1
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Liu X, Goldsmith CL, Kang KE, Vedlitz A, Adelman ZN, Buchman LW, Heitman E, Medina RF. General science-technology orientation, specific benefit-risk assessment frame, and public acceptance of gene drive biotechnology. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024; 44:1381-1395. [PMID: 37882685 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
With limited understanding of most new biotechnologies, how do citizens form their opinion and what factors influence their attitudes about these innovations? In this study, we use gene drive biotechnology in agricultural pest management as an example and theoretically propose that given low levels of knowledge and awareness, citizens' acceptance of, or opposition to, gene drive is significantly shaped by two predisposition factors: individuals' general orientation toward science and technology, and their specific benefit-risk assessment frame. Empirically, we employ data collected from a recent US nationally representative public opinion survey (N = 1220) and conduct statistical analyses to test the hypotheses derived from our theoretical expectations. Our statistical analyses, based on various model specifications and controlling for individual-level covariates and state-fixed effects, show that citizens with a more favorable general orientation toward science and technology are more likely to accept gene drive. Our data analyses also demonstrate that citizens' specific gene drive assessment frame-consisting of a potential benefit dimension and a potential risk dimension, significantly shapes their attitudes as well-specifically, people emphasizing more on the benefit dimension are more likely to accept gene drive, whereas those who place more importance on the risk dimension tend to oppose it. We discuss contributions of our study and make suggestions for future research in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- Department of Government and Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Carol L Goldsmith
- Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ki Eun Kang
- Department of Public Administration, California State University, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Arnold Vedlitz
- Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Leah W Buchman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Heitman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Raul F Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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2
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Duke R, McCoy R, Risko C, Bursten JRS. Promises and Perils of Big Data: Philosophical Constraints on Chemical Ontologies. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11579-11591. [PMID: 38640489 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Chemistry is experiencing a paradigm shift in the way it interacts with data. So-called "big data" are collected and used at unprecedented scales with the idea that algorithms can be designed to aid in chemical discovery. As data-enabled practices become ever more ubiquitous, chemists must consider the organization and curation of their data, especially as it is presented to both humans and increasingly intelligent algorithms. One of the most promising organizational schemes for big data is a construct termed an ontology. In data science, ontologies are systems that represent relations among objects and properties in a domain of discourse. As chemistry encounters larger and larger data sets, the ontologies that support chemical research will likewise increase in complexity, and the future of chemistry will be shaped by the choices made in developing big data chemical ontologies. How such ontologies will work should therefore be a subject of significant attention in the chemical community. Now is the time for chemists to ask questions about ontology design and use: How should chemical data be organized? What can be reasonably expected from an organizational structure? Is a universal ontology tenable? As some of these questions may be new to chemists, we recommend an interdisciplinary approach that draws on the long history of philosophers of science asking questions about the organization of scientific concepts, constructs, models, and theories. This Perspective presents insights from these long-standing studies and initiates new conversations between chemists and philosophers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Duke
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Ryan McCoy
- Department of Philosophy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Julia R S Bursten
- Department of Philosophy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
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3
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Resnik DB, Stewart CN, Williams F, Thiele C, Yamada KM, Barker K. Ethical decision-making and role conflict in managing a scientific laboratory. Account Res 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37482770 PMCID: PMC10822020 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2023.2236553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Scientists who manage research laboratories often face ethical dilemmas related to conflicts between their different roles, such as researcher, mentor, entrepreneur, and manager. It is not known how often uncertainty about conflicting role obligations leads scientists to engage in unethical conduct, but this probably occurs more often than many people would like to think. In this paper, we reflect on ethical decision-making in scientific laboratory management with special attention to how different roles create conflicting obligations and expectations that may produce moral uncertainty and lead to violations of research norms, especially when combined with self-interest and other factors that increase the risk of misbehavior. We also offer some suggestions and guidance for investigators and research institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Resnik
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NC, USA
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences and Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee
| | - Faustine Williams
- National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health
| | - Carol Thiele
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kathy Barker
- School of Public Health, University of Washington
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4
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Yadav BK, Ng W, Vu H, Fachiroh J, Tsuruyama T, Zhou L, Henderson MK, Gokhale S, Furuta K. Improving Public Trust in Biobanking: Roundtable Discussions from the 2021 ISBER Annual Meeting. Biopreserv Biobank 2023; 21:308-312. [PMID: 35834557 PMCID: PMC10398726 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanking is a relatively newly recognized and innovative branch of science, which includes the collection of samples and associated data from hospitals, diagnostic centers, and voluntary donations for biomedical and environmental research. It involves diverse stakeholders at the junction of society, science, ethics, law, and politics. A key element in the success of a biobank is the trust and support of public donors, clinicians, and scientists. To achieve trust, it is important to implement strategies that can increase biobank awareness in common people, and different types of communities. Biobank laws and regulations and transparent governance by the biobanks are also crucial to achieving public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne Ng
- Victorian Cancer Biobank, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hanh Vu
- Integrated Glyco-Molecular Science Center, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Jajah Fachiroh
- Biobank Development Team/Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tatsuaki Tsuruyama
- Kitano Medical Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Li Zhou
- Tumour Bank, The Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHWTB), Westmead, Australia
| | - Marianne K. Henderson
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH/DHHS, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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5
