1
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Woodard G, Rosado JA, Li H. The physiological role of TRP channels in sleep and circadian rhythm. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18274. [PMID: 38676362 PMCID: PMC11053353 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TRP channels, are non-specific cationic channels that are involved in multiple physiological processes that include salivation, cellular secretions, memory extinction and consolidation, temperature, pain, store-operated calcium entry, thermosensation and functionality of the nervous system. Here we choose to look at the evidence that decisively shows how TRP channels modulate human neuron plasticity as it relates to the molecular neurobiology of sleep/circadian rhythm. There are numerous model organisms of sleep and circadian rhythm that are the results of the absence or genetic manipulation of the non-specific cationic TRP channels. Drosophila and mice that have had their TRP channels genetically ablated or manipulated show strong evidence of changes in sleep duration, sleep activity, circadian rhythm and response to temperature, noxious odours and pattern of activity during both sleep and wakefulness along with cardiovascular and respiratory function during sleep. Indeed the role of TRP channels in regulating sleep and circadian rhythm is very interesting considering the parallel roles of TRP channels in thermoregulation and thermal response with concomitant responses in growth and degradation of neurites, peripheral nerves and neuronal brain networks. TRP channels provide evidence of an ability to create, regulate and modify our sleep and circadian rhythm in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In the current review, we summarize previous results and novel recent advances in the understanding of calcium ion entry via TRP channels in different sleep and circadian rhythm conditions. We discuss the role of TRP channels in sleep and circadian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Woodard
- Department of PsychiatryUniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Juan A. Rosado
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ExtremaduraCaceresSpain
| | - He Li
- Department of PsychiatryUniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
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2
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Haddad FL, Patel SV, Doornaert EE, De Oliveira C, Allman BL, Baines KJ, Renaud SJ, Schmid S. Interleukin 15 modulates the effects of poly I:C maternal immune activation on offspring behaviour. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 23:100473. [PMID: 35668725 PMCID: PMC9166394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal infections during pregnancy are linked with an increased risk for disorders like Autism Spectrum Disorder and schizophrenia in the offspring. Although precise mechanisms are still unclear, clinical and preclinical evidence suggest a strong role for maternal immune activation (MIA) in the neurodevelopmental disruptions caused by maternal infection. Previously, studies using the Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic (Poly I:C) MIA preclinical model showed that cytokines like Interleukin 6 (Il6) are important mediators of MIA's effects. In this study, we hypothesized that Il15 may similarly act as a mediator of Poly I:C MIA, given its role in the antiviral immune response. To test this hypothesis, we induced Poly I:C MIA at gestational day 9.5 in wildtype (WT) and Il15−/− rat dams and tested their offspring in adolescence and adulthood. Poly I:C MIA and Il15 knockout produced both independent and synergistic effects on offspring behaviour. Poly I:C MIA decreased startle reactivity in adult WT offspring but resulted in increased adolescent anxiety and decreased adult locomotor activity in Il15−/− offspring. In addition, Poly I:C MIA led to genotype-independent effects on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition. Finally, we showed that Il15−/− offspring exhibit distinct phenotypes that were unrelated to Poly I:C MIA including altered startle reactivity, locomotion and signal transduction in the auditory brainstem. Overall, our findings indicate that the lack of Il15 can leave offspring either more or less susceptible to Poly I:C MIA, depending on the phenotype in question. Future studies should examine the contribution of fetal versus maternal Il15 in MIA to determine the precise developmental mechanisms underlying these changes. Poly I:C MIA decreases startle reactivity in adult WT but not Il15−/− offspring. Il15−/− offspring exposed to Poly I:C MIA show altered PPI and open field exploration. Il15−/− rats exhibit distinct behavioural phenotypes independent from MIA.
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3
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He Y, Bo Q, Mao Z, Yang J, Liu M, Wang H, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Wang C, Sun Z. Reduced Serum Levels of Soluble Interleukin-15 Receptor α in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship to the Excited Phenotype. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842003. [PMID: 35356722 PMCID: PMC8959406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies documented that interleukin-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) knockout (KO) mice exhibited hyperactivity, memory impairment, and desperate behavior, which are core features of schizophrenia and depression. Due to the overlapping symptomology and pathogenesis observed for schizophrenia and depression, the present study attempted to determine whether IL-15Rα was associated with the risk of schizophrenia or depression. One hundred fifty-six participants, including 63 schizophrenia patients, 29 depressive patients, and 64 age-matched healthy controls, were enrolled in the study. We investigated the circulating levels of soluble IL-15Rα and analyzed potential links between the IL-15Rα levels and clinical symptoms present in schizophrenia or depressive patients. We observed reduced serum IL-15Rα levels in schizophrenia patients, but not depressive patients compared with controls. Moreover, a significant negative association was observed between the circulating IL-15Rα levels and excited phenotypes in the schizophrenia patients. The IL-15Rα KO mice displayed pronounced pre-pulse inhibition impairment, which was a typical symptom of schizophrenia. Interestingly, the IL-15Rα KO mice exhibited a remarkable elevation in the startle amplitude in the startle reflex test compared to wild type mice. These results demonstrated that serum levels of soluble IL-15Rα were reduced in schizophrenia and highlighted the relationship of IL-15Rα and the excited phenotype in schizophrenia patients and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consult, Sedona, AZ, United States
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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He Y, Ge L, Tong F, Zheng P, Yang J, Zhou J, Sun Z, Wang H, Yang S, Li Y, Yu Y. Metabolic responses in the cortex and hippocampus induced by Il-15rα mutation. Mol Omics 2022; 18:865-872. [DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00105e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics showed distinct metabolic phenotypes of the different brain regions related to the IL-15 system, enhancing our understanding of the IL-15 system and its interactions with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Lijun Ge
- Liyuan Cardiovascular Center, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Fang Tong
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518081, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuxin Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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5
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Innate-Immunity Genes in Obesity. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111201. [PMID: 34834553 PMCID: PMC8623883 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main functions of adipose tissue are thought to be storage and mobilization of the body’s energy reserves, active and passive thermoregulation, participation in the spatial organization of internal organs, protection of the body from lipotoxicity, and ectopic lipid deposition. After the discovery of adipokines, the endocrine function was added to the above list, and after the identification of crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells, an immune function was suggested. Nonetheless, it turned out that the mechanisms underlying mutual regulatory relations of adipocytes, preadipocytes, immune cells, and their microenvironment are complex and redundant at many levels. One possible way to elucidate the picture of adipose-tissue regulation is to determine genetic variants correlating with obesity. In this review, we examine various aspects of adipose-tissue involvement in innate immune responses as well as variants of immune-response genes associated with obesity.
