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Pan M, Cai C, Li W, Cao T, Liu Y, Yang L, Xie Q, Zhang X. Ebselen improves lipid metabolism by activating PI3K/Akt and inhibiting TLR4/JNK signaling pathway to alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver. Cytokine 2024; 181:156671. [PMID: 38943739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a metabolic disease associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Due to its complex pathogenesis, there are still limitations in the knowledge of the disease. To date, no drug has been approved to treat NAFLD. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of Ebselen (EbSe) in NAFLD. A high-fat diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD was employed to investigate EbSe function in NAFLD mice by EbSe gavage and to regularly monitor the mouse body weight. HE and oil red O staining were performed, respectively, to detect the pathological damage and lipid accumulation in mouse liver tissues. The biochemical and ELISA kits were employed to measure the levels of ALT, AST, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and pro-inflammatory cytokines within mouse serum or liver tissue. The expression of key proteins of PPARα, fatty acid β oxidation-related protein, PI3K/Akt and TLR4/JNK signaling pathway was detected by western blot. EbSe significantly downregulated body weight, liver weight and liver lipid accumulation in NAFLD mice and downregulated ALT, AST, TG, TC, LDL-C and increased HDL-C serum levels. EbSe upregulated the expression levels of PPARα and fatty acid β oxidation-associated proteins CPT1α, ACOX1, UCP2 and PGC1α. EbSe promoted Akt and PI3K phosphorylation, and inhibited TLR4 expression and JNK phosphorylation. EbSe can upregulate PPARα to promote fatty acid β-oxidation and improve hepatic lipid metabolism. Meanwhile, EbSe also activated PI3K/Akt and inhibited TLR4/JNK signaling pathway. EbSe is predicted to be an effective therapeutic drug for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimin Pan
- Department of the Center for Clinical Trail Research, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Cai
- Department of Healthcare Associated Infection Control, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Tianran Cao
- Department of the Center for Clinical Trail Research, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of the Center for Clinical Trail Research, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Lihui Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of the Center for Clinical Trail Research, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China.
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Liang Q, Jing J, He H, Huang X, Liu J, Wang M, Qi Z, Zhang L, Huang Z, Yan Y, Liu S, Gao M, Zou Y. Manganese induces podocyte injury through regulating MTDH/ALKBH5/NLRP10 axis: Combined analysis at epidemiology and molecular biology levels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108672. [PMID: 38648691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient required for various biological processes but excess exposure to Mn can cause neurotoxicity. However, there are few reports regarding the toxicity effect of Mn on the kidney as well as the underlying molecule mechanism. Herein, in vivo experiments were adopted to assess the toxicity effects associated with Mn, and found that chronic Mn treatment induced the injury of glomerular podocytes but not renal tubule in rats. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen was then employed to explore the biotargets of the toxic effect of Mn on podocytes. Through functional analyses of the enriched candidate genes, NLRP10 was found to be significantly up-regulated and mediated Mn-induced podocyte apoptosis. Further mechanism investigation revealed that NLRP10 expression was regulated by demethylase AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in an m6A-dependent fashion upon Mn treatment. Moreover, Mn could directly bind to Metadherin (MTDH) and promoted its combination with ALKBH5 to promote NLRP10 expression and cell apoptosis. Finally, logistic regressions, restricted cubic spline regressions and uniform cubic B-spline were used to investigate the association between Mn exposure and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A U-shaped nonlinear relationship between CKD risk and plasma Mn level, and a positive linear relationship between CKD risk and urinary Mn levels was found in our case-control study. To sum up, our findings illustrated that m6A-dependent NLRP10 regulation is indispensable for podocyte apoptosis and nephrotoxicity induced by Mn, providing fresh insight into understanding the health risk of Mn and a novel target for preventing renal injury in Mn-intoxicated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jiajun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Huiming He
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zijuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Li'e Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ziang Huang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Rusetskaya NY, Loginova NY, Pokrovskaya EP, Chesovskikh YS, Titova LE. Redox regulation of the NLRP3-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:333-352. [PMID: 38153050 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236906333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The review considers modern data on the mechanisms of activation and redox regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and gasdermins, as well as the role of selenium in these processes. Activation of the inflammasome and pyroptosis represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the defense against pathogens, described for various types of cells and tissues (macrophages and monocytes, microglial cells and