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Meyer F, Dittmann A, Kornak U, Herbster M, Pap T, Lohmann CH, Bertrand J. Chondrocytes From Osteoarthritic and Chondrocalcinosis Cartilage Represent Different Phenotypes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622287. [PMID: 33981699 PMCID: PMC8107373 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP)-based calcification of cartilage is a common finding during osteoarthritis (OA) and is directly linked to the severity of the disease and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. Chondrocalcinosis (CC) is associated with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition disease in the joint inducing OA-like symptoms. There is only little knowledge about the effect of CPPD crystals on chondrocytes and the signaling pathways involved in their generation. The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrocyte phenotype in CC cartilage and the effect of CPPD crystals on chondrocytes. Cartilage samples of patients with CC, patients with severe OA, and healthy donors were included in this study. The presence of CC was evaluated using standard X-ray pictures, as well as von Kossa staining of cartilage sections. OA severity was evaluated using the Chambers Score on cartilage sections, as well as the radiological Kellgren–Lawrence Score. Patients with radiologically detectable CC presented calcification mainly on the cartilage surface, whereas OA patients showed calcification mainly in the pericellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes. OA cartilage exhibited increased levels of collagen X and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) compared with CC and healthy cartilage. This observation was confirmed by qRT-PCR using cartilage samples. No relevant influence of CPPD crystals on hypertrophic marker genes was observed in vitro, whereas BCP crystals significantly induced hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. Interestingly, we observed an increased expression of p16 and p21 in cartilage samples of CC patients compared with OA patients and healthy controls, indicating cellular senescence. To investigate whether CPPD crystals were sufficient to induce senescence, we incubated chondrocytes with BCP and CPPD crystals and quantified senescence using β-gal staining. No significant difference was observed for the staining, but an increase of p16 expression was observed after 10 days of culture. Primary chondrocytes from CC patients produced CPPD crystals in culture. This phenotype was stabilized by mitomycin C-induced senescence. Healthy and OA chondrocytes did not exhibit this phenotype. BCP and CPPD crystals seem to be associated with two different chondrocyte phenotypes. Whereas BCP deposition is associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy, CPPD deposition is associated with cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annalena Dittmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Herbster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Kanwal A, Ullah S, Ahmad M, Pelletier J, Aslam S, Sultan S, Sévigny J, Iqbal M, Iqbal J. Synthesis and Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase Inhibition Studies of Carbohydrazides Based on Benzimidazole‐Benzothiazine Skeleton. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry Government College University Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec- Université Laval Québec, QC G1 V 4G2 Canada
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry Government College Women University Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns) Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec- Université Laval Québec, QC G1 V 4G2 Canada
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université Laval Québec, QC G1 V 0 A6 Canada
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
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Keenan CM, Beckett AJ, Sutherland H, Ranganath LR, Jarvis JC, Prior IA, Gallagher JA. Concentric lamellae - novel microanatomical structures in the articular calcified cartilage of mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11188. [PMID: 31371812 PMCID: PMC6671989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure, ultrastructure and function of hyaline articular cartilage (HAC) and subchondral bone (SCB), and their involvement in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) have been extensively researched. However, much less attention has been focused on the intervening tissue, articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and its role in the initiation and progression of OA. Using both light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a study of ACC in wild type (WT) mice, and mice with genetic osteoarthropathies (AKU) was undertaken to further understand the role played by ACC in the early stages of OA.Tibio-femoral joints were obtained from BALB/c WT and BALB/c AKU mice aged between 7 and 69 weeks. One joint was processed for routine histological analysis. The tip of the medial femoral condyle (MFC), which contained HAC, ACC, and SCB, was dissected from the contra-lateral joint and processed for TEM.In WT and AKU mice novel microanatomical structures, designated concentric lamellae, were identified surrounding chondrocytes in the ACC. The lamellae appeared to be laid down in association with advancement of the tidemark indicating they may be formed during calcification of cartilage matrix. The lamellae were associated with hypertrophic chondrocytes throughout the ACC.Novel microanatomical structures, termed concentric lamellae, which were present around hypertrophic chondrocytes in the ACC are described for the first time. Their apparent association with mineralisation, advancement of the tidemark, and greater abundance in a model of osteoarthropathy indicate their formation could be important in the pathogenesis of OA and AKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Keenan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Alison J Beckett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Jonathan C Jarvis
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ian A Prior
