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Hosseini FS, Ahmadi A, Kesharwani P, Hosseini H, Sahebkar A. Regulatory effects of statins on Akt signaling for prevention of cancers. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111213. [PMID: 38729324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Statins, which are primarily used as lipid-lowering drugs, have been found to exhibit anti-tumor effects through modulating and interfering with various signaling pathways. In observational studies, statin use has been associated with a significant reduction in the progression of various cancers, including colon, lung, prostate, pancreas, and esophagus cancer, as well as melanoma and B and T cell lymphoma. The mevalonate pathway, which is affected by statins, plays a crucial role in activating Rho, Ras, and Rab proteins, thereby impacting the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. Statins block this pathway, leading to the inhibition of isoprenoid units, which are critical for the activation of these key proteins, thereby affecting cancer cell behavior. Additionally, statins affect MAPK and Cdk2, which in turn reduce the expression of p21 and p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Akt signaling plays a crucial role in key cancer cell features like proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis by activating multiple effectors in downstream pathways such as FOXO, PTEN, NF-κB, GSK3β, and mTOR. The PI3K/Akt signaling is necessary for many events in the metastatic pathway and has been implicated in the resistance to cytostatic drugs. The Akt/PTEN axis is currently attracting great interest for its role in carcinogenesis. Statins have been shown to activate the purinergic receptor P2X7 and affect Akt signaling, which may have important anti-cancer effects. Hence, targeting Akt shows promise as an effective approach to cancer prevention and therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on the specific impact of statins through Akt signaling in different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Rezaei S, Santos RD, Jamialahmadi T, Almahmeed W, Sahebkar A. Targeting PCSK9 as a key player in lipid metabolism: exploiting the therapeutic and biosensing potential of aptamers. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:156. [PMID: 38796450 PMCID: PMC11128129 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is induced by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), resulting in elevated plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol. Therefore, inhibiting the interactions between PCSK9 and LDLR is a desirable therapeutic goal for managing hypercholesterolemia. Aptamers, which are RNA or single-stranded DNA sequences, can recognize their targets based on their secondary structure. Aptamers exhibit high selectivity and affinity for binding to target molecules. The systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), a combination of biological approaches, is used to screen most aptamers in vitro. Due to their unique advantages, aptamers have garnered significant interest since their discovery and have found extensive applications in various fields. Aptamers have been increasingly utilized in the development of biosensors for sensitive detection of pathogens, analytes, toxins, drug residues, and malignant cells. Furthermore, similar to monoclonal antibodies, aptamers can serve as therapeutic tools. Unlike certain protein therapeutics, aptamers do not elicit antibody responses, and their modified sugars at the 2'-positions generally prevent toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses. The focus of this review is on aptamer-based targeting of PCSK9 and the application of aptamers both as biosensors and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Akbari A, Razmi M, Rafiee M, Watts GF, Sahebkar A. The Effect of Statin Therapy on Serum Uric Acid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1726-1739. [PMID: 36748810 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230207124516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated concentrations of serum uric acid (SUA) are associated with several conditions, including cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to estimate the impact of statin therapy on SUA levels through a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched on January 14, 2022, to identify eligible clinical trials. The intervention group received statins as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs, and the control group received non-statins or placebo. Studies reporting SUA levels before and after treatment were selected for further analysis. Finally, the data were pooled, and the mean changes in SUA, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides were reported. RESULTS Out of 1269 identified studies, 23 were included in the review. A total of 3928 participants received statin therapy, and 1294 were included in control groups. We found a significant reduction in SUA levels following statin therapy (mean difference (MD) = -26.67 μmol/L with 95% confidence interval (CI) [-44.75, -8.60] (P =0.004)). Atorvastatin (MD = -37.93 μmol/L [-67.71, -8.15]; P < 0.0001), pravastatin (MD = -12.64 μmol/L [-18.64, -6.65]; P < 0.0001), and simvastatin (MD = -5.95 μmol/L [-6.14, -5.80]; P < 0.0001), but not rosuvastatin, were significantly associated with a reduction in SUA levels. An analysis comparing different types of statins showed that pravastatin 20-40 mg/day could significantly reduce SUA when compared to simvastatin 10-20 mg/day (-21.86 μmol/L [-36.33,-7.39]; P =0.003). CONCLUSION Statins were significantly associated with a decrease in SUA levels, particularly atorvastatin, which was found to be most effective in lowering SUA. Atorvastatin may be the most appropriate cholesterol-lowering agent for patients with or at risk of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahya Razmi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rafiee
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Perth, Australia and Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiometabolic Services, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sommer P, Schreinlechner M, Noflatscher M, Lener D, Mair F, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Marschang P. Increasing Soluble P-Selectin Levels Predict Higher Peripheral Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6430. [PMID: 37892568 PMCID: PMC10607706 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The adhesion molecule P-selectin is expressed by endothelial cells and platelets. It is involved in platelet activation and leukocyte adhesion, both important processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Our study was designed to assess the predictive value of soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) on the progression of peripheral atherosclerosis. METHODS This is an observational, single-center, cohort study that included 443 patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Over a period of 4 years, each patient underwent three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound to assess the plaque volume of the carotid and femoral arteries once per year. In addition, plasma sP-selectin levels were measured at each visit. The association between changes in sP-selectin and peripheral atherosclerotic plaque progression was assessed using growth curve models. RESULTS 338 patients were available for statistical analysis. Each standard deviation increase in sP-selectin was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with a 46.09 mm3 higher plaque volume. In ROC-analysis, changes in sP-selectin over time showed an optimal cut-off value around Δ 0.0 µg/mL sP-selectin and significantly improved the predictive value of the ESC-SCORE (AUC for the combination of both parameters was 0.75 (95% CI 0.68-0.81, p < 0.001). Patients with increasing sP-selectin showed a significantly higher plaque progression compared to patients with decreasing or stable sP-selectin levels (202 mm3 vs. 110 mm3, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increasing sP-selectin levels can predict higher atherosclerotic plaque progression as measured by 3D ultrasound. We suggest serial measurements of sP-selectin as an easily measurable biomarker for peripheral atherosclerotic plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sommer