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Asher R, Hyun I, Head M, Cosgrove GR, Silbersweig D. Neuroethical implications of focused ultrasound for neuropsychiatric illness. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:806-814. [PMID: 37150289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MR-guided focused ultrasound is a promising intervention for treatment-resistant mental illness, and merits contextualized ethical exploration in relation to more extensive ethical literature regarding other psychosurgical and neuromodulation treatment options for this patient population. To our knowledge, this topic has not yet been explored in the published literature. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss in detail the neuroethical implications of MR-guided focused ultrasound for neuropsychiatric illness as an emerging treatment modality. METHODS Due to the lack of published literature on the topic, the approach involved a detailed survey and review of technical and medical literature relevant to focused ultrasound and established ethical issues related to alternative treatment options for patients with treatment-resistant, severe and persistent mental illness. The manuscript is structured according to thematic and topical findings. RESULTS This technology has potential benefits for patients suffering with severe mental illness, compared with established alternatives. The balance of technical, neuroscientific and clinical considerations should inform ethical deliberations. The nascent literature base, nuances in legal classification and permissibility depending upon jurisdiction, influences of past ethical issues associated with alternative treatments, tone and framing in media articles, and complexity of clinical trials all influence ethical assessment and evaluations of multiple stakeholders. Recommendations for future research are provided based on these factors. CONCLUSION Salient ethical inquiry should be further explored by researchers, clinicians, and ethicists in a nuanced manner methodologically, one which is informed by past and present ethical issues related to alternative treatment options, broader psychiatric treatment frameworks, pragmatic implementation challenges, intercultural considerations, and patients' ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Asher
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Mitchell Head
- Te Kotahi Research Institute/University of Waikato, Gate 4C, 194H Hillcrest Rd, Hillcrest, Hamilton, 3216, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David Silbersweig
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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6
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Ratcliff CL, Wicke R. How the public evaluates media representations of uncertain science: An integrated explanatory framework. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:410-427. [PMID: 36196654 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221122960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how to portray uncertain science to the public is a pressing goal for science communication. This study compared US public audience reactions to a news article depicting a novel discovery in neurogenomics as certain or uncertain, with statements of (un)certainty attributed to either affiliated or unaffiliated scientists. The uncertainty disclosure had no main effect on perceived news article credibility, scientist trustworthiness, objectivity of the scientists' depiction, or willingness to participate in genomic research. However, news credibility and scientist objectivity ratings were higher for uncertainty disclosure attributed to the affiliated scientists. Participants with greater preference for information about uncertainty found the scientists more trustworthy, their depictions more balanced, and the news article more credible when the research was described as uncertain, and these effects were stronger for affiliated scientist attribution. Findings underscore the important roles of disclosure source and audience characteristics in public reactions to media representations of scientific uncertainty.
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7
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Lee JY, Lim J, Choi JH, Lee BH. Can a wonder material be a popular item? A hype cycle of shifts in the sentiment of the interested public about graphene. TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2022.2136068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Science and Technology Management Policy, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- NTIS Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeongsub Lim
- School of Media, Arts, and Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byeong-Hee Lee
- Department of Science and Technology Management Policy, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- NTIS Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Korea
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8
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Scheufele DA, Krause NM, Freiling I. Misinformed About The “Infodemic?” Science’s Ongoing Struggle With Misinformation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Marcon AR, Murdoch B, Caulfield T. Peddling promise? An analysis of private umbilical cord blood banking company websites in Canada. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 22:609-622. [PMID: 33890172 PMCID: PMC8558271 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-021-09919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Private umbilical cord blood banking is growing around the world. A family's decision to bank cord blood publicly or privately can be influenced by numerous sources including healthcare practitioners, personal networks, the popular press, social media and marketing discourse from private entities. Issues have been raised concerning how private banks market their services, particularly with regards to the likelihood of use and for what purposes cord blood can be used. The objective of this study was to analyze the marketing on the seven company websites offering private cord blood storage in Canada. We performed a mix of content and general qualitative analysis on the seven websites. Our analysis shows substantial hype around cord blood uses, amplifying the promise of speculative uses and distorting the likelihood of use. Findings show that this promotional messaging often deploys communication strategies which draw on testimonials and emotionally-charged narratives. Questions should be asked about whether the promissory aspects of these websites constitute breaches of Canadian law or regulation. Careful monitoring of the private cord blood space is important for ensuring that the Canadian public is adequately and accurately informed of the services being offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake Murdoch
- Faculty of Law, Health Law Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Faculty of Law, Health Law Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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10
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Paget SP, Campbell L, Blaxland A, Lewis J, Morrow AM, Wimalasundera N. 'Life-changing surgery': English-language news media representation of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Child Care Health Dev 2021; 47:844-850. [PMID: 34251700 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a neurosurgical intervention to reduce spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Parents researching SDR for their child may be influenced by framing of SDR in news media articles they read. This study examined framing of SDR in English-language news media. METHODS Content analysis of English-language news media articles including the search term 'rhizotomy' in the Factiva database published July 2015 to July 2018 in online or print form in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, United States of America and the United Kingdom. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-six articles were identified describing 91 different children (45 male), almost all with cerebral palsy, median age 4 years old. One hundred and twenty-six articles were written prior to surgery; in many articles, SDR surgery involved travel overseas and/or fundraising. SDR was described universally in positive terms with little discussion of risks. Content of articles variably included the specialized nature of SDR, parental frustration with their local health system and their hope for positive outcomes. There was geographical variation in both numbers of articles and content. CONCLUSIONS SDR is a common focus in cerebral palsy news media articles in some countries. Framing in these articles supports SDR as a beneficial and specialized procedure and may lead families to believe they need to work outside their local health systems. As news media are likely an important influence on families' attitudes to SDR, clinicians should be aware of this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Paul Paget