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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Cai Z, Feng Y, Li C, Yang K, Sun T, Xu L, Chen Y, Yan CH, Lu WW, Chiu KY. Magnoflorine with hyaluronic acid gel promotes subchondral bone regeneration and attenuates cartilage degeneration in early osteoarthritis. Bone 2018; 116:266-278. [PMID: 30149068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate efficacy of Chinese medicine magnoflorine combined with hyaluronic acid (HA)-gel in promoting subchondral bone (SCB) regeneration and attenuating cartilage degeneration in early osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS MC3T3-E1 under magnoflorine treatment was assayed by XTT to determine cell viability. Cell proliferation was reflected through cell cycle. Osteoblast mineralization was stained by Alizarin Red. Standardized bone canal of 1 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth was made on tibial medial plateau of 4-month-old Dunkin-Hartley spontaneous knee OA guinea pigs. Guinea pigs (n = 5/group) were treated once intra-bone canal injection of 2 μl HA-gel, 2 μl HA-gel+50 ng magnoflorine and null (Defect) respectively, except sham group. The left hind limbs were harvested for μCT scan and histopathological staining 2-month post-surgery. RESULTS 25 μg/ml magnoflorine treatment significantly increased cell viability, S-phase and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo, HA-gel + magnoflorine treatment significantly altered SCB microstructure; changes included increase in bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), connectivity density (Conn.Dn), and decrease in degree of anisotropy (DA), which implied trabecular bone regeneration. Treatment also resulted in a decrease in modified Mankin's scores, and an increase in volume ratio of hyaline cartilage (HC)/calcified cartilage (CC) and fractal dimension (FD, roughness indicator of osteochondral conjunction), compared to Defect and HA groups. Furthermore, FD was positively associated with volume ratio of HC/CC and negatively associated with modified Mankin's scores. Finally, histological results showed that due to a faster regeneration of SCB with the HA-gel + magnoflorine treatment, the reduction of cartilage matrix and the decreased expression of chondrogenic signals were attenuated. CONCLUSION Our study elucidated the potential benefits of HA-gel + magnoflorine in promoting SCB regeneration and revealed a protective effect of stimulating recovery of the SCB integrity on attenuating cartilage degradation to prevent OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Traumatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chentian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kedi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tianhao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chun-Hoi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William Weijia Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kwong-Yuen Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Kudo T, Nakatani S, Kakizaki M, Arai A, Ishida K, Wada M, Kobata K. Supplemented Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Suppress Mineralization of the Chondrogenic Cell Line, ATDC5, via Direct Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:2075-2080. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | - Ai Arai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Masahiro Wada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Jiang LB, Cao L, Dong J. Does autophagy activation really inhibit calcification of endplate chondrocytes under intermittent cyclic mechanical tension? Bone 2015; 75:240-1. [PMID: 25445444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Nadel Y, Lecka J, Gilad Y, Ben-David G, Förster D, Reiser G, Kenigsberg S, Camden J, Weisman GA, Senderowitz H, Sévigny J, Fischer B. Highly potent and selective ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I inhibitors based on an adenosine 5'-(α or γ)-thio-(α,β- or β,γ)-methylenetriphosphate scaffold. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4677-91. [PMID: 24846781 DOI: 10.1021/jm500196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) activity is associated with chondrocalcinosis, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes. The potential of NPP1 inhibitors as therapeutic agents, and the scarceness of their structure-activity relationship, encouraged us to develop new NPP1 inhibitors. Specifically, we synthesized ATP-α-thio-β,γ-CH2 (1), ATP-α-thio-β,γ-CCl2 (2), ATP-α-CH2-γ-thio (3), and 8-SH-ATP (4) and established their resistance to hydrolysis by NPP1,3 and NTPDase1,2,3,8 (<5% hydrolysis) (NTPDase = ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase). Analogues 1-3 at 100 μM inhibited thymidine 5'-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester hydrolysis by NPP1 and NPP3 by >90% and 23-43%, respectively, and only slightly affected (0-40%) hydrolysis of ATP by NTPDase1,2,3,8. Analogue 3 is the most potent NPP1 inhibitor currently known, Ki = 20 nM and IC50 = 0.39 μM. Analogue 2a is a selective NPP1 inhibitor with Ki = 685 nM and IC50 = 0.57 μM. Analogues 1-3 were found mostly to be nonagonists of P2Y1/P2Y2/P2Y11 receptors. Docking analogues 1-3 into the NPP1 model suggested that activity correlates with the number of H-bonds with binding site residues. In conclusion, we propose analogues 2a and 3 as highly promising NPP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Nadel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Orfanidou T, Malizos KN, Varitimidis S, Tsezou A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and extracellular inorganic phosphate activate mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway through fibroblast growth factor 23 contributing to hypertrophy and mineralization in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:241-53. [PMID: 22393163 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophy and impaired mineralization are two processes closely associated with osteoarthritis (OA). 