astrocytes, podocytes and parenchymal cells of the kidneys, periodontal tissues, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, as well as cells of the digestive and urogenital systems, etc.). Depending on the characteristics of redox regulation, the participants of NLRP3 inflammation and pyroptosis can be subdivided into 2 groups. Members of the first group block the mitochondrial electron transport chain, promote the formation of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. This group includes granzymes, the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS, and others. The second group includes thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), erythroid-derived nuclear factor-2 (NRF2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), ninjurin (Ninj1), scramblase (TMEM16), inflammasome regulatory protein kinase NLRP3 (NEK7), caspase-1, gasdermins GSDM B, D and others. They have redox-sensitive domains and/or cysteine residues subjected to redox regulation, glutathionylation/deglutathionylation or other types of regulation. Suppression of oxidative stress and redox regulation of participants in NLRP3 inflammation and pyroptosis depends on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), containing a selenocysteine residue Sec in the active site. The expression of GPX and TRXR is regulated by NRF2 and depends on the concentration of selenium in the blood. Selenium deficiency causes ineffective translation of the Sec UGA codon, translation termination, and, consequently, synthesis of inactive selenoproteins, which can cause various types of programmed cell death: apoptosis of nerve cells and sperm, necroptosis of erythrocyte precursors, pyroptosis of infected myeloid cells, ferroptosis of T- and B-lymphocytes, kidney and pancreatic cells. In addition, suboptimal selenium concentrations in the blood (0.86 μM or 68 μg/l or less) have a significant impact on expression of more than two hundred and fifty genes as compared to the optimal selenium concentration (1.43 μM or 113 μg/l). Based on the above, we propose to consider blood selenium concentrations as an important parameter of redox homeostasis in the cell. Suboptimal blood selenium concentrations (or selenium deficiency states) should be used for assessment of the risk of developing inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yu Rusetskaya
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - N Yu Loginova
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - E P Pokrovskaya
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Yu S Chesovskikh
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - L E Titova
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
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Qi Y, Si H, Jin X, Guo Y, Xia J, He J, Deng X, Deng M, Yao W, Hao C. Changes in serum TIM-3 and complement C3 expression in workers due to Mn exposure. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1289838. [PMID: 38026392 PMCID: PMC10666638 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1289838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mn (Manganese, Mn) is an essential trace element involved in various biological processes such as the regulation of immune, nervous and digestive system functions. However, excessive Mn exposure can lead to immune damage. Occupational workers in cement and ferroalloy manufacturing and other related industries are exposed to low levels of Mn for a long time. Mn exposure is one of the important occupational hazards, but the research on the effect of Mn on the immune system of the occupational population is not complete, and there is no reliable biomarker. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the immunotoxicity of Mn from the soluble immune checkpoint TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin containing protein 3, TIM-3) and complement C3. A total of 144 Mn-exposed workers were recruited from a bus manufacturing company and a railroad company in Henan Province. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used to detect the concentration of RBC Mn (Red blood cell Mn, RBC Mn), and ELISA kits were used to detect serum complement C3 and TIM-3. Finally, the subjects were statistically analyzed by dividing them into low and high Mn groups based on the median RBC Mn concentration. We found that Mn exposure resulted in elevated serum TIM-3 expression and decreased complement C3 expression in workers; that serum TIM-3 and complement C3 expression showed a dose-response relationship with RBC Mn; and that the mediating effect of complement C3 between RBC Mn and TIM-3 was found to be significant. The above findings indicate that this study has a preliminary understanding of the effect of Mn exposure on the immune system of the occupational population exposed to Mn, and complement C3 and TIM-3 may be biomarkers of Mn exposure, which may provide clues for the prevention and control of Mn occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmeng Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huifang Si