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Mansouri MT, García PS. Repetitive Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Hastens Isoflurane-Induced Emergence and Recovery and Enhances Memory in Healthy Rats. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1347-1358. [PMID: 33591114 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attaining a rapid and smooth return to consciousness after general anesthesia is a goal for clinical anesthesiologists. This study aimed to investigate the effects of repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) on emergence and recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in rats. METHODS Four days after surgery for atDCS socket implantation, rats received either sham stimulation or repetitive anodal direct electrical current of 0.2 mA intensity applied to the right motor cortex for 20 minutes/d for 10 consecutive days. Isoflurane potency and emergence and recovery from a 2-hour isoflurane challenge were evaluated 24 hours after the last atDCS session. Cognitive performance on novel object recognition and spontaneous alternation Y-maze tests were measured 48 hours after the last atDCS session. Locomotor activity was assessed via automated counting of electric infrared beam crossings. RESULTS Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Isoflurane potency was not affected by atDCS (sham: 1.69% ± 0.06%, transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]: 1.73% ± 0.11%, mean difference [MD]: 0.045, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.22 to 0.30; P = .72). However, the time to appearance of emergence behavioral marker (eg, return of righting reflex) was hastened in rats receiving atDCS (sham: 486 ± 31 seconds, tDCS: 330 ± 45 seconds, MD: 157, 95% CI: 30-284; P = .008). Similarly, time to acknowledgment of adhesive tape ("sticky dot" applied while anesthetized) was also decreased in atDCS-treated rats as compared to sham (sham: 1374 ± 179 seconds, tDCS: 908 ± 151 seconds, MD: 466, 95% CI: 73-858; P = .015), indicating a faster recovery of isoflurane anesthesia. Rats treated with atDCS spent more time exploring the novel object and environment when compared to sham without affecting activity cycles, indicating visual and working memory can be enhanced by atDCS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that atDCS over cortical areas might hasten recovery from isoflurane anesthesia and could potentially be used as a preventative strategy for disruptions in higher order functions related to sedation/anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Mansouri
- From the Neuroanesthesia Laboratory, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Paul S García
- From the Neuroanesthesia Laboratory, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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He Y, Yu Y, Li Y, Duan W, Sun Z, Yang J, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Zhang Y, Wang K. Phenotypic Resemblance to Neuropsychiatric Disorder and Altered mRNA Profiles in Cortex and Hippocampus Underlying IL15Rα Knockout. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:582279. [PMID: 33613171 PMCID: PMC7887313 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.582279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of the functions of IL15Rα have been limited to immune activities and skeletal muscle development. Immunological factors have been identified as one of the multiple causes of psychosis, and neurological symptoms have been described in IL15Rα knockout (KO) mice. Seeking to explore possible mechanisms for this in the IL15Rα-/- mouse brain, we analyzed gene expression patterns in the cortex and hippocampus using the RNA-seq technique. Methods IL15Rα KO mice were generated and littermate wildtype (WT) mice were used as a control group. A Y-maze was used to assess behavior differences between the two groups. The cortex and hippocampus of 3-month-old male mice were prepared and RNA-seq and transcriptome analysis were performed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results Compared with the WT group, IL15Rα KO animals showed higher speed in the novel arm and more entrance frequency in the old arm in the Y-maze experiment. GSEA indicated that 18 pathways were downregulated and 13 pathways upregulated in both cortex and hippocampus from the GO, KEGG, and Hallmark gene sets. The downregulated pathways formed three clusters: respiratory chain and electron transport, regulation of steroid process, and skeletal muscle development. Conclusion IL15Rα KO mice exhibit altered expression of multiple pathways, which could affect many functions of the brain. Lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS) should be investigated to provide insights into the effect of IL15Rα on psychosis in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weicheng Duan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consult, Sedona, AZ, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Lehallier B, Shokhirev MN, Wyss‐Coray T, Johnson AA. Data mining of human plasma proteins generates a multitude of highly predictive aging clocks that reflect different aspects of aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13256. [PMID: 33031577 PMCID: PMC7681068 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified 529 proteins that had been reported by multiple different studies to change their expression level with age in human plasma. In the present study, we measured the q-value and age coefficient of these proteins in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 4263 individuals. A bioinformatics enrichment analysis of proteins that significantly trend toward increased expression with age strongly implicated diverse inflammatory processes. A literature search revealed that at least 64 of these 529 proteins are capable of regulating life span in an animal model. Nine of these proteins (AKT2, GDF11, GDF15, GHR, NAMPT, PAPPA, PLAU, PTEN, and SHC1) significantly extend life span when manipulated in mice or fish. By performing machine-learning modeling in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 3301 individuals, we discover an ultra-predictive aging clock comprised of 491 protein entries. The Pearson correlation for this clock was 0.98 in the learning set and 0.96 in the test set while the median absolute error was 1.84 years in the learning set and 2.44 years in the test set. Using this clock, we demonstrate that aerobic-exercised trained individuals have a younger predicted age than physically sedentary subjects. By testing clocks associated with 1565 different Reactome pathways, we also show that proteins associated with signal transduction or the immune system are especially capable of predicting human age. We additionally generate a multitude of age predictors that reflect different aspects of aging. For example, a clock comprised of proteins that regulate life span in animal models accurately predicts age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of AgingStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maxim N. Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony Wyss‐Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of AgingStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsVA Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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Loro E, Jang C, Quinn WJ, Baur JA, Arany ZP, Khurana TS. Effect of Interleukin-15 Receptor Alpha Ablation on the Metabolic Responses to Moderate Exercise Simulated by in vivo Isometric Muscle Contractions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1439. [PMID: 31849697 PMCID: PMC6901992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of interleukin 15 receptor alpha (IL15RA) increases spontaneous activity, exercise capacity and protects from diet-induced obesity by enhancing muscle energy metabolism, suggesting a role as exercise mimetic for IL15RA antagonists. Using controlled in vivo muscle stimulation mimicking moderate exercise in normal and Il15ra-/- mice, we mapped and contrasted the metabolic pathways activated upon stimulation or deletion of IL15RA. Stimulation caused the differential regulation of 123 out of the 321 detected metabolites (FDR ≤ 0.05 and fold change ≥ ±1.5). The main energy pathways activated were fatty acid oxidation, nucleotide metabolism, and anaplerotic reactions. Notably, resting Il15ra-/- muscles were primed in a semi-exercised state, characterized by higher pool sizes of fatty acids oxidized to support muscle activity. These studies identify the role of IL15RA in the system-wide metabolic response to exercise and should enable translational studies to harness the potential of IL15RA blockade as a novel exercise mimetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - William J Quinn
