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Kavish N, Anderson JL. Construct Validity of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality - Self-Report Form (CAPP-SR). J Pers Assess 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39058213 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2377644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) is a concept map developed to consolidate research on psychopathy. Recently, the CAPP - Self Report form (CAPP-SR) was developed, but its psychometric properties have not been extensively or independently investigated. The current study evaluated the internal consistency, factorial structure, and construct validity of the CAPP-SR in a large sample of undergraduate and community participants. No organizational structure was superior, but a theoretically supported three factor solution representing behavioral, affective, and interpersonal traits appeared to be the optimal solution. The CAPP-SR demonstrated overlap with other preexisting psychopathy measures and the three-factor solution evinced relatively good convergent and discriminant associations with external criteria. The CAPP-SR seems to measure a similar construct to psychopathy measures, though it remains unclear whether the new measure captures meaningful information neglected by other models or outperforms them in prediction of important outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kavish
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
| | - Jaime L Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas
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2
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Velji J, Kowalski CM, Schermer JA. Are there narcissistic career choices? An investigation of narcissistic traits and vocational interests. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Duffy A, March E, Jonason PK. Intimate Partner Cyberstalking: Exploring Vulnerable Narcissism, Secondary Psychopathy, Borderline Traits, and Rejection Sensitivity. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:147-152. [PMID: 36827591 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner cyberstalking refers to the monitoring and controlling of an intimate partner through technologies. Unlike the cyberstalking of strangers, less is known about the motives and perpetration of intimate partner cyberstalking. In this study, we explore how vulnerable narcissism, secondary psychopathy, and borderline traits (i.e., the "Vulnerable Dark Triad") and rejection sensitivity relate to the perpetration of intimate partner cyberstalking. Participants (N = 278; 58 percent women) were recruited through social media and completed an anonymous online questionnaire. Positive correlations were observed between vulnerable narcissism, secondary psychopathy, borderline traits, rejection sensitivity, and intimate partner cyberstalking. Borderline traits moderated the relationship between participant sex (men and women) and intimate partner cyberstalking, and women with high borderline traits were most likely to cyberstalk intimate partners. Lastly, there was a significant indirect effect of vulnerable narcissism on intimate partner cyberstalking through rejection sensitivity. These findings highlight the importance of relational insecurity and rejection sensitivity in intimate partner cyberstalking and provide useful directions for future research exploring cyberstalking behaviors in intimate relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Duffy
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Evita March
- Psychology, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
| | - Peter K Jonason
- Department of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Dotterer HL, Vazquez AY, Hyde LW, Neumann CS, Santtila P, Pezzoli P, Johansson A, Burt SA. Elucidating the role of negative parenting in the genetic v. environmental influences on adult psychopathic traits. Psychol Med 2023; 53:897-907. [PMID: 37132644 PMCID: PMC9976022 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathic traits involve interpersonal manipulation, callous affect, erratic lifestyle, and antisocial behavior. Though adult psychopathic traits emerge from both genetic and environmental risk, no studies have examined etiologic associations between adult psychopathic traits and experiences of parenting in childhood, or the extent to which parenting practices may impact the heritability of adult psychopathic traits using a genetically-informed design. METHODS In total, 1842 adult twins from the community reported their current psychopathic traits and experiences of negative parenting during childhood. We fit bivariate genetic models to the data, decomposing the variance within, and the covariance between, psychopathic traits and perceived negative parenting into their genetic and environmental components. We then fit a genotype × environment interaction model to evaluate whether negative parenting moderated the etiology of psychopathic traits. RESULTS Psychopathic traits were moderately heritable with substantial non-shared environmental influences. There were significant associations between perceived negative parenting and three of four psychopathy facets (interpersonal manipulation, erratic lifestyle, antisocial tendencies, but not callous affect). These associations were attributable to a common non-shared environmental pathway and not to overlapping genetic effects. Additionally, we found that primarily shared environmental influences were stronger on psychopathic traits for individuals with a history of greater negative parenting. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing a genetically-informed design, we found that both genetic and non-shared environmental factors contribute to the emergence of psychopathic traits. Moreover, perceptions of negative parenting emerged as a clear environmental influence on the development of interpersonal, lifestyle, and antisocial features of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke W. Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Craig S. Neumann
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Pekka Santtila
- NYU-ECNU Institute for Social Development, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrizia Pezzoli
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ontario, CA, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ada Johansson
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology, and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Skowroński B. The Development and Validation of the Antisocial Preferences Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2366. [PMID: 36767732 PMCID: PMC9916389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create a new instrument measuring antisocial preferences based on the Theory of Social Derailment of Czesław Czapów, who indicated the role of antisocial preferences in predicting antisocial behavior. The measures used were the Antisocial Preferences Scale (APS), BPAQ, Mach-IV, and IVE questionnaires. The participants were 718 prisoners. CFA techniques were used to investigate the construct validity of the Antisocial Preferences Scale. Four alternative models of the APS were specified and tested, namely: one-factor, second-order, multi-factor, and bi-factor. CFA analyses revealed that the best-fitting model was the bifactor. This conceptualization contains seven subscales, namely: aggressiveness, lack of guilt or remorse, breaking legal norms, incapacity for mutually intimate relationships, impulsiveness, risk-taking, and egocentrism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Skowroński
- Institute of Social Prevention and Resocialization, Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Resocialization, University of Warsaw, ul. Podchorążych 20, 00-721 Warsaw, Poland
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Differences in emotional contagion, interpersonal relationships and social rewards in males and females: examining the links with primary and secondary psychopathic traits. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIndividuals with psychopathic traits display low empathy and as a result they have difficulties maintaining meaningful relationships. Emotional contagion, the ability to automatically mimic others’ emotional states (facial expressions, movements), is a precursor of empathy that contributes to relationship quality and is impaired in individuals with psychopathic traits. The current study examines sex differences in primary and secondary psychopathic traits in a sample of 389 participants (Mage = 33.61; 241 females) and the association of these personality traits with romantic and peer relationships, susceptibility to negative (sadness, fear, anger) and positive (happiness, love) emotional contagion and social motivation factors. Hierarchical multiple regressions run separately in male and female participants, revealed different factors contribute to the maintenance of primary and secondary psychopathic traits. Findings infer different difficulties in social functioning (forming and maintaining relationships), regulating emotions, empathizing via emotional contagion, and motivating factors to engage socially, relate to primary and secondary traits, as well as differences in men and women. This research reflects the importance of investigating psychopathic traits heterogeneously in males and females, to better inform prevention efforts focused on hindering the development and maintenance of these personality traits.
