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Salehi Z, Rahbarinejad P, Ghosn B, Azadbakht L. Association of quality and quantity of macronutrients intake with obesity, new anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index in Tehranian women. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3237-3250. [PMID: 38726395 PMCID: PMC11077202 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines the association between micronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index among Tehranian women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 556 Tehranian women. Dietary intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Biochemical assessment and anthropometric indices were measured, and demographic information and physical activity were collected. Results Participants with the highest intake of carbohydrates were more prone to obesity. Conversely, those in the top tertile for protein intake had a lower likelihood of obesity and higher levels of lipid accumulation product (LAP). The highest fat consumers had a 63% decreased chance of having a high Castelli's Risk Index 1 (CRI-1). A higher glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were linked to an increased probability of a high atherogenic coefficient (AC). Women in the top tertile of GL were significantly more likely to be obese and had lower odds for high LAP. Participants in the top tertile of aromatic amino acids/branched chain amino acids (AAA/BCAA) had significantly lower chances of high CRI-1 and a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Those in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) had lower odds of obesity and high AIP. Conclusions The amount of carbohydrate (g) and protein intake (%), dietary GL, and the ratio of MUFA to PUFA were associated with obesity. The amount of fat intake (g) and AAA/BCAA indices were associated with CRI-1. LAP decreased with an increase in GL. AC increased with an increase in GI and GL. AAA/BCAA and MUFA/PUFA were associated with AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pegah Rahbarinejad
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Batoul Ghosn
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Diabetes Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Taren D, Alaofè H, Yamanaka AB, Coleman P, Fleming T, Aflague T, Shallcross L, Wilkens L, Novotny R. Diet and Acanthosis Nigricans over a Two-Year Period in Children of the Pacific Region. Nutrients 2023; 15:2718. [PMID: 37375623 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact that dietary carbohydrates have on children developing type 2 diabetes remains controversial. Furthermore, there are limited pediatric longitudinal studies on changes in body mass index (BMI) and diet related to the development of acanthosis nigricans (AN), a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Two 24 h dietary records were collected for 558 children, 2-8 years of age, at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. Data on age, sex, BMI, and the presence of AN were also collected at each time point from the Children's Healthy Living Program. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the presence of AN at follow-up. Multinominal regression was used to determine factors associated with changes in AN status. Linear regression was used to measure the associations between changes in dietary intake and in the Burke Score for AN. RESULTS AN was present in 28 children at baseline and 34 children at follow-up. Adjusting for the presence of AN at baseline, age, sex, study group, baseline BMI, change in BMI z-score, time between assessments, and baseline intake, an increase from baseline for each teaspoon of sugar and serving of carbohydrate-rich food increased the risk for having AN at follow-up by 9% and 8%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). An increased intake of added sugar (teaspoons) increased the risk of developing AN by 13% (p ≤ 0.01) and an increase in servings of foods rich in starch increased the risk of developing AN by 12% (p ≤ 0.01) compared to children who never had AN. Increasing the intake of fruit was also associated with decreased Burke Scores using multiple regression. However, the intake of energy and macronutrients were not associated with AN. CONCLUSIONS Added sugar and foods rich in starch were independently associated with the occurrence of AN, suggesting the type of carbohydrates consumed is a factor in AN occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Taren
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Halimatou Alaofè
- Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ashley B Yamanaka
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Patricia Coleman
- Cooperative Research, Extension, and Education Service, Northern Marianas College, Saipan, MP 96950, USA
| | - Travis Fleming
- Agriculture, Community and Natural Resources Division, Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, AS 96799, USA
| | - Tanisha Aflague
- Cooperative Extension and Outreach, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
| | - Leslie Shallcross
- Health, Home and Family Development, UAF Institute of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Extension, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Rachel Novotny
- Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences Department, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Misra A. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in South Asians: prevention and management. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2021; 16:339-349. [PMID: 34586004 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2021.1982381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and abdominal obesity are escalating in South Asian countries. It is well established that MetS is associated with increased risk for both Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. South Asians have an increased risk of MetS due to a variety of factors including unhealthy lifestyle and their unique body composition. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the prevalence, associated risk factors, and evidence-based preventive and curative strategies for MetS and abdominal obesity in South Asians. A literature search through PubMed®, Web of Science®, and Scopus® was performed for studies published before 31st April 2021. A combination of the following keywords was used with the names of the individual South Asian countries: 'metabolic syndrome,' 'syndrome X,' 'abdominal obesity,' 'central obesity,' 'visceral obesity,' 'prevention,' and 'management.' EXPERT OPINION According to current evidence, MetS and abdominal obesity are highly prevalent among South Asians. Several risk factors, such as lifestyle, socio-demography, cultural, and body composition, are associated with MetS. Limited research shows culturally tailored lifestyle interventions are effective in preventing and managing MetS and abdominal obesity among South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Piumika Sooriyaarachchi
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis-C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India
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Hansen MD, Würtz AML, Hansen CP, Tjønneland A, Rimm EB, Johnsen SP, Schmidt EB, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU. Substitutions between potatoes and other vegetables and risk of ischemic stroke. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:229-237. [PMID: 32274553 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intake of vegetables has been associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke in observational studies controlling for total energy intake. However, adjustment for energy intake introduces a substitution aspect, which affects the interpretation of the results. We investigated replacement of potatoes with other vegetables, substitutions between vegetable subgroups, and risk of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke subtypes. METHODS The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort included 57,053 participants aged 50-64 years at recruitment in 1993-1997. Diet was assessed from a validated 192-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We calculated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the incidence of ischemic stroke using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS During 13.5 years of follow-up, 1879 cases of ischemic stroke were identified including 319 cases of large-artery atherosclerosis and 844 cases of small-vessel occlusion. The adjusted HR for total ischemic stroke associated with food substitutions of equal amounts (500 g/week) was 0.86 (95% CI 0.76, 0.97) for replacement of potatoes with fruiting vegetables and 0.92 (95% CI 0.84, 1.02) for replacement of potatoes with other root vegetables. The HR for replacing potatoes with the sum of other vegetables was 0.95 (95% CI 0.90, 1.00). Substitution of cabbage for either potatoes, fruiting vegetables or other root vegetables was associated with a statistically non-significant higher risk of ischemic stroke. The patterns of associations were similar for ischemic stroke subtypes and for equivalent substitutions using isocaloric amounts. CONCLUSION Replacing potatoes with fruiting vegetables was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Damborg Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Lund Würtz