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Michael Schreinlechner
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Maria Noflatscher
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Daniela Lener
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Fabian Mair
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
| | - Peter Marschang
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Via Lorenz Boehler 5, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Etemad L, Salmasi Z, Moosavian Kalat SA, Moshiri M, Zamanian J, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. An overview on nanoplatforms for statins delivery: Perspectives for safe and effective therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116572. [PMID: 37429398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Statins are the most widely used pharmacological agents for reducing blood cholesterol levels and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Most of the statins' derivatives have been limited by water solubility, bioavailability, and oral absorption, which has led to adverse effects on several organs, especially at high doses. As an approach to reducing statin intolerance, achieving a stable formulation with improved efficacy and bioavailability at low doses has been suggested. Nanotechnology-based formulations may provide a therapeutic benefit over traditional formulations in terms of potency and biosafety. Nanocarriers can provide tailored delivery platforms for statins, thereby enhancing the localized biological effects and lowering the risk of undesired side effects while boosting statin's therapeutic index. Furthermore, tailored nanoparticles can deliver the active cargo to the desired site, which culminates in reducing off-targeting and toxicity. Nanomedicine could also provide opportunities for therapeutic methods by personalized medicine. This review delves into the existing data on the potential improvement of statin therapy using nano-formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemad
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Alia Moosavian Kalat
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Zamanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Hussain MS, Afzal O, Gupta G, Altamimi ASA, Almalki WH, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kukreti N, Gupta S, Sulakhiya K, Singh SK, Dua K. Probing the links: Long non-coding RNAs and NF-κB signalling in atherosclerosis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154773. [PMID: 37647827 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves the accumulation of lipids and immune cells in the arterial wall. NF-kB signaling is a key regulator of inflammation and is known to play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs can regulate NF-kB and contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Preliminary findings reveal significant alterations in the expression of specific lncRNAs in atherosclerotic lesions compared to healthy arterial tissue. Experimental evidence suggests that these dysregulated lncRNAs can influence the NF-kB pathway. By unravelling the crosstalk between lncRNAs and NF-kB signaling, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. Identifying novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers may lead to developing interventions and management strategies for this prevalent cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of lncRNAs in NF-kB signaling in atherosclerosis and highlights their potential as therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, 302017 Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura 302017, Jaipur, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India.
| | | | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kunjbihari Sulakhiya
- Neuro Pharmacology Research Laboratory (NPRL), Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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Hu Y, Liu T, Zheng G, Zhou L, Ma K, Xiong X, Zheng C, Li J, Zhu Y, Bian W, Zheng X, Xiong Q, Lin J. Mechanism exploration of 6-Gingerol in the treatment of atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 115:154835. [PMID: 37121058 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 6-Gingerol has significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and hypolipidemic activities and is widely used for treating cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases. However, the multi-target mechanism of 6-Gingerol in the treatment of atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. METHODS Firstly, the therapeutic actions of 6-Gingerol anti-atherosclerosis were researched based on an atherosclerotic ApoE-deficient mice model induced by high-fat feed. Then, network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to reveal the anti-atherogenic mechanism of 6-Gingerol. Finally, the target for these predictions was validated by target protein expression assay in vitro and in vivo experiments and further correlation analysis. RESULTS Firstly, 6-Gingerol possessed obvious anti-atherogenic activity, which was manifested by a significant reduction in the plaque area, decrease in the atherosclerosis index and vulnerability index. Secondly, based on network pharmacology, 14 predicted intersection target genes between the targets of 6-Gingerol and atherogenic-related targets were identified. The key core targets of 6-Gingerol anti-atherosclerosis were found to be TP53, RELA, BAX, BCL2, and CASP3. Lipid and atherosclerosis pathways might play a critical role in 6-Gingerol anti-atherosclerosis. Molecular docking results also further revealed that the 6-Gingerol bound well and stable to key core targets from network pharmacological predictions. Then, the experimental results in vivo and in vitro verified that the up-regulation of TP53, RELA, BAX, CASP3, and down-regulation of BCL2 from atherosclerotic ApoE-deficient mice model can be improved by 6-Gingerol intervention. Meanwhile, the correlation analysis further confirmed that 6-Gingerol anti-atherosclerosis was closely related to these targets. CONCLUSION The 6-Gingerol can markedly improve atherosclerosis by modulating key multi-targets TP53, RELA, BAX, CASP3, and BCL2 in lipid and atherosclerosis pathways. These novel findings shed light on the anti-atherosclerosis mechanism of 6-Gingerol from the perspective of multiple targets and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Guangzhen Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China
| | - Xiaolian Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China
| | - Wenhui Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China
| | - Xiangde Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qingping Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China.