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Rodriguez SN, Gullapalli AR, Tirrell PS, Maurer JM, Egala U, Edwards BG, Anderson NE, Harenski CL, Decety J, Neumann CS, Kiehl KA. Automated patterns of head dynamics are associated with psychopathic traits in incarcerated women. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023; 200:111904. [PMID: 37937147 PMCID: PMC10629898 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Men with elevated psychopathic traits have been characterized by unique patterns of nonverbal communication, including more fixed and focused head positions during clinical interviews, compared to men scoring low on measures of psychopathy. However, it is unclear whether similar patterns of head dynamics help characterize women scoring high on psychopathic traits. Here, we utilized an automated detection algorithm to assess head position and dynamics during a videotaped clinical interview (i.e., the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised [PCL-R]) in a sample of n = 213 incarcerated women. PCL-R Total, Factor 1 (i.e., interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits), and Factor 2 (i.e., lifestyle/behavioral and antisocial/developmental psychopathic traits) scores were associated with a pattern of head dynamics indicative of a rigid head position. The current study extends analyses of nonverbal behavior studies in men to women and highlights how individuals with elevated psychopathic traits demonstrate unique nonverbal behaviors relative to individuals who score low on psychopathic traits. The implications and clinical value of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, MSC03-2220 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | | | - Palmer S. Tirrell
- Department of Psychology, MSC03-2220 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - J. Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Ugesh Egala
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, MSC01 1100 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Bethany G. Edwards
- Department of Psychology, MSC03-2220 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Carla L. Harenski
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, 5848 S. University Avenue, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Craig S. Neumann
- Department of Psychology, 1155Union Circle #311280, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- Department of Psychology, MSC03-2220 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Moral foundations, values, and judgments in extraordinary altruists. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22111. [PMID: 36543878 PMCID: PMC9772189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Donating a kidney to a stranger is a rare act of extraordinary altruism that appears to reflect a moral commitment to helping others. Yet little is known about patterns of moral cognition associated with extraordinary altruism. In this preregistered study, we compared the moral foundations, values, and patterns of utilitarian moral judgments in altruistic kidney donors (n = 61) and demographically matched controls (n = 58). Altruists expressed more concern only about the moral foundation of harm, but no other moral foundations. Consistent with this, altruists endorsed utilitarian concerns related to impartial beneficence, but not instrumental harm. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find group differences between altruists and controls in basic values. Extraordinary altruism generally reflected opposite patterns of moral cognition as those seen in individuals with psychopathy, a personality construct characterized by callousness and insensitivity to harm and suffering. Results link real-world, costly, impartial altruism primarily to moral cognitions related to alleviating harm and suffering in others rather than to basic values, fairness concerns, or strict utilitarian decision-making.
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Social Economic Decision-Making and Psychopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Psychopathy and Openness-to-experience as predictors of malevolent and benevolent creativity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Salgari GC, Kramer MP, Spencer CC, Dvorak R, Bohil C, O'Donnell JP, Bedwell JS. Psychometric psychopathy: Relationships with indices of reinforcement sensitivity theory factors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Garcia M, Rouchy E, Garcia M, Michel G. The network structure of psychopathic personality traits in a community sample of young adult females. Encephale 2022:S0013-7006(22)00101-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Flórez G, Ferrer V, García L, Crespo M, Pérez M, Saiz P. The Influence of Psychopathy on Incarcerated Inmates’ Cognitive Empathy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081003. [PMID: 36009066 PMCID: PMC9405578 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: there is an ongoing debate about whether psychopathic traits increase or decrease cognitive empathy/Theory of Mind. (2) Methods: using a representative sample of 204 Spanish convicted inmates incarcerated at the Pereiro de Aguiar Penitentiary in Ourense, Spain, we investigated the relationship between two tools for the assessment of psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP), and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a well-known measure of cognitive empathy. (3) Results: The results showed no clear connection between the scores on the psychopathy assessment tools and RMET performance. This lack of association was stronger when the age variable was included in the multivariate analysis. (4) Conclusions: the results of this study failed to detect any clear link between psychopathy and cognitive empathy performance. Accordingly, our results indicate that psychopathy neither improves nor worsens cognitive empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Flórez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Health Department, Pereiro de Aguiar Prison, 32792 Ourense, Spain; (V.F.); (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-650961659
| | - Ventura Ferrer
- Health Department, Pereiro de Aguiar Prison, 32792 Ourense, Spain; (V.F.); (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Luis García
- Health Department, Pereiro de Aguiar Prison, 32792 Ourense, Spain; (V.F.); (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - María Crespo
- Health Department, Pereiro de Aguiar Prison, 32792 Ourense, Spain; (V.F.); (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Health Department, Pereiro de Aguiar Prison, 32792 Ourense, Spain; (V.F.); (L.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Pilar Saiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias (SESPA), 33001 Oviedo, Spain
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Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current study examined the psychometric properties (factor structure, reliability and validity) of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth et al., 2003) in Spanish samples of male justice-involved youths between 15 and 22-years old. The PCL:YV was administered to two groups of youths who were incarcerated (n = 62; n = 95) and a sample of youth on probation (n = 122). Confirmatory factor analyses showed acceptable-to-good fit for three- and four-factor models. The four-factor hierarchical model with a second-order higher factor representing the whole psychopathy construct was considered for further analyses. PCL:YV scores showed high internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. Low-to-moderate convergence with other measures of psychopathic traits evinced an adequate convergent validity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the PCL:YV total scores were also confirmed considering several measures of psychopathology and personality traits. Importantly, the differential external correlates of the PCL:YV factors provide support for a multidimensional conceptualization of the psychopathy construct. Altogether, these results reveal adequate psychometric properties of the PCL:YV in Spanish population of justice-involved youths and justifies its use to assess psychopathic traits in this kind of populations.
