitated PP2A in vitro isolated from human airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Salmeterol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by increasing PP2A activity in AAD and rhinovirus-induced lung inflammation, which might potentially account for some of its clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hatchwell
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jason Girkin
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- Medical Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Cancer Research Program and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Matthew Morten
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nicole Verrills
- Medical Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Cancer Research Program and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Hamish D Toop
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Unit, Newcastle Children's Hospital, Kaleidoscope, Newcastle, Australia.
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Agrawal S, Townley RG. Role of periostin, FENO, IL-13, lebrikzumab, other IL-13 antagonist and dual IL-4/IL-13 antagonist in asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 14:165-81. [PMID: 24283478 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.859673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma markedly diminishes quality of life due to limited activity, absences from work or school and hospitalizations. Patients with severe asthma which are not controlled despite taking effective therapy are most in need of new treatment approaches. IL-13 was demonstrated as 'central mediator of allergic asthma'. AREAS COVERED IL-13 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD. IL-13 levels in the sputum and bronchial biopsy samples remain elevated in severe asthma despite the use of inhaled and systemic corticosteroids. Thus, IL-13 is a mediator involved in corticosteroid resistance. Periostin enhances profibrotic TGF-β signaling in subepithelial fibrosis associated with asthma. IL-13 induces bronchial epithelial cells to secrete periostin. Periostin may be a biomarker for Th2 induced airway inflammation. Lebrikizumab is a monoclonal antibody against IL-13. Lebrikizumab improved lung function in asthmatics who were symptomatic despite treatment with long acting beta agonist and inhaled corticosteroids and provided benefit in the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. EXPERT OPINION Lebrikizumab block IL-13 signaling through the IL-13Rα1/IL-4Rα receptor. There was a larger reduction in FENO in the high periostin subgroup than in the low periostin subgroup (34.4 vs 4.3%). Serum CCL17, CCL13 and total IgE levels decreased in the lebrikizumab group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Agrawal
- Creighton University, Internal Medicine/Allergy , 601 N 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131 , USA
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Antohe I, Croitoru R, Antoniu S. Tralokinumab for uncontrolled asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 13:323-6. [PMID: 23268592 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.748740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways mainly related to allergen exposure, in which various cytokine-specific pathways interact among themselves to promote IgE hyperproduction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil local recruitment and airways remodeling. IL-13 is known for its prominent pathogenic role in this disease and therapeutic blocking approaches are underway. AREAS COVERED Anti-IL-13 antibodies are currently investigated in clinical studies in uncontrolled asthma. Tralokinumab is a human IgG4 anti IL-13 antibody which was recently evaluated in a Phase II study demonstrating the maximal efficacy in a subset of asthma patients characterized by the highest sputum IL-13 levels. The results of this study are discussed in this paper. EXPERT OPINION The IL-13 blockade with various therapeutic approaches such as tralokinumab has the potential to improve the asthma control in patients subsets in whom the blocked cytokine is demonstrated to be overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Antohe
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Grigore T Popa Iaşi, Internal Medicine I Clinic, Emergency Hospital Saint Spiridon, Independence Boulevard 1, 700019, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract
Vitamin D is an important regulator of the immune system in general and multiple sclerosis in particular. Experimentally (i), invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been shown to be important suppressors of autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; an animal model of multiple sclerosis). Conversely, in experimental allergic asthma iNKT cells are required for disease induction and are therefore pathogenic. The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) suppresses EAE. The development of EAE symptoms is accelerated in vitamin D deficiency. Interestingly experimental asthma is less severe in vitamin D deficiency although there is no effect of calcitriol on disease severity. The data suggest that an important target of vitamin D in EAE and asthma are the iNKT cells. Vitamin D and/or vitamin D receptor deficiency results in the impaired development of iNKT cells. Vitamin D is critical very early during development of the immune system. Low levels of vitamin D in utero resulted in significantly reduced numbers of iNKT cells that failed to recover when calcitriol was used to supplement neonatal or adult mice. The data suggest that one of the consequences of early vitamin D deficiency is a reduction in the numbers of iNKT cells that develop. The iNKT cells are required for the beneficial effects of calcitriol in EAE. The important role of vitamin D on iNKT cells could impact the development of human immune-mediated diseases including multiple sclerosis and asthma.