| | - Jiafeng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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8
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Mahmoudi A, Atkin SL, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Identification of key upregulated genes involved in foam cell formation and the modulatory role of statin therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110209. [PMID: 37130442 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the possible effect of statins on important genes/proteins involved in foam cell formation. METHODS The gene expression profile of the GSE9874, GSE54666, and GSE7138from the Omnibus database were usedto identify genes involved in foam cell formation. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and MCODE analysis of the intersection of three databases were analyzed. We used molecular docking analysis to investigate the possible interaction of different statins with the overexpressed hub genes obtained from PPI analysis. RESULTS The intersection among the three datasets showed 54 upregulated and 26 down-regulated genes. The most critical overexpressed genes/proteins obtained as hub genes included: G6PD, NPC1, ABCA1, ABCG1, PGD, PLIN2, PPAP2B, and TXNRD1 based on PPI analysis. Functional enrichment analysis of 81 intersection DEGs at the biological process level focusing on the cholesterol metabolic process, secondary alcohol biosynthetic process and the cholesterol biosynthetic process. Under cellular components, the analysis confirmed that these 81 intersection DEGs were mainly applied in endoplasmic reticulum membrane, lysosome and lytic vacuole. The molecular functions were identified as sterol binding, oxidoreductase activity and NADP binding. The molecular docking showed that all statins appear to affect important protein targets overexpressed in foam cell formation. However, lipophilic statins, especially pitavastatin and lovastatin, had a greater effect than hydrophilic statins. The most significant protein target of all the overexpressed genes interacting with all statin types was ABCA1. CONCLUSION The effect of lipophilic statins was shown for several critical proteins in foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, Iran
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, RCSI Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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9
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Ahmadi Y, Fard JK, Ghafoor D, Eid AH, Sahebkar A. Paradoxical effects of statins on endothelial and cancer cells: the impact of concentrations. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36899388 PMCID: PMC9999585 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their lipid-lowering functions, statins elicit additional pleiotropic effects on apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, senescence, and oxidative stress. Many of these effects have been reported in cancerous and noncancerous cells like endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and human umbilical vein cells (HUVCs). Not surprisingly, statins' effects appear to vary largely depending on the cell context, especially as pertains to modulation of cell cycle, senescence, and apoptotic processes. Perhaps the most critical reason for this discordance is the bias in selecting the applied doses in various cells. While lower (nanomolar) concentrations of statins impose anti-senescence, and antiapoptotic effects, higher concentrations (micromolar) appear to precipitate opposite effects. Indeed, most studies performed in cancer cells utilized high concentrations, where statin-induced cytotoxic and cytostatic effects were noted. Some studies report that even at low concentrations, statins induce senescence or cytostatic impacts but not cytotoxic effects. However, the literature appears to be relatively consistent that in cancer cells, statins, in both low or higher concentrations, induce apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, anti-proliferative effects, and cause senescence. However, statins' effects on ECs depend on the concentrations; at micromolar concentrations statins cause cell senescence and apoptosis, while at nonomolar concentrations statins act reversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, 46001, Sulaymania, Iraq.
| | - Javad Khalili Fard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dlzar Ghafoor
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, 46001, Sulaymania, Iraq
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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Sekhavati N, Noori E, Abbasifard M, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. How statin drugs affect exosomes? J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:171-180. [PMID: 36565475 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Statins reduce serum cholesterol and isoprenoids by the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the mevalonate pathway. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (30-200 nm) released by all cells that regulate cell-to-cell communication in health and disease by transferring functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells. There are many reports that show an effect of statins on exosomes, from their production and release to their content and performance. In this review, we have summarized existing data on the impact of statins on the biosynthesis, secretion, content, uptake and function of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Sekhavati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Noori
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Zadeh SST, Momtaz S, Abbasifard M, Reiner Ž, Abdolghaffari AH, Sahebkar A. Statins block mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: a possible novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory, malignant and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:57-75. [PMID: 36574095 PMCID: PMC9792946 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in several diseases such as cancer, gastric, heart and nervous system diseases. Data suggest that the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in epithelial cells leads to inflammation. Statins, the inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), seem to be able to inhibit the mTOR. Statins are considered to have favorable effects on inflammatory diseases by reducing the complications caused by inflammation and by regulating the inflammatory process and cytokines secretion. This critical review collected data on this topic from clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies published between 1998 and June 2022 in English from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Shamsnia H, Shayan M, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH, Matbou Riahi M, Jamialahmadi T, Guest PC, Reiner Ž, Sahebkar A. Statins: Beneficial Effects in Treatment of COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:457-476. [PMID: 37378783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The recent viral disease COVID-19 has attracted much attention. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-19 virus which has different variants and mutations. The mortality rate of SARS-CoV-19 is high and efforts to establish proper therapeutic solutions are still ongoing. Inflammation plays a substantial part in the pathogenesis of this disease causing mainly lung tissue destruction and eventually death. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs or treatments that can inhibit inflammation are important options. Various inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT), nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP), toll-like receptors (TLRs), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (INF-γ), cause cell apoptosis, reduce respiratory capacity and oxygen supply, eventually inducing respiratory system failure and death. Statins are well known for controlling hypercholesterolemia and may serve to treat COVID-19 due to their pleiotropic effects among which are anti-inflammatory in nature. In this chapter, the anti-inflammatory effects of statins and their possible beneficial effects in COVID-19 treatment are discussed. Data were collected from experimental and clinical studies in English (1998-October 2022) from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedieh Shamsnia
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Matbou Riahi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Su C, Lu Y, Wang Z, Guo J, Hou Y, Wang X, Qin Z, Gao J, Sun Z, Dai Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Xian X, Cui X, Zhang J, Tang J. Atherosclerosis: The Involvement of Immunity, Cytokines and Cells in Pathogenesis, and Potential Novel Therapeutics. Aging Dis 2022:AD.2022.1208. [PMID: 37163428 PMCID: PMC10389830 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a leading contributor to coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, atherosclerosis has become one of the major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) negatively impacting patients worldwide. The endothelial injury is considered to be the initial step of the development of atherosclerosis, resulting in immune cell migration and activation as well as inflammatory factor secretion, which further leads to acute and chronic inflammation. In addition, the inflammation and lipid accumulation at the lesions stimulate specific responses from different types of cells, contributing to the pathological progression of atherosclerosis. As a result, recent studies have focused on using molecular biological approaches such as gene editing and nanotechnology to mediate cellular response during atherosclerotic development for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we systematically discuss inflammatory pathogenesis during the development of atherosclerosis from a cellular level with a focus on the blood cells, including all types of immune cells, together with crucial cells within the blood vessel, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, the latest progression of molecular-cellular based therapy for atherosclerosis is also discussed. We hope this review article could be beneficial for the clinical management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yachen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yichen Dai