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Huang Y, Zhang S, Zhong S, Gou N, Sun Q, Guo H, Lin R, Guo W, Chen H, Wang J, Zhou J, Wang X. The association of childhood adversities and mental health problems with dual-harm in individuals with serious aggressive behaviors. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:385. [PMID: 35672721 PMCID: PMC9175457 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coexistence of self-harm and aggression, which is referred to as dual-harm, is commonly seen in forensic population. Self-harm and aggression have often been studied separately, previous studies on risk factors of aggression or self-harm mainly focused on childhood adversities, emotional regulation, impulsivity and psychopathology, given their importance in the two behaviors. However, the factors associated with dual-harm remain unclear. This study aimed to explore potential risk factors associated with co-occurring self-harm among individuals with serious aggressive behaviors. METHODS This multi-center, cross-sectional case-control study was conducted from May 2013 to January 2016 and involved seven qualified forensic institutes located in seven provinces in China. Participants were individuals with serious aggressive behaviors and were suspected to have mental disorders. Lifetime history of self-harm was obtained by a self-report questionnaire, and serious aggressive behaviors were assessed with the use of participants' forensic archive. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected using a self-designed standardized data collection form, and childhood adversities was assessed using a clinician-rated scale designed by our research team. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was used to assess psychopathic traits and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to assess psychiatric symptoms of the participants. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the relevant factors for dual-harm. RESULTS A total of 423 individuals with serious aggressive behaviors were enrolled in the current study. Of them, 74 (17.5%) with self-harm history assigned into the dual-harm group (D-H) and 349 (82.5%) without self-harm history assigned into the aggression-only group (A-O). According to the binary logistic regression analysis, current diagnosis of mood disorder (OR = 3.2, 95%CI: 1.2-8.5), child abuse (OR = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.3-6.2), parental death (OR = 3.0, 95%CI: 1.2-7.5), and the score of the affective subscale in BPRS (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.3-2.4) were significantly associated with dual-harm. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested the necessity of integrated evaluation of self-harm among individuals with serious aggressive behaviors. Childhood adversities and psychiatric symptoms in this population require special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Simei Zhang
- grid.452897.50000 0004 6091 8446Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoling Zhong
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072 Department of Community Mental Health, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningzhi Gou
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Qiaoling Sun
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Ruoheng Lin
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Weilong Guo
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Hui Chen
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Jizhi Wang
- grid.452708.c0000 0004 1803 0208Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011 Hunan Province China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Renming Road 139, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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Amador-Zavala LO, Padrós-Blázquez F, Palacios-Salas P, Méndez-Sánchez C, Sánchez-Loyo LM, Reynoso-González OU. Propiedades Psicométricas de la Escala de Psicopatía de Levenson en Población General y Penitenciaria. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2022a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Kay CS, Arrow H. Taking an elemental approach to the conceptualization and measurement of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Kay
- Department of Psychology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Holly Arrow
- Department of Psychology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
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Sánchez-Bojórquez P, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, Rivera-Aragón S, Rosas-Hernández CA, García-López E. Self-Report Pychopathy Scale Short Form 4ª Edición: Adaptación y Modelamiento Estructural en Población Penitenciaria Mexicana. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2021a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hofmann MJ, Schneider S, Mokros A. Fearless but anxious? A systematic review on the utility of fear and anxiety levels to classify subtypes of psychopathy. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2021; 39:512-540. [PMID: 34723393 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathic traits have been linked to anomalies in experiencing fear and anxiety. It remains unclear, however, to what extent fear and anxiety levels are useful parameters to effectively distinguish between subtypes of psychopathy. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate whether different psychopathic phenotypes (primary and secondary psychopathy) can be delineated based on fear/anxiety levels. To investigate associations between psychopathic traits and conscious experiences of fear and/or anxiety a systematic qualitative review of studies was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Seventeen studies were included in the review. We found some evidence for attenuated fear/anxiety levels in primary psychopathy. In secondary psychopathy, the experience of fear/anxiety seemed rather intact. Moreover, primary psychopathy might be associated with a more positive appraisal of the conscious feeling of fear. We reason that consciously experienced fear and anxiety are distinctly related to primary and secondary psychopathy. Due to a lack of consistent and comprehensive operationalizations of fear and anxiety, however, conclusions about their potential to differentiate psychopathic subtypes should be drawn with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Hofmann
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schneider
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Andreas Mokros
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Klein Haneveld E, Molenaar D, de Vogel V, Smid W, Kamphuis JH. Do We Hold Males and Females to the Same Standard? A Measurement Invariance Study on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:368-379. [PMID: 34269642 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1947308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy in females has been understudied. Extant data on gender comparisons using the predominant measure of assessment in clinical practice, the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R), points to a potential lack of measurement invariance (MI). If indeed the instrument does not perform equally (well) in both genders, straightforward comparison of psychopathy scores in males and females is unwarranted. Using a sample of female and male forensic patients (N = 110 and N = 147 respectively), we formally tested for MI in a structural equation modeling framework. We found that the PCL-R in its current form does not attain full MI. Four items showed threshold-biases and particularly Factor 2 (the Social Deviance Factor) is gender biased. Based on our findings, it seems reasonable to expect that specific scoring adjustments might go a long way in bringing about more equivalent assessment of psychopathic features in men and women. Only then can we begin to meaningfully compare the genders on the prevalence, structure, and external correlates of psychopathy.
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In the blink of an eye: Quantitative blink dynamics predict deceptive personality traits in forensic interviews. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gullapalli AR, Anderson NE, Yerramsetty R, Harenski CL, Kiehl KA. Quantifying the psychopathic stare: Automated assessment of head motion is related to antisocial traits in forensic interviews. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Homicide is a significant societal problem with economic costs in the billions of dollars annually and incalculable emotional impact on victims and society. Despite this high burden, we know very little about the neuroscience of individuals who commit homicide. Here we examine brain gray matter differences in incarcerated adult males who have committed homicide (n = 203) compared to other non-homicide offenders (n = 605; total n = 808). Homicide offenders' show reduced gray matter in brain areas critical for behavioral control and social cognition compared with subsets of other violent and non-violent offenders. This demonstrates, for the first time, that unique brain abnormalities may distinguish offenders who kill from other serious violent offenders and non-violent antisocial individuals.