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Vitamin D, invariant natural killer T-cells and experimental autoimmune disease. THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY 2012. [PMID: 21996367 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111003193.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important regulator of the immune system in general and multiple sclerosis in particular. Experimentally (i), invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been shown to be important suppressors of autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; an animal model of multiple sclerosis). Conversely, in experimental allergic asthma iNKT cells are required for disease induction and are therefore pathogenic. The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) suppresses EAE. The development of EAE symptoms is accelerated in vitamin D deficiency. Interestingly experimental asthma is less severe in vitamin D deficiency although there is no effect of calcitriol on disease severity. The data suggest that an important target of vitamin D in EAE and asthma are the iNKT cells. Vitamin D and/or vitamin D receptor deficiency results in the impaired development of iNKT cells. Vitamin D is critical very early during development of the immune system. Low levels of vitamin D in utero resulted in significantly reduced numbers of iNKT cells that failed to recover when calcitriol was used to supplement neonatal or adult mice. The data suggest that one of the consequences of early vitamin D deficiency is a reduction in the numbers of iNKT cells that develop. The iNKT cells are required for the beneficial effects of calcitriol in EAE. The important role of vitamin D on iNKT cells could impact the development of human immune-mediated diseases including multiple sclerosis and asthma.
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Miller EK, Hernandez JZ, Wimmenauer V, Shepherd BE, Hijano D, Libster R, Serra ME, Bhat N, Batalle JP, Mohamed Y, Reynaldi A, Rodriguez A, Otello M, Pisapia N, Bugna J, Bellabarba M, Kraft D, Coviello S, Ferolla FM, Chen A, London SJ, Siberry GK, Williams JV, Polack FP. A mechanistic role for type III IFN-λ1 in asthma exacerbations mediated by human rhinoviruses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:508-16. [PMID: 22135341 PMCID: PMC3361761 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201108-1462oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the leading cause of upper respiratory infections and have been postulated to trigger asthma exacerbations. However, whether HRV are detected during crises because upper respiratory infections often accompany asthma attacks, or because they specifically elicit exacerbations, is unclear. Moreover, although several hypotheses have been advanced to explain virus-induced exacerbations, their mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of HRV in pediatric asthma exacerbations and the mechanisms mediating wheezing. METHODS We prospectively studied 409 children with asthma presenting with upper respiratory infection in the presence or absence of wheezing. Candidate viral and immune mediators of illness were compared among children with asthma with different degrees of severity of acute asthma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS HRV infections specifically associated with asthma exacerbations, even after adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical variables defined a priori (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.99; P = 0.005). No difference in virus titers, HRV species, and inflammatory or allergic molecules was observed between wheezing and nonwheezing children infected with HRV. Type III IFN-λ(1) levels were higher in wheezing children infected with HRV compared with nonwheezing (P < 0.001) and increased with worsening symptoms (P < 0.001). Moreover, after adjusting for IFN-λ(1), children with asthma infected with HRV were no longer more likely to wheeze than those who were HRV-negative (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-2.46; P = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HRV infections in children with asthma are specifically associated with acute wheezing, and that type III IFN-λ(1) responses mediate exacerbations caused by HRV. Modulation of IFN- λ(1) should be studied as a therapeutic target for exacerbations caused by HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kathryn Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Johanna Zea Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Bryan E. Shepherd
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Diego Hijano
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Libster
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Niranjan Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Yassir Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrea Reynaldi
- Hospital Mi Pueblo, Florencia Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Nestor Pisapia