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Plambeck Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Clinical Registries (RKKP), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Bruce Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Søren Paaske Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Berg Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Uhre Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Mohan V, Unnikrishnan R, Shobana S, Malavika M, Anjana RM, Sudha V. Are excess carbohydrates the main link to diabetes & its complications in Asians? Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:531-538. [PMID: 30666980 PMCID: PMC6366262 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1698_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary carbohydrates form the major source of energy in Asian diets. The carbohydrate quantity and quality play a vital function in the prevention and management of diabetes. High glycaemic index foods elicit higher glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through beta-cell exhaustion. This article reviews the evidence associating dietary carbohydrates to the prevalence and incidence of T2D and metabolic syndrome (MS) in control of diabetes and their role in the complications of diabetes. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show that higher carbohydrate diets are linked to higher prevalence and incidence of T2D. However, the association seems to be stronger in Asian-Indians consuming diets high in carbohydrates and more marked on a background of obesity. There is also evidence for high carbohydrate diets and risk for MS and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the quality of carbohydrates is also equally important. Complex carbohydrates such as brown rice, whole wheat bread, legumes, pulses and green leafy vegetables are good carbs. Conversely, highly polished rice or refined wheat, sugar, glucose, highly processed foods such as cookies and pastries, fruit juice and sweetened beverages and fried potatoes or French fries are obviously ‘bad’ carbs. Ultimately, it is all a matter of balance and moderation in diet. For Indians who currently consume about 65-75 per cent of calories from carbohydrates, reducing this to 50-55 per cent and adding enough protein (20-25%) especially from vegetable sources and the rest from fat (20-30%) by including monounsaturated fats (e.g. groundnut or mustard oil, nuts and seeds) along with a plenty of green leafy vegetables, would be the best diet prescription for the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases such as T2D and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre & Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre & Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - S Shobana
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - M Malavika
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - R M Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre & Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - V Sudha
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
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Yong HY, Mohd Shariff Z, Rejali Z, Mohd Yusof BN, Yasmin F, Palaniveloo L. Seremban Cohort Study (SECOST): a prospective study of determinants and pregnancy outcomes of maternal glycaemia in Malaysia. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018321. [PMID: 29358431 PMCID: PMC5781063 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hyperglycaemia less severe than GDM are associated with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. We describe the study design of a prospective cohort of pregnant women recruited in early pregnancy with follow-ups of mothers and infants up to 2 years after birth. The primary aim of the study was to identify the determinants and outcomes of maternal glycaemia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Seremban Cohort Study (SECOST) is an ongoing prospective cohort study in which eligible pregnant women in first trimester (<10 weeks of gestation) are recruited from Maternal and Child Health clinics in Seremban District, Negeri Sembilan with seven follow-ups during pregnancy through 2 years postnatally. Infants are followed up every 6 months after birth until 2 years old. A standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test is performed between 24 and 32 of weeks of gestation and as close to 28 weeks of gestation. Pregnancy and birth information are obtained from medical records. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, physical activity, smoking, depression, child feeding and other data of mothers and infants are obtained at follow-ups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM/FPSK/100-9/2-MJKEtika) and MREC, Ministry of Health Malaysia (KKM/NIHSEC/08/0804/P12- 613). Permission to conduct this study is also obtained from the Head of Seremban District Health Office. All participants are required to provide written informed consent prior to data collection. The research findings will be disseminated at journals and conference presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yaw Yong
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zalilah Mohd Shariff
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zulida Rejali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Yasmin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Lalitha Palaniveloo
- Center for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Onna Lo YM. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Bernardes N, Ayyappan P, De Angelis K, Bagchi A, Akolkar G, da Silva Dias D, Belló-Klein A, Singal PK. Excessive consumption of fructose causes cardiometabolic dysfunctions through oxidative stress and inflammation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1078-1090. [PMID: 28187269 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid rise in obesity, as well as physical inactivity, in industrialized countries is associated with fructose-consumption-mediated metabolic syndrome having a strong association with cardiovascular disease. Although insulin resistance is thought to be at the core, visceral obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia are also considered important components of this metabolic disorder. In addition, various other abnormalities such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and elevated levels of uric acid are also part of this syndrome. Lifestyle changes through improved physical activity, as well as nutrition, are important approaches to minimize metabolic syndrome and its deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Bernardes
- a Universidade Nove de Julho, Diretoria de Mestrado, Av. Francisco Matatazzo, 612, 10 andar, Centro de Pos Graduacao Stricto Sensu, Barra Funda, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Prathapan Ayyappan
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Katia De Angelis
- a Universidade Nove de Julho, Diretoria de Mestrado, Av. Francisco Matatazzo, 612, 10 andar, Centro de Pos Graduacao Stricto Sensu, Barra Funda, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ashim Bagchi
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gauri Akolkar
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Danielle da Silva Dias
- a Universidade Nove de Julho, Diretoria de Mestrado, Av. Francisco Matatazzo, 612, 10 andar, Centro de Pos Graduacao Stricto Sensu, Barra Funda, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- c Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pawan K Singal
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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AlGeffari MA, Almogbel ES, Alhomaidan HT, El-Mergawi R, Barrimah IA. Glycemic indices, glycemic load and glycemic response for seventeen varieties of dates grown in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2016; 36:397-403. [PMID: 27920411 PMCID: PMC6074203 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dates are consumed worldwide, and are an important fruit for many individuals in Saudi Arabia. Currently, limited information is available on the glycemic indices of different date varieties. OBJECTIVES To determine the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and glycemic response for 17 common date varieties in Saudi Arabia. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial on healthy subjects. SETTING College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS The available carbohydrate content of Tamer stage dates was determined using standard laboratory methods. Healthy subjects (ten males and nine females) received 50 g of glucose (on three separate occasions) and 50 g equivalent of available carbohydrates from the seventeen varieties of date (each once). The GI and GL were then calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) GI, GL, and glycemic response. RESULTS The mean (SEM) GI of the date samples was 55.2 (7.7) (range, 42.8-74.6). Sellaj and Maktoomi exhibited the highest GI (74.6 [10.1] and 71.0 [11.1]), respectively, whereas Shaqra, Sukkary, and Sag'ai had the lowest GI (42.8 [5.5], 43.4 [4.7] and 44.6 [6]), respectively. The GL of the date samples ranged from 8.5 to 24. Sellaj had a high GL (24), whereas Ajwah and Shaqra had a low GL (8.5 and 9.2). The analyses suggested no significant difference in GI between the date varieties. However, the GL values differed significantly between the 17 date varieties (P < .001). CONCLUSION The results provide reliable GI and GL values for 17 common date varieties in Saudi Arabia. The identification of date varieties with lower glycemic responses may help lower the GI of the diet of both healthy and diabetic Saudi individuals. LIMITATIONS We used dates at the Tamer stage, which may not be translatable to all types of dates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metab Ali AlGeffari