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zoltan P Arany
- Department of Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhang G, Guo J, Zhu X, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Yang J, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Wu X, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang C, He Y. Schizophrenia Patient Shows a Rare Interleukin 15 Receptor alpha Variant Disrupting Signal Transduction. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:560-569. [PMID: 31244423 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190617172054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex and debilitating mental disorder with strong heritability. Its pathogenesis involves immune dysregulation. Interleukin 15 and interleukin 15 receptor alpha(IL-15Rα) are classical immune molecules. They also help maintain normal brain function, leading to our hypothesis that IL-15Rα gene(IL- 15RA) variants contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE We determine whether the genetic variants of IL-15RA are associated with the development and progression of schizophrenia and whether IL-15RA single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) plays a key role in downstream signaling transduction. METHODS AND RESULTS We sequenced IL-15RA exon from 132 Chinese schizophrenic patients and identified a rare variant(rs528238821) in a patient diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia and ankylosing spondylitis(AS). We overexpressed this missense variant in cells driven by pBI-CMV vector. The cells showed attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation in response to interleukin15. CONCLUSION IL-15RA mutation is rare in schizophrenic patients but interfered with IL- 15Rα intracellular signal transduction. Given the similarity of symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia and the known phenotype of IL-15Rα knockout mice, gene variation might offer diagnostic value for sub-types of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Pan
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guangping Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Junhua Guo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuequan Zhu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA70808, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consulting, Sedona, AZ 86351, United States
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Material Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathologic Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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11
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Loro E, Bisetto S, Khurana TS. Mitochondrial ultrastructural adaptations in fast muscles of mice lacking IL15RA. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218313. [PMID: 30301784 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-15 (IL15) and its receptor α (IL15RA) participate in the regulation of musculoskeletal function and metabolism. Deletion of the Il15ra gene in mice increases spontaneous activity, improves fatigue resistance in the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and protects from diet-induced obesity. In humans, IL15RA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to muscle strength, metabolism and performance in elite endurance athletes. Taken together, these features suggest a possible role for IL15RA in muscle mitochondrial structure and function. Here, we have investigated the consequences of loss of IL15RA on skeletal muscle fiber-type properties and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Immunostaining of the EDL for myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms revealed no significant changes in fiber type. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the EDL indicated an overall higher mitochondria content, and increased cristae density in subsarcolemmal and A-band mitochondrial subpopulations. The higher cristae density in Il15ra -/- mitochondria was associated with higher OPA1 and cardiolipin levels. Overall, these data extend our understanding of the role of IL15RA signaling in muscle oxidative metabolism and adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Bisetto
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Bruneau M, Walsh S, Selinsky E, Ash G, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson P, Gordon P, Moyna N, Visich P, Zoeller R, Thompson P, Gordish‐Dressman H, Hoffman E, Devaney J, Pescatello LS. A genetic variant in IL-15Rα correlates with physical activity among European-American adults. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:401-408. [PMID: 29624921 PMCID: PMC6014439 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a myokine associated with muscle strength, possibly by attenuating protein breakdown. A variant in the alpha-receptor (IL-15Rα 1775 A>C, rs2228059) partially modulates the muscle strength and size response to resistance training. We examined if this polymorphism associated with habitual physical activity among European-American adults. METHODS Men (n = 240, 23.7 ± 0.3 year, body mass index [BMI] 25.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2 ) and women (n = 292, 23.2 ± 0.3 year, 24.0 ± 0.3 kg/m2 ) were genotyped. Physical activity phenotypes were derived from the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance (ancova) tested log-transformed differences between the IL-15Rα genotype and physical activity phenotypes by gender with age and BMI as covariates. RESULTS Men with the IL-15Rα 1775AA genotype spent more time in light intensity physical activity (39.4 ± 2.4 hr/week) than men with the CC genotype (28.6 ± 2.3 hr/week, (p = .009). CONCLUSION Further research is needed to confirm our finding and determine the possible mechanisms by which the IL-15Rα variant modulates light intensity physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Walsh
- Central Connecticut State UniversityNew BritainCTUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Hoffman
- Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research GroupWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Linda S. Pescatello
- University of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
- University of Connecticut Institute for Systems GenomicsStorrsCTUSA
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14
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Loro E, Ramaswamy G, Chandra A, Tseng WJ, Mishra MK, Shore EM, Khurana TS. IL15RA is required for osteoblast function and bone mineralization. Bone 2017; 103:20-30. [PMID: 28602725 PMCID: PMC5598756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL15RA) is an important component of interleukin-15 (IL15) pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, IL15 and IL15RA are present in the circulation and are detected in a variety of tissues where they influence physiological functions such as muscle contractility and overall metabolism. In the skeletal system, IL15RA was previously shown to be important for osteoclastogenesis. Little is known, however, about its role in osteoblast function and bone mineralization. In this study, we evaluated bone structural and mechanical properties of an Il15ra whole-body knockout mouse (Il15ra-/-) and used in vitro and bioinformatic analyses to understand the role IL15/IL15RA signaling on osteoblast function. We show that lack of IL15RA decreased bone mineralization in vivo and in isolated primary osteogenic cultures, suggesting a cell-autonomous effect. Il15ra-/- osteogenic cultures also had reduced Rankl/Opg mRNA ratio, indicating defective osteoblast/osteoclast coupling. We analyzed the transcriptome of primary pre-osteoblasts from normal and Il15ra-/- mice and identified 1150 genes that were differentially expressed at a FDR of 5%. Of these, 844 transcripts were upregulated and 306 