- Hospital V. Lopez y Planes, General Rodriguez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - David Kraft
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Aaron Chen
- Children's Hospital Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie J. London
- NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - George K. Siberry
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fernando P. Polack
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zaknun D, Schroecksnadel S, Kurz K, Fuchs D. Potential role of antioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 157:113-24. [PMID: 21986480 DOI: 10.1159/000329137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant increase in the incidence of allergy and asthma has been observed during the past decades. The background of this phenomenon has not been well explained, but changes in lifestyle and habits are heavily discussed as contributing factors. Among these is a too clean environment, which may predispose individuals to increased sensitivity to allergic responses. Also the increase in dietary supplements including preservatives and colorants may contribute to this. In vitro, we and others have shown in freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that antioxidant compounds like vitamins C and E as well as food preservatives and colorants exert significant suppressive effects on the Th1 immune activation cascade. The effects observed may be based on the interaction of antioxidant compounds with proinflammatory cascades involving important signal transduction elements such as nuclear factor-κB. Although only obtained in vitro, these results show an anti-inflammatory property of compounds which could shift the Th1-Th2-type immune balance towards Th2-type immunity. This review article discusses the potential role of increased use of antioxidant food supplements as well as preservatives and colorants in the increase in allergy and asthma in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zaknun
- Division of Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mahlios J, Zhuang Y. Contribution of IL-13 to early exocrinopathy in Id3-/- mice. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:227-33. [PMID: 21924496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Id3-/- mice represent a model for T cell mediated primary Sjogren's syndrome (PSS). An intriguing feature of this disease model is the early appearance of impaired salivary function or exocrinopathy prior to lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands. This phenomenon prompted us to examine the role of cytokines produced by T cells in the systemic regulation of gland function. A comprehensive examination of serum cytokine profiles revealed elevated levels of IL-13 in Id3-/- mice. We found that the increase in serum IL-13 levels in Id3-/- mice was largely dependent on αβ T cells. Removal of αβ T cells in Id3-/- mice also eliminates disease symptoms, including lymphocytic infiltration in the gland tissues, and impaired saliva production. We further show that the number of mast cells in the salivary glands of Id3-/- mice is significantly increased, in a trend inversely related to the saliva production. This increase in the number of mast cells is also dependent on the presence of αβ T cells. Treatment of young Id3-/- mice with anti-IL-13 antibodies over a two-month period resulted in a reduction of both serum IL-13 levels and the number of mast cells in the salivary gland tissues, as well as correspondingly improved saliva production. These findings indicate a potentially important role for IL-13 in gland regulation and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Mahlios
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Homer RJ, Elias JA, Lee CG, Herzog E. Modern concepts on the role of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:780-8. [PMID: 21631273 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0296-ra.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a uniformly lethal disease with limited biomarkers and no proven therapeutic intervention short of lung transplantation. Pulmonary fibrosis at one time was thought to be a result of inflammation in the lung. Although some forms of pulmonary fibrosis may result from inflammation, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is currently thought to result from cell death primarily and inflammation secondarily. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis in light of our laboratory's published and unpublished research and published literature. DATA SOURCES Review based on our laboratory's published and unpublished experimental data with relevant background and clinical context provided. CONCLUSIONS Although cell death is central to pulmonary fibrosis, the proper cytokine environment leading to macrophage polarization is also critical. Evaluation of this environment is promising both for the development of disease biomarkers and for targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Homer
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8070, USA.