- Dr. Metab Ali AlGeffari, Department of Family Medicine,, Qassim University,, PO Box 143 Buraydah 51411,, Qassim, Saudi Arabia, T: +966163800050, Ext: 2595,, F: +966163801228, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0614-2558
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10
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Derosa G, Dangelo A, Ragonesi PD, Ciccarelli L, Piccinni MN, Pricolo F, Salvadeo S, Montagna L, Gravina A, Ferrari I, Galli S, Paniga S, Cicero AFG. Effects of Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone Combined with Metformin on the Prothrombotic State of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome. J Int Med Res 2016; 34:545-55. [PMID: 17133785 DOI: 10.1177/147323000603400513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group trial, 103 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were randomized to receive one of two thiazolidinediones – pioglitazone or rosiglitazone – in combination with 1500 mg/day of metformin, increasing up to 3000 mg/day, for 12 months. Anthropometric, metabolic, coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters were assessed at baseline and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Significant decreases in glycosylated haemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose and post-prandial plasma glucose levels were seen after 9 and 12 months in both groups, and significant decreases in fasting plasma insulin and post-prandial plasma insulin levels were seen after 12 months in both groups. In both groups, improvement in the homeostasis model assessment index compared with baseline was obtained only after 12 months. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were significantly lower in both groups after 12 months compared with baseline values. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, the combination of metformin plus thiazolidinediones improved glycaemic control and produced a slight but significant reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Fuhrman J, Singer M. Improved Cardiovascular Parameter With a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich Diet-Style: A Patient Survey With Illustrative Cases. Am J Lifestyle Med 2015; 11:264-273. [PMID: 30202342 DOI: 10.1177/1559827615611024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The results presented from a practice survey include cases of interest, demonstrating improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors utilizing a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich (NDPR) diet. It includes changes in weight, blood pressure, and lipids parameters derived from the survey and retrospective chart review. Methods. Practice records and interviews were used for case history descriptions. Participants' data were collected via an online survey. Results. Adherence to a NDPR dietary protocol resulted in reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Compliance of greater than 80% with the target diet resulted in an average sustained weight loss of over 50 pounds in 75 obese subjects. There was a corresponding average reduction of 27.8 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure for the 127 survey responders with untreated hypertension at baseline, and a 42.2 mg/dL average decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the 328 survey responders, not on cholesterol reducing medications. Conclusion. The outcomes from both the survey responders and cases demonstrate the potential for the NDPR dietary intervention to improve weight, blood pressure, lipids, and even reverse severe cardiovascular disease. Though this is a report of cases and self-reported benefits, it adds evidence to support the need for further studies investigating the potential of this dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fuhrman
- Nutritional Research Foundation, Flemington, New Jersey (JF).,Long Island Plastic Surgical, Garden City, New York (MS)
| | - Michael Singer
- Nutritional Research Foundation, Flemington, New Jersey (JF).,Long Island Plastic Surgical, Garden City, New York (MS)
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Postprandial insulin and glucose levels are reduced in healthy subjects when a standardised breakfast meal is supplemented with a filtered sugarcane molasses concentrate. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2365-2376. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Elizondo-Montemayor L, Hernández-Brenes C, Ramos-Parra PA, Moreno-Sánchez D, Nieblas B, Rosas-Pérez AM, Lamadrid-Zertuche AC. High hydrostatic pressure processing reduces the glycemic index of fresh mango puree in healthy subjects. Food Funct 2015; 6:1352-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HHP-MP showed a significantly lower GI than the unprocessed-MP. HHP changes in viscosity and solubility could induce lower AUC values and greater glucose retardation indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Research Center
- School of Medicine
- Tec Salud
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Campus Monterrey
| | - Carmen Hernández-Brenes
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Alimentos
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
| | - Perla A. Ramos-Parra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Alimentos
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
| | - Diana Moreno-Sánchez
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Research Center
- School of Medicine
- Tec Salud
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Campus Monterrey
| | - Bianca Nieblas
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Research Center
- School of Medicine
- Tec Salud
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Campus Monterrey
| | - Aratza M. Rosas-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Alimentos
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Monterrey
- Mexico
| | - Ana C. Lamadrid-Zertuche
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Research Center
- School of Medicine
- Tec Salud
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Campus Monterrey
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14
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Randolph JM, Edirisinghe I, Masoni AM, Kappagoda T, Burton-Freeman B. Potatoes, Glycemic Index, and Weight Loss in Free-Living Individuals: Practical Implications. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33:375-84. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.875441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Li S, Flint A, Pai JK, Forman JP, Hu FB, Willett WC, Rexrode KM, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB. Low carbohydrate diet from plant or animal sources and mortality among myocardial infarction survivors. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001169. [PMID: 25246449 PMCID: PMC4323805 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healthiest dietary pattern for myocardial infarction (MI) survivors is not known. Specific long-term benefits of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) are unknown, whether from animal or vegetable sources. There is a need to examine the associations between post-MI adherence to an LCD and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 2258 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 1840 men from the Health Professional Follow-Up Study who had survived a first MI during follow-up and provided a pre-MI and at least 1 post-MI food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to an LCD high in animal sources of protein and fat was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratios of 1.33 [95% CI: 1.06 to 1.65] for all-cause mortality and 1.51 [95% CI: 1.09 to 2.07] for cardiovascular mortality comparing extreme quintiles). An increase in adherence to an animal-based LCD prospectively assessed from the pre- to post-MI period was associated with higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratios of 1.30 [95% CI: 1.03 to 1.65] for all-cause mortality and 1.53 [95% CI: 1.10 to 2.13] for cardiovascular mortality comparing extreme quintiles). An increase in adherence to a plant-based LCD was not associated with lower all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS Greater adherence to an LCD high in animal sources of fat and protein was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality post-MI. We did not find a health benefit from greater adherence to an LCD overall after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
| | - Alan Flint
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
| | | | - John P. Forman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
| | - Kathryn M. Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.M.R.)
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline, MA (K.J.M.)
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (A.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.F., F.B.H., W.C.W., E.B.R.)