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Gómez-Leal R, Megías-Robles A, Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Abascal EG, Fernández-Berrocal P. Spanish Adaptation and Validation of the 34-Item Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP). J Pers Disord 2021; 35:217-235. [PMID: 31084555 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent conceptualization of psychopathy as a dimensional construct has given rise to the need for validated instruments for use in nonclinical populations. The Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP-III) is a questionnaire widely used to evaluate psychopathic traits in clinical and nonclinical samples in the English-speaking population. Using a community sample, the authors aimed to adapt and validate, to the Spanish language, the SRP-III based on the English short-form version by Mahmut, Menictas, Stevenson, and Homewood (2011). The SRP-III was administered to 1,938 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the four-factor model satisfactorily fits the data. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate for the total score and its four facets. The SRP-III also showed good construct validity as measured through its relationship with personality, depression, empathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism. These results suggest that the Spanish version of the 34-item SRP-III is an adequate measurement of psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Leal
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías-Robles
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Cunha O, Braga T, Gonçalves RA. Psychopathy and Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP1720-1738NP. [PMID: 29366397 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518754870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies found that psychopathy is an important predictor of criminal behavior in general and of intimate partner violence in particular. However, these conclusions are often based on scales with less well-established validity, and some inconsistent results have emerged with regard to the contribution of specific psychopathic facets to intimate partner violence. In a sample of 152 batterers from Portugal aged between 22 and 70 years old, we examined whether Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) total scores and the four facets (scored based on a semistructured interview and on file information) predicted the frequency of intimate partner violence. Two separate linear regression analyses were conducted controlling for criminal variables. PCL-R total scores positively predicted intimate partner violence frequency, above and beyond the criminal variables. As for the four facets, only the PCL-R affective facet held a significant effect in predicting intimate partner violence frequency after controlling for criminal variables. These results support the inclusion of psychopathy in risk assessments and treatment of perpetrators of intimate partner violence, particularly with regard to the affective deficits of the construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Cunha
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Research Center in Psychology and Development, North Lusíada University (Oporto), Portugal
| | - Teresa Braga
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Međedović J, Kovačević U. Sadism as a Key Dark Trait in the Link Between Football Fandom and Criminal Attitudes. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Football (soccer) fans, particularly those with active involvement in supporting clubs, are especially prone to violence and criminal behavior. However, there is a gap in literature regarding individual characteristics which lead to criminal behavior in this group. In the present research, we examined the Dark Tetrad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) and criminal attitudes (Violence, Entitlement, Antisocial intent, and Associates) in a group of active football fans ( N = 128) and a control group ( N = 118). We were led by a hypothesis that psychopathy and sadism as the dark traits with highest associations with violence are more pronounced in football supporters and key traits to predict criminal attitudes. The results showed that football fans had higher scores in all criminal attitude scales as well as in trait sadism. Furthermore, membership in a football supporters’ group was the most important predictor of all four measures of criminal attitudes. However, Dark Tetrad traits contributed to the prediction as well: sadism was the most important predictor of criminal attitudes, followed by psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, while narcissism had the fewest associations with the criteria measures. Finally, sadism was the only dark trait which significantly mediated the link between club supporting and criminal attitudes. Study findings help in understanding personality profiles of football supporters and provide new knowledge of the role that the Dark Tetrad traits (especially sadism) play in violence and criminal involvement in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Međedović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lago-Gonzalez L, Bronchain J, Chabrol H. Psychopathic and borderline traits in a college sample: Personality profiles and relations to self-directed and other-directed aggression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in psychiatry: a narrative review of its potential role in diagnosis. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:43-56. [PMID: 33125677 PMCID: PMC7862529 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance. It measures the diffusion of water molecules in tissues, which can occur either without restriction (i.e., in an isotropic manner) or limited by some obstacles, such as cell membranes (i.e., in an anisotropic manner). Diffusion is most often measured in terms of, inter alia, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). DTI allows us to reconstruct, visualize, and evaluate certain qualities of white matter. To date, many studies have sought to associate various changes in the distribution of diffusion within the brain with mental diseases and disorders. A better understanding of white matter integrity disorders can help us recognize the causes of diseases, as well as help create objective methods of psychiatric diagnosis, identify biomarkers of mental illness, and improve pharmacotherapy. The aim of this work is to present the characteristics of DTI as well as current research on its use in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and other mental disorders.
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Manson JH. Is Narcissism a Slow Life History Strategy Indicator?: The Answer Depends on the LHS Instrument. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 18:1474704920946236. [PMID: 32799693 PMCID: PMC10358412 DOI: 10.1177/1474704920946236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dark triad (DT) traits are differentially related to psychometrically assessed life history strategy (LHS), such that psychopathy is strongly associated with a faster LHS, whereas narcissism appears to be, if anything, a slow LHS indicator. However, the research supporting these generalizations has been based largely on undergraduate samples in which LHS has been measured using the Arizona Life History Battery (ALHB; or its short version the Mini-K), an instrument that arguably lacks adequate coverage of low-extroversion content linked to a slower LHS. In this study, 929 U.S. MTurk workers completed a set of DT instruments, a 10-item Big Five Inventory, a 42-item version of the ALHB (K-SF-42), and the life history rating form (LHRF), which is less weighted toward high extroversion content than the ALHB. Factor analysis of the DT instruments yielded factors corresponding to callousness, secondary psychopathy, and socially adaptive narcissism (leadership/authority and grandiose exhibitionism). Callousness and secondary psychopathy were fast LHS indicators with respect to both LHS instruments. Socially adaptive narcissism appeared as a slow LHS indicator with respect to the K-SF-42 but as a fast LHS indicator with respect to the LHRF. Variation in extroversion accounted entirely for the K-SF-42's positive association with socially adaptive narcissism. This study suggests that narcissism's apparent status as a slow LHS indicator may be more a matter of measurement than of substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Manson
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Verschuere B, Te Kaat L. What Are the Core Features of Psychopathy? A Prototypicality Analysis Using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). J Pers Disord 2020; 34:410-419. [PMID: 30650005 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
What are the core features of psychopathy? Previous prototypicality analyses showed that many features were considered as highly prototypical. The authors extend this work by using forced ranking to grasp which features are most important. Forensic mental health professionals ranked the 20 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) items on their importance to psychopathy. Affective-interpersonal features were judged to be of greater importance than behavioral-lifestyle features. The most important items were callous/lack of empathy, conning/manipulative, and lack of remorse or guilt, which were deemed more important than nearly all other PCL-R features. The prototypicality ranking of the 20 PCL-R items by the forensic mental health professionals showed strong overlap (r = .64 to .86) with psychometric indices of item importance (network centrality, item-total correlation, and item response theory discrimination parameter). Taken together, these findings clarify the relative importance of PCL-R features to psychopathy.