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1a,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are two important factors that are implicated in calcium and phosphate homeostasis of bone metabolism and both can be regulated by the circulating phosphaturic factor fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 1a,25(OH)(2)D(3) and Pi and the molecular mechanism through which they contribute to hypertrophy and mineralization in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. For this purpose, primary human chondrocytes were obtained from articular cartilage which was collected after total knee replacement surgery in OA patients. FGF23, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c (FGFR1c), vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), and phosphate inorganic transporter-1 and -2 (PiT-1 and PiT-2) expression levels were evaluated and found to be significantly higher in OA chondrocytes compared with normal. In addition, we observed that the binding of FGF23 to FGFR1c was stronger in OA chondrocytes compared with normal. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed, for the first time, the presence of two vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the FGF23 promoter. Treatment of normal chondrocytes with 1a,25(OH)(2)D(3) or Pi resulted in significant up-regulation of VDR, FGF23, PiT-1, PiT-2 mRNA and protein levels, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and induction of hypertrophy markers collagen type X (COL10A1), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), catabolic markers metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and the apoptotic marker caspase-9. Furthermore, VDR silencing in OA chondrocytes negatively regulated FGF23, COL10A1, OPN, OC, MMP-13 and caspase-9 expressions and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Finally, combined VDR silencing and PiT-1, PiT-2 inhibition in OA chondrocytes resulted in additive down-regulation of FGF23 expression, ERK1/2 activation and COL10A1, OPN, OC, MMP-13 and caspase-9 expression levels. We propose that 1a,25(OH)(2)D(3) and Pi act synergistically through FGF23 signaling and ERK1/2 phosphorylation contributing to late hypertrophic events and impaired mineralization in osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoklia Orfanidou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece
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van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis: role in initiation and progression of cartilage degeneration? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:223-32. [PMID: 22178514 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the role and regulation of chondrocyte terminal differentiation (hypertrophy-like changes) in osteoarthritis (OA) and to integrate this in a conceptual model of primary OA development. METHODS Papers investigating chondrocyte terminal differentiation in human OA cartilage and experimental models of OA were recapitulated and discussed. Focus has been on the occurrence of hypertrophy-like changes in chondrocytes and the factors described to play a role in regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes in OA. RESULTS Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes are reported in both human OA and experimental OA models by most investigators. These changes play a crucial part in the OA disease process by protease-mediated cartilage degradation. We propose that altered chondrocyte behavior and concomitant cartilage degradation result in a disease-amplifying loop, leading to a mixture of disease stages and cellular responses within an OA joint. CONCLUSION Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes play a role in early and late stage OA. Since not all cells in an OA joint are synchronized, inhibition of hypertrophy-like changes might be a therapeutic target to slow down further OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University, Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Developmental mechanisms in articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS 2010; 2011:683970. [PMID: 22046522 PMCID: PMC3199933 DOI: 10.1155/2011/683970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritic condition, which involves progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. The most recent accomplishments have significantly advanced our understanding on the mechanisms of the disease development and progression. The most intriguing is the growing evidence indicating that extracellular matrix destruction in osteoarthritic articular cartilage resembles that in the hypertrophic zone of fetal growth plate during endochondral ossification. This suggests common regulatory mechanisms of matrix degradation in OA and in the development and can provide new approaches for the treatment of the disease by targeting reparation of chondrocyte phenotype.
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Biomineralization and matrix vesicles in biology and pathology. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:409-17. [PMID: 21140263 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In normal healthy individuals, mineral formation is restricted to specialized tissues which form the skeleton and the dentition. Within these tissues, mineral formation is tightly controlled both in growth and development and in normal adult life. The mechanism of calcification in skeletal and dental tissues has been under investigation for a considerable period. One feature common to almost all of these normal mineralization mechanisms is the elaboration of matrix vesicles, small (20-200 nm) membrane particles, which bud off from the plasma membrane of mineralizing cells and are released into the pre-mineralized organic matrix. The first crystals which form on this organic matrix are seen in and around matrix vesicles. Pathologic ectopic mineralization is seen in a number of human genetic and acquired diseases, including calcification of joint cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis and mineralization of the cardiovasculature resulting in exacerbation of atherosclerosis and blockage of blood vessels. Surprisingly, increasing evidence supports the contention that the mechanisms of soft tissue calcification are similar to those seen in normal skeletal development. In particular, matrix vesicle-like membranes are observed in a number of ectopic calcifications. The purpose of this review is to describe how matrix vesicles function in normal mineral formation and review the evidence for their participation in pathologic calcification.