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16
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The global diversity of eating patterns: Human nutritional health in comparative perspective. Physiol Behav 2014; 134:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Munsters MJM, Saris WHM. Body weight regulation and obesity: dietary strategies to improve the metabolic profile. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:39-51. [PMID: 24580072 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses dietary strategies that may improve the metabolic profile and body weight regulation in obesity. Recent evidence demonstrated that long-term health effects seem to be more beneficial for low-glycemic index (GI) diets compared to high-protein diets. Still, these results need to be confirmed by other prospective cohort studies and long-term clinical trials, and the discrepancy between these study designs needs to be explored in more detail. Furthermore, the current literature is mixed with regard to the efficacy of increased meal frequency (or snacking) regimens in causing metabolic alterations, particularly in relation to body weight control. In conclusion, a growing body of evidence suggests that dietary strategies with the aim to reduce postprandial insulin response and increase fat oxidation, and that tend to restore metabolic flexibility, have a place in the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J M Munsters
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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18
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19
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20
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Bahado-Singh PS, Riley CK, Wheatley AO, Lowe HIC. Relationship between Processing Method and the Glycemic Indices of Ten Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Cultivars Commonly Consumed in Jamaica. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2011:584832. [PMID: 22132322 PMCID: PMC3205609 DOI: 10.1155/2011/584832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different traditional cooking methods on glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response of ten Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars commonly eaten in Jamaica. Matured tubers were cooked by roasting, baking, frying, or boiling then immediately consumed by the ten nondiabetic test subjects (5 males and 5 females; mean age of 27 ± 2 years). The GI varied between 41 ± 5-93 ± 5 for the tubers studied. Samples prepared by boiling had the lowest GI (41 ± 5-50 ± 3), while those processed by baking (82 ± 3-94 ± 3) and roasting (79 ± 4-93 ± 2) had the highest GI values. The study indicates that the glycemic index of Jamaican sweet potatoes varies significantly with the method of preparation and to a lesser extent on intravarietal differences. Consumption of boiled sweet potatoes could minimize postprandial blood glucose spikes and therefore, may prove to be more efficacious in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perceval S. Bahado-Singh
- Department of Basic Meidcal Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica
- Biotechnology Center, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica
- Bio-Tech R&D Institute, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Cliff K. Riley
- Bio-Tech R&D Institute, Kingston, Jamaica
- College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Andrew O. Wheatley
- Department of Basic Meidcal Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica
- Biotechnology Center, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica
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21
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Beltrami D, Calestani D, Maffini M, Suman M, Melegari B, Zappettini A, Zanotti L, Casellato U, Careri M, Mangia A. Development of a combined SEM and ICP-MS approach for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of metal nano and microparticles in food products [corrected]. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1401-9. [PMID: 21660413 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An integrated approach based on the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of metal particles in foods was devised and validated. Different raw materials and food products, like wheat, durum wheat, wheat flour, semolina, cookies, and pasta were considered. Attention was paid to the development of sample treatment protocols for each type of sample to avoid potential artifacts such as aggregation or agglomeration. The analytical protocols developed followed by ICP-MS and SEM investigations allowed us the quantitative determination and the morphological and dimensional characterization of metal nano- and microparticles isolated from the raw materials and finished food products considered. The ICP-MS method was validated in terms of linearity (0.8-80 μg/g and 0.09-9 μg/g for Fe and Ti, respectively), quantification limits (0.73 μg/g for Fe and 0.09 μg/g for Ti), repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) % equal to 10% for Fe and 20% in a wheat matrix as an example), and extraction recoveries (93 ± 2-101 ± 2%). Validation of the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) measurements was performed working in a dimensional range from 1 to 100 μm with an estimated error in the size determination equal to 0.5 μm. ICP-MS data as well as SEM measurements showed a decrease in the concentration of metal particles from wheat to flour and from durum wheat to semolina samples, thus indicating an external contamination of grains by metal particles. These findings were confirmed by environmental SEM analysis, which allowed investigation of particles of lower dimensions. Generally, the largest number of particles was found in the case of iron and titanium, whereas particles of copper and zinc were only occasionally found without any possibility of quantifying their number.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beltrami
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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22
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Alkaabi JM, Al-Dabbagh B, Ahmad S, Saadi HF, Gariballa S, Ghazali MA. Glycemic indices of five varieties of dates in healthy and diabetic subjects. Nutr J 2011; 10:59. [PMID: 21619670 PMCID: PMC3112406 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to determine the glycemic indices of five commonly used varieties of dates in healthy subjects and their effects on postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Composition analysis was carried out for five types of dates (Tamer stage). The weights of the flesh of the dates equivalent to 50 g of available carbohydrates were calculated. The study subjects were thirteen healthy volunteers with a mean (± SD) age of 40.2 ± 6.7 years and ten participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (controlled on lifestyle measures and/or metformin) with a mean HbA1c (± SD) of 6.6 ± (0.7%) and a mean age (± SD) of 40.8 ± 5.7 years. Each subject was tested on eight separate days with 50 g of glucose (on 3 occasions) and 50 g equivalent of available carbohydrates from the 5 varieties of date (each on one occasion). Capillary glucose was measured in the healthy subjects at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min and for the diabetics at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min. The glycemic indices were determined as ratios of the incremental areas under the response curves for the dates compared to glucose. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Mean glycemic indices ± SEM of the dates for the healthy individuals were 54.0 ± 6.1, 53.5 ± 8.6, 46.3 ± 7.1, 49.1 ± 3.6 and 55.1 ± 7.7 for Fara'd, Lulu, Bo ma'an, Dabbas and Khalas, respectively. Corresponding values for those with type 2 diabetes were very similar (46.1 ± 6.2, 43.8 ± 7.7, 51.8 ± 6.9, 50.2 ± 3.9 and 53.0 ± 6.0). There were no statistically significant differences in the GIs between the control and the diabetic groups for the five types of dates, nor were there statistically significant differences among the dates' GIs (df = 4, F = 0.365, p = 0.83). Conclusion The results show low glycemic indices for the five types of dates included in the study and that their consumption by diabetic individuals does not result in significant postprandial glucose excursions. These findings point to the potential benefits of dates for diabetic subjects when used in a healthy balanced diet. Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01307904
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma M Alkaabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
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Abstract
Examining the relationship between glucose intolerance and dietary intake in genetically similar populations with different dietary patterns and rates of type 2 diabetes may provide important insights into the role of diet in the pathogenesis of this disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between dietary variables and dysglycaemia/type 2 diabetes among three populations of African origin. The study design consists of a cross-sectional study of men and women of African descent aged 24-74 years from Cameroon (n 1790), Jamaica (n 857) and Manchester, UK (n 258) who were not known to have diabetes. Each participant had anthropometric measurements and underwent a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Habitual dietary intake was estimated with quantitative FFQ, developed specifically for each country. The age-adjusted prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Cameroon was low (1·1 %), but it was higher in Jamaica (11·6 %) and the UK (12·6 %). Adjusted generalised linear and latent mixed models used to obtain OR indicated that each 1·0 % increment in energy from protein, total fat and saturated fats significantly increased the odds of type 2 diabetes by 9 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·16) %, 5 (95 % CI, 1·01, 1·08) % and 16 (95 % CI 1·08, 1·25) %, respectively. A 1 % increase in energy from carbohydrates and a 0·1 unit increment in the PUFA:SFA ratio were associated with significantly reduced odds of type 2 diabetes. The results show independent effects of dietary factors on hyperglycaemia in African origin populations. Whether modifying intake of specific macronutrients helps diabetes prevention needs testing in randomised trials.