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38
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Bjornsdottir US, Holgate ST, Reddy PS, Hill AA, McKee CM, Csimma CI, Weaver AA, Legault HM, Small CG, Ramsey RC, Ellis DK, Burke CM, Thompson PJ, Howarth PH, Wardlaw AJ, Bardin PG, Bernstein DI, Irving LB, Chupp GL, Bensch GW, Bensch GW, Stahlman JE, Karetzky M, Baker JW, Miller RL, Goodman BH, Raible DG, Goldman SJ, Miller DK, Ryan JL, Dorner AJ, Immermann FW, O'Toole M. Pathways activated during human asthma exacerbation as revealed by gene expression patterns in blood. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21902. [PMID: 21779351 PMCID: PMC3136489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations remain a major unmet clinical need. The difficulty in obtaining airway tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage samples during exacerbations has greatly hampered study of naturally occurring exacerbations. This study was conducted to determine if mRNA profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could provide information on the systemic molecular pathways involved during asthma exacerbations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Over the course of one year, gene expression levels during stable asthma, exacerbation, and two weeks after an exacerbation were compared using oligonucleotide arrays. For each of 118 subjects who experienced at least one asthma exacerbation, the gene expression patterns in a sample of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during an exacerbation episode were compared to patterns observed in multiple samples from the same subject collected during quiescent asthma. Analysis of covariance identified genes whose levels of expression changed during exacerbations and returned to quiescent levels by two weeks. Heterogeneity among visits in expression profiles was examined using K-means clustering. Three distinct exacerbation-associated gene expression signatures were identified. One signature indicated that, even among patients without symptoms of respiratory infection, genes of innate immunity were activated. Antigen-independent T cell activation mediated by IL15 was also indicated by this signature. A second signature revealed strong evidence of lymphocyte activation through antigen receptors and subsequent downstream events of adaptive immunity. The number of genes identified in the third signature was too few to draw conclusions on the mechanisms driving those exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study has shown that analysis of PBMCs reveals systemic changes accompanying asthma exacerbation and has laid the foundation for future comparative studies using PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnur S. Bjornsdottir
- Department of Allergy/Clinical Immunology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MOT); (STH)
| | | | - Andrew A. Hill
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Amy A. Weaver
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Legault
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | - Clayton G. Small
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | | | - Debra K. Ellis
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | | | - Philip J. Thompson
- Lung Institute of WA and Centre for Asthma, Allergy & Respiratory Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David I. Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Geoffrey L. Chupp
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - George W. Bensch
- Bensch Clinical Research, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Bensch
- Bensch Clinical Research, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Jon E. Stahlman
- Allergy and Asthma Center, Conyers, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monroe Karetzky
- Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - James W. Baker
- Baker Allergy, Asthma and Dermatology, Lake Oswego, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brad H. Goodman
- Coastal Allergy and Asthma, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - John L. Ryan
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | - Andrew J. Dorner
- Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United Sates of America
| | | | - Margot O'Toole
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MOT); (STH)
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Lee CG, Da Silva CA, Dela Cruz CS, Ahangari F, Ma B, Kang MJ, He CH, Takyar S, Elias JA. Role of chitin and chitinase/chitinase-like proteins in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and injury. Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 73:479-501. [PMID: 21054166 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 18 glycosyl hydrolase family of chitinases is an ancient gene family that is widely expressed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In mammals, despite the absence of endogenous chitin, a number of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (C/CLPs) have been identified. However, their roles have only recently begun to be elucidated. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) inhibits chitin-induced innate inflammation; augments chitin-free, allergen-induced Th2 inflammation; and mediates effector functions of IL-13. The CLPs BRP-39/YKL-40 (also termed chitinase 3-like 1) inhibit oxidant-induced lung injury, augments adaptive Th2 immunity, regulates apoptosis, stimulates alternative macrophage activation, and contributes to fibrosis and wound healing. In accord with these findings, levels of YKL-40 in the lung and serum are increased in asthma and other inflammatory and remodeling disorders and often correlate with disease severity. Our understanding of the roles of C/CLPs in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and tissue injury in health and disease is reviewed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8057, USA
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40