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Mahmoud AB, Hack-Polay D, Fuxman L, Massetti B, Al Samarh AZ. Developing and validating a new multi-dimensional scale for anti-social behavior in a higher education setting. Scand J Psychol 2020; 61:502-512. [PMID: 32191352 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to construct and validate a multi-dimensional scale of Anti-social Behavior (hereafter ASB) in a Western higher education context (i.e., USA). To achieve this, four studies, each with a different sample, were performed. Study 1 (n = 150) followed an exploratory design to generate a pool of potential items measuring ASB. Study 2 (n = 254) explored the dimensionality of the items produced in Study 1 using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability measures. Study 3 (n = 654) confirmed the factorial structure from Study 2 and assessed the measurement model invariance using structural equation modeling (SEM). Finally, Study 4 (n = 287) assessed the predictive validity of the ASB measure through testing a hypothetical path model linking ASB to narcissism and Machiavellianism via an SEM procedure. In total, our research findings conclude that the ASB measurement model is a two-factor multi-dimensional structure comprising: Interpersonal Antagonistic Behavior (six items) as well as Indirect Distractive Behavior (four items). The research and practical implications for universities are thereafter discussed.
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Ireland JL, Mann S, Lewis M, Ozanne R, McNeill K, Ireland CA. Psychopathy and trauma: Exploring a potential association. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 69:101543. [PMID: 32241459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research presents a series of linked studies exploring the association between psychopathy and trauma. It comprises a systematic review (n = 58), followed by an expert Delphi (n = 19), and patient file trawl using a male forensic psychiatric patient sample (n = 66). An association between psychopathy and developmental trauma was predicted. It was further predicted that different types of trauma would be associated with different subtypes of psychopathy and that the severity of trauma would be important. The systematic review identified the following core themes: presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and/or symptoms; trauma type; trauma/abuse variables; and sex differences. The ensuing Delphi study indicated the specific variant of psychopathy to be important, with secondary psychopathy particularly relevant. The final study found that the severity of developmental trauma related differentially to primary and secondary psychopathy. Implications and directions for future research are discussed, most notably with regards to the conceptualisation of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Ireland
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Sophie Mann
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Lewis
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Ozanne
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kimberley McNeill
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carol A Ireland
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston & Ashworth Research Centre, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Comparison between the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality in a representative sample of Spanish prison inmates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228384. [PMID: 32023291 PMCID: PMC7001946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of psychopathy, there is an ongoing debate about the core traits that define the disorder, and that therefore must be present to some extent in all psychopaths. The main controversy of this debate concerns criminal behaviour, as some researchers consider it a defining trait, while others disagree. Using a representative sample of 204 Spanish convicted inmates incarcerated at the Pereiro de Aguiar Penitentiary in Ourense, Spain, we tested two competing models, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), which includes criminal behaviour items, versus the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP), which does not. We used two different PCL-R models, one that includes criminal items and another that does not. PCL-R factors, facets, and testlets from both models and CAPP dimensions were correlated and compared. Two different PCL-R cut-off scores, 25 or more and 30 or more, were used for the analysis. Overall, a strong correlation was found between PCL-R and CAPP scores in the whole sample, but as scores increased and inmates became more psychopathic, the correlations weakened. All these data indicate that psychopathy, understood to mean having high scores on the PCL-R and CAPP, is a multidimensional entity, and inmates can develop the disorder and then receive the diagnosis through different dimensions. The CAPP domains showed better correlations when compared with the PCL-R factors from both models, showing that an instrument for the assessment of psychopathy without a criminal dimension is valuable for clinical assessment and research purposes.
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Gómez-Leal R, Megías-Robles A, Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Abascal EG, Fernández-Berrocal P. Relationship between the Dark Triad and depressive symptoms. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8120. [PMID: 31803535 PMCID: PMC6886484 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dark Triad (DT) is composed of three closely related personality traits: psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. These traits have been linked to emotional deficits. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the DT traits, including sub-dimensions, and depressive symptoms in order to identify those factors most strongly associated with the development of depression in individuals scoring high on DT. For these purposes, a total of 791 adults (M = 35.76 years; 24.91% males) completed a questionnaire battery including DT traits and depression measures. A positive significant correlation was found between psychopathy and Machiavellianism traits (total score and all sub-dimensions) and depressive symptoms. For narcissism, the direction of the correlation was dependent on the sub-dimension assessed. A model explaining 26.2% of the depressive symptoms scores was composed of the callous affect and criminal tendencies sub-dimensions of psychopathy, cynical view of human nature, which is a sub-dimension of Machiavellianism, and entitlement and self-sufficiency, which are sub-dimensions of narcissism. In addition, some of the relationships found between DT sub-dimensions and depressive symptoms appeared to depend on gender. Our results could have implications for detection and intervention programs aimed at decreasing the negative emotional consequences suffered by individuals with high DT scores. Limitations and future lines of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Psychopathic Disorder Subtypes Based on Temperament and Character Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234761. [PMID: 31783703 PMCID: PMC6926669 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of psychopathy has shifted from people who commit crimes to those with a particular personality and deviant behaviors. Although antisocial personality disorder is associated with psychopathy, it also seems common in individuals with narcissistic personality traits. Psychopathy may be the expression of earlier, persistent patterns of individual characteristics as personality. The psychobiological model of personality can be useful for determining whether the expression of psychopathy differs in accordance with personality dimensions and specific personality disorders. The aim was to compare temperament and character dimensions between individuals with psychopathy with comorbid predominant antisocial or narcissistic personality traits and control subjects and to determine which dimensions distinguish these groups. Control subjects (n = 80) and individuals with psychopathy (n = 80) were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Reviewed, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Reward dependence and Self-Directedness distinguish psychopathic individuals with predominant narcissistic personality traits whereas Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence characterize those with antisocial personality traits. Individuals with antisocial or narcissistic psychopathy could be identified by their temperament and character traits. The expression of psychopathy differed in accordance with biologically based, environmentally shaped personality traits.