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24
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Kinnear T, Wolever TMS, Murphy AM, Sullivan JA, Liu Q, Bizimungu B. Effect of preparation method on the glycaemic index of novel potato clones. Food Funct 2011; 2:438-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Qvarnstrom M, Janket SJ, Jones JA, Jethwani K, Nuutinen P, Garcia RI, Baird AE, Van Dyke TE, Meurman JH. Association of salivary lysozyme and C-reactive protein with metabolic syndrome. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:805-11. [PMID: 20666873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salivary lysozyme (SLZ) is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by oral leucocytes and contains a domain that has an affinity to advanced glycation end products (AGE). Thus, we hypothesized that SLZ would be associated with metabolic syndrome (metS), a pro-inflammatory state. METHODS Utilizing cross-sectional data from 250 coronary artery disease (CAD) and 250 non-CAD patients, the association of SLZ with metS was tested by logistic regression analyses controlling for age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The analyses were stratified by CAD status to control for the possible effects of CAD. RESULTS MetS was found in 122 persons. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for metS associated with the highest quartile of SLZ was 1.95 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-3.12, p-value=0.007, compared with the lower three quartiles combined. Among the 40 subjects with metS but without CAD, the OR was 1.63 (CI: 0.64-4.15, p=0.31), whereas in the CAD group, SLZ was significantly associated with metS [OR=1.96 (1.09-3.52), p=0.02]. In both subgroups, CRP was not significantly associated with metS. CONCLUSION SLZ was significantly associated with metS (OR=1.95) independent of CRP level. Future longitudinal research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Qvarnstrom
- Otorhinolaryngology/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland
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26
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Bowe WP, Joshi SS, Shalita AR. Diet and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:124-41. [PMID: 20338665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the relationship between diet and acne has been highly controversial. Before the 1960s, certain foods were thought to exacerbate acne. However, subsequent studies dispelled these alleged associations as myth for almost half a century. Several studies during the last decade have prompted dermatologists to revisit the potential link between diet and acne. This article critically reviews the literature and discusses how dermatologists might address diet when counseling patients with acne. Dermatologists can no longer dismiss the association between diet and acne. Compelling evidence exists that high glycemic load diets may exacerbate acne. Dairy ingestion appears to be weakly associated with acne, and the roles of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, zinc, vitamin A, and dietary fiber remain to be elucidated. This study was limited by the lack of randomized controlled trials in the literature. We hope that this review will encourage others to explore the effects of diet on acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney P Bowe
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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27
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Robson AA. Preventing diet induced disease: bioavailable nutrient-rich, low-energy-dense diets. Nutr Health 2009; 20:135-66. [PMID: 19835109 DOI: 10.1177/026010600902000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
What the World needs is an integrated and sustainable food policy that makes the best and most appropriate use of the technologies at our disposal to promote health and help prevent disease. Diet induced diseases account for the largest burden of chronic illnesses and health problems Worldwide. Historically a lack of knowledge about human nutritional requirements (including for the brain) helped promote diet induced disease. The scientific knowledge currently exists to help prevent many of the current deficiencies and imbalances in human diet. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and mental ill health starts, crucially, with maternal nutrition before the inception of pregnancy and continues throughout life of the new born and includes consuming more DHA and EPA omega-3 fats (and their cofactors) and other bioavailable brain nutrients and less high-energy-dense (>2 kcal g(-1)) foods (e.g. land-based cereal, chocolate, alcohol and refined sugar, fat and oil), so tissues synthesize less inflammatory mediators and to lower transient short-lived meal-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, proliferation and impaired nitric oxide (e.g. approximately 0.35-3.5 g DHA/ EPA day(-1) dependant on energy intake and noting the importance of cofactors). Micro- and nanotechnologies are already engineering nano foods for human (and livestock) consumption that may eventually (without excessive consumption) prevent the current diet induced disease epidemic, especially in future generations, by preventing the causal mechanisms of disease. Greater knowledge about the causal mechanisms of disease awaits to be discovered, which could further enhance the human desire to increase longevity in optimum health (creating more problems and challenges for society).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Robson
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM (UMR CNRS 6539), LEMAR, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
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Abstract
A large body of epidemiologic evidence has demonstrated that the combination of a Western diet and lifestyle is primarily responsible for the increased metabolic disease risk, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome, noted in society today. Thus finding optimal intervention strategies to combat these growing epidemics is imperative. Despite some controversy, a growing body of literature indicates that one aspect of diet that likely affects phenotypic outcomes and metabolic disease risk is the glycemic load (GL). This brief review will provide an overview of the GL concept, discuss epidemiologic work investigating relationships between both GL and metabolic risk factors, as well as intervention studies that have assessed the impact of GL on phenotypic outcomes related to T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Overall, a low dietary GL may be protective against metabolic disease and should be considered as a healthful dietary component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K. Roberts
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simin Liu
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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29
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Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. Life Sci 2009; 84:705-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Improved plasma lipids and body weight in overweight/obese patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia after 4 weeks on a low glycemic diet. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:213-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Mantzoros CS, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Mediterranean diet and incidence of and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Circulation 2009; 119:1093-100. [PMID: 19221219 PMCID: PMC2724471 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.816736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have documented an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but few data are available on the relationship between Mediterranean diet and risk of stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS For the present study, 74,886 women 38 to 63 years of age in the Nurses' Health Study, a cohort study of female nurses, without a history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were followed up from 1984 to 2004. We computed an Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score from self-reported dietary data collected through validated food frequency questionnaires administered 6 times between 1984 and 2002. Relative risks for incident CHD, stroke, and combined fatal cardiovascular disease were estimated with Cox proportional-hazards models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. During 20 years of follow-up, 2391 incident cases of CHD, 1763 incident cases of stroke, and 1077 cardiovascular disease deaths (fatal CHD and strokes combined) were ascertained. Women in the top Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score quintile were at lower risk for both CHD and stroke compared with those in the bottom quintile (relative risk [RR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.82; P for trend<0.0001 for CHD; RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.02; P for trend=0.03 for stroke). Cardiovascular disease mortality was significantly lower among women in the top quintile of the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.76; P for trend<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, as reflected by a higher Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, was associated with a lower risk of incident CHD and stroke in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Fung
- Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Berra B, Rizzo AM. Glycemic index, glycemic load, wellness and beauty: the state of the art. Clin Dermatol 2009; 27:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hare-Bruun H, Nielsen BM, Grau K, Oxlund AL, Heitmann BL. Should glycemic index and glycemic load be considered in dietary recommendations? Nutr Rev 2009; 66:569-90. [PMID: 18826453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been proposed to be associated with increased risk of lifestyle diseases. Since protein intake varies little in humans, adherence to the common recommendation to reduce fat intake probably leads to increases in carbohydrate intake, which emphasizes the need to investigate the effects of carbohydrate on diet-related conditions and diseases. This review examines the epidemiological literature linking GI and GL to heart disease, insulin sensitivity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity among initially healthy people. The evidence for associations between GI and particularly GL and health among free-living populations is mixed. Only the positive association between GI and development of type 2 diabetes was consistent across cross-sectional and longitudinal studies for both sexes. Low GI/GL may protect against heart disease in women, and cross-sectional studies indicate low GI/GL may reduce high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in both sexes. Based on the evidence found in this review, it seems premature to include GI/GL in dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Hare-Bruun
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Centre for Health and Society, DK 1357 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Kopp W. Chronically increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system: our diet-related "evolutionary" inheritance. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:27-9. [PMID: 19151904 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), like essential hypertension, atherosclerosis and age related arterial wall thickening, heart failure, and ventricular arrhythmias. It is also well established that SNS activity is influenced by food ingestion, and that diet composition plays an important role: Among dietary substrates, carbohydrate (starch and sugars) ingestion significantly increases SNS activity, while protein or fat ingestion has no significant sympathoexcitory effect. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility that significant dietary changes during human evolution, i. e. the introduction of starch and sugars into human nutrition, have brought about a deleterious effect: an abnormal, chronically increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). METHOD Literature search using MEDLINE to identify publications on the relationship of SNS activity and cardiovascular disease on the one hand and dietary substrates on the other hand. CONCLUSION The introduction of starchy food and sugars has brought about a new metabolic problem: a diet-related chronically increased SNS activity, with adverse effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kopp
- Diagnostikzentrum Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Qvarnstrom M, Janket S, Jones JA, Nuutinen P, Baird AE, Nunn ME, Van Dyke TE, Meurman JH. Salivary lysozyme and prevalent hypertension. J Dent Res 2008; 87:480-4. [PMID: 18434581 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of essential hypertension is not clearly understood, endothelial dysfunction from chronic infection and/or impaired glucose metabolism may be involved. We hypothesized that salivary lysozyme, a marker for oral infection and hyperglycemia, might display a significant relationship with hypertension, an early stage of cardiovascular disease. Logistic regression analyses of the Kuopio Oral Health and Heart Study demonstrated that persons with higher lysozyme levels were more likely to have hypertension, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, BMI, diabetes, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. The exposure to increasing quartiles of lysozyme was associated with adjusted Odds Ratios for the outcome, hypertension, 1.00 (referent), 1.25, 1.42, and 2.56 (linear trend p < 0.003). When we restricted the sample to the individuals without heart disease (N = 250), we observed a non-significant trend for increasing odds. Our hypothesis--"high salivary lysozyme levels are associated with the odds of hypertension"--was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qvarnstrom
- Otorhinolaryngology/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether stress further increases hypercoagulation in older individuals. We investigated whether acute stress-induced changes in coagulation parameters differ with age. It is known that hypercoagulation occurs in response to acute stress and that a shift in hemostasis toward a hypercoagulability state occurs with age. However, it is not yet known whether acute stress further increases hypercoagulation in older individuals, and thus may increase their risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS A total of 63 medication-free nonsmoking men, aged between 20 and 65 years (mean +/- standard error of the mean = 36.7 +/- 1.7 years), underwent an acute standardized psychosocial stress task combining public speaking and mental arithmetic in front of an audience. We measured plasma clotting factor VII activity (FVII:C), fibrinogen, and D-dimer at rest, immediately, and 20 minutes after stress. RESULTS Increased age predicted greater increases in fibrinogen (beta = 0.26, p = 0.041; DeltaR(2) = 0.05), FVII:C (beta = 0.40, p = .006; DeltaR(2) = 0.11), and D-dimer (beta = 0.51, p < .001; DeltaR(2) = 0.18) from rest to 20 minutes after stress independent of body mass index and mean arterial blood pressure. General linear models revealed significant effects of age and stress on fibrinogen, FVII:C, and D-dimer (main effects: p < .04), and greater D-dimer stress reactivity with older age (interaction age-by-stress: F(1.5/90.4) = 4.36, p = .024; f = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that acute stress might increase vulnerability in the elderly for hypercoagulability and subsequent hemostasis-associated diseases like CVD.
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Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Okubo H, Hirota N, Notsu A, Fukui M, Date C. Reproducibility and relative validity of dietary glycaemic index and load assessed with a self-administered diet-history questionnaire in Japanese adults. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:639-48. [PMID: 17764595 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507812086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although many epidemiological studies have examined the association of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with health outcomes, information on the reproducibility and relative validity of these variables estimated from dietary questionnaires is extremely limited. We examined the reproducibility and relative validity of dietary GI and GL assessed with a self-administered diet-history questionnaire (DHQ) in adult Japanese. A total of ninety-two Japanese women and ninety-two Japanese men aged 31–76 years completed the DHQ (assessing diet during the preceding month) and 4 d dietary records (DR) in each season over a 1-year period (DHQ1–4 and DR1–4, respectively) and the DHQ at 1 year after completing DHQ1 (DHQ5). We used intraclass correlations between DHQ1 and DHQ5 to assess reproducibility, and Pearson correlations between the mean of DR1–4 and mean of DHQ1–4 and between the mean of DR1–4 and DHQ1 to assess relative validity. Reproducibility correlations for dietary GI and GL were 0·57 and 0·69 among women and 0·65 and 0·58 among men, respectively. Validity correlations for dietary GI and GL assessed by DHQ1–4 were 0·72 and 0·66 among women and 0·65 and 0·71 among men, respectively. Corresponding correlations for DHQ1 were 0·53 and 0·58 among women and 0·57 and 0·60 among men, respectively. White rice was the major contributor to GI and GL in both methods (49–64 %). These data indicate reasonable reproducibility and relative validity of dietary GI and GL assessed by a DHQ for Japanese adults, whose dietary GI and GL are primarily determined by the GI of white rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Murakami
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