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Prevention and Infection Control Section, Xi’an Union Hospital, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yonghua Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiarui Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuedan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Child and Adolescence Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Fernández-Sanz H, Perrault JR, Stacy NI, Mancini A, Reyes-Bonilla H, Reséndiz E. Blood analyte reference intervals and correlations with trace elements of immature and adult Eastern Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in coastal lagoons of Baja California Sur, México. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115547. [PMID: 37717495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Sea turtles can bioaccumulate high concentrations of potentially toxic contaminants. To better understand trace element effects on sea turtles' health, we established reference intervals for hematological and plasma biochemical analytes in 40 in-water, foraging immature and adult Eastern Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from two coastal lagoons in Baja California Sur, quantified whole blood concentrations of eight trace elements, and assessed their correlations. Rank-order trace element concentrations in both immature and adult turtles was zinc > selenium > nickel > arsenic > copper > cadmium > lead > manganese. Immature turtles had significantly higher copper and lower nickel and zinc concentrations. Additionally, a number of relationships between trace elements and blood analytes were identified. These data provide baseline information useful for future investigations into this population, or in other geographic regions and various life-stage classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fernández-Sanz
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur km 5.5, El Mezquitito 19-B, 23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; Health Assessments in Sea Turtles From Baja California Sur, Villa Ballena 330, Villas del Encanto, 23085 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
| | - Justin R Perrault
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 US Highway 1, Juno Beach, FL 33408, USA.
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Agnese Mancini
- Grupo Tortuguero de las Californias A.C., Calle Seis 141, Azaleas, 23098 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Reyes-Bonilla
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur km 5.5, El Mezquitito 19-B, 23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Reséndiz
- Health Assessments in Sea Turtles From Baja California Sur, Villa Ballena 330, Villas del Encanto, 23085 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; Laboratorio de Investigación y Medicina de Organismos Acuáticos, Departamento Académico de Ciencia Animal y Conservación del Hábitat, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur km 5.5, El Mezquitito 19-B, 23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Can iron, zinc, copper and selenium status be a prognostic determinant in COVID-19 patients? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103937. [PMID: 35882309 PMCID: PMC9307469 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In severe COVID-19, the levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), do not only regulate host immune responses, but modify the viral genome, as well. While low serum Fe concentration is an independent risk factor for the increased death rate, Zn controls oxidative stress, synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and viral replication. Therefore, Zn deficiency associates with a worse prognosis. Although Cu exposure inactivates the viral genome and exhibits spike protein dispersal, increase in Cu/Zn due to high serum Cu levels, are correlated with enhanced risk of infections. Se levels are significantly higher in surviving COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, both Zn and Se suppress the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Since the balance between the deficiency and oversupply of these metals due to a reciprocal relationship, has decisive effect on the prognosis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, monitoring their concentrations may facilitate improved outcomes for patients suffering from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Jimoh YA, Lawal AO, Kade IJ, Olatunde DM, Oluwayomi O. Diphenyl diselenide modulate antioxidant status, inflammatory and redox-sensitive genes in diesel exhaust particle-induced neurotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110196. [PMID: 36174737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study seeks to determine the influence of diphenyl diselenide (DPDSe) on redox status, inflammatory and redox-sensitive genes in diesel exhaust particle (DEP)-induced neurotoxicity in male albino rats. Male Wistar albino rats were administered nasally with DEP (30 and 60 μg/kg) and treated with intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg DPDSe. Non-enzymatic (lipid peroxidation and conjugated diene concentrations) and enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) antioxidant indices and activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme were evaluated in brain tissues of the rats. Furthermore, the expression of genes linked to oxidative stress (HO-1, Nrf2), pro-inflammatory (NF-KB, IL-8, TNF-α) anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and brain-specific (GFAP, ENO-2) genes were also determined. The results indicated that DPDSe caused a notable reduction in the high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated diene observed in the brain of DEP-administered rats. DPDSe also reversed the observed reduction in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities in the brain of DEP-administered rats. Lastly, the downregulation of genes associated with redox homeostasis, anti-inflammatory and brain-specific genes and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes observed in the DEP-treated groups were ameliorated by DPDSe. The immediate restoration of altered biochemical conditions and molecular expression in the brain of DEP-treated rats by DPDSe further validates its use as a promising therapeutic candidate for restoring neurotoxicity linked with DEP-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomade Ayodeji Jimoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340252, Nigeria
| | - Akeem Olalekan Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340252, Nigeria.