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Boosting airway T-regulatory cells by gastrointestinal stimulation as a strategy for asthma control. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:43-52. [PMID: 20668438 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of atopic asthma is transient airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) preceded by aeroallergen-induced Th-cell activation. This is preceded by upregulation of CD86 on resident airway dendritic cells (DCs) that normally lack competence in T-cell triggering. Moreover, AHR duration is controlled via T-regulatory (Treg) cells, which can attenuate CD86 upregulation on DC. We show that airway mucosal Treg/DC interaction represents an accessible therapeutic target for asthma control. Notably, baseline airway Treg activity in sensitized rats can be boosted by microbe-derived stimulation of the gut, resulting in enhanced capacity to control CD86 expression on airway DC triggered by aeroallergen and accelerated resolution of AHR.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In asthma IL-4 and IL-13 have been demonstrated to play major pathogenic roles and therefore their blockade would potentially represent a plausible therapeutic approach. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Pitrakinra is a dual IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor currently under development for asthma and the existing preclinical and clinical data are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Inhaled pitrakinra demonstrated a good anti-inflammatory potential and a good safety profile on a short-term basis but its place in asthma therapy is still to be found. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Specific anticytokine therapies might in the near future reshape asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Antoniu
- Department of Medicine II -Pulmonary Disease, Gr T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi, Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, 30 Dr I Cihac Str, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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Goto K, Chiba Y, Matsusue K, Hattori Y, Maitani Y, Sakai H, Kimura S, Misawa M. The proximal STAT6 and NF-kappaB sites are responsible for IL-13- and TNF-alpha-induced RhoA transcriptions in human bronchial smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Res 2010; 61:466-72. [PMID: 20006706 PMCID: PMC3486725 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RhoA protein is involved in the Ca(2+) sensitization of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contraction, and an upregulation of RhoA in BSMs has been suggested in allergic bronchial asthma. However, the mechanism of upregulation of RhoA remains poorly understood. In the present study, the transcriptional regulation of human RhoA gene was investigated in cultured human BSM cells stimulated with IL-13 and TNF-alpha, both of which have an ability to upregulate RhoA protein. Luciferase-based assay showed that the RhoA promoter activity was augmented by both IL-13 and TNF-alpha. The deletion studies revealed a significant level of promoter activity between the 112 bp upstream and the transcription start site, which contains the STAT6 (78-70 bp upstream) and NF-kappaB (84-74 bp upstream) binding regions. The promoter activity was also decreased significantly by the mutations of these regions. Thus, the current study for the first time characterized the transcriptional regulation of the human RhoA gene. The findings also suggest that STAT6 and NF-kappaB are important for the upregulation of RhoA in human BSM induced by IL-13 and TNF-alpha, both of which are major cytokines in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Matsusue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Hattori
- Department of Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-850, Japan
| | - Yoshie Maitani
- Department of Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-850, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miwa Misawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Asthma is a disease of the airways in which several cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) play a major role in the development and progression of inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus production, and airway remodeling. The conventional anti-inflammatory therapies, represented by inhaled corticosteroids and antileukotrienes, are not always able to provide optimal disease control and it is therefore hoped that cytokine antagonists could achieve this goal in such situations. Anticytokine therapies have been tested in preclinical studies and some have entered clinical trials. Anti-IL-4 therapies have been tested in animal models of allergy-related asthma, but because of unclear efficacy their development was discontinued. However, IL-4/IL-13 dual antagonists and IL-13-specific blocking agents are more promising, as they exhibit more sustained anti-inflammatory effects. IL-5 antagonists have been found to be of limited efficacy in clinical studies but might be useful in conditions characterized by severe hypereosinophilia, and in which asthma is one of the disease manifestations. Unlike other chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, the use of anti-TNFalpha therapies in asthma might be limited by the unfavorable risk/benefit ratio associated with long-term use. The identification of so-called asthma TNFalpha phenotypes and perhaps the use of a less aggressive treatment regimen might address this important aspect. Other cytokine antagonists (for example for IL-9 or IL-25) are currently being evaluated in the asthma setting, and could open new therapeutic perspectives based on their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Antonela Antoniu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gr.T.Popa Iasi, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Division of Pulmonary Disease, and Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, Iasi, Romania.