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Vrolix R, van Meijl LEC, Mensink RP. The metabolic syndrome in relation with the glycemic index and the glycemic load. Physiol Behav 2007; 94:293-9. [PMID: 18191964 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that increases the risk to develop chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although its precise aetiology is unknown, dietary habits play a major role. Nowadays, more and more attention is paid to the glycemic index (GI) and the glycemic load (GL) of a diet. The GI of a food is a value based on the average increase in blood glucose levels occurring when a 50 g carbohydrate portion of that food is consumed. The GL accounts for the amount of carbohydrate per serving. From reviewing the current literature, we conclude that for healthy and/or overweight subjects the importance of low GI or GL diets in relation to the metabolic syndrome has not been established. One of the reasons is that the diets used in the intervention studies frequently not only differed in GI or GL, but also in fibre, protein and/or fat content. In some of the prospective cohort studies, effects of GI or GL attenuated or even disappeared after correcting for fibre intake. This makes it impossible to ascribe the possible beneficial metabolic effects of low GI or GL diets unequivocally to the GI or GL. The question, therefore, remains open on to what components of the metabolic syndrome are specifically affected by the GI per se. To answer this question, controlled longer-term intervention studies are needed to monitor the effects of the GI on the various components of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vrolix
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar T Merchant
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1492 Barker Avenue, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
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Newby PK, Maras J, Bakun P, Muller D, Ferrucci L, Tucker KL. Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-d diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1745-53. [PMID: 18065595 PMCID: PMC2646086 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research studies examining foods are important, because they account for biological interactions that might otherwise be lost in the analysis of individual nutrients. Single-nutrient studies are also needed to explore the mechanisms by which foods may be protective. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine associations between whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber and chronic disease risk factors. DESIGN In a cross-sectional analysis of participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, associations between dietary intakes and risk factors were examined with multivariate linear regression analysis. Dietary intakes were assessed with 7-d dietary records and quantified in g/d. RESULTS Compared with subjects in the lowest quintile (Q1) of whole-grain intake, subjects in the highest quintile (Q5) had lower body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2); Q1: 25.5; Q5: 24.8; P for trend <0.0001) and weight (Q1: 75.0 kg; Q5: 72.4 kg; P for trend = 0.004) and smaller waist circumference (Q1: 87.4 cm; Q5: 85.0 cm; P for trend = 0.002). Whole grains were also inversely associated with total cholesterol (P for trend = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (P for trend = 0.04), and 2-h glucose (P for trend = 0.0006). Associations between cereal fiber and anthropometrics and plasma lipids were similar. In subgroup analyses, refined grains were positively associated with fasting insulin among women (P for trend = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Similar associations of whole grains and cereal fiber with weight, BMI, waist circumference, plasma cholesterol, and 2-h glucose were observed, suggesting that cereal fiber and its constituents may in part mediate these relations. Refined grains were associated with fasting insulin among women but not men. Additional research should explore potential interaction effects with BMI, sex, age, and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Newby
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Dietary carbohydrates, glycemic load and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations among South Indian adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 63:413-20. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kaymak Y, Adisen E, Ilter N, Bideci A, Gurler D, Celik B. Dietary glycemic index and glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and leptin levels in patients with acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:819-23. [PMID: 17655968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several isolated observations have suggested that acne can develop in groups when a high glycemic index diet is adopted. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine associations among daily diet glycemic index, glycemic loads, serum insulin levels, and acne. METHODS A total of 49 patients with acne and 42 healthy control subjects were included in the study. At the initial visit, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and leptin levels were measured. A voluntary self-completed questionnaire was administered and participants were asked how frequently they consumed the specified amount of food. Overall glycemic index and dietary glycemic load were calculated. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between patients with acne and control subjects in serum glucose, insulin, leptin levels, overall glycemic index, or dietary glycemic load. LIMITATIONS The information and data obtained from this questionnaire were limited to patients' own recollections. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and insulin levels do not have a role in pathogenesis of acne in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Kaymak
- Medical Health Center, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sieri S, Pala V, Brighenti F, Pellegrini N, Muti P, Micheli A, Evangelista A, Grioni S, Contiero P, Berrino F, Krogh V. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of breast cancer in an Italian prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1160-6. [PMID: 17921397 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in the roles of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) in breast cancer etiology has been stimulated by indications that disease risk is linked to insulinemia, sex hormone bioavailability, and insulin-like growth factor 1. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether GI and GL were associated with the risk of breast cancer in a cohort of Italian women volunteers from Northern Italy, who enrolled between 1987-1992 in the Hormones and Diet in the Etiology of Breast Tumors Study (ORDET Study). DESIGN Volunteers completed a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected. Dietary GI and GL in relation to breast cancer risk were examined in 8926 cohort women, including 289 with breast cancer identified after a mean follow-up of 11.5 y. RESULTS The relative risk (RR) of breast cancer in the highest (versus lowest) quintiles of GI and GL was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.36; P for trend = 0.040) and 2.53 (95% CI: 1.54, 4.16; P for trend = 0.001), respectively. Total carbohydrate intake was not associated with greater breast cancer risk, but high carbohydrate from high-GI foods was. When women were categorized by baseline menopausal status and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), the increased risk of dietary GL was confined to those who were premenopausal (RR = 3.89; 95% CI: 1.81, 8.34) and who had normal BMI (ie, <25) (RR = 5.79; 95% CI: 2.60, 12.90) (P for trend = 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS A high-GL diet may increase the risk of breast cancer in Italian women. The effect is particularly evident in premenopausal women and those with BMI < 25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sieri
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Janket SJ, Jones JA, Meurman JH, Baird AE, Van Dyke TE. Oral infection, hyperglycemia, and endothelial dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 105:173-9. [PMID: 17905606 PMCID: PMC2574939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) resulting from sustained hyperglycemia are considered as risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but the mechanism for their contribution to cardiopathogenesis is not well understood. Hyperglycemia induces nonenzymatic glycation of protein-yielding advanced glycation end products (AGE), which are postulated to stimulate interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, triggering the liver to secrete tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and C-reactive protein (CRP) that contribute to CVD pathogenesis. Although the high prevalence of periodontitis among individuals with diabetes is well known by dental researchers, it is relatively unrecognized in the medical community. The expression of the same proinflammatory mediators implicated in hyperglycemia (i.e., IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP) have been reported to be associated with periodontal disease and increased risk for CVD. We will review published evidence related to these 2 pathways and offer a consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Ja Janket
