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Shen MQ, Guo Q, Li W, Qian ZM. Apolipoprotein E deficiency leads to the polarization of splenic macrophages towards M1 phenotype by increasing iron content. Genes Immun 2024:10.1038/s41435-024-00290-7. [PMID: 39103538 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-024-00290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a crucial role in iron homeostasis in the body, while macrophages are the principal cells responsible for handling iron in mammals. However, it is unknown whether ApoE can affect the functional subtypes and the iron handling capacity of splenic macrophages (SM). Here, we investigated the effects of ApoE deficiency (ApoE-/-) on the polarization and iron content of SM and its potential mechanisms. ApoE-/- was found to induce a significant increase in the expressions of M1 marker genes CD86, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and iNOS and a reduction in M2 marker genes CD206, Arg-1, IL-10 and Ym-1 in SM of mice aged 28 weeks, Meanwhile, ApoE-/- caused a significant increase in iron content and expression of ferritin, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and a reduction in ferroportin1 (Fpn1) in spleen and/or SM of mice aged 28 weeks. It was concluded that ApoE-/- can increase iron content through increased iron uptake mediated by TfR/ IRPs and decreased iron release mediated by Fpn1, leading to polarization of the SM to M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Shen
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- School of Health Medicine, Nantong Polytechnic College, Nantong, China
| | - Qian Guo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Liu Q, Li J, Zong Q, Duan Z, Liu F, Duan W, Ruan M, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang Q. Interferon-induced polarization of M1 macrophages mediates antiviral activity against the hepatitis B virus via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112219. [PMID: 38733823 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Given its ability to inhibit HBV replication, Interferon alpha (IFN-α) treatment has been confirmed to be effective in managing Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB). However, its underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. METHODS Herein, we investigated the antiviral properties of IFN