| | - Ige Joseph Kade
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340252, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluwafunso Oluwayomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340252, Nigeria
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Gandhi D, Rudrashetti AP, Rajasekaran S. The impact of environmental and occupational exposures of manganese on pulmonary, hepatic, and renal functions. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:103-129. [PMID: 34237170 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for humans, but long-term environmental or occupational exposures can lead to numerous health problems. Although many studies have identified an association between Mn exposures and neurological abnormalities, emerging data suggest that occupationally and environmentally relevant levels of Mn may also be linked to multiple organ dysfunction in the general population. In this regard, many experimental and clinical studies provide support for a causal link between Mn exposure and structural and functional changes that are responsible for organ dysfunction in major organs like lung, liver, and kidney. The underlying mechanisms suggested to Mn toxicity include altered activities of the components of intracellular signaling cascades, oxidative stress, apoptosis, affected cell cycle regulation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and an inflammatory response. We further discussed the sources and possible mechanisms of Mn absorption and distribution in different organs. Finally, treatment strategies available for treating Mn toxicity as well as directions for future studies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Gandhi
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Subbiah Rajasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
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Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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Al Aboud D, Baty RS, Alsharif KF, Hassan KE, Zhery AS, Habotta OA, Elmahallawy EK, Amin HK, Abdel Moneim AE, Kassab RB. Protective efficacy of thymoquinone or ebselen separately against arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6195-6206. [PMID: 32989703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes to the living organisms. In the present study, the hepato-protective ability of thymoquinone (TQ), the active principle of Nigella sativa seed, or ebselen (Eb), an organoselenium compound, against As intoxication in female rats was investigated. For this purpose, animals were allocated randomly into control, As (20 mg/kg), TQ (10 mg/kg), Eb (5 mg/kg), As+TQ, and As+Eb groups that were orally administered for 28 consecutive days. Arsenic exposure resulted in hepatic oxidative damage which was evidenced by marked decreases in antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH)) concomitant with high malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Furthermore, As toxicity induced significant elevations in liver accumulation of As, serum hepatic indices (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB)), and apoptotic marker (B cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase 3) levels. Additionally, notable increments in hepatic fibrotic markers (epidermal growth factor (EFG) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)) associated with high nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were noticed following As intoxication. Biochemical findings were well-supported by hepatic histopathological screening. The co-treatment of As-exposed rats with TQ or Eb considerably improved liver function and antioxidant status together with lessened hepatic As content, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. The overall outcomes demonstrated that TQ or Eb ameliorates As-induced liver injury through their favorable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and fibrolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daifullah Al Aboud
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S Baty
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed S Zhery
- Kasr Al-Eini School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehab K Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Hatim K Amin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Baha University, Almakhwah, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Ebselen is a synthetic organoselenium radical scavenger compound that possesses glutathione peroxidase-like activity and its own unique bioactivity by reacting with thiols, hydroperoxides and peroxynitrites. Owing to its high affinity toward several essential reactions, ebselen protects cellular components from oxidative and free radical damage, and it has been employed as a useful tool for studying redox-related mechanisms. Based on numerous in vitro and in vivo research, mechanisms are proposed to understand the biomedical and molecular actions of ebselen in health and disease, and it is currently under clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various human disorders. Based on these outstanding discoveries, this review summarizes the current understanding of the biochemical and molecular characteristics, pharmacological applications and future directions of ebselen.