- Department of General Dentistry, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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de Rougemont A, Normand S, Nazare JA, Skilton MR, Sothier M, Vinoy S, Laville M. Beneficial effects of a 5-week low-glycaemic index regimen on weight control and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight non-diabetic subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:1288-98. [PMID: 17617942 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507778674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The glycaemic index (GI) has been developed in order to classify food according to the postprandial glycaemic response. This parameter is of interest, especially for people prone to glucose intolerance; however, the effects of a low-GI (LGI) diet on body weight, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism remain controversial. We studied the effects of either a LGI or high-GI (HGI) diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight, non-diabetic subjects. The study was a randomized 5-week intervention trial. The thirty-eight subjects (BMI 27.3 (sem 0.2) kg/m2) followed an intervention diet in which usual starch was replaced ad libitum with either LGI or HGI starch. Mean body weight decrease was significant in the LGI group ( - 1.1 (sEM 0.3) kg, P = 0.004) and was significantly greater than in the HGI group ( - 0.3 (sEM 0.2) kg, P = 0.04 between groups). Hunger sensation scales showed a trend towards a decrease in hunger sensation before lunch and dinner in the LGI group when compared with the HGI group (P = 0.09). No significant increase in insulin sensitivity was noticed. The LGI diet also decreased total cholesterol by 9.6 % (P < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol by 8.6 % (P = 0.01) and both LDL-:HDL-cholesterol ratio (10.1 %, P = 0.003) and total:HDL-cholesterol ratio (8.5 %, P = 0.001) while no significant changes were observed in the HGI group. Lowering the GI of daily meals with simple dietary recommendations results in increased weight loss and improved lipid profile and is relatively easy to implement with few constraints. These potential benefits of consuming a LGI diet can be useful to develop practical dietetic advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis de Rougemont
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, INSERM U 449, INRA 1235, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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McNulty PH, Tulli MA, Robertson BJ, Lendel V, Harach LA, Scott S, Boehmer JP. Effect of simulated postprandial hyperglycemia on coronary blood flow in cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H103-8. [PMID: 17369474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00779.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus exhibit postprandial hyperglycemia, systemic oxidative stress, impaired endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated coronary artery dilatation, and an increased incidence of coronary events. Whether hyperglycemia causally mediates these associations is unknown. To test the hypothesis that postprandial hyperglycemia acutely impairs coronary endothelial function in humans, we compared the ability of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine to increase conduit coronary diameter (the macrovascular response) and coronary blood flow velocity (the microvascular response) in 12 cardiac transplant recipients without diabetes before and after blood glucose was raised from 6.7 ± 1.3 mmol/l (121 ± 24 mg/dl) to 17.8 ± 1.5 mmol/l (321 ± 27 mg/dl) for 1 h. Hyperglycemia acutely doubled circulating levels of the oxidation product malondialdehyde, indicating systemic oxidative stress, but did not affect the ability of acetylcholine to dilate conduit coronary segments or accelerate coronary blood flow. We conclude that the oxidative stress associated with a single acute episode of hyperglycemia affects neither acetylcholine-mediated coronary endothelial NO release nor the subsequent bioavailability, metabolism, or action of NO within the coronary circulation of cardiac transplant recipients. These observations imply that the relationship among hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and coronary endothelial dysfunction is presumably mediated by mechanisms operating over longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H McNulty
- Division of Cardiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Luceri C, Giannini L, Lodovici M, Antonucci E, Abbate R, Masini E, Dolara P. p-Coumaric acid, a common dietary phenol, inhibits platelet activity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:458-63. [PMID: 17313706 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507657882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
p-Coumaric acid (3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid; 4CA), is a ubiquitous plant metabolite with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antiplatelet activity of this compound was analysed both ex vivo and in vitro. 4-CA, administered to rabbits for 2 weeks at the dose of 5 mg/kg, mixed with food, inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation without affecting blood coagulation. This effect was associated with a marked increase in plasma antioxidant activity, measured as ferric reducing ability of plasma, and with the reduction of thromboxane B2 production. The antiplatelet effect was confirmed by in vitro experiments on human blood: 4CA (500 microM and 1 mM) reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation (55 x 2 (se 4 x 01) % and 35 x 6 (se 2 x 35) % relative to basal level, respectively). 4CA was able to modify platelet function, measured with PFA-100, a shear-inducing device that simulates primary haemostasis. 4CA interfered also with arachidonic acid cascade, reducing thromboxane B2 production and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 generation (ic50 371 and 126 microM, respectively). The data show that 4CA is an antioxidant compound with good antiplatelet activity at doses that can be obtained with dietary intervention, suggesting possible applications for primary prevention of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luceri
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Fogari E, Salvadeo S, Gravina A, Ferrari I, Cicero AFG. Effects of nateglinide and glibenclamide on prothrombotic factors in naïve type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin: a 1-year, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Intern Med 2007; 46:1837-46. [PMID: 18025765 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect on coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters and on non-conventional cardiovascular risk factors of metformin plus nateglinide or glibenclamide in naïve type 2 diabetes patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 248 type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive nateglinide or glibenclamide, and metformin for 12 months. We assessed body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), postprandial plasma insulin (PPI), homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA index), lipid profile with lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], fibrinogen (Fg), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), homocysteine (Hcy), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP). RESULTS After 9 months of treatment, both tested drug combinations were similarly associated with a significant reduction in FPG (nateglinide, -17.2%; glibenclamide, -16.9%, both p<0.05) compared to the baseline, while HbA1c (-17.3%, p<0.05) and PPG (-15.2%, p<0.05) significantly decreased only in the nateglinide group. After one year of treatment, compared to the baseline the nateglinide group showed a significant reduction in HbA1c (-21%, p<0.01), FPG (-20.7%), p<0.01, PPG (-21.5%, p<0.05), HOMA index (-25.4%, p<0.05); the glibenclamide group, showed a significant reduction in HbA1c (-11%, p<0.05), FPG (-23.2%, p<0.05), PPG (-11.2%, p<0.05), and HOMA index (-23.9%, p<0.05) but to a minor extent. Moreover, the HbA1c difference value from baseline observed in the nateglinide-treated group was significantly higher than that observed in the glibenclamide group. Therefore the nateglinide-treated patients showed a significant reduction in some prothrombotic parameters (PAI-1=-19%, Lp(a)=-31%, and Hcy=-32.3%, all p<0.05), whereas the glibenclamide-treated patients did not. CONCLUSION Nateglinide appears to improve glycemic control as well as the levels of some prothrombotic parameters compared to glibenclamide when administered in combination with metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy.
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Franchini M. Hemostasis and aging. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 60:144-51. [PMID: 16860994 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many changes in the vasculature, hemostasis and endothelium, including alterations of platelets, coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, occur during aging. While the increasing hypercoagulability observed with aging may account for the higher incidence of thrombotic cardiovascular disorders in the elderly, the lack of genetic protective factors against thrombosis in healthy centenarians suggests that little is yet known about the age-associated changes of hemostasis. The complex inter-relationships between inherited and acquired factors influencing the hemostatic system during aging are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Servizio di Immunoematologia e Trasfusione, Centro Emofilia, Ospedale Policlinico, Piazzale Ludovico Scuro, Azienda Ospedaliera di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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