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lani Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anneliese Blaxland
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Lewis
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Mary Morrow
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Goldstein CM, Murray EJ, Beard J, Schnoes AM, Wang ML. Science Communication in the Age of Misinformation. Ann Behav Med 2021; 54:985-990. [PMID: 33416836 PMCID: PMC7791627 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral medicine scientists, practitioners, and educators can engage in evidence-based science communication strategies to amplify the science and combat misinformation. Such efforts are critical to protect public health during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and to promote overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Goldstein
- The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleanor J Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Beard
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Monica L Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Pagnaer T, Siermann M, Borry P, Tšuiko O. Polygenic risk scoring of human embryos: a qualitative study of media coverage. BMC Med Ethics 2021; 22:125. [PMID: 34537037 PMCID: PMC8449454 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-021-00694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) technologies enable embryo genotyping across the whole genome. This has led to the development of polygenic risk scoring of human embryos (PGT-P). Recent implementation of PGT-P, including screening for intelligence, has been extensively covered by media reports, raising major controversy. Considering the increasing demand for assisted reproduction, we evaluated how information about PGT-P is communicated in press media and explored the diversity of ethical themes present in the public debate. METHODS LexisNexis Academic database and Google News were searched to identify articles about polygenic embryo screening. This led to 535 news articles. 59 original articles met the inclusion criteria. Inductive content analysis was used to analyse these articles. RESULTS 8.8% of articles gave embryo polygenic scoring a positive portrayal, while 36.8% expressed a negative attitude. 54.4% were neutral, mostly highlighting limited practical value of the technology in in vitro fertilization settings. We identified five main ethical themes that are also present in academic literature and the broader debate on reproductive technologies: a slippery slope towards designer babies, well-being of the child and parents, impact on society, deliberate choice and societal readiness. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of embryo polygenic profiling engenders a need for specific recommendations. Current media analysis discloses important ethical themes to consider when creating future guidelines for PGT-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiny Pagnaer
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Siermann
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Borry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Tšuiko
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Ratcliff CL, Wong B, Jensen JD, Kaphingst KA. The Impact of Communicating Uncertainty on Public Responses to Precision Medicine Research. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:1048-1061. [PMID: 34297059 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine research depends upon recruiting large and diverse participant cohorts to provide genetic, environmental, and lifestyle data. How prospective participants react to information about this research, including depictions of uncertainty, is not well understood. PURPOSE The current study examined public responses to precision medicine research, focusing on reactions toward (a) uncertainty about the scientific impact of sharing data for research, and (b) uncertainty about the privacy, security, or intended uses of participant data. METHODS U.S. adults (N = 674; 51.9% male; 50% non-Hispanic white; Mage = 42.23) participated in an online experimental survey. Participants read a manipulated news article about precision medicine research that conveyed either certainty or uncertainty of each type (scientific, data). Participants then rated their attitudes toward the research, trust in the researchers, and willingness to join a cohort. We tested direct and mediated paths between message condition and outcomes and examined individual characteristics as moderators. RESULTS Overall attitudes were positive and a majority of participants (65%) reported being somewhat or very likely to participate in precision medicine research if invited. Conveying uncertainty of either type had no overall main effect on outcomes. Instead, those who reported perceiving greater uncertainty had lower attitudes, trust, and willingness to join, while those with more tolerance for uncertainty, support for science, and scientific understanding responded favorably to the scientific uncertainty disclosure. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest responses to precision medicine research uncertainty are nuanced and that successful cohort enrollment may be well-supported by a transparent approach to communicating with prospective participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Ratcliff
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Bob Wong
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kaphingst
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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14
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Caulfield T, Bubela T, Kimmelman J, Ravitsky V. Let’s do better: public representations of COVID-19 science. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID science is being both done and circulated at a furious pace. While it is inspiring to see the research community responding so vigorously to the pandemic crisis, all this activity has also created a churning sea of bad data, conflicting results, and exaggerated headlines. With representations of science becoming increasingly polarized, twisted, and hyped, there is growing concern that the relevant science is being represented to the public in a manner that may cause confusion, inappropriate expectations, and the erosion of public trust. Here we explore some of the key issues associated with the representations of science in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these issues are not new. But the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a spotlight on the biomedical research process and amplified the adverse ramifications of poor public communication. We need to do better. As such, we conclude with 10 recommendations aimed at key actors involved in the communication of COVID-19 science, including government, funders, universities, publishers, media, and the research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law and Policy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Tania Bubela
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Vardit Ravitsky
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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15
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Nallamothu BK, Schultz J, Petty S. True Negatives: Disseminating Research on Null, Inconclusive, and Confirmatory Findings in Cardiovascular Science. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 13:e007448. [PMID: 32998527 PMCID: PMC7571848 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Petty
- Center for Biomedical Research Transparency, New York, NY (S.P.)