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Mostafa Arabi S, Sadat Bahrami L, MalekAhmadi M, Chambari M, Milkarizi N, Orekhov AN, Sahebkar A. The effect of combination therapy with statins and ezetimibe on proinflammatory cytokines: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Margiana R, Alsaikhan F, Al-Awsi GRL, Patra I, Sivaraman R, Fadhil AA, Al-Baghdady HFA, Qasim MT, Hameed NM, Mustafa YF, Hosseini-Fard S. Functions and therapeutic interventions of non-coding RNAs associated with TLR signaling pathway in atherosclerosis. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110471. [PMID: 36122884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, emerging data demonstrate that the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression of inflammatory atherosclerosis. Indeed, dysregulated TLR signaling pathway could be a cornerstone of inflammation and atherosclerosis, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. It is interesting to note that this pathway is heavily controlled by several mechanisms, such as epigenetic factors in which the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as well as circular RNAs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been well studied. Recent years have seen a significant surge in the amount of research exploring the interplay between ncRNAs and TLR signaling pathway downstream targets in the development of atherosclerosis; however, there is still considerable room for improvement in this field. The current study was designed to review underlying mechanisms of TLR signaling pathway and ncRNA interactions to shed light on therapeutic implications in patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Indrajit Patra
- An Independent Researcher, PhD from NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramaswamy Sivaraman
- Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, University of Madras, Arumbakkam, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Maytham T Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Noora M Hameed
- Anesthesia techniques, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Seyedreza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:131. [PMID: 35459215 PMCID: PMC9033871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing and clinical trials have demonstrated that innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or quell atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, that are associated with the inflammatory response, have been implicated within atherosclerosis such as NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which are of importance for atherosclerosis development and regression. Targeting inflammatory pathways, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and its regulated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, could represent an attractive new route for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on cellular participants and key inflammatory signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss the preclinical studies targeting these key pathways for atherosclerosis, the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes, and the effects of quelling inflammation and atherosclerosis in the clinic.
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Patel KK, Sehgal VS, Kashfi K. Molecular targets of statins and their potential side effects: Not all the glitter is gold. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174906. [PMID: 35321818 PMCID: PMC9007885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Statins are a class of drugs widely used worldwide to manage hypercholesterolemia and the prevention of secondary heart attacks. Currently, available statins vary in terms of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Although the primary target of statins is the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, statins exhibit many pleiotropic effects downstream of the mevalonate pathway. These pleiotropic effects include the ability to reduce myocardial fibrosis, pathologic cardiac disease states, hypertension, promote bone differentiation, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects through multiple mechanisms. Although these pleiotropic effects of statins may be a cause for enthusiasm, there are many adverse effects that, for the most part, are unappreciated and need to be highlighted. These adverse effects include myopathy, new-onset type 2 diabetes, renal and hepatic dysfunction. Although these adverse effects may be relatively uncommon, considering the number of people worldwide who use statins daily, the actual number of people affected becomes quite large. Also, co-administration of statins with several other medications, herbal agents, and foods, which interact through common enzymatic pathways, can have untoward clinical consequences. In this review, we address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush K Patel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viren S Sehgal
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, USA.
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19
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Yan Y, Gao R, Zhang S, Gao Z, Chen A, Wang J, Zhang S, Dai W, Li F, Li X, Yang G, Liu L, Chen X. Hemoglobin A1c and Angiographic Severity with Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1485-1495. [PMID: 35210822 PMCID: PMC8857977 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s346525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have shown that glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). HbA1c was independently related to angiographic severity in Chinese patients with CAD after adjusting for other covariates. Some traditional cardiovascular drugs may have an impact on this relationship. Methods This retrospective study enrolled a total of 572 CAD patients who underwent their coronary angiography and had their HbA1c levels measured at the Chinese Hospital. The complexity of the coronary artery lesions was evaluated using the Syntax score, and the subjects were divided into 4 inter quartiles according to HbA1c levels. Covariates included history of traditional cardiovascular drugs. Results The average age of selected participants was 61.00 ± 9.15 years old, and about 54.72% of them were male. Result of fully adjusted linear regression showed that HbA1c was positively associated with Syntax score after adjusting confounders (β = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.27, 1.91, P = 0.0096). By interaction and stratified analyses, the interactions were observed based on our specification including with the medication history of statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (P values for interaction <0.05). Conclusion In this study, we found a positive correlation between the HbA1c levels and the SYNTAX score among CAD individuals, and oral statins and ARBs medication could affect the correlation. Thus, HbA1c measurement could be used for the evaluation of the severity and complexity of coronary lesions among CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Yan
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhencai Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anyong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Li
- Electrocardiogram Room, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangting Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xueying Chen, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272029, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86- 537- 2903508, Fax +86 537-2213030, Email
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20
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Vahedian-Azimi A, Shojaie S, Banach M, Heidari F, Cicero AFG, Khoshfetrat M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Statin therapy in chronic viral hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine studies with 195,602 participants. Ann Med 2021; 53:1227-1242. [PMID: 34296976 PMCID: PMC8317925 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1956686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting data suggest that statins could cause chronic liver disease in certain group of patients, while improving prognosis in those with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH). PURPOSE To quantify the potential protective role of statins on some main liver-related health outcomes in clinical studies on CVH patients.Data Sources: The search strategy was explored by a medical librarian using bibliographic databases, from January 2015 to April 2020.Data synthesis: The results showed no significant difference in the risk of mortality between statin users and non-users in the overall analysis. However, the risk of mortality significantly reduced by 39% in statin users who were followed for more than three years. Moreover, the risk of HCC, fibrosis, and cirrhosis in those on statins decreased by 53%, 45% and 41%, respectively. Although ALT and AST reduced slightly following statin therapy, this reduction was not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS A significant heterogeneity among studies was observed, resulting from differences in clinical characteristics between statin users and non-users, study designs, population samples, diseases stage, comorbidities, and confounding covariates. CONCLUSION Not only long-term treatment with statins seems to be safe in patients affected by hepatitis, but also it significantly improves their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Trauma Research Center, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Shojaie
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Farshad Heidari
- Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Masoum Khoshfetrat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Khatamolanbia Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Statins on Glutathione Peroxidase, Superoxide Dismutase, and Catalase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111841. [PMID: 34829712 PMCID: PMC8614838 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins may exert protective effects against oxidative stress by upregulating specific antioxidant mechanisms. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on three key antioxidant enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to July 2021. The risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist and certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE framework. In 15 studies, reporting 17 treatment arms in 773 patients (mean age 53 years, 54% males), statins significantly increased the concentrations of both GPx (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.80, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.13 to 1.46, p = 0.018; high certainty of evidence) and SOD (SMD = 1.54, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.36, p < 0.001; high certainty of evidence), but not catalase (SMD = −0.16, 95% CI −0.51 to 0.20, p = 0.394; very low certainty of evidence). The pooled SMD values were not altered in sensitivity analysis. There was no publication bias. In conclusion, statin treatment significantly increases the circulating concentrations of GPx and SOD, suggesting an antioxidant effect of these agents (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021271589).