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Differentiation and mineralization of murine mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells in micromass culture. Differentiation 2010; 79:211-7. [PMID: 20356667 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The murine mesenchymal cell line, C3H10T1/2 in micromass culture undergoes chondrogenic differentiation with the addition of BMP-2. This study compares the use of BMP-2 vs. insulin, transferrin, and sodium selenite (ITS) to create a chondrogenic micromass cell culture system that models cartilage calcification in the presence of 4mM inorganic phosphate. BMP-2 treated cultures showed more intense alcian blue staining for proteoglycans than ITS treated cultures at early time points. Both ITS and BMP-2 treated cultures showed similar mineral deposition in cultures treated with 4mM phosphate via von Kossa staining, however FTIR spectroscopy of cultures showed different matrix properties. ITS treated cultures produced matrix that more closely resembled mouse calcified cartilage by FTIR analysis. (45)Ca uptake curves showed delayed onset of mineralization in cultures treated with BMP-2, however they had an increased rate of mineralization (initial slope of (45)Ca uptake curve) when compared to the cultures treated with ITS. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of both collagens type I and type II in BMP-2 and ITS treated control (1mM inorganic phosphate) and mineralizing cultures. BMP-2 treated mineralizing cultures displayed more intense staining for collagen type II than all other cultures. Collagen type X staining was detected at Day 9 only in mineralizing cultures treated with ITS. Western blotting of Day 9 cultures confirmed the presence of collagen type X in the mineralizing ITS cultures, and also showed very small amounts of collagen type X in BMP-2 treated cultures and control ITS cultures. By Day 16 all cultures stained positive for collagen type X. These data suggest that BMP-2 induces a more chondrogenic phenotype, while ITS treatment favors maturation and hypertrophy of the chondrocytes in the murine micromass cultures.
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Nakatani S, Mano H, Sampei C, Shimizu J, Wada M. Chondroprotective effect of the bioactive peptide prolyl-hydroxyproline in mouse articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1620-7. [PMID: 19615963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the direct effect of prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) on chondrocytes under in vivo and in vitro conditions in an attempt to identify Pro-Hyp as the bioactive peptide in collagen hydrolysate (CH). METHODS The in vivo effects of CH and Pro-Hyp intake on articular cartilage were studied by microscopic examination of sections of dissected articular cartilage from treated C57BL/6J mice. In this study, mice that were fed diets containing excess phosphorus were used as an in vivo model. This mouse line showed loss of chondrocytes and reduced thickness of articular cartilage, with abnormality of the subchondral bone. The in vitro effects of CH, Pro-Hyp, amino acids and other peptides on proliferation, differentiation, glycosaminoglycan content and mineralization of chondrocytes were determined by MTT activity and staining with alkaline phosphatase, alcian blue and alizarin red. Expression of chondrogenesis-specific genes in ATDC5 cells was determined by semiquantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In vivo, CH and Pro-Hyp inhibited the loss of chondrocytes and thinning of the articular cartilage layer caused by phosphorus-induced degradation. In the in vitro study, CH and Pro-Hyp did not affect chondrocyte proliferation but inhibited their differentiation into mineralized chondrocytes. A combination of amino acids such as proline, hydroxyproline and prolyl-hydroxyprolyl-glycine did not affect chondrocyte proliferation or differentiation. Moreover, CH and Pro-Hyp caused two and threefold increases, respectively, in the staining area of glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix of ATDC5 cells. RT-PCR indicated that Pro-Hyp increased the aggrecan mRNA level approximately twofold and decreased the Runx1 and osteocalcin mRNA levels by two-thirds and one-tenth, respectively. CONCLUSION Pro-Hyp is the first bioactive edible peptide derived from CH to be shown to affect chondrocyte differentiation under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakatani
- Department of Food Functional Science, Graduate School of Pharmacology, Josai University, Keyakidai 1-1, Sakado, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Blom AB, Brockbank SM, van Lent PL, van Beuningen HM, Geurts J, Takahashi N, van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FA, Schreurs BW, Clements K, Newham P, van den Berg WB. Involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in experimental and human osteoarthritis: prominent role of Wnt-induced signaling protein 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:501-12. [PMID: 19180479 DOI: 10.1002/art.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling pathway proteins are involved in embryonic development of cartilage and bone, and, interestingly, developmental processes appear to be recapitulated in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. The present study was undertaken to characterize the expression pattern of Wnt and Fz genes during experimental OA and to determine the function of selected genes in experimental and human OA. METHODS Longitudinal expression analysis was performed in 2 models of OA. Levels of messenger RNA for genes from the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway were determined in synovium and cartilage, and the results were validated using immunohistochemistry. Effects of selected genes were assessed in vitro using recombinant protein, and in vivo by adenoviral overexpression. RESULTS Wnt-induced signaling protein 1 (WISP-1) expression was strongly increased in the synovium and cartilage of mice with experimental OA. Wnt-16 and Wnt-2B were also markedly up-regulated during the course of disease. Interestingly, increased WISP-1 expression was also found in human OA cartilage and synovium. Stimulation of macrophages and chondrocytes with recombinant WISP-1 resulted in interleukin-1-independent induction of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanase. Adenoviral overexpression of WISP-1 in murine knee joints induced MMP and aggrecanase expression and resulted in cartilage damage. CONCLUSION This study included a comprehensive characterization of Wnt and Frizzled gene expression in experimental and human OA articular joint tissue. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that WISP-1 expression is a feature of experimental and human OA and that WISP-1 regulates chondrocyte and macrophage MMP and aggrecanase expression and is capable of inducing articular cartilage damage in models of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen B Blom
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Thouverey C, Bechkoff G, Pikula S, Buchet R. Inorganic pyrophosphate as a regulator of hydroxyapatite or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate mineral deposition by matrix vesicles. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:64-72. [PMID: 18603452 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological mineralization is induced by unbalance between pro- and anti-mineralization factors. In calcifying osteoarthritic joints, articular chondrocytes undergo terminal differentiation similar to that in growth plate cartilage and release matrix vesicles (MVs) responsible for hydroxyapatite (HA) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)) is a likely source of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) to sustain HA formation when hydrolyzed but also a potent inhibitor preventing apatite mineral deposition and growth. Moreover, an excess of PP(i) can lead to CPPD formation, a marker of pathological calcification in osteoarthritic joints. It was suggested that the P(i)/PP(i) ratio during biomineralization is a turning point between physiological and pathological mineralization. The aim of this work was to determine the conditions favoring either HA or CPPD formation initiated by MVs. METHODS MVs were isolated from 17-day-old chicken embryo growth plate cartilages and subjected to mineralization in the presence of various P(i)/PP(i) ratios. The mineralization kinetics and the chemical composition of minerals were determined, respectively, by light scattering and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS The formation of HA is optimal when the P(i)/PP(i) molar ratio is above 140, but is completely inhibited when the ratio decreases below 70. The retardation of any mineral formation is maximal at P(i)/PP(i) ratio around 30. CPPD is exclusively produced by MVs when the ratio is below 6, but it is inhibited for the ratio exceeding 25. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the P(i)/PP(i) ratio being a determinant factor leading to pathological mineralization or its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thouverey
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Gruber HE, Norton HJ, Sun Y, Hanley EN. Crystal deposits in the human intervertebral disc: implications for disc degeneration. Spine J 2007; 7:444-50. [PMID: 17630142 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Although crystal deposition in cartilage and synovial fluid has received much attention, crystal formation and the role that crystal deposits play are virtually unexplored in the intervertebral disc. In articular cartilage matrix, crystal deposits are associated with altered extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell phenotypic features, but crystal deposition in the human intervertebral disc has received much less attention. PURPOSE To determine the incidence of crystal deposits in the annulus and to evaluate associated disc cell and ECM features. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Human intervertebral disc annulus tissue was obtained in a prospective study of the presence of crystals in the disc ECM. Human Subjects Institutional Review Board approved experimental studies. PATIENT SAMPLE Two hundred eight sequential disc specimens were submitted from surgical disc procedures performed on individuals with herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, or recurrent disc herniation. During this same time period, three disc specimens were received from nonsurgical donors and added to the study population. OUTCOME MEASURES Histologic features with special attention to crystal deposition. METHODS Specimens were processed undecalcified and examined for the histologic presence of crystal deposits and ECM features around the crystals. RESULTS The proportion of specimens containing crystals was determined to be 14.7%; crystals displayed varying sizes, morphology, and polarized light birefringence features. Pyrophosphate crystals were most common, but oxalate-like crystals were also present. ECM in crystal regions showed previously recognized alterations. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the incidence of crystal deposits in discs is approximately 15% and is thus a relatively common occurrence. These data are important because masses of crystals not only disrupt disc ECM but may also accelerate preexisting degenerative changes via an elevation in matrix metalloproteinases (as previously recognized in cartilage). Because failure of the structural integrity of the disc can result in annular tears and subsequent disc herniation, the mechanisms of crystal formation and the relationship between crystals and disc degeneration merit further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Biology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA.