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16
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Roberson TM. Can hype be a force for good?: Inviting unexpected engagement with science and technology futures. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:544-552. [PMID: 32438851 DOI: 10.1177/0963662520923109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hype, or simplified and sensationalised science, appears to be inescapable in science communication with examples extending from viral social media accounts and 'breakthrough'-themed press releases, to the mediated claims of the celebrity scientist. In science communication, the negative effects of hype are familiar. The question is whether hype is always a distortion and a lie, or can it be redeemed? This essay reviews the contribution of hype to science, specifically in terms of encouraging reflexivity for science and technology. I present three perspectives on hype and invite further conversation on the role of hype in science communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Roberson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Centre for Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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17
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Murdoch B, Marcon AR, Caulfield T. The law and problematic marketing by private umbilical cord blood banks. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:52. [PMID: 32611408 PMCID: PMC7329494 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Private umbilical cord blood banking is a for-profit industry in which parents pay to store blood for potential future use. Governments have noted the tendency for private banks to oversell the potential for cord blood use, especially in relation to speculative cell therapies not yet supported by clinical evidence. We assessed the regulatory landscape governing private cord bank marketing in Canada. Main body Because the problematic marketing of private cord blood banking for future use often relates to speculative future cell therapies that do not exist and are not being advertised for current clinical use, most private blood bank marketing seems to fall outside Health Canada’s regulatory scope. However, this problematic marketing is regulated by the Competition Bureau pursuant to the Competition Act. While representations relating to future hypothetical treatments may not always be subject to the legal requirement for claim substantiation, the law also prohibits individuals and companies from knowingly or recklessly making representations that are “false or misleading in a material respect.” A representation is materially false or misleading when it could “influence a consumer’s behavior or purchasing decisions,” and consumers are likely to be considered to be “credulous and inexperienced” for the purposes of assessing an advertisement’s general impression. Because all of the potential benefit of the banking is derived from the potential future use of the biological material for health interventions directed toward the customers and their relatives, and because we know the best available medical evidence indicates a very low probability of utility in this context, we can say with confidence that some private cord blood banking claims are materially misleading. Moreover, to the extent that medical professionals are involved in private bank interactions with customers or hold ownership stakes in private banks, they are subject to professional codes, standards of practice, and potentially fiduciary obligations that further prohibit misleading marketing. Conclusions Private cord blood bank marketing that advertises hypothetical future treatments can be misleading and may influence consumer behaviour. This marketing may breach existing advertising law. Regulatory bodies should enforce the law in order to help prevent public health and personal financial harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Murdoch
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Alessandro R Marcon
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H5, Canada.
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Determinants of stakeholders' intention to adopt pharmacogenomic. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 20:801-812. [PMID: 32457399 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing, which aims to identify the genes that affect our responses to drugs, has been favoured by healthcare professionals as a means of maximising drug efficacy and improving the safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare. Support from the public is needed to determine the successful development of this technology and its implementation in society. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to analyse factors that influence stakeholders' intentions to adopt pharmacogenomic testing in Malaysia. A validated instrument was administered through face-to-face interviews with a total of 421 adult respondents who were stratified according to 2 stakeholder groups: healthcare providers (n = 221) and patients/family members (n = 200). The data were then analysed using SPSS® version 24 software and the advanced multivariate statistical approach of Partial Least Square (PLS) path modelling in order to analyse the complex relationships among variables. Results of the studies indicated that the Malaysian stakeholders had a high amount of trust in the key players (mean score of 5.31), perceived high benefits (mean score of 5.53) and claimed to have high intentions of adopting PGx (mean score of 5.39). The majority of the predictors have significant direct relationships with the intention to adopt PGx, with the exception of moral concerns. Perceived benefits appeared to be the most important direct predictor of the intention to adopt PGx testing (ß = 0.371, P < 0.001) followed by trust in the key players (ß = 0.312, P < 0.001), engagement (ß = 0.272, P < 0.001) and religiosity (ß = 0.133, P < 0.01). In addition, perceived risks also had a direct negative association with the intention to adopt PGx (ß = -0.096, P < 0.05). At the same time, the perceived benefits also served as a mediator for all the other factors except risk. The results provide insights into the multidimensional nature of the determinants of the intention to adopt PGx testing in Malaysia. Although the results showed that the stakeholders in Malaysia were very positive towards PGx testing, they were also cautious about it. The predictors identified in this study can serve as indicators for social acceptance of PGx testing to facilitate the clinical research and implementation of PGx.