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Gregory LG, Mathie SA, Walker SA, Pegorier S, Jones CP, Lloyd CM. Overexpression of Smad2 drives house dust mite-mediated airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness via activin and IL-25. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:143-54. [PMID: 20339149 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200905-0725oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway hyperreactivity and remodeling are characteristic features of asthma. Interactions between the airway epithelium and environmental allergens are believed to be important in driving development of pathology, particularly because altered epithelial gene expression is common in individuals with asthma. OBJECTIVES To investigate the interactions between a modified airway epithelium and a common aeroallergen in vivo. METHODS We used an adenoviral vector to generate mice overexpressing the transforming growth factor-beta signaling molecule, Smad2, in the airway epithelium and exposed them to house dust mite (HDM) extract intranasally. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Smad2 overexpression resulted in enhanced airway hyperreactivity after allergen challenge concomitant with changes in airway remodeling. Subepithelial collagen deposition was increased and smooth muscle hyperplasia was evident resulting in thickening of the airway smooth muscle layer. However, there was no increase in airway inflammation in mice given the Smad2 vector compared with the control vector. Enhanced airway hyperreactivity and remodeling did not correlate with elevated levels of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-13 or IL-4. However, mice overexpressing Smad2 in the airway epithelium showed significantly enhanced levels of IL-25 and activin A after HDM exposure. Blocking activin A with a neutralizing antibody prevented the increase in lung IL-25 and inhibited subsequent collagen deposition and also the enhanced airway hyperreactivity observed in the Smad2 overexpressing HDM-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial overexpression of Smad2 can specifically alter airway hyperreactivity and remodeling in response to an aeroallergen. Moreover, we have identified novel roles for IL-25 and activin A in driving airway hyperreactivity and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Gregory
- Leukocyte Biology Section, NHLI, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Ferreira CM, Pereira ATM, de Souza RS, Coelho FM, Poole S, Teixeira MM, Negrão-Corrêa D. Role of IL-13 in a model of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in rats. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:409-14. [PMID: 20116445 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 is a cytokine known to play a role in several pulmonary diseases, including asthma and fibrosis. The role of IL-13 in the context of pulmonary changes induced by helminth infection is unclear. Rats experimentally infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis and treated with anti-IL-13 neutralizing antibody were used to evaluate the role of IL-13 on functional and inflammatory changes of host lungs, and on parasite control. S. venezuelensis-induced airway hyperreactivity was IL-13-independent, but IL-13 played an essential role in driving airway mucus production and eosinophil infiltration. IL-13 was important for the control of egg production but not establishment in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Ferreira
- Department of Bioquímica e Immunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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46
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Novel biomarkers in asthma: chemokines and chitinase-like proteins. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:60-6. [PMID: 19532094 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32831f8ee0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic asthma is a frequent lung disease in Western civilizations and is characterized by airway inflammation and tissue remodeling. Without early diagnosis and specific treatment, asthma results in a loss of lung function, impaired quality of life and the risk to die from uncontrolled asthma attacks. Thus, there is a need for specific biomarkers to detect asthma as soon as possible and to initiate the correct clinical treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 and the chitinase-like protein YKL-40 as novel biomarkers in asthma. Patient studies suggest that these proteins could be useful to identify asthmatics, to characterize disease severity or both in patients with asthma. Functional studies indicate that these molecules are more than correlated epiphenomena and instead contribute in significant ways to asthma pathogenesis. SUMMARY Assessments of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 and YKL-40 may allow physicians to more accurately diagnose and predict the course of asthma and thereby allow therapy to be appropriately tailored for a given patient.