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Mu D, Wang W, Li J, Lv P, Liu R, Tan Y, Zhong C, Qi Y, Sun X, Liu Y, Shen S, Li Y, Xu B, Zhang B. Ultrasmall Fe(III)-Tannic Acid Nanoparticles To Prevent Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaques. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33915-33925. [PMID: 34279905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation is central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques. Reducing macrophages in plaques is an appealing approach to attenuate the development of atherosclerosis. Chemodynamic therapy, specifically inhibiting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-rich cells in slightly acidic microenvironment, has emerged as a new method in tumor treatment. Herein, we manufactured ultrasmall dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HD)-stabilized Fe(III)-tannic acid nanoparticles (HFTNPs). HFTNPs can specifically accumulate in inflammatory macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, provide brighter magnetic resonance images, promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and induce the death of inflammatory macrophages without damaging normal cells and tissues. In conclusion, HFTNPs have a tremendous potential as safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenshen Wang
- National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Pin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Renyuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chongxia Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yihai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Song Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
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23
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Abstract
The objective of chronotherapy is to optimize medical treatments taking into account the body's circadian rhythms. Chronotherapy is referred to and practiced in two different ways: (1) to alter the sleep-wake rhythms of patients to improve the sequels of several pathologies; (2) to take into account the circadian rhythms of patients to improve therapeutics. Even minor dysfunction of the biological clock can greatly affect sleep/wake physiology causing excessive diurnal somnolence, increase in sleep onset latency, phase delays or advances in sleep onset, frequent night awakenings, reduced sleep efficiency, delayed and shortened rapid eye movement sleep, or increased periodic leg movements. Chronotherapy aims to restore the proper circadian pattern of the sleep-wake cycle, through adequate sleep hygiene, timed light exposure, and the use of chronobiotic medications, such as melatonin, that affect the output phase of circadian rhythms, thus controlling the clock. Concerning the second use of chronotherapy, therapeutic outcomes as diverse as the survival after open-heart surgery or the efficacy and tolerance to chemotherapy vary according to the time of day. However, humans are heterogeneous concerning the timing of their internal clocks. Not only different chronotypes exist but also the endogenous human circadian period (τ) is not a stable trait as it depends on many internal and external factors. If any scheduled therapeutic intervention is going to be optimized, a tool is needed for simple diagnostic and objectively measurement of an individual's internal time at any given time. Methodologic advances like the use of single-sample gene expression and metabolomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregory M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Naeini MB, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Ganjali S, Kontush A, Jaafari MR, Sahebkar A. Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes: Therapeutic potentials against hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174308. [PMID: 34245747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes have been suggested as potential tools for cholesterol deposit mobilization from atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we explored the anti-atherosclerotic effects of phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing liposomes in vivo. High-fat diet-fed New Zealand white rabbits which were divided into groups receiving weekly intravenous injections of PS liposomes, atorvastatin-loaded PS (PSA) liposomes (100 μg phospholipid/kg), or control buffer for four weeks. The size and severity grade of atherosclerotic plaques as well as lipid profile were evaluated at the completion of study. In vitro, the expression and levels of anti/pro-inflammatory genes and proteins, respectively, and macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of nanoliposomes were evaluated. Both PS and PSA lowered serum LDL-C (P = 0.0034, P = 0.0041) and TC (P = 0.029, P = 0.0054) levels but did not alter TG and HDL-C levels. Plaque size and grade were reduced by PS (P = 0.0025, P = 0.0031) and PSA (P = 0.016, P = 0.027) versus control. Moreover, intima-media thickness was significantly reduced in the PS vs. control group (P = 0.01). In cultured cells, ICAM-1 expression in the PS (P = 0.022) and VCAM-1 expression in the PS and PSA groups (P = 0.037, P = 0.004) were suppressed while TGF-β expression was induced by both PS and PSA (P = 0.048, P = 0.046). Moreover, CEC from macrophages to nanoliposomes was enhanced by PSA (P = 0.003). Administration of anionic PS-containing liposomes could improve lipid profile and promote plaque regression through mechanisms that may involve cholesterol efflux and modulation of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Bemani Naeini
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Iran's National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shiva Ganjali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Unit 1166, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Mahmoud R Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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25