were downregulated in Il15ra-/- cells. The largest functional clusters, highlighted using DAVID analysis, were related to metabolism, immune response, bone mineralization and morphogenesis. The transcriptome analysis was validated by qPCR of some of the most significant hits. Using bioinformatic approaches, we identified candidate genes, including Cd200 and Enpp1, that could contribute to the reduced mineralization. Silencing Il15ra using shRNA in the calvarial osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line decreased ENPP1 activity. Taken together, these data support that IL15RA plays a cell-autonomous role in osteoblast function and bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Nguyen L, Bohlen J, Stricker J, Chahal I, Zhang H, Pistilli EE. Hippocampus-specific deficiency of IL-15Rα contributes to greater anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:297-302. [PMID: 27837366 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A hippocampus-specific IL15RαKO mouse (hipIl15ra fl/fl /Cre+) was generated to test the hypothesis that the targeted deletion of interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) in the hippocampus contributes to altered behavior, including greater levels of anxiety and ambulatory activity. Using Cre-loxP, exons 2 and 3 of the IL-15Rα gene were excised within the hippocampus, while normal expression was maintained within the rest of the brain. In the open field test (OFT), hipIl15ra fl/fl /Cre+ spent a greater amount of time in the periphery and less time in the central portions of the chamber, and there was also a noticeable trend for decreased rearing activity; these behaviors are consistent with greater levels of anxiety-like behavior in these mice. However, there were no differences in the overall locomotor counts in the OFT when comparing hipIl15ra fl/fl /Cre+ mice to their littermate controls. These data implicate IL-15-related signaling within the hippocampus has a role in anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nguyen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Joseph Bohlen
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Janelle Stricker
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ikttesh Chahal
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hanting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9227, USA.
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16
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Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3466-3481. [PMID: 28147449 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue-derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non-communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise-dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL-15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C S Boa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Yudkin
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - V W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Panek M, Jonakowski M, Zioło J, Pietras T, Wieteska Ł, Małachowska B, Mokros Ł, Szemraj J, Kuna P. Identification of Relationships Between Interleukin 15 mRNA and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor II mRNA Levels With Formal Components of Temperament in Asthmatic Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1733-1744. [PMID: 26874516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory and heterogeneous disease developing mostly through allergic inflammation, which modifies the expression of various cytokines and neurotrophins. Previous studies suggest the involvement of interleukin (IL)-15 in the regulation of immune response in asthma. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) II plays an important role as a regulator of development and survival of neurons as well as maintenance of their physiological activity. Chronic stress associated with asthma and elevated IL-15 mRNA and BDNFII mRNA levels may affect the mood and a subjective sensation of dyspnoea-inducing anxiety. Psychopathological variables and numerous cytokine/neurotrophin interactions influence the formation of temperament and strategies of coping with stress. The aim of the study was to identify the role of IL-15 mRNA and BDNFII mRNA expressions and their effect on components of temperament and strategies of coping with stress in asthmatics. A total of 352 subjects (176 healthy volunteers and 176 asthmatic patients) participated in the study. The Formal Characteristic of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale were applied in all the subjects. The expression of IL-15 and BDNFII gene was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Different levels of IL-15 and BDNFII expressions between healthy volunteers and patients were revealed in the study. IL-15 enhanced the BDNFII mRNA expression among patients with bronchial asthma. The depression level negatively correlated with the BDNFII mRNA expression. This neurotrophin modified the temperament variable. BDNFII significantly affected (proportional relationship) the level of briskness in asthmatic patients. BDNFII might influence the level and style of coping with stress (emotion-oriented style). This hypothesis requires further studies on protein functional models. The obtained data confirms the role of IL-15 and BDNFII in the pathomechanisms of depression and formation of selected traits defining the temperament in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Panek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Jonakowski
- Students Research Group at the Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Zioło
- Students Research Group at the Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wieteska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Małachowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 36/50 Sporna St., 91-738, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mokros
- Students Research Group at the Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
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18
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O'Connell GC, Nichols C, Guo G, Croston TL, Thapa D, Hollander JM, Pistilli EE. IL-15Rα deficiency in skeletal muscle alters respiratory function and the proteome of mitochondrial subpopulations independent of changes to the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrion 2015; 25:87-97. [PMID: 26458787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha knockout (IL15RαKO) mice exhibit a greater skeletal muscle mitochondrial density with an altered mitochondrial morphology. However, the mechanism and functional impact of these changes have not been determined. In this study, we characterized the functional, proteomic, and genomic alterations in mitochondrial subpopulations isolated from the skeletal muscles of IL15RαKO mice and B6129 background control mice. State 3 respiration was greater in interfibrillar mitochondria and whole muscle ATP levels were greater in IL15RαKO mice supporting the increases in respiration rate. However, the state 3/state 4 ratio was lower, suggesting some degree of respiratory uncoupling. Proteomic analyses identified several markers independently in mitochondrial subpopulations that are associated with these functional alterations. Next Generation Sequencing of mtDNA revealed a high degree of similarity between the mitochondrial genomes of IL15RαKO mice and controls in terms of copy number, consensus coding and the presence of minor alleles, suggesting that the functional and proteomic alterations we observed occurred independent of alterations to the mitochondrial genome. These data provide additional evidence to implicate IL-15Rα as a regulator of skeletal muscle phenotypes through effects on the mitochondrion, and suggest these effects are driven by alterations to the mitochondrial proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ge Guo
- Division of Exercise Physiology, United States
| | | | | | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, United States; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, United States
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Division of Exercise Physiology, United States; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, United States; Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.