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Hopf H, Matlin SA, Mehta G, Krief A. Blocking the Hype‐Hypocrisy‐Falsification‐Fakery Pathway is Needed to Safeguard Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2150-2154. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hopf
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig 38106 Germany
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
| | - Stephen A. Matlin
- Institute of Global Health InnovationImperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad India
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
| | - Alain Krief
- Chemistry DepartmentNamur University Belgium
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
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Hopf H, Matlin SA, Mehta G, Krief A. Blocking the Hype‐Hypocrisy‐Falsification‐Fakery Pathway is Needed to Safeguard Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hopf
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig 38106 Germany
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
| | - Stephen A. Matlin
- Institute of Global Health InnovationImperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad India
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
| | - Alain Krief
- Chemistry DepartmentNamur University Belgium
- The co-authors are all members of theInternational Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development Namur Belgium
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Garza C, Stover PJ, Ohlhorst SD, Field MS, Steinbrook R, Rowe S, Woteki C, Campbell E. Best practices in nutrition science to earn and keep the public's trust. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:225-243. [PMID: 30657846 PMCID: PMC6900562 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Public trust in nutrition science is the foundation on which nutrition and health progress is based, including sound public health. An ASN-commissioned, independent Advisory Committee comprehensively reviewed the literature and available public surveys about the public's trust in nutrition science and the factors that influence it and conducted stakeholder outreach regarding publicly available information. The Committee selected 7 overlapping domains projected to significantly influence public trust: 1) conflict of interest and objectivity; 2) public benefit; 3) standards of scientific rigor and reproducibility; 4) transparency; 5) equity; 6) information dissemination (education, communication, and marketing); and 7) accountability. The literature review comprehensively explored current practices and threats to public trust in nutrition science, including gaps that erode trust. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of peer-reviewed material specifically focused on nutrition science. Available material was examined, and its analysis informed the development of priority best practices. The Committee proposed best practices to support public trust, appropriate to ASN and other food and nutrition organizations motivated by the conviction that public trust remains key to the realization of the benefits of past, present, and future scientific advances. The adoption of the best practices by food and nutrition organizations, such as ASN, other stakeholder organizations, researchers, food and nutrition professionals, companies, government officials, and individuals working in the food and nutrition space would strengthen and help ensure earning and keeping the public's continued trust in nutrition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutberto Garza
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Patrick J Stover
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Martha S Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Robert Steinbrook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Catherine Woteki
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric Campbell
- Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
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Wayant C, Vassar M. A comparison of matched interim analysis publications and final analysis publications in oncology clinical trials. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:2384-2390. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Benjaminy S, Schepmyer A, Illes J, Traboulsee A. Resilience, trust, and civic engagement in the post-CCSVI era. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:366. [PMID: 29769084 PMCID: PMC5956844 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scientific and financial investments in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) research have been made to address both the hope for and scepticism over this interventional strategy for MS. Despite limited evidence in support of the CCSVI hypothesis, the funding of clinical research was responsive to a demand by the public rarely seen in the history of medicine. We characterize patient perspectives about the CCSVI research trajectory, with particular attention to its impact on other non-pharmaceutical areas of MS research with a focus on stem cell interventions. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 20 MS patients across Canada who did not have CCSVI interventions. Interviews were analysed for recurring themes and individual variations using the constant comparative approach. Results Participants had a critical view of the divestment of funds from longstanding research to support CCSVI trials. They retain a sense of optimism, however, about emerging evidence for stem cell interventions for MS, and highlight the need for greater caution and conscientious communication of advances in medicine and science. Conclusions The unrealized hopes for CCSVI challenged but did not undermine the resilience of patient communities. The narrative that unfolded highlights the importance of drawing a socially-minded space for public participation in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Benjaminy
- Neuroethics Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Illinois, Canada.,Current: Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Schepmyer
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Illinois, Canada
| | - Judy Illes
- Neuroethics Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Anthony Traboulsee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Illinois, Canada.
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Phages Make for Jolly Good Stories. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040209. [PMID: 29677137 PMCID: PMC5923503 DOI: 10.3390/v10040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy has an intriguing history. It was widely used from the 1920s until the 1940s. After this period, it was nearly completely forgotten in the Western world, while it continued to be used in the Soviet part of the globe. The study of the history of phage therapy provides valuable input into the present development of the field. Science journalists uncovered much of this history and played an important role in the communication of phage therapy after the fall of the Soviet Union, when it came to the attention of Western researchers and doctors. This interest was fueled by the antibiotic resistance crisis. At this time, communication about phage therapy had a wide potential audience, that encompassed medical experts and researchers, as well as the public, because knowledge about this forgotten therapy was very limited. In such a situation, good communication had and still has the potential to catalyze important discussions among different groups; whereas, bad communication could have considerably hindered and still can hinder the possible renaissance of phage therapy.