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Chamani S, Liberale L, Mobasheri L, Montecucco F, Al-Rasadi K, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The role of statins in the differentiation and function of bone cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13534. [PMID: 33656763 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors blocking cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatic cells, thereby causing an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors resulting in enhanced uptake and clearance of atherogenic LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from the blood. Accordingly, statins decrease the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its acute complications, such as acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. Besides the LDL-C-lowering impact, statins also have other so-called pleiotropic effects. Among them, the ability to modulate differentiation and function of bone cells and exert direct effects on osteosynthesis factors. Specifically, earlier studies have shown that statins cause in vitro and in vivo osteogenic differentiation. DESIGN The most relevant papers on the bone-related 'pleiotropic' effects of statins were selected following literature search in databases and were reveiwed. RESULTS Statins increase the expression of many mediators involved in bone metabolism including bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), glucocorticoids, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen and collagenase-1. As a result, they enhance bone formation and improve bone mineral density by modulating osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the literature exploring bone-related 'pleiotropic' effects of statins and suggests an anabolic role in the bone tissue for this drug class. Accordingly, current knowledge encourages further clinical trials to assess the therapeutic potential of statins in the treatment of bone disorders, such as arthritis and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Chamani
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Leila Mobasheri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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26
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Beneficial Effect of Statin Therapy on Arterial Stiffness. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5548310. [PMID: 33860033 PMCID: PMC8026295 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5548310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness describes the increased rigidity of the arterial wall that occurs as a consequence of biological aging and several diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that parameters to assess arterial stiffness, especially pulse-wave velocity, are predictive of those individuals that will suffer cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Statin therapy may be a pharmacological strategy to improve arterial elasticity. It has been shown that the positive benefits of statin therapy on cardiovascular disease is attributable not only to their lipid-lowering capacity but also to various pleiotropic effects, such as their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties. Additionally, statins reduce endothelial dysfunction, improve vascular and myocardial remodeling, and stabilize atherosclerotic plaque. The aim of the present review was to summarize the evidence from human studies showing the effects of statins on arterial stiffness.
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Zeng J, Deng Z, Zou Y, Liu C, Fu H, Gu Y, Chang H. Theaflavin alleviates oxidative injury and atherosclerosis progress via activating microRNA-24-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signal. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3418-3427. [PMID: 33755271 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Theaflavin (TF) in black tea has been shown to have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity; however, the effects and the underlying mechanism of TF on atherosclerosis (AS) remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects and the potential mechanism of TF on AS progression in vivo and in vitro. ApoE-/- mice were administrated with high fat diet (HFD) or HFD + TF (5 or 10 mg, i.g.) for 12 weeks. The results indicated that TF administration effectively decreases the serum lipid levels and the production of MDA in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, TF promotes the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and the process of histological alterations in the aorta. In vitro, TF pretreatment could protect against cholesterol-induced oxidative injuries in HUVEC cells, decreasing the level of ROS and MDA, maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Further study revealed that TF upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, TF increases the level of microRNA-24 (miR-24), and miR-24 inhibition markedly compromises TF-induced Nrf2 activation and protective effects. In conclusion, the present study indicated that theaflavins may achieve the anti-atherosclerotic effect via activating miR-24-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Gu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Chang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Javadifar A, Rastgoo S, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Foam Cells as Therapeutic Targets in Atherosclerosis with a Focus on the Regulatory Roles of Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052529. [PMID: 33802600 PMCID: PMC7961492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of human cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of mortality around the world. Various physiological and pathological processes are involved, including chronic inflammation, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, development of an environment characterized by oxidative stress and improper immune responses. Accordingly, the expansion of novel targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis is necessary. In this study, we focus on the role of foam cells in the development of atherosclerosis. The specific therapeutic goals associated with each stage in the formation of foam cells and the development of atherosclerosis will be considered. Processing and metabolism of cholesterol in the macrophage is one of the main steps in foam cell formation. Cholesterol processing involves lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification and cholesterol efflux, which ultimately leads to cholesterol equilibrium in the macrophage. Recently, many preclinical studies have appeared concerning the role of non-encoding RNAs in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Non-encoding RNAs, especially microRNAs, are considered regulators of lipid metabolism by affecting the expression of genes involved in the uptake (e.g., CD36 and LOX1) esterification (ACAT1) and efflux (ABCA1, ABCG1) of cholesterol. They are also able to regulate inflammatory pathways, produce cytokines and mediate foam cell apoptosis. We have reviewed important preclinical evidence of their therapeutic targeting in atherosclerosis, with a special focus on foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Javadifar
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Sahar Rastgoo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, 93338 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93338 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +98-5118002288 (M.B. & A.S.); Fax: +98-5118002287 (M.B. & A.S.)
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan 9479176135, Iran;
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Thomas P. Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +98-5118002288 (M.B. & A.S.); Fax: +98-5118002287 (M.B. & A.S.)