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Bhattacharya A, De RK. Bi-correlation clustering algorithm for determining a set of co-regulated genes. Bioinformatics 2009; 25:2795-801. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Parvataneni S, Birmingham NP, Gonipeta B, Gangur V. Dominant, non-MHC genetic control of food allergy in an adjuvant-free mouse model. Int J Immunogenet 2009; 36:261-7. [PMID: 19624800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2009.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a potentially fatal immune-mediated disorder with incompletely understood mechanisms. We studied the genetic control of food allergy using major histocompatibility complex-identical mice (H2(s)) and an adjuvant-free method of sensitization. Whereas, transdermal exposure to hazelnut - a model allergenic food, elicited robust IgG1 response in both strains, an IgE response was evident only in A.SW mice. Following oral challenge, only A.SW but not SJL mice exhibited signs of systemic anaphylaxis and hypothermia. In addition, (A.SW x SJL) F1 hybrids exhibited IgE responsiveness, systemic anaphylaxis and hypothermia similar to A.SW, indicating dominant inheritance of these traits. Furthermore, whereas A.SW and F1 mice but not SJL elicited robust interleukin (IL)-4 response, all three strains elicited IL-5 and IL-13 responses by spleen cells. These data demonstrate for the first time, dominant non-MHC genetic control of food allergy and a critical role of IL-4 but not IL-5 or IL-13 in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parvataneni
- Food Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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49
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Hartl D, He CH, Koller B, Da Silva CA, Kobayashi Y, Lee CG, Flavell RA, Elias JA. Acidic mammalian chitinase regulates epithelial cell apoptosis via a chitinolytic-independent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5098-106. [PMID: 19342690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced during and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Th2-mediated diseases and antiparasite responses. However, the effector responses of AMCase in these settings have not been adequately defined and the relationship(s) between its chitinolytic and other biologic properties have not been investigated. In these studies, we demonstrate that AMCase protects airway epithelial cells from Fas ligand- and growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis. This cytoprotection was associated with Akt phosphorylation and abrogated when the PI3K/Akt pathway was inhibited. Comparable cytoprotection was also seen in experiments comparing wild-type AMCase and mutant AMCase that lacked chitinolytic activity. Importantly, the apoptosis-inhibiting effect of enzymatically active and inactive AMCase was abrogated by treatment with allosamidin. These studies demonstrate that secreted AMCase feeds back in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to protect pulmonary epithelial cells from growth factor withdrawal- and Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. They also demonstrate that the cytoprotection is mediated via a PI3K/Akt-dependent and allosamidin-sensitive pathway that is independent of the chitinolytic activity of this chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hartl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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50
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Kim HY, Pichavant M, Matangkasombut P, Koh YI, Savage PB, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. The development of airway hyperreactivity in T-bet-deficient mice requires CD1d-restricted NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3252-61. [PMID: 19234223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T-bet(-/-) mice have been shown to have a profound deficiency in the ability to generate invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in the periphery due to a halt in terminal maturation, but despite this deficiency, T-bet(-/-) mice develop spontaneous airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and airway inflammation. Because in some situations the development of AHR requires the presence of iNKT cells, we sought to more clearly understand how AHR develops in T-bet(-/-) mice by examining T-bet(-/-) mice in several distinct mouse models of asthma, including spontaneous, OVA-induced and alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-induced AHR. Surprisingly, we found that administration of alpha-GalCer, which very specifically activates iNKT cells, greatly increased the AHR response in the T-bet(-/-) mice. Moreover, in T-bet(-/-) mice, spontaneous AHR as well as AHR induced with OVA or alpha-GalCer were all eliminated by blocking CD1d, the restricting element of iNKT cells, using an anti-CD1d-blocking mAb. Although the number of the iNKT cells in T-bet(-/-) mice was reduced compared with that in wild-type mice, the remaining iNKT cells produced primarily IL-4 and IL-13, and only minimal amounts of IFN-gamma. We conclude therefore that the AHR that develops in T-bet(-/-) mice is dependent on the presence of iNKT cells, and that whereas T-bet(-/-) have reduced numbers of iNKT cells, these are sufficient for the development of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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