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19
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Pan W. From blood to brain through BBB and astrocytic signaling. Peptides 2015; 72:121-7. [PMID: 26111490 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this Festschrift, I discuss the career and guiding principles to which Abba J. Kastin has adhered during the last 20 years we worked together. I briefly describe the history of our joint laboratory group, the context of studies of peptide permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and newer developments in the BBB Group as Abba steps down after serving 35 years as the founding Editor-in-Chief for Peptides. Abba's BBB studies on peptides have contributed to concepts in the neuroendocrinology of feeding and developed information on molecular trafficking across BBB cells. The astroglial leptin signaling studies and the interactions of sleep and BBB are two major directions, whereas the long-term MIF-1 project demarcates a tortuous road on translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Biopotentials Sleep Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.
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20
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Ahima RS, Park HK. Connecting Myokines and Metabolism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:235-45. [PMID: 26248861 PMCID: PMC4595346 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an endocrine organ. Hormones (myokines) secreted by skeletal muscle mediate communications between muscle and liver, adipose tissue, brain, and other organs. Myokines affect muscle mass and myofiber switching, and have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus contributing to energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biology of myokines and provide an assessment of their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Hyeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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O'Connell G, Guo G, Stricker J, Quinn LS, Ma A, Pistilli EE. Muscle-specific deletion of exons 2 and 3 of the IL15RA gene in mice: effects on contractile properties of fast and slow muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:437-48. [PMID: 25505029 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00704.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a putative myokine hypothesized to induce an oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype. The specific IL-15 receptor alpha subunit (IL-15Rα) has also been implicated in specifying this contractile phenotype. The purposes of this study were to determine the muscle-specific effects of IL-15Rα functional deficiency on skeletal muscle isometric contractile properties, fatigue characteristics, spontaneous cage activity, and circulating IL-15 levels in male and female mice. Muscle creatine kinase (MCK)-driven IL-15Rα knockout mice (mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(+)) were generated using the Cre-loxP system. We tested the hypothesis that IL-15Rα functional deficiency in skeletal muscle would increase resistance to contraction-induced fatigue, cage activity, and circulating IL-15 levels. There was a significant effect of genotype on the fatigue curves obtained in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from female mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(+) mice, such that force output was greater during the repeated contraction protocol compared with mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(-) control mice. Muscles from female mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(+) mice also had a twofold greater amount of the mitochondrial genome-specific COXII gene compared with muscles from mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(-) control mice, indicating a greater mitochondrial density in these skeletal muscles. There was a significant effect of genotype on the twitch:tetanus ratio in EDL and soleus muscles from mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(+) mice, such that the ratio was lower in these muscles compared with mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(-) control mice, indicating a pro-oxidative shift in muscle phenotype. However, spontaneous cage activity was not different and IL-15 protein levels were lower in male and female mIl15ra(fl/fl)/Cre(+) mice compared with control. Collectively, these data support a direct effect of muscle IL-15Rα deficiency in altering contractile properties and fatigue characteristics in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant O'Connell
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ge Guo
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Janelle Stricker
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - LeBris S Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia;
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22
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Conner JD, Wolden-Hanson T, Quinn LS. Assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise. J Vis Exp 2014:e51846. [PMID: 25145813 DOI: 10.3791/51846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in naïve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Conner
- Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research
| | | | - LeBris S Quinn
- Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System;
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23
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From anabolic to oxidative: reconsidering the roles of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2014; 41:100-6. [PMID: 23072822 DOI: 10.1097/jes.0b013e318275d230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Cell signaling, receptors, electrical effects and therapy in circadian rhythm. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:267-75. [PMID: 23914781 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.822890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm has been the object of much attention. This review addresses the aspects of cell signaling, receptors, therapy and electrical effects in a multifaceted fashion. The pineal gland, which produces the important hormones melatonin and serotonin, exerts a prominent influence, in addition to the supraschiasmatic nucleus. Many aspects involve free radicals which have played a widespread role in biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego , CA , USA and
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25
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Hsuchou H, Wang Y, Cornelissen-Guillaume GG, Kastin AJ, Jang E, Halberg F, Pan W. Diminished leptin signaling can alter circadian rhythm of metabolic activity and feeding. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:995-1003. [PMID: 23869060 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone mainly produced by fat cells, shows cell-specific effects to regulate feeding and metabolic activities. We propose that an important feature of metabolic dysregulation resulting in obesity is the loss of the circadian rhythm of biopotentials. This was tested in the pan-leptin receptor knockout (POKO) mice newly generated in our laboratory. In the POKO mice, leptin no longer induced pSTAT-3 signaling after intracerebroventricular injection. Three basic phenotypes were observed: the heterozygotes had similar weight and adiposity as the wild-type (WT) mice (>60% of the mice); the homozygotes were either fatter (∼30%), or rarely leaner (<5%) than the WT mice. By early adulthood, the POKO mice had higher average body weight and adiposity than their respective same-sex WT littermate controls, and this was consistent among different batches. The homozygote fat POKO showed significant reduction of midline estimating statistic of rhythm of circadian parameters, and shifts of ultradian rhythms. The blunted circadian rhythm of these extremely obese POKO mice was also seen in their physical inactivity, longer feeding bouts, and higher food intake. The extent of obesity correlated with the blunted circadian amplitude, accumulative metabolic and locomotor activities, and the severity of hyperphagia. This contrasts with the heterozygote POKO mice which showed little obesity and metabolic disturbance, and only subtle changes of the circadian rhythm of metabolic activity without alterations in feeding behavior. The results provide a novel aspect of leptin resistance, almost manifesting as an "all or none" phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Hsuchou