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29
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Pham L, Baiocchi L, Kennedy L, Sato K, Meadows V, Meng F, Huang CK, Kundu D, Zhou T, Chen L, Alpini G, Francis H. The interplay between mast cells, pineal gland, and circadian rhythm: Links between histamine, melatonin, and inflammatory mediators. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12699. [PMID: 33020940 PMCID: PMC9275476 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our daily rhythmicity is controlled by a circadian clock with a specific set of genes located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells that play a protective role against pathogens and inflammation. MC distribution and activation are associated with the circadian rhythm via two major pathways, IgE/FcεRI- and IL-33/ST2-mediated signaling. Furthermore, there is a robust oscillation between clock genes and MC-specific genes. Melatonin is a hormone derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is produced primarily in the pineal gland near the center of the brain, and histamine is a biologically active amine synthesized from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine by the L-histidine decarboxylase enzyme. Melatonin and histamine are previously reported to modulate circadian rhythms by pathways incorporating various modulators in which the nuclear factor-binding near the κ light-chain gene in B cells, NF-κB, is the common key factor. NF-κB interacts with the core clock genes and disrupts the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators such as IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-α. Currently, there has been no study evaluating the interdependence between melatonin and histamine with respect to circadian oscillations in MCs. Accumulating evidence suggests that restoring circadian rhythms in MCs by targeting melatonin and histamine via NF-κB may be promising therapeutic strategy for MC-mediated inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent findings for circadian-mediated MC functional roles and activation paradigms, as well as the therapeutic potentials of targeting circadian-mediated melatonin and histamine signaling in MC-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University – Central Texas, Killeen, TX, USA
| | | | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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30
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Nomani H, Mohammadpour AH, Reiner Ž, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Statin Therapy in Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation: Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory Effects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8030024. [PMID: 33652637 PMCID: PMC7996747 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurring after cardiac surgery, post-operative AF (POAF), is a serious and common complication of this treatment. POAF may be life-threatening and the available preventive strategies are insufficient or are associated with significantly increased risk of adverse effects, especially in long-term use. Therefore, more appropriate treatment strategies are needed. METHODS In this paper, the efficacy, safety, and other aspects of using statins in the prevention of POAF focusing on their anti-inflammatory effects are reviewed. RESULTS Recent studies have suggested that inflammation has a significant role in POAF, from the first AF episode to its serious complications including stroke and peripheral embolism. On the other hand, statins, the most widely used medications in cardiovascular patients, have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, they may potentially be effective in POAF prevention. Statins, especially atorvastatin, appear to be an effective option for primary prevention of POAF, especially in patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), a cardiac surgery treatment associated with inflammation in the heart muscle. However, several large studies, particularly with rosuvastatin, did not confirm the beneficial effect of statins on POAF. One large clinical trial reported higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) following high-dose rosuvastatin in Chinese population. In this study, rosuvastatin reduced the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) but did not reduce the rate of POAF. CONCLUSION Further studies are required to find the most effective statin regimen for POAF prevention with the least safety concern and the highest health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Nomani
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9179156314, Iran;
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9179156314, Iran;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9179156314, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ceter Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan 9479176135, Iran;
- Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Parsamanesh N, Karami-Zarandi M, Banach M, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 67:53-64. [PMID: 33621589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis refers to the clinical and histological characteristics of a diverse range of inflammatory cellular pathophysiological conditions which result in cardiac dysfunction. Myocarditis is a major cause of mortality in individuals less than 40 years of age and accounts for approximately 20% of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Myocarditis contributes to dilated cardiomyopathy in 30% of patients and can progress to cardiac arrest, which has a poor prognosis of <40% survival over 10 years. Myocarditis has also been documented after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The most commonly used lipid-lowering therapies, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), decrease CVD-related morbidity and mortality. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, increasing evidence supports the existence of several additional beneficial, 'pleiotropic' effects of statins. Recently, several studies have indicated that statins may attenuate myocarditis. Statins modify the lipid oxidation, inflammation, immunomodulation, and endothelial activity of the pathophysiology and have been recommended as adjuvant treatment. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of action of statins and their effects on myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2 and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Parsamanesh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Hong LZ, Xue Q, Shao H. Inflammatory Markers Related to Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Atherosclerosis: Implications for Disease Prediction and Prospective Therapeutics. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:379-392. [PMID: 33628042 PMCID: PMC7897977 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s294809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have linked a dysregulated inflammatory setting to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which is a form of chronic vascular inflammation. Various inflammatory biomarkers have been associated with inflammation and are recognized as potential tools to monitor the progression of atherosclerosis. A well-studied inflammatory marker in the context of cardiovascular diseases is C-reactive protein (CRP) or, more accurately, highly sensitive-CRP (hs-CRP), which has been established as an inflammatory biomarker for atherosclerotic events. In addition, a growing body of investigations has attempted to disclose the potential of inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and genetic polymorphisms related to innate and adaptive immunity as biomarkers for predicting the development of atherosclerosis. In this review article, we clarify both traditional and novel inflammatory biomarkers related to components of the innate and adaptive immune system that may mirror the progression or phases of atherosclerotic inflammation/lesions. Furthermore, the contribution of the inflammatory biomarkers in developing potential therapeutics against atherosclerotic treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Hong
- Emergency Department, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch), Hangzhou, 311700, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li J, Zhang Z, Yu H. Effects of statins on cytokines levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva and on clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244806. [PMID: 33417619 PMCID: PMC7793287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the effect of statins on cytokines levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva and on clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Systemically healthy controls (C group, n = 62), T2DM patients not taking statins (D group, n = 57) and T2DM patients taking statins (S group, n = 24) were recruited. In each group, subjects (40–85 years) were subclassified into the h (periodontal health)group, the g (gingivitis)group or the p (periodontitis) group according to different periodontal conditions. 17 cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples of each subject were measured utilizing the Luminex technology kit. Further, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), FPG (fasting plasma glucose), PD (probing depth), CAL (clinical attachment level), BOP (bleeding on probing), GI (gingival index) and PI (periodontal index) were recorded. Data distribution was tested through the Shapiro-Wilk test, upon which the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied followed by Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni’s correction. Results Levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the saliva of the Dh group were significantly lower than those in the Ch group, while factor IL-4 was higher (p<0.05). Levels of MIP-3α, IL-7 and IL-2 in GCF of the Dh group were considerably higher than those in the Ch group (p<0.05), while that of IL-23 was considerably lower. Compared with the Cg group, levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 were significantly lower in the saliva of the Dg group (p<0.05). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10 were detected in the Sg group than those in the Cg group (p<0.05). At the same time, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21 and MIP-3α in the gingival crevicular fluid of the Sg group were lower in comparison with the Dg group. In addition, lower levels of IL-4 and higher levels of IL-7 in GCF were identified in the Dg group than those in the Cg group, while in the Sg group, lower levels of IL-4, MIP-1αand MIP-3αwere observed than those in the Cg group (p<0.05). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and I-TAC were found in the Sp group compared with those in the Cp group. The IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were lower in the Dp group than those in the Cp group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, in the Sp group, lower levels of pro-inflammatory factors IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-21 and TNF-α, in addition to higher levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-5 in gingival crevicular fluid, were identified than those in the Dp group. Higher levels of IFN-γ,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-7,IL-21 and TNF-α and a lower level of IL-5 in the Dp group were identified than those in the Cp group (p<0.05). Moreover, statins were able to substantially reduce PD in T2DM patients with periodontitis, indicating an obvious influence on the levels of cytokines secreted by Th1 cells, Th2 cells and Th17 cells, as revealed by PCA (principal component analysis). Conclusion Statins are associated with reduced PD and cytokines levels in the GCF and saliva of T2DM patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yameng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhong Li
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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COVID-19 Is an Endothelial Disease: Implications of Nitric Oxide. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:109-113. [PMID: 33656717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are a clinically important infection site for COVID-19, both as a mechanism for disease pathogenesis and as a therapeutic target. People with dysfunctional endothelium, defined by nitric oxide deficiency, appear to have a more severe disease course. As such, nitric oxide has therapeutic potential to mitigate COVID-19 severity. Inhaled nitric oxide appears to improve outcomes, although this strategy neglects systemic endothelium. Meanwhile, early studies have documented that endothelial protective medications, such as the administration of statins and ACE-inhibitors, are associated with less severe disease and reduced mortality. Importantly, these medications augment endothelial sources of nitric oxide, which may explain this effect.