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Wang Y, Wang H, Wang B, Zhang B, Li W. Effects of manganese and Bacillus subtilis on the reproductive performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of breeding geese during laying period. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6196-6204. [PMID: 33142537 PMCID: PMC7647850 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of manganese (Mn) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of breeding geese during laying period. A total of 120 forty-six-week-old breeding geese (Wulong) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatment diets formulated to supply 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg Mn with 5 × 109 CFU/kg or 2.5 × 109 CFU/kg BS for a 10-wk trial. Results showed that dietary supplementation with 20 and 30 mg/kg Mn could decrease the daily feed intake (DFI) of geese. Moreover, 30 mg/kg Mn significantly increased the laying rate. Besides, although Mn addition had no obvious effect on egg quality, 5 × 109 CFU/kg BS was found to elevate the hatching egg hatching rate and eggshell thickness. For the serum hormones, 30 mg/kg Mn promoted estradiol secretion, while 5 × 109 CFU/kg BS increased the level of follicle-stimulating hormone. Furthermore, 20 and 30 mg/kg Mn and 5 × 109 CFU/kg BS significantly enhanced the total antioxidant capacity by increasing the activity of total superoxide dismutases or decreasing the content of malondialdehyde. Dietary supplementation with 5 × 109 CFU/kg BS also increased the intestinal villus height and upregulated the abundance of Fusobacteria, Fusobacteriaceae, Fusobacterium, and Faecalibacterium in cecal content. In addition, 20 and 30 mg/kg Mn elevated the levels of Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae but decreased Streptococcaceae. Importantly, an interaction effect was observed between Mn and BS on the DFI, egg mass, average egg size, and the abundance of Bacteroides as well as Faecalibacterium. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of Mn and BS could improve the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, intestinal structure, as well as gut microbiota. Supplementation of 30 mg/kg Mn and 5.0 × 109 CFU/kg BS provided the optimal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hefei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baowei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Haritha CV, Sharun K, Jose B. Ebselen, a new candidate therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Surg 2020; 84:53-56. [PMID: 33120196 PMCID: PMC7583587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C V Haritha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Bosco Jose
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Fulco BC, Jung JT, Brum LO, Zborowski VA, Goulart TA, Nogueira CW. Similar hepatoprotective effectiveness of Diphenyl diselenide and Ebselen against cisplatin-induced disruption of metabolic homeostasis and redox balance in juvenile rats. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang P, Wang J, Xie Z, Zhou J, Lu Q, Zhao Y, Dong C, Zou L. Depletion of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli BC1 by ebselen and silver ion. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13139-13150. [PMID: 32975381 PMCID: PMC7701569 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebselen, an organo‐selenium compound with well‐characterized toxicology and pharmacology, recently exhibited potent antibacterial activity against glutathione (GSH)‐negative bacteria by disrupting redox homeostasis. In this paper, we show that ebselen and silver ion in combination exert strong bactericidal activity against multidrug‐resistant (MDR) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) BC1, a model MDR GSH‐positive bacterium. The mechanisms were found to involve consumption of total intracellular GSH and inhibition of thioredoxin reductase activity, which was highly related to reactive oxygen species up‐regulation. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of ebselen and silver ion against UPEC‐induced cystitis was assessed in a mouse model. Treatment with ebselen and silver ion significantly reduced bacterial loads, down‐regulated the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) on‐site and decreased white/red blood cell counts in mild cystitis model mice, which demonstrated the anti‐inflammatory property of these agents. In addition, ebselen and silver ion also exhibited significantly high protective ability (100%) against acute cystitis infections. These results together may lay the foundation for further analysis and development of ebselen and silver ion as antibacterial agents for treatment of MDR UPEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Zonglan Xie
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanjiang Dong
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Zou
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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16
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Sies H, Parnham MJ. Potential therapeutic use of ebselen for COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:107-112. [PMID: 32598985 PMCID: PMC7319625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ebselen is an organoselenium compound exhibiting hydroperoxide- and peroxynitrite-reducing activity, acting as a glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin enzyme mimetic. Ebselen reacts with a multitude of protein thiols, forming a selenosulfide bond, which results in pleiotropic effects of antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory nature. The main protease (Mpro) of the corona virus SARS-CoV-2 is a potential drug target, and a screen with over 10,000 compounds identified ebselen as a particularly promising inhibitor of Mpro (Jin, Z. et al. (2020) Nature 582, 289-293). We discuss here the reaction of ebselen with cysteine proteases, the role of ebselen in infections with viruses and with other microorganisms. We also discuss effects of ebselen in lung inflammation. In further research on the inhibition of Mpro in SARS-CoV-2, ebselen can serve as a promising lead compound, if the inhibitory effect is confirmed in intact cells in vivo. Independently of this action, potential beneficial effects of ebselen in COVID-19 are ascribed to a number of targets critical to pathogenesis, such as attenuation of inflammatory oxidants and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmacology Consultant, Bad Soden am Taunus, Germany.