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Hoffmeister JR, Cohoon AJ, Sorocco KH, Acheson A, Lovallo WR. Addiction resistance to alcohol: What about heavy drinkers who avoid alcohol problems? Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107552. [PMID: 31539868 PMCID: PMC6878140 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some individuals are resistant to alcohol use disorders despite high levels of intake. Addiction Resistance (AR) measures the disparity between alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms, such that some persons exhibit few (AUD) symptoms despite higher intake. The validity of the concept and the factors contributing to AR are not well understood. The aim of this study was to predict AR based on variables related to risk for addiction that are measured in the Family Health Patterns Project. METHOD Participants were healthy young adults (n = 1122) with and without a family history of alcohol and other substance use disorders who were given measures of mood stability and risk-taking tendencies, and were interviewed to determine alcohol intake, AUD symptoms, and other substance use disorders (SUD). AR was calculated using maximal lifetime alcohol intake and number of AUD symptoms. RESULTS A principal components analysis was run with varimax rotation, which yielded three components: Component 1 indexed behavioral and mood regulation, Component 2 encompassed family and environmental factors, and Component 3 included cognitive factors. A multiple regression analysis revealed that Component 1 and Component 2 were predictive of AR whereas Component 3 was not. DISCUSSION Individuals who reported greater emotional stability, norm adherence, risk avoidance, and fewer family members with substance use disorders were more resistant to AUD despite higher alcohol intake. These findings suggest that AUD risk and resistance may represent different points of the same continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Hoffmeister
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Labs, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 755 Research Parkway, Ste. 568, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Andrew J. Cohoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Labs, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 755 Research Parkway, Ste. 568, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Kristen H. Sorocco
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Labs, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 755 Research Parkway, Ste. 568, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Ashley Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - William R. Lovallo
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Labs, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 755 Research Parkway, Ste. 568, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
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Lilienfeld SO, Watts AL, Murphy B, Costello TH, Bowes SM, Smith SF, Latzman RD, Haslam N, Tabb K. Personality Disorders as Emergent Interpersonal Syndromes: Psychopathic Personality as a Case Example. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:577-622. [PMID: 31621543 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2019.33.5.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality disorders have long been bedeviled by a host of conceptual and methodological quandaries. Starting from the assumption that personality disorders are inherently interpersonal conditions that reflect folk concepts of social impairment, the authors contend that a subset of personality disorders, rather than traditional syndromes, are emergent interpersonal syndromes (EISs): interpersonally malignant configurations (statistical interactions) of distinct personality dimensions that may be only modestly, weakly, or even negatively correlated. Preliminary support for this perspective derives from a surprising source, namely, largely forgotten research on the intercorrelations among the subscales of select MMPI/MMPI-2 clinical scales. Using psychopathic personality as a case example, the authors offer provisional evidence for the EIS hypothesis from four lines of research and delineate its implications for personality disorder theory, research, and classification. Conceptualizing some personality disorders as EISs elucidates long-standing quandaries and controversies in the psychopathology literature and affords fruitful avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott O Lilienfeld
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Haslam
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Yang W, Zhang X, Wang MC, Zhong C, Luo J, Gao Y. Factor Structure and Construct Validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and Its Shorten Version in Chinese Detained Boys. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1831. [PMID: 31447751 PMCID: PMC6692477 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) was designed to assess psychopathic traits in adolescents. However, there exists limited evidence for the factor structure and psychometric properties of the YPI when used with Chinese detained juveniles. The present study aimed to examine the factor structure and construct validity of the YPI and its shortened version (YPI-S) in a sample of 607 Chinese 14- to 22-year-old detained boys (M = 17.15, SD = 1.09). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed a bifactor model which best fit the data at the subscale level for the YPI, and at the item level for the YPI-S. The internal consistency of the YPI and YPI-S scores ranged from marginal to good. Both the YPI and YPI-S total and factor scores correlated positively with the APSD, an alternative psychopathic measure, as well as with proactive and reactive aggression, and correlated negatively with affective and cognitive empathy. Overall, the YPI and YPI-S are shown to be practical and valid assessment tools to measure psychopathic traits in Chinese detained youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendeng Yang
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Juveniles Mental Health and Educational Neuroscience in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- The Center for Psychometrics and Latent Variable Modeling, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Cheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Juveniles Mental Health and Educational Neuroscience in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- The Center for Psychometrics and Latent Variable Modeling, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuxian Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Juveniles Mental Health and Educational Neuroscience in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Espinoza FA, Anderson NE, Vergara VM, Harenski CL, Decety J, Rachakonda S, Damaraju E, Koenigs M, Kosson DS, Harenski K, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Resting-state fMRI dynamic functional network connectivity and associations with psychopathy traits. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:101970. [PMID: 31473543 PMCID: PMC6728837 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies have used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine associations between psychopathy and brain connectivity in selected regions of interest as well as networks covering the whole-brain. One of the limitations of these approaches is that brain connectivity is modeled as a constant state through the scan duration. To address this limitation, we apply group independent component analysis (GICA) and dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analysis to uncover whole-brain, time-varying functional network connectivity (FNC) states in a large forensic sample. We then examined relationships between psychopathic traits (PCL-R total scores, Factor 1 and Factor 2 scores) and FNC states obtained from dFNC analysis. FNC over the scan duration was better represented by five states rather than one state previously shown in static FNC analysis. Consistent with prior findings, psychopathy was associated with networks from paralimbic regions (amygdala and insula). In addition, whole-brain FNC identified 15 networks from nine functional domains (subcortical, auditory, sensorimotor, cerebellar, visual, salience, default mode network, executive control and attentional) related to psychopathy traits (Factor 1 and PCL-R scores). Results also showed that individuals with higher Factor 1 scores (affective and interpersonal traits) spend more time in a state with weaker connectivity overall, and changed states less frequently compared to those with lower Factor 1 scores. On the other hand, individuals with higher Factor 2 scores (impulsive and antisocial behaviors) showed more dynamism (changes to and from different states) than those with lower scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor A Espinoza
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Victor M Vergara
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Srinivas Rachakonda
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eswar Damaraju