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Marcon AR, Bieber M, Caulfield T. Representing a "revolution": how the popular press has portrayed personalized medicine. Genet Med 2018; 20:950-956. [PMID: 29300377 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the portrayal of "personalized" and "precision" medicine (PM) in North American news over the past decade. Content analysis of print and online news was conducted to determine how PM has been defined and to identify the frames used to discuss PM, including associated topics, benefits, and concerns. METHODS A data set was built using the FACTIVA database, searching for popular North American publications with the terms "personalized (personalised) medicine" and/or "precision medicine" from 1 January 2005 to 15 March 2016. The final set of publications totaled 774. RESULTS PM is almost exclusively defined as related to genetics and is often part of a story related to cancer. The PM story is overwhelmingly one of highlighting (potential) benefits and optimism, especially in shorter publications, and ones where PM is not the main focus. This promotional PM discourse has remained fairly consistent over the past decade. CONCLUSION The numerous concerns associated with PM have received little attention over the past decade, especially in articles more likely to be encountered by a more general audience. This promotion of PM serves as an example of the science hyping that takes place in science reportage and may have implications for consumers, public expectations, and related health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro R Marcon
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Bieber
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
In this commentary, we consider questions related to research integrity in data-intensive science and argue that there is no need to create a distinct category of misconduct that applies to deception related to processing, analyzing, or interpreting data. The best way to promote integrity in data-intensive science is to maintain a firm commitment to epistemological and ethical values, such as honesty, openness, transparency, and objectivity, which apply to all types of research, and to promote education, policy development, and scholarly debate concerning appropriate uses of statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Resnik
- a National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Kevin C Elliott
- b Lyman Briggs College , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.,c Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.,d Department of Philosophy , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| | - Patricia A Soranno
- c Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| | - Elise M Smith
- a National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Wolt JD. Safety, Security, and Policy Considerations for Plant Genome Editing. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 149:215-241. [PMID: 28712498 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with engineered nucleases (GEEN) is increasingly used as a tool for gene discovery and trait development in crops through generation of targeted changes in endogenous genes. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with associated Cas9 protein), in particular, has enabled widespread use of genome editing. Research to date has not comprehensively addressed genome-editing specificity and off-target mismatches that may result in unintended changes within plant genomes or the potential for gene drive initiation. Governance and regulatory considerations for bioengineered crops derived from using GEEN will require greater clarity as to target specificity, the potential for mismatched edits, unanticipated downstream effects of off-target mutations, and assurance that genome reagents do not occur in finished products. Since governance and regulatory decision making involves robust standards of evidence extending from the laboratory to the postcommercial marketplace, developers of genome-edited crops must anticipate significant engagement and investment to address questions of regulators and civil society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Wolt
- Biosafety Institute for Genetically Modified Agricultural Products, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Crop Bioengineering Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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Brall C, Maeckelberghe E, Porz R, Makhoul J, Schröder-Bäck P. Research Ethics 2.0: New Perspectives on Norms, Values, and Integrity in Genomic Research in Times of Even Scarcer Resources. Public Health Genomics 2017; 20:27-35. [PMID: 28288472 PMCID: PMC5516405 DOI: 10.1159/000462960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research ethics anew gained importance due to the changing scientific landscape and increasing demands and competition in the academic field. These changes are further exaggerated because of scarce(r) resources in some countries on the one hand and advances in genomics on the other. In this paper, we will highlight the current challenges thereof to scientific integrity. To mark key developments in research ethics, we will distinguish between what we call research ethics 1.0 and research ethics 2.0. Whereas research ethics 1.0 focuses on individual integrity and informed consent, research ethics 2.0 entails social scientific integrity within a broader perspective of a research network. This research network can be regarded as a network of responsibilities in which every stakeholder involved has to jointly meet the ethical challenges posed to research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brall
- Department of International Health, School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Ethics Unit, Bern University Hospital Inselspital, Inselgruppe AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Els Maeckelberghe
- Institute for Medical Education, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rouven Porz
- Clinical Ethics Unit, Bern University Hospital Inselspital, Inselgruppe AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jihad Makhoul
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Peter Schröder-Bäck
- Department of International Health, School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Sawai T, Hatta T, Fujita M. Public attitudes in Japan towards human-animal chimeric embryo research using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Med 2017; 12:233-248. [PMID: 28332949 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To understand the steps and objectives for which Japanese people are willing to accept human-animal chimeric embryo research using human induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS An internet-based survey was conducted for the general public and researchers in Japan in 2016. RESULTS Over 60% of the public and 83.8% of researchers supported the creation of human-swine chimeras and 81.0% of the public and 92.4% of researchers supported the creation of human-swine chimeric embryos. DISCUSSION When presented with a graded view of human-swine chimeric embryo research with concomitant, specific objectives, a large majority of the general public as well as researchers are willing to accept this research with the aims of disease study, novel drug and treatment development, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sawai
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taichi Hatta
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Misao Fujita
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Amin L, Hashim H, Mahadi Z, Ibrahim M, Ismail K. Determinants of stakeholders' attitudes towards biodiesel. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:219. [PMID: 28932261 PMCID: PMC5602935 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern about the inevitable depletion of global energy resources is rising and many countries are shifting their focus to renewable energy. Biodiesel is one promising energy source that has garnered much public attention in recent years. Many believe that this alternative source of energy will be able to sustain the need for increased energy security while at the same time being friendly to the environment. Public opinion, as well as proactive measures by key players in industry, may play a decisive role in steering the direction of biodiesel development throughout the world. Past studies have suggested that public acceptance of biofuels could be shaped by critical consideration of the risk-benefit perceptions of the product, in addition to the impact on the economy and environment. RESULTS The purpose of this study was to identify the relevant factors influencing stakeholders' attitudes towards biodiesel derived from crops such as palm oil for vehicle use, as well as to analyse the interrelationships of these factors in an attitude model. A survey of 509 respondents, consisting of various stakeholder groups in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia, was undertaken. The results of the study have substantiated the premise that the most important direct predictor of attitude to biodiesel is the perceived benefits (β = 0.80, p < 0.001). Attitude towards biodiesel also involves the interplay between other factors, such as engagement to biotechnology, trust of key players, attitude to technology, and perceived risk. CONCLUSION Although perceived benefit has emerged as the main predictor of public support of biodiesel, the existence of other significant interactions among variables leads to the conclusion that public attitude towards biodiesel should be seen as a multi-faceted process and should be strongly considered prior to its commercialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifah Amin
- Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Hasrizul Hashim
- Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mahadi
- Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Maznah Ibrahim
- Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Khaidzir Ismail
- Pusat Citra Universiti, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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Master Z, McDonald M, Paciulli D, Longstaff H. A Primer on Ethics Education for Stem Cell and Biomedical Scientists. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Satalkar P, Elger BS, Shaw DM. Defining Nano, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine: Why Should It Matter? SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2016; 22:1255-1276. [PMID: 26373718 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, which involves manipulation of matter on a 'nano' scale, is considered to be a key enabling technology. Medical applications of nanotechnology (commonly known as nanomedicine) are expected to significantly improve disease diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and subsequently reduce health care costs. However, there is no consensus on the definition of nanotechnology or nanomedicine, and this stems from the underlying debate on defining 'nano'. This paper aims to present the diversity in the definition of nanomedicine and its impact on the translation of basic science research in nanotechnology into clinical applications. We present the insights obtained from exploratory qualitative interviews with 46 stakeholders involved in translational nanomedicine from Europe and North America. The definition of nanomedicine has implications for many aspects of translational research including: fund allocation, patents, drug regulatory review processes and approvals, ethical review processes, clinical trials and public acceptance. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the field and common interest in developing effective clinical applications, it is important to have honest and transparent communication about nanomedicine, its benefits and potential harm. A clear and consistent definition of nanomedicine would significantly facilitate trust among various stakeholders including the general public while minimizing the risk of miscommunication and undue fear of nanotechnology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Satalkar
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bernice Simone Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David M Shaw
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics (IBMB), University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Sharpe K, Di Pietro N, Jacob KJ, Illes J. A Dichotomy of Information-Seeking and Information-Trusting: Stem Cell Interventions and Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:438-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sterckx S, Rakic V, Cockbain J, Borry P. "You hoped we would sleep walk into accepting the collection of our data": controversies surrounding the UK care.data scheme and their wider relevance for biomedical research. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2016; 19:177-90. [PMID: 26280642 PMCID: PMC4880636 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-015-9661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An 'Information Centre' has recently been established by law which has the power to collect, collate and provide access to the medical information for all patients treated by the National Health Service in England, whether in hospitals or by General Practitioners. This so-called 'care.data' scheme has given rise to major and ongoing controversies. We will sketch the background of the scheme and look at the responses it has elicited from citizens and medical professionals. In Autumn 2013, NHS England set up a care.data website where citizens could record their concerns regarding the collection of health-related data by the Information Centre. We have reviewed all the comments on this website up until June 2015. We have also analysed the readers' comments on the coverage of the care.data scheme in one of the main national UK newspapers. When discussing the responses of citizens, we will make a distinction between the problems that citizens detect and the solutions they propose. The solutions that are being perceived as the most relevant ones can be summarized as follows: citizens wish to further the common good without being manipulated into doing it, while at the same time being safeguarded against various abuses. The issue of trust turns out to figure prominently. Our analysis of reactions to the scheme in no way pretends to be exhaustive, yet it provides various relevant insights into the concerns identified by citizens as well as medical professionals. These concerns, moreover, have a more general relevance in relation to other contexts of medical data-mining as well as biobank research. Our analysis also offers important pointers as to how those concerns might be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Sterckx
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Vojin Rakic
- Center for the Study of Bioethics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Pascal Borry
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Caulfield T, Ogbogu U. The commercialization of university-based research: Balancing risks and benefits. BMC Med Ethics 2015; 16:70. [PMID: 26464028 PMCID: PMC4605102 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-015-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing push to commercialize university research has emerged as a significant science policy challenge. While the socio-economic benefits of increased and rapid research commercialization are often emphasized in policy statements and discussions, there is less mention or discussion of potential risks. In this paper, we highlight such potential risks and call for a more balanced assessment of the commercialization ethos and trends. DISCUSSION There is growing evidence that the pressure to commercialize is directly or indirectly associated with adverse impacts on the research environment, science hype, premature implementation or translation of research results, loss of public trust in the university research enterprise, research policy conflicts and confusion, and damage to the long-term contributions of university research. The growing emphasis on commercialization of university research may be exerting unfounded pressure on researchers and misrepresenting scientific research realities, prospects and outcomes. While more research is needed to verify the potential risks outlined in this paper, policy discussions should, at a minimum, acknowledge them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Caulfield
- 461 Law Centre, University of Alberta, 111 St and 89 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H5, Canada.
| | - Ubaka Ogbogu
- 431 Law Centre, University of Alberta, 111 St and 89 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H5, Canada.
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Smith-Patten BD, Bridge ES, Crawford PHC, Hough DJ, Kelly JF, Patten MA. Is extinction forever? PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:481-495. [PMID: 25711479 PMCID: PMC4404403 DOI: 10.1177/0963662515571489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mistrust of science has seeped into public perception of the most fundamental aspect of conservation-extinction. The term ought to be straightforward, and yet, there is a disconnect between scientific discussion and public views. This is not a mere semantic issue, rather one of communication. Within a population dynamics context, we say that a species went locally extinct, later to document its return. Conveying our findings matters, for when we use local extinction, an essentially nonsensical phrase, rather than extirpation, which is what is meant, then we contribute to, if not create outright, a problem for public understanding of conservation, particularly as local extinction is often shortened to extinction in media sources. The public that receives the message of our research void of context and modifiers comes away with the idea that extinction is not forever or, worse for conservation as a whole, that an extinction crisis has been invented.