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Luo X, Liu Z, Ge X, Huang S, Zhou Y, Li D, Li L, Chen X, Huang L, Hou Q, Cheng H, Xiao L, Liu C, Zou Y, Yang X. High manganese exposure decreased the risk of high triglycerides in workers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:874. [PMID: 32503499 PMCID: PMC7275562 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Manganese (Mn) participates in lipid metabolism. However, the associations between Mn exposure and dyslipidaemia is unclear. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from the 2017 the Mn-exposed workers healthy cohort (MEWHC). Finally, 803 occupationally Mn-exposed workers included in the study. The workers were divided into two groups. The grouping of this study was based on Mn-Time Weighted Averages (Mn-TWA). The high-exposure group included participants with Mn-TWA greater than 0.15 mg/m3. The low-exposure group included participants with Mn-TWA less than or equal to 0.15 mg/m3. Mn-TWA levels and dyslipidaemia were assessed. Results After adjustment for seniority, sex, cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption, high-fat diet frequency, medicine intake in the past two weeks, egg intake frequency, drinking tea, WHR, and hypertension, Mn-TWA levels was negatively correlated with high triglycerides (TG) risk in workers overall (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.73; p < 0.01). The results of males and females were consistent (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.81; p < 0.01) and (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.94; p < 0.01), respectively. By performing interactions analyses of workers overall, we observed no significant interactions among confounders. Mn-TWA levels and pack-years on high TG risk (relative excess risk for the interactions (RERI = 2.29, 95% CI: − 2.07, 6.66), (RERI) = 2.98, 95% CI: − 2.30, 8.26). Similarly, smoking status, drinking status, high-fat diet frequency, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) showed non-significant interactions with Mn-TWA levels on high TG risk. Conclusions This research indicates that high Mn exposure was negatively related to high TG risk in workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenfang Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoting Ge
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sifang Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanting Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Defu Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Longman Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingzhi Hou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. .,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Wilk A, Szypulska-Koziarska D, Kędzierska-Kapuza K, Sieńko J, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Ciechanowski K, Wiszniewska B. The Comparison of Parameters of Oxidative Stress in Native Rat Livers Between Different Immunosuppressive Regimens. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8242-8247. [PMID: 31677379 PMCID: PMC6854887 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is thought that immunosuppressive treatment, besides anti-rejection properties, leads to pathological changes within the organ due to activation of mechanisms associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the parameters of oxidative stress in the livers of rats treated with the most commonly used transplant recipient drug regimens. Material/Methods The rat livers were obtained from archival material obtained from the previously performed experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were analyzed. Results Only the group treated with tacrolimus (T), mycophenolate mofetil (M), and prednisone (P), the TMP group, showed a slight increase in lipid peroxide concentration compared to the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Comparison of lipid peroxide concentration between the other treatment combinations and the control group showed a significant decrease. Additionally, a difference in lipid peroxide concentrations in the livers was observed between the cyclosporine A (C) group and tacrolimus (T) group. Alterations of other oxidative stress parameters were also observed in different regimens. Conclusions Long-lasting immunosuppressive treatment does indeed affect redox status; however, the antioxidant defenses of the liver against the effects of excess hydrogen peroxide are efficient, so the superoxide dismutase/glutathione peroxidase (SOD/GPx) and superoxide dismutase/catalase (SOD/CAT) ratios were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wilk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Kędzierska-Kapuza
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sieńko
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Kazimierz Ciechanowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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