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Nakatani S, Mano H, Im R, Shimizu J, Wada M. Glucosamine regulates differentiation of a chondrogenic cell line, ATDC5. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:433-8. [PMID: 17329833 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressing chronic joint disease. Glucosamine (GlcN) is a saccharide that is widely used to relieve symptoms associated with OA. However, the mechanism of the effects of GlcN on articular cartilage remains unclear. We studied the effects of GlcN and its analogues, including chitin derivatives included in health supplements containing GlcN, on a chondrogenic cell line, ATDC5. We examined the effects of these saccharides on the proliferation and differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Glucosamine analogues, such as N-acetyl glucosamine and chitobiose, did not affect the proliferation or differentiation of ATDC5 cells. While GlcN did not affect the proliferation of ATDC5 cells, it inhibited their differentiation. Next, we examined whether GlcN affects mineralization and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production by ATDC5 cells. Mineralization was markedly inhibited by addition of GlcN to the cell culture medium. Moreover, GlcN induced the formation of sulfated GAG in ATDC5. We also analyzed the mRNA levels in ATDC5 cells. GlcN reduced the mRNA levels of Smad2, Smad4 and MGP. GlcN might inhibit expression of MGP mRNA and induce the production of chondroitin sulfate in ATDC5 cells. The mechanism by which GlcN inhibits mineralization may be by regulating the expression of mRNA for the Smad2 and Smad4 chondrogenic master genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Nakatani
- Department of Food Functional Science, Graduate School of Pharmacology, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0248, Japan
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Tchetina EV, Kobayashi M, Yasuda T, Meijers T, Pidoux I, Poole AR. Chondrocyte hypertrophy can be induced by a cryptic sequence of type II collagen and is accompanied by the induction of MMP-13 and collagenase activity: implications for development and arthritis. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:247-58. [PMID: 17306969 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether a peptide of type II collagen which can induce collagenase activity can also induce chondrocyte terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) in articulate cartilage. Full depth explants of normal adult bovine articular cartilage were cultured with or without a 24 mer synthetic peptide of type II collagen (residues 195-218) (CB12-II). Peptide CB12-II lacks any RGD sequence and is derived from the CB12 fragment of type II collagen. Type II collagen cleavage by collagenase was measured by ELISA in cartilage and medium. Real-time RT-PCR was used to analyze gene expression of the chondrocyte hypertrophy markers COL10A1 and MMP-13. Immunostaining for anti-Ki67, anti-PCNA, (proliferation markers), type X collagen, cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases (hypertrophy markers) and TUNEL staining (hypertrophy and apoptosis markers) were used to detect progressive maturational stages of chondrocyte hypertrophy. At high but naturally occurring concentrations (10 microM and up) the collagen peptide CB12-II induced an increase in the expression of MMP-13 (24 h) and cleavage of type II collagen by collagenase in the mid zone (day 4) and also in the superficial zone (day 6). Furthermore the peptide induced an increase in proliferation on day 1 in the mid and deep zones extending to the superficial zone by day 4. There was also upregulation of COL10A1 expression at day 4 and of type X staining in the mid zone extending to the superficial zone by day 6. Apoptotic cell death was increased by day 4 in the lower deep zone and also in the superficial zone at day 7. The increase in apoptosis in the deep zone was also seen in controls. Our results show that the induction of collagenase activity by a cryptic peptide sequence of type II collagen, is accompanied by chondrocyte hypertrophy and associated with cellular and matrix changes. This induction occurs in the mid and superficial zones of previously healthy articular cartilage. This response of the chondrocyte to a cryptic sequence of denatured type II collagen may play a role in naturally occurring hypertrophy in endochondral ossification and in the development of cartilage pathology in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Tchetina
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nakatani S, Mano H, Ryanghyok IM, Shimizu J, Wada M. Excess magnesium inhibits excess calcium-induced matrix-mineralization and production of matrix gla protein (MGP) by ATDC5 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:1157-62. [PMID: 16904632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We found that excessive extracellular Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ affected the process of matrix mineralization and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production by cells of the prechondrogenic cell line, ATDC5. Excess Ca2+ induced both matrix mineralization and GAG production in the cells. On the other hand, excess Mg2+ reduced this Ca2+-mediated rise in both mineralization and GAG production in them. Next we measured the mRNA levels of cartilage-associated genes such as calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), matrix gla protein (MGP), bone gla protein (BGP), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in ATDC5 cells. Excess Ca2+ increased the MGP, BGP, and CaSR mRNA levels, and excess Mg2+ reduced the Ca2+-induced increase in the MGP mRNA level in the cells. The changes in the MGP mRNA level paralleled those in the MGP protein level. These data show that Ca2+ and Mg2+ regulated the matrix mineralization positively and negatively, respectively, in ATDC5 cells and suggest that excess Mg2+ might inhibit the excess Ca2+-promoted mineralization mediated by MGP induction in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Nakatani