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Oerlemans AJM, van Hoek MEC, van Leeuwen E, Dekkers WJM. Hype and expectations in tissue engineering. Regen Med 2014; 9:113-22. [PMID: 24351011 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific progress and the development of new technologies often incite enthusiasm, both in scientists and the public at large, and this is especially apparent in discussions of emerging medical technologies, such as tissue engineering (TE). Future-oriented narratives typically discuss potential applications with much hype and expectations. In this article, we analyze the discourse on TE, its history and the promises present in the discourse surrounding it. Subsequently, we regard discussions about implantable bioartificial kidneys, and consider the concepts of hype and expectations in TE in general. Finally, we discuss what ethically responsible choices should be made in discussing TE to adequately deal with the scientific reality and public expectations surrounding this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J M Oerlemans
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101 (IQ 114), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nisbet M, Markowitz EM. Understanding public opinion in debates over biomedical research: looking beyond political partisanship to focus on beliefs about science and society. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88473. [PMID: 24558393 PMCID: PMC3928253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As social scientists have investigated the political and social factors influencing public opinion in science-related policy debates, there has been growing interest in the implications of this research for public communication and outreach. Given the level of political polarization in the United States, much of the focus has been on partisan differences in public opinion, the strategies employed by political leaders and advocates that promote those differences, and the counter-strategies for overcoming them. Yet this focus on partisan differences tends to overlook the processes by which core beliefs about science and society impact public opinion and how these schema are often activated by specific frames of reference embedded in media coverage and popular discourse. In this study, analyzing cross-sectional, nationally representative survey data collected between 2002 and 2010, we investigate the relative influence of political partisanship and science-related schema on Americans' support for embryonic stem cell research. In comparison to the influence of partisan identity, our findings suggest that generalized beliefs about science and society were more chronically accessible, less volatile in relation to media attention and focusing events, and an overall stronger influence on public opinion. Classifying respondents into four unique audience groups based on their beliefs about science and society, we additionally find that individuals within each of these groups split relatively evenly by partisanship but differ on other important dimensions. The implications for public engagement and future research on controversies related to biomedical science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nisbet
- American University, School of Communication, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ezra M Markowitz
- Earth Institute and Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America ; Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Master Z, Zarzeczny A, Rachul C, Caulfield T. What's missing? Discussing stem cell translational research in educational information on stem cell "tourism". THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2013; 41:254-268. [PMID: 23581669 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell tourism is a growing industry in which patients pursue unproven stem cell therapies for a wide variety of illnesses and conditions. It is a challenging market to regulate due to a number of factors including its international, online, direct-to-consumer approach. Calls to provide education and information to patients, their families, physicians, and the general public about the risks associated with stem cell tourism are mounting. Initial studies examining the perceptions of patients who have pursued stem cell tourism indicate many are highly critical of the research and regulatory systems in their home countries and believe them to be stagnant and unresponsive to patient needs. We suggest that educational material should include an explanation of the translational research process, in addition to other aspects of stem cell tourism, as one means to help promote greater understanding and, ideally, curb patient demand for unproven stem cell interventions. The material provided must stress that strong scientific research is required in order for therapies to be safe and have a greater chance at being effective. Through an analysis of educational material on stem cell tourism and translational stem cell research from patient groups and scientific societies, we describe essential elements that should be conveyed in educational material provided to patients. Although we support the broad dissemination of educational material on stem cell translational research, we also acknowledge that education may simply not be enough to engender patient and public trust in domestic research and regulatory systems. However, promoting patient autonomy by providing good quality information to patients so they can make better informed decisions is valuable in itself, irrespective of whether it serves as an effective deterrent of stem cell tourism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubin Master
- Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College
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Porter J, Williams C, Wainwright S, Cribb A. On being a (modern) scientist: risks of public engagement in the UK interspecies embryo debate. NEW GENETICS AND SOCIETY 2012; 31:408-423. [PMID: 23293548 PMCID: PMC3534342 DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2012.687138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, a small group of UK academic scientists made headlines when they proposed the creation of interspecies embryos - mixing human and animal genetic material. A public campaign was fought to mobilize support for the research. Drawing on interviews with the key scientists involved, this paper argues that engaging the public through communicating their ideas via the media can result in tensions between the necessity of, and inherent dangers in, scientists campaigning on controversial issues. Some scientists believed that communicating science had damaged their professional standing in the eyes of their peers, who, in turn, policed the boundaries around what they believed constituted a "good" scientist. Tensions between promoting "science" versus promotion of the "scientist;" engaging the public versus publishing peer-reviewed articles and winning grants; and building expectations versus overhyping the science reveal the difficult choices scientists in the modern world have to make over the potential gains and risks of communicating science. We conclude that although scientists' participation in public debates is often encouraged, the rewards of such engagement remain. Moreover, this participation can detrimentally affect scientists' careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Porter
- Centre for Biomedicine & Society, Department of Sociology & Communications Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Clare Williams
- Department of Education & Professional Studies, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Road, London, UK
| | - Steven Wainwright
- Department of Education & Professional Studies, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Road, London, UK
| | - Alan Cribb
- Department of Education & Professional Studies, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Road, London, UK
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To hype, or not to(o) hype. Communication of science is often tarnished by sensationalization, for which both scientists and the media are responsible. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:303-7. [PMID: 22422003 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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