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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26
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Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Conner JD, Wolden-Hanson T. IL-15 overexpression promotes endurance, oxidative energy metabolism, and muscle PPARδ, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PGC-1β expression in male mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:232-45. [PMID: 23161867 PMCID: PMC3529369 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise initiates a pattern of gene expression that promotes fat oxidation, which in turn improves endurance, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. The signals from exercise that initiate these pathways have not been completely characterized. IL-15 is a cytokine that is up-regulated in skeletal muscle after exercise and correlates with leanness and insulin sensitivity. To determine whether IL-15 can induce any of the metabolic adaptations associated with exercise, substrate metabolism, endurance, and molecular expression patterns were examined in male transgenic mice with constitutively elevated muscle and circulating IL-15 levels. IL-15 transgenic mice ran twice as long as littermate control mice in a run-to-exhaustion trial and preferentially used fat for energy metabolism. Fast muscles in IL-15 transgenic mice exhibited high expression of intracellular mediators of oxidative metabolism that are induced by exercise, including sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α, and PPAR-γ coactivator-1β. Muscle tissue in IL-15 transgenic mice exhibited myosin heavy chain and troponin I mRNA isoform expression patterns indicative of a more oxidative phenotype than controls. These findings support a role for IL-15 in induction of exercise endurance, oxidative metabolism, and skeletal muscle molecular adaptations induced by physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebris S Quinn
- S-182 Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a ubiquitously expressed cytokine existing in both intracellular and secretory forms. Here we review the expression, regulation, and functions of IL15 and its receptors in the brain. IL15 receptors show robust upregulation after neuroinflammation, suggesting a major role of IL15 signaling in cerebral function. Involvement of the IL15 system in neuropsychiatric behavior is reflected by the effects of IL15, IL15Rα, and IL2Rγ deletions on neurobehavior and neurotransmitters, the effects of IL15 treatment on neuronal activity, and the potential role of IL15 in neuroplasticity/neurogenesis. The results show that IL15 modulates GABA and serotonin transmission. This may underlie deficits in mood (depressive-like behavior and decreased normal anxiety) and memory, as well as activity level, sleep, and thermoregulation. Although IL15 has only a low level of permeation across the blood-brain barrier, peripheral IL15 is able to activate multiple signaling pathways in neurons widely distributed in CNS regions. The effects of IL15 in "preventing" neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal mice implicate a potential therapeutic role of this polypeptide cytokine.
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28
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Pistilli EE, Guo G, Stauber WT. IL-15Rα deficiency leads to mitochondrial and myofiber differences in fast mouse muscles. Cytokine 2012; 61:41-5. [PMID: 23116661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine mitochondrial changes in fast muscles from interleukin-15 receptor alpha knockout (IL-15RαKO) mice. We tested the hypothesis that fast muscles from IL-15RαKO mice would have a greater mitochondrial density and altered internal structure compared to muscles from control mice. In fast muscles from IL-15RαKO mice, mitochondrial density was 48% greater with a corresponding increase in mitochondrial DNA content. Although there were no differences in the relative size of isolated mitochondria, internal complexity was lower in mitochondria from IL-15RαKO mice. These data support an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and provide direct evidence for a greater density and altered internal structure of mitochondria in EDL muscles deficient in IL-15Rα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emidio E Pistilli
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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29
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Functional genomic architecture of predisposition to voluntary exercise in mice: expression QTL in the brain. Genetics 2012; 191:643-54. [PMID: 22466041 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.140509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological basis of voluntary exercise is complex and simultaneously controlled by peripheral (ability) and central (motivation) mechanisms. The accompanying natural reward, potential addiction, and the motivation associated with exercise are hypothesized to be regulated by multiple brain regions, neurotransmitters, peptides, and hormones. We generated a large (n = 815) advanced intercross line of mice (G(4)) derived from a line selectively bred for increased wheel running (high runner) and the C57BL/6J inbred strain. We previously mapped multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) that contribute to the biological control of voluntary exercise levels, body weight, and composition, as well as changes in body weight and composition in response to short-term exercise. Currently, using a subset of the G(4) population (n = 244), we examined the transcriptional landscape relevant to neurobiological aspects of voluntary exercise by means of global mRNA expression profiles from brain tissue. We identified genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) regulating variation in mRNA abundance and determined the mode of gene action and the cis- and/or trans-acting nature of each eQTL. Subsets of cis-acting eQTL, colocalizing with QTL for exercise or body composition traits, were used to identify candidate genes based on both positional and functional evidence, which were further filtered by correlational and exclusion mapping analyses. Specifically, we discuss six plausible candidate genes (Insig2, Socs2, DBY, Arrdc4, Prcp, IL15) and their potential role in the regulation of voluntary activity, body composition, and their interactions. These results develop a potential initial model of the underlying functional genomic architecture of predisposition to voluntary exercise and its effects on body weight and composition within a neurophysiological framework.