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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The network structure of psychopathic personality traits in a non-institutionalized sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zucchelli MM, Ugazio G. Cognitive-Emotional and Inhibitory Deficits as a Window to Moral Decision-Making Difficulties Related to Exposure to Violence. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1427. [PMID: 31379636 PMCID: PMC6650541 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we illustrate how exposure to violence results in an increased probability of developing functional impairments of decision mechanisms necessary for moral behavior. We focus in particular on the detrimental effects of exposure to violence on emotional (e.g., Empathy), cognitive (e.g., Theory of Mind), and inhibitory control abilities. Relying on studies that document impaired moral behavior in individuals with deficits in these abilities, we propose a "model" of how exposure to violence can affect moral behavior. We then discuss how impaired moral decision making can also be a factor increasing the likelihood of reiterating violence: agents who lack abilities such as understanding and resonating with others' emotions or inhibitory control, can lead to an increase of violent displays. Thus, if not properly addressed, the noxious effects of exposure to violence on morality can lead to a violence generating cycle. We conclude proposing that interventions targeted at improving moral behavior can maximize their efficacy focusing on mitigating the impact of violence on the basic cognitive, emotional, and inhibitory abilities discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Ugazio
- Moral Psychology Research Lab, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Geneva Finance Research Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Darjee R. Sexual Sadism and Psychopathy in Sexual Homicide Offenders: An Exploration of Their Associates in a Clinical Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:1738-1765. [PMID: 30897982 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19836872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual sadism and psychopathy are often considered synonymous with sexual homicide, but there is limited research on their associates in sexual homicide offenders. Associates of dimensional measures of sexual sadism (Sexual Sadism Scale; SeSaS) and psychopathy (Psychopathy Check List-Revised [PCL-R] total, Factor 1, and Factor 2) were examined in 51 male Scottish cases. Over a third were DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) sexual sadists, just under a third screened in with the SeSaS, and a quarter were "Hare psychopaths." Sexual sadism and PCL-R measures were moderately associated. Sexual sadism predicted control, sexual deviance, and unusual behaviour at crime scenes; attempted homicide and having a co-accused; and multiple sexual homicides and previous sexual offending. PCL-R Factor 1 predicted violent, exploitative, and evading detection behaviours at crime scenes; completed homicide; and previous violent offending. PCL-R Factor 2 predicted impulsive behaviours at crime scenes, substance misuse, and previous general offending. Psychopathy and sexual sadism play key roles in sexual homicide, interact with each other, and determine different aspects of offences and offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Darjee
- 1 Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 2 Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Moore AA, Rappaport LM, James Blair R, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Brotman MA, Hettema JM, Roberson-Nay R. Genetic underpinnings of callous-unemotional traits and emotion recognition in children, adolescents, and emerging adults. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:638-645. [PMID: 30779145 PMCID: PMC6520193 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callous-Unemotional (CU) and psychopathic traits are consistently associated with impaired recognition of others' emotions, specifically fear and sadness. However, no studies have examined whether the association between CU traits and emotion recognition deficits is due primarily to genetic or environmental factors. METHODS The current study used data from 607 Caucasian twin pairs (N = 1,214 twins) to examine the phenotypic and genetic relationship between the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) and facial emotion recognition assessed via the laboratory-based Facial Expression Labeling Task (FELT). RESULTS The uncaring/callous dimension of the ICU was significantly associated with impaired recognition of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, and disgust. The unemotional ICU dimension was significantly associated with improved recognition of surprise and disgust. Total ICU score was significantly associated with impaired recognition of sadness. Significant genetic correlations were found for uncaring/callous traits and distress cue recognition (i.e. fear and sadness). The observed relationship between uncaring/callous traits and deficits in distress cue recognition was accounted for entirely by shared genetic influences. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study replicate previous findings demonstrating impaired emotion recognition among youth with elevated CU traits. We extend these findings by replicating them in an epidemiological sample not selected or enriched for pathological levels of CU traits. Furthermore, the current study is the first to investigate the genetic and environmental etiology of CU traits and emotion recognition, and results suggest genetic influences underlie the specific relationship between uncaring/callous traits and distress cue (fear/sadness) recognition in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee A. Moore
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Lance M. Rappaport
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - R. James Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Melissa A. Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - John M. Hettema
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Anderson NE, Maurer JM, Nyalakanti P, Harenski KA, Harenski CL, Koenigs MR, Decety J, Kiehl KA. Affective and interpersonal psychopathic traits associated with reduced corpus callosum volume among male inmates - RETRACTED. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1401-1408. [PMID: 30311599 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with severe emotional and interpersonal consequences and persistent antisocial behavior. Neurobiological models of psychopathy emphasize impairments in emotional processing, attention, and integration of information across large-scale neural networks in the brain. One of the largest integrative hubs in the brain is the corpus callosum (CC) - a large white matter structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. METHOD The current study examines CC volume, measured via Freesurfer parcellation, in a large sample (n = 495) of incarcerated men who were assessed for psychopathic traits using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). RESULTS Psychopathy was associated with reduced volume across all five sub-regions of the CC. These relationships were primarily driven by the affective/interpersonal elements of psychopathy (PCL-R Factor 1), as no significant associations were found between the CC and the lifestyle/antisocial traits of psychopathy. The observed effects were not attributable to differences in substance use severity, age, IQ, or total brain volume. CONCLUSIONS These findings align with suggestions that core psychopathic traits may be fostered by reduced integrative capacity across large-scale networks in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E Anderson
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - J Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - Prashanth Nyalakanti
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - Keith A Harenski
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | - Carla L Harenski
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
| | | | | | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute,Albuquerque, NM,USA
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Psychopathic traits associated with abnormal hemodynamic activity in salience and default mode networks during auditory oddball task. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:564-580. [PMID: 29633199 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a personality disorder accompanied by abnormalities in emotional processing and attention. Recent theoretical applications of network-based models of cognition have been used to explain the diverse range of abnormalities apparent in psychopathy. Still, the physiological basis for these abnormalities is not well understood. A significant body of work has examined psychopathy-related abnormalities in simple attention-based tasks, but these studies have largely been performed using electrocortical measures, such as event-related potentials (ERPs), and they often have been carried out among individuals with low levels of psychopathic traits. In this study, we examined neural activity during an auditory oddball task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a simple auditory target detection (oddball) task among 168 incarcerated adult males, with psychopathic traits assessed via the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). Event-related contrasts demonstrated that the largest psychopathy-related effects were apparent between the frequent standard stimulus condition and a task-off, implicit baseline. Negative correlations with interpersonal-affective dimensions (Factor 1) of the PCL-R were apparent in regions comprising default mode and salience networks. These findings support models of psychopathy describing impaired integration across functional networks. They additionally corroborate reports which have implicated failures of efficient transition between default mode and task-positive networks. Finally, they demonstrate a neurophysiological basis for abnormal mobilization of attention and reduced engagement with stimuli that have little motivational significance among those with high psychopathic traits.