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Jaafari MR, Abdollahi E, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Impact of PCSK9 Immunization on Glycemic Indices in Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4757170. [PMID: 34504898 PMCID: PMC8423580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4757170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS To prepare the anti-PCSK9 vaccine, a peptide construct called Immunogenic Fused PCSK9-Tetanus (IFPT) was linked to the surface of nanoliposome carriers. Healthy rats received four subcutaneous injections of the vaccine at biweekly intervals. Two weeks after the last vaccination, anti-PCSK9 antibody titers, PCSK9 targeting, and inhibition of PCSK9-low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) interaction were evaluated. After verification of antibody generation, the immunized rats were intraperitoneally treated with a single dose (45 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes mellitus. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as well as the insulin tolerance test (ITT) were carried out to assess glycemic status. At the end of the study, the total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were assayed. Histopathology examination of the liver and pancreas was also performed using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. RESULTS The prepared nanoliposomal vaccine could strongly induce anti-PCSK9 antibodies in the vaccinated rats. Within one week following the STZ injection, the FBG level was lower in the vaccinated group vs. diabetic control group (49% (-171.7 ± 35 mg/dL, p < 0.001)). In the OGTT, the injected rats showed improved glucose tolerance as reflected by the reduction of blood glucose levels over 180 min, compared with the diabetic controls. Moreover, the ITT demonstrated that, after the insulin injection, blood glucose concentration declined by 49.3% in the vaccinated group vs. diabetic control group. Expectedly, the vaccinated rats exhibited lower (-26.65%, p = 0.03) plasma LDL-C levels compared with the diabetic controls. Histopathology examination of pancreas tissue demonstrated that the pancreatic islets of the vaccinated rats had a slight decline in the population of β-cells and few α-cells. Normal liver histology was also observed in the vaccinated rats. CONCLUSION PCSK9 inhibition through the liposomal IFPT vaccine can improve the glucose and insulin tolerance impairments as well as the lipid profile in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Iran's National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Abdollahi
- Department of Gynecology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona-Gora, Zielona-Gora, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wang Y, Yu Z, Jiang J, Li Y, Yu S. Mulberry leaf attenuates atherosclerotic lesions in patients with coronary heart disease possibly via 1-Deoxynojirimycin: A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13573. [PMID: 33277698 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaf tea reduces atherosclerotic lesions and its main component is Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). We aimed to explore the effects of Mulberry leaf DNJ (MLD) on atherosclerotic lesions in the patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). MLD and serum DNJ was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The CHD patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >140 mg/dl were assigned into the EG (MLD treatment) and the CG (placebo treatment) groups. Serum biochemical indices, the cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured before and after a 1-year intervention. Pearson Correlation Coefficient test was used to explore the relationship between serum levels of DNJ and IMT values. Serum DNJ was 70 ± 50 ng/ml in the EG group but no serum DNJ was detected in the CG group. The incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events in the EG was lower than that in the CG group (p < .05). MLD therapy improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and serum lipid profile (p < .05). The IMT values in the EG group were lower than those in the CG group (p < .05). Serum levels of DNJ had a strong negative relationship with IMT values. MLD treatment attenuates atherosclerotic lesions possibly via DNJ. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Mulberry leaves Deoxynojirimycin (MLD) treatment improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and serum lipid profile in heart disease patients. MLD reduce carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and serum levels of DNJ (the main ingredient of mulberry leaf) had a strong relationship with IMT values. MLD is an amazing treat used for reducing the incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events in heart disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongwei Yu
- The Third Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shui Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Stamerra CA, Di Giosia P, Ferri C, Giorgini P, Reiner Z, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statin therapy and sex hormones. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173745. [PMID: 33227286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend statin therapy for all adult patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of sex. Over recent years, some concerns have been raised concerning the effects of statins on endogenous steroid hormones synthesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the effects of statins on endogenous sex hormones in order to clarify their role and safety in different clinical settings. Results suggest that HMG-CoA inhibitors may slightly impair adrenal and/or gonadal steroid hormone production. In men, statins do not cause any clinically-relevant harmful effects on erectile function and spermatogenesis and, in women, statins have beneficial effects in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Additional research is needed to provide specific clinical recommendations concerning this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Andrea Stamerra
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Giosia
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferri
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgini
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Zeljko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
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