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30
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Pan W, Hsuchou H, Cornelissen-Guillaume GG, Jayaram B, Wang Y, Tu H, Halberg F, Wu X, Chua SC, Kastin AJ. Endothelial leptin receptor mutation provides partial resistance to diet-induced obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1410-8. [PMID: 22323652 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00590.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a polypeptide hormone produced mainly by adipocytes, has diverse effects in both the brain and peripheral organs, including suppression of feeding. Other than mediating leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier, the role of the endothelial leptin receptor remains unclear. We recently generated a mutant mouse strain lacking endothelial leptin receptor signaling, and showed that there is an increased uptake of leptin by brain parenchyma after its delivery by in situ brain perfusion. Here, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial leptin receptor mutation confers partial resistance to diet-induced obesity. These ELKO mice had similar body weight and percent fat as their wild-type littermates when fed with rodent chow, but blood concentrations of leptin were significantly elevated. In response to a high-fat diet, wild-type mice had a greater gain of body weight and fat than ELKO mice. As shown by metabolic chamber measurement, the ELKO mice had higher oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and heat dissipation, although food intake was similar to that of the wild-type mice and locomotor activity was even reduced. This indicates that the partial resistance to diet-induced obesity was mediated by higher metabolic activity in the ELKO mice. Since neuronal leptin receptor knockout mice show obesity and diabetes, the results suggest that endothelial leptin signaling shows opposite effects from that of neuronal leptin signaling, with a facilitatory role in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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31
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Gimble JM, Sutton GM, Ptitsyn AA, Floyd ZE, Bunnell BA. Circadian rhythms in adipose tissue: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:554-61. [PMID: 21986477 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32834ad94b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated from basic science, clinical and epidemiological studies linking circadian mechanisms to adipose tissue biology and its related comorbidities, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. This review highlights recent in-vitro and in-vivo findings from murine, human and model organism studies. RECENT FINDINGS High-fat diets attenuate circadian mechanisms in murine adipose depots and these effects appear to be due to obesity rather than hyperglycemia. Deletion of circadian regulatory genes such as AMPK1 and nocturnin alter the circadian biology of adipose tissue. Unlike the mouse, circadian gene oscillation in human adipose tissue appears to be independent of BMI and diabetes status, suggesting that circadian mechanistic variation occurs across species. Clues for future directions in this emerging field come from studies of the hibernation and torpor state in mammals and infection models involving the Drosophila metabolic organ or 'fat body'. SUMMARY There is a growing consensus that circadian rhythms and metabolism are tightly regulated in adipose tissue and peripheral metabolic organs. Although central mechanisms are critical, autonomous clocks exist within the adipocytes themselves. Future circadian advances are likely to result from the studies of adipose tissue-specific gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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32
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Pistilli EE, Bogdanovich S, Garton F, Yang N, Gulbin JP, Conner JD, Anderson BG, Quinn LS, North K, Ahima RS, Khurana TS. Loss of IL-15 receptor α alters the endurance, fatigability, and metabolic characteristics of mouse fast skeletal muscles. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3120-32. [PMID: 21765213 DOI: 10.1172/jci44945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) is a component of the heterotrimeric plasma membrane receptor for the pleiotropic cytokine IL-15. However, IL-15Rα is not merely an IL-15 receptor subunit, as mice lacking either IL-15 or IL-15Rα have unique phenotypes. IL-15 and IL-15Rα have been implicated in muscle phenotypes, but a role in muscle physiology has not been defined. Here, we have shown that loss of IL-15Rα induces a functional oxidative shift in fast muscles, substantially increasing fatigue resistance and exercise capacity. IL-15Rα-knockout (IL-15Rα-KO) mice ran greater distances and had greater ambulatory activity than controls. Fast muscles displayed fatigue resistance and a slower contractile phenotype. The molecular signature of these muscles included altered markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and calcium homeostasis. Morphologically, fast muscles had a greater number of muscle fibers, smaller fiber areas, and a greater ratio of nuclei to fiber area. The alterations of physiological properties and increased resistance to fatigue in fast muscles are consistent with a shift toward a slower, more oxidative phenotype. Consistent with a conserved functional role in humans, a genetic association was found between a SNP in the IL15RA gene and endurance in athletes stratified by sport. Therefore, we propose that IL-15Rα has a role in defining the phenotype of fast skeletal muscles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emidio E Pistilli
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Wu X, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ, He Y, Khan RS, Stone KP, Cash MS, Pan W. Interleukin-15 affects serotonin system and exerts antidepressive effects through IL15Rα receptor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:266-78. [PMID: 20724079 PMCID: PMC3015024 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the reduction of depressive-like behavior observed in several strains of cytokine receptor knockout mice, mice lacking the specific receptor for interleukin (IL)-15 showed increased immobility in tail suspension and modified forced swimming tests. There was also a reduction in social interactions. The hippocampus of the IL15Rα knockout mice had decreased mRNA for 5-HT(1A), increased mRNA for 5-HT(2C), and region-specific changes of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) immunoreactivity. Fluoxetine (the classic antidepressant Prozac, which inhibits 5-HT(2C) and SERT) reduced the immobility of the IL15Rα knockout mice in comparison with their pretreatment baseline. Together with the unchanged performance of the IL15Rα knockout mice on the rotarod, this response to fluoxetine indicates that the immobility reflects depression. Wildtype mice responded to IL15 treatment with improvement of immobility induced by forced swimming, whereas the knockout mice failed to respond. Thus, the cognate IL15 receptor is necessary for the antidepressive activity of IL15. In ex vivo studies, IL15 decreased synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT, and modulated the expression of 5-HT(2C) and SERT in cultured neurons in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, the effect of IL15 on serotonin transmission may underlie the depressive-like behavior of IL15Rα knockout mice. We speculate that IL15 is essential to maintain neurochemical homeostasis and thereby plays a role in preventing neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Depression/genetics
- Depression/metabolism
- Depression/pathology
- Depression/prevention & control
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Fluoxetine/pharmacology
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nervous System/drug effects
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/genetics
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
- Synaptosomes/drug effects
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weihong Pan
- Corresponding author: Weihong Pan, MD, PhD, Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA, Tel. 1-225-763-2707, Fax 1-225-763-0261, , Web: http://labs.pbrc.edu/bloodbrainbarrier
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34