- Department of Food Functional Science, Graduate School of Pharmacology, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Rutsch F, Terkeltaub R. Deficiencies of physiologic calcification inhibitors and low-grade inflammation in arterial calcification: lessons for cartilage calcification. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 72:110-8. [PMID: 15797489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apart from clinical parallels, similarities in the pathogenesis of arterial and articular cartilage calcification have come to light in recent years. These include the roles of aging, of chronic low-grade inflammation and of genetic and acquired dysregulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)) metabolism. This review focuses on recent developments in understanding the pathogenesis of artery calcification pertinent to interpretation of the mechanistic basis for articular cartilage calcification in aging and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rutsch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Gómez-Barrena E, Sánchez-Pernaute O, Largo R, Calvo E, Esbrit P, Herrero-Beaumont G. Sequential changes of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in articular cartilage during progression of inflammatory and degenerative arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:917-22. [PMID: 15249318 PMCID: PMC1755102 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.008904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate immunolocalisation of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in two sequential models of experimental cartilage damage (inflammatory and degenerative) in order to elucidate differences in chondrocyte response to the disease. METHODS Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal rabbit antiserum to the N-terminal domain of PTHrP was used to detect this protein in two different rabbit models sharing progressive cartilage damage: antigen induced arthritis (AIA) and osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to partial medial meniscectomy. Cartilage specimens from early (2 days in AIA; 8 weeks in experimental OA) and late (3 weeks in AIA; 52 weeks in OA) disease were compared. RESULTS Cell and matrix PTHrP staining in early AIA and OA was similar to that in controls. Late AIA cartilage showed a significant decrease in PTHrP positive cells and in the cartilage matrix. In contrast, at late OA stages, distinct PTHrP positivity was detected in proliferating cell clones, as assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining around cartilage damaged areas. CONCLUSION PTHrP staining of hyaline articular cartilage shows a different pattern during progression of each type of arthritis: an overall decrease associated with the inflammatory disease, and an increase in the proliferating chondrocyte clones with degenerative arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gómez-Barrena
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Kuboki T, Kanyama M, Nakanishi T, Akiyama K, Nawachi K, Yatani H, Yamashita K, Takano-Yamamoto T, Takigawa M. Cbfa1/Runx2 gene expression in articular chondrocytes of the mice temporomandibular and knee joints in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:519-25. [PMID: 12798155 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Healthy articular cartilage is thought to be maintained by the modulation of Cbfa1 expression, although little is currently known about Cbfa1 expression in such tissues. Therefore, we examined in vivo Cbfa1 transcript levels in the temporomandibular (TM) and knee joints of 3- and 10-week-old male ICR mice (weighing 50-70 g). A digoxigenin-11-UTP-labeled single-stranded RNA probe (0.6 kbp PstI-HindIII fragment of the 3' of untranslated region in exon 8 of mouse Cbfa1 cDNA) was prepared and in situ hybridization was performed on paraffin-embedded TM and knee joint sections. The antisense probe detected Cbfa1 transcripts in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, but not in the articular surface layer chondrocytes of 3- and 10-week-old mice TMJs. Despite the intense Cbfa1 expression in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, articular surface layer chondrocytes of the knee joints expressed low and undetectable level of Cbfa1 in the 3- and 10-week-old mice, respectively. These results indicate that Cbfa1 are highly expressed in the prehypertrophic chondrocytes presumably for articular tissue remodeling during the entire lifespan of the mouse, whereas Cbfa1 expression is suppressed in the articular surface chondrocytes in the adult mouse TM and knee joints to obtain the permanent cartilage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
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Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals include partially carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate. They may form deposits, which are frequently asymptomatic but may give rise to a number of clinical syndromes including calcific periarthritis, Milwaukee shoulder syndrome, and osteoarthritis, in and around joints. Recent data suggest that magnesium whitlockite, another form of BCP, may play a pathologic role in arthritis. Data from the past year have provided further understanding of the mechanisms by which BCP crystals induce inflammation and degeneration. There remains no specific treatment to modify the effects of BCP crystals. Although potential drugs are being identified as the complex pathophysiology of BCP crystals is unraveled, much work remains to be done in order to translate research advances to date into tangible clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn S Molloy
- Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Rutsch F, Terkeltaub R. Parallels between arterial and cartilage calcification: what understanding artery calcification can teach us about chondrocalcinosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003; 15:302-10. [PMID: 12707585 DOI: 10.1097/00002281-200305000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of arterial calcification and chondrocalcinosis has become concurrently illuminated in recent years. For example, both processes occur in chronic inflammation-mediated degenerative diseases associated with aging (including atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis). Both processes are also modulated by altered gene expression by resident cells and by the release of mineralization-competent cell fragments (matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies). Among the variety of genetic diseases associated with artery calcification are disorders that also promote cartilage calcification and/or dysregulated bone formation. Our discussion highlights that pathologic arterial and articular cartilage calcification both can be owing to genetic deficiencies of calcification inhibitors such as the inorganic pyrophosphate-generating ectoenzyme PC-1/nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1. Conversely, pathologic arterial and articular cartilage calcification also can primarily arise as a consequence of active processes driven by inflammatory cytokines and by disordered calcium and inorganic phosphate homeostasis. As discussed in this review, recent developments in the pathogenesis of arterial calcification provide valuable information pertinent to potential future advances in controlling chondrocalcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rutsch
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Beyth S, Liebergall M, Mosheiff R. Myositis ossificans circumscripta of the sacrotuberous ligament: a case report and review of the literature. J Orthop Trauma 2002; 16:672-4. [PMID: 12368649 DOI: 10.1097/00005131-200210000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue ossification is a well-known phenomenon in various pathologic conditions. Myositis ossificans circumscripta refers to posttraumatic calcification of soft tissue, including various ligaments. However, posttraumatic calcification of ligaments in the pelvis is a rare complication described only anecdotally in the past. We present a rare case of posttraumatic calcification of the sacrotuberous ligament in a patient, several months after suffering a pelvic trauma. This is one of the differential diagnoses of soft tissue pain and tenderness after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Beyth
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Boskey AL. Pathogenesis of cartilage calcification: mechanisms of crystal deposition in cartilage. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4:245-51. [PMID: 12010610 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-002-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apatite crystals form in physiologically calcified tissues, including the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate. While apatite crystals appear as unwanted deposits in other cartilage sites, more frequently, crystalline materials other than or in addition to apatite develop in dystrophic cartilage deposits. These crystalline materials include calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and other calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate phases, monosodium urate, calcium oxalate, cholesterol, and crystallized proteins. This review describes the physical chemistry of crystal deposition and the events that occur in the growth plate as a basis for understanding the pathogenesis of nonphysiologic crystal deposition in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Boskey
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Nurminskaya MV, Linsenmayer TF. Immunohistological analysis of transglutaminase factor XIIIA expression in mouse embryonic growth plate. J Orthop Res 2002; 20:575-8. [PMID: 12038633 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(01)00146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated the expression of Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA), a coagulation transglutaminase, in avian embryonic growth plate. To explore whether FXIIIA is also expressed by chondrocytes of the mammalian cartilage anlagen of bones, we analyzed the mouse embryonic growth plate by immunostaining using anti-FXIIIA antibodies developed against human and chicken proteins. We revealed the expression of FXIIIA in the epiphyseal growth plate, where FXIIIA appears first intracellularly in the zone of proliferation/maturation, and remains intra- and extracellularly throughout the hypertrophic zone. Externalization of FXIIIA occurs before mineralization. Transglutaminase activity was assayed in organ cultures using rhodamine-labeled synthetic substrate Pro-Val-Lys-Gly. Enzymatic activity shows a restricted distribution in cartilage and correlates with FXIIIA expression pattern, suggesting that cartilagenous transglutaminase activity is due, at least partially, to the FXIIIA isoform. We conclude, that coagulation factor FXIIIA is expressed by chondrocytes of embryonic mouse long bone cartilages in a strictly regulated pattern, which correlates with chondrocyte differentiation and matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Nurminskaya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Chapter 2 Calcium homeostasis and signaling in aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(02)10014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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