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Kavish N, Boisvert D, Wells J, Lewis R, Cooke E, Woeckener M, Armstrong T. On the associations between indicators of resting arousal levels, physiological reactivity, sensation seeking, and psychopathic traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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The genetic underpinnings of callous-unemotional traits: A systematic research review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:85-97. [PMID: 30817934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callous-unemotional (CU) traits represent the affective features of psychopathy used to delineate youth at high risk for externalizing pathology. The genetic etiology CU traits is not currently well-understood. METHODS The current review surveyed the literature for studies on the genetic underpinnings of CU traits and integrated information from 39 genetic studies. RESULTS The results from 24 studies with quantitative data suggest that the heritability for CU traits is likely between 36-67%. A majority of the 16 molecular genetic studies focused on candidate genes in the serotonin and oxytocin systems with results that have not been well replicated. Although two genome-wide association studies have been conducted, no genome-wide significant loci have been discovered. DISCUSSION There is some evidence to suggest that the serotonin and oxytocin systems may play a role in CU traits; however, there is currently not enough evidence to implicate specific genetic mechanisms. The authors encourage researchers to continue to apply the most up-to-date and relevant methodology, specifically collaborations and consortiums using genome-wide and polygenic methods.
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48
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Crooks D, Anderson NE, Widdows M, Petseva N, Decety J, Pluto C, Kiehl KA. The relationship between cavum septum pellucidum and psychopathic traits in female offenders. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:967-972. [PMID: 29940262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) is a common anatomical variant of the septum pellucidum. CSP is considered a marker for abnormal limbic brain development, but its functional consequences are non-specific. In a recent report (Crooks et al., 2018), CSP size was significantly positively correlated with the affective/interpersonal traits of psychopathy in male offenders (N = 1742). Here we test the hypothesis that CSP is related to psychopathic traits in incarcerated females (N = 355). We examine continuous relationships as well as categorical assignments for CSP size corresponding to a number of prior reports. We also compare female offenders to healthy female controls (N = 385). Consistent with our reported findings in males, a positive association was observed between the interpersonal psychopathic traits and CSP size. In contrast to findings among males, an association between CSP and antisocial psychopathic traits was apparent in females. There was no significant difference in CSP size (in mm) or CSP presence/absence between incarcerated and non-incarcarated groups. However, categorical rates of medium and large CSP were more common in female inmates than in controls. This is the first systematic investigation of these variables in a female inmate sample. In combination with our prior study, these findings demonstrate that limbic abnormalities, as indexed by CSP, are related to psychopathic traits in both female and male inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Crooks
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | - Nathaniel E Anderson
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Matthew Widdows
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nia Petseva
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles Pluto
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Abstract
Abstract. Prosocial behavior is intended to benefit others rather than oneself and is positively linked to personality traits such as Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility, and usually negatively to the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). However, a significant proportion of the research in this area is conducted solely on self-report measures of prosocial behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosociality and the basic (i.e., HEXACO) and dark personality traits, comparing their contribution in predicting both self-reported prosociality and prosocial behavior. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that the Dark Triad traits explain prosociality and prosocial behavior above and beyond the HEXACO traits, emphasizing the importance of the Dark Triad in the personality space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wertag
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Denis Bratko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Preston OC, Watts AL, Anestis JC, Lilienfeld SO. Psychopathic Traits' Differential Relations With Aggression Forms: Considering the Roles of Gender and Gender Role Adherence. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.8.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Research has yielded inconsistent findings between psychopathy and aggression, with findings varying as a function of type of psychopathic trait (i.e., affective, behavioral) and aggression form (i.e., physical, relational). Although some research has explored the role of gender in these relations, gender role adherence has received scant attention. Using an undergraduate sample (N = 320), we aimed to clarify mixed findings on how psychopathic traits relate to aggression forms across males and females; examine how psychopathic traits relate to gender role adherence; and ascertain the roles of gender and gender role adherence in the relations between psychopathic traits and aggression. Psychopathic traits manifested differential relations with gender role adherence such that Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) Fearless Dominance was most strongly and positively associated with Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) Masculinity, whereas PPI-R Self-Centered Impulsivity and Coldheartedness were negatively associated with BSRI Femininity. BSRI Masculinity and Femininity were uniquely and differentially associated with aggression forms, and remained associated with aggression forms above and beyond both psychopathy and gender. In addition, BSRI Masculinity moderated the relations between PPI-R Self-Centered Impusivity and physical aggression such that those high in both Masculinity and Self-Centered Impulsivity were most prone to physical aggression. In contrast, although BSRI Femininity was negatively associated with aggression, it did not buffer against aggression in the presence of psychopathic traits. Overall, our results underscore the importance of considering gender role adherence in understanding differences in psychopathy and aggression.
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