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Stone KP, Kastin AJ, Hsuchou H, Yu C, Pan W. Rapid endocytosis of interleukin-15 by cerebral endothelia. J Neurochem 2011; 116:544-53. [PMID: 21155807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 receptors are present in the cerebral endothelia composing the blood-brain barrier where they show robust up-regulation by neuroinflammation. To determine how IL15 receptor subunits participate in the endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of IL15, we performed confocal microscopic imaging and radioactive tracer uptake assays in primary brain microvessel endothelial cells and related cell lines transfected with modulatory molecules. By immunostaining and co-localization studies with organelle markers, we showed that IL15 was rapidly endocytosed via lipid rafts and was directed to diverse intracellular pathways. During the course of intracellular trafficking, Alexa dye-conjugated IL15 was partially co-localized with both the specific receptor IL15Rα and the co-receptor IL2Rγ. However, deletion of one of the receptor subunits had only a minor effect in slowing IL15 uptake when primary brain microvessel endothelial cells from the receptor knockout mice were compared with those from wildtype mice. IL15 was trafficked to early, recycling, and late endosomes, to the Golgi, and to lysosomes. The diffuse distribution suggests that IL15 activates multiple endothelial signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten P Stone
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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35
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Quinn LS, Anderson BG. Interleukin-15, IL-15 Receptor-Alpha, and Obesity: Concordance of Laboratory Animal and Human Genetic Studies. J Obes 2011; 2011:456347. [PMID: 21603270 PMCID: PMC3092601 DOI: 10.1155/2011/456347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine which inhibits lipid deposition in cultured adipocytes and decreases adipose tissue deposition in laboratory rodents. In human subjects, negative correlations between circulating IL-15 levels and both total and abdominal fat have been demonstrated. Deletions of IL15 in humans and mice are associated with obesity, while gain-of-function IL-15 overexpressing mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. IL-15 is highly (but not exclusively) expressed at the mRNA level in skeletal muscle tissue, and the regulation of IL-15 translation and secretion is complex. Conflicting evidence exists concerning whether circulating IL-15 is released from skeletal muscle tissue in response to exercise or other physiological stimuli. The IL-15 receptor-alpha (IL-15Rα) subunit has a complex biochemistry, encoding both membrane-bound and soluble forms which can modulate IL-15 secretion and bioactivity. The gene encoding this receptor, IL15RA, resides on human chromosome 10p, a location linked to obesity and type-2 diabetes. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human IL15RA and IL15 correlate with adiposity and markers of the metabolic syndrome. Genetic variation in IL15RA may modulate IL-15 bioavailability, which in turn regulates adiposity. Thus, IL-15 and the IL-15Rα may be novel targets for pharmacologic control of obesity in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeBris S. Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- *LeBris S. Quinn:
| | - Barbara G. Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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36
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Wu X, He Y, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ, Rood JC, Pan W. Essential role of interleukin-15 receptor in normal anxiety behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1340-6. [PMID: 20600810 PMCID: PMC2949491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 and the classical neurotransmitter GABA have been shown in IL15Rα receptor knockout mice by observations of memory deficits and reduction of GABA. To test the hypothesis that IL15 affects anxiety-like behavior, knockout mice without IL15, IL15Rα, or the co-receptor IL2Rγ were subjected to open-field and elevated plus maze tests. All three strains showed reduction of anxiety, with greater changes in the IL15Rα knockout mice than in the IL15 or IL2Rγ knockout mice. This unexpected observation is opposite to the reported increase of anxiety in mice lacking other proinflammatory cytokines or their receptors. The reduced anxiety was not associated with changes in associated serum cytokines. However, Western blotting, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry all showed that IL15Rα knockout mice had mild microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus. To determine whether this gliosis plays a role in decreasing anxiety, IL15Rα knockout mice were treated with minocycline, but this did not cause a change in open field performance. To determine whether IL15 plays a direct role in anxiety, wildtype mice were treated with IL15 by intraperitoneal injection. This also failed to cause a change in open field behavior under the experimental conditions tested. Thus, IL15Rα is essential for normal anxiety-like behavior, but inhibition of gliosis in the fearless IL15Rα knockout mice or IL15 treatment of normal mice did not acutely modulate behavioral performance as tested.
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37
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Pan W, Wu X, Kastin AJ, Zhang Y, Hsuchou H, Halberg F, Chatu F, Khan RS, Robert B, Cornelissen-Guillaume GG. Potential protective role of IL15Rα during inflammation. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:412-23. [PMID: 20981579 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that TNFα specifically activates the interleukin-15 (IL15) system in cerebral endothelial cells composing the blood-brain barrier. To determine the functions of cerebral IL15 signaling in inflammation, we first treated mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and determined the expression of the three receptor subtypes of IL15. Robust time-dependent upregulation occurred in all subunits. We then tested whether IL15Rα knockout (KO) affected the maintenance of body temperature and activity level after a single dose of LPS. Circadian telemetry data were analyzed by the cosinor method. Both wild-type and KO mice had clear 24-h rhythms of basal temperature and activity. KO mice had a significantly higher midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR; approximating 24 h mean) of temperature and delayed 24-h acrophase (peak) of activity than the wild-type mice. LPS disrupted the circadian rhythm of activity more severely in the KO group. Besides a decrease in MESOR and 24-h amplitude of activity after LPS, the KO mice showed a significant reduction of MESOR, amplitude, and changed acrophase for temperature on the second of 2 days. The disrupted circadian rhythm of temperature and activity in the KO mice after LPS suggests that upregulated IL15 receptors may serve a beneficial role to counteract the consequences of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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38
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Wu X, Pan W, He Y, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ. Cerebral interleukin-15 shows upregulation and beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 223:65-72. [PMID: 20430449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 can cross the blood-brain barrier to act on its specific brain receptor (IL15Ralpha) and co-receptors. The important roles of neuronal IL15 and IL15Ralpha in experimental autoimmune encephalomeylitis (EAE) are suggested by the upregulation of IL15Ralpha mRNA in different regions of the brain and spinal cord, and by double-labeling immunohistochemistry showing neuronal localization of IL15 and IL15Ralpha in different neurons. Contrary to expectations, IL15 treatment lessened EAE severity. IL15 knockout mice showed heightened susceptibility to EAE with significantly higher scores that were decreased by treatment with IL15. Thus, IL15 improves this CNS autoimmune disorder as a potential therapeutic agent.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnosis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/etiology
- Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-15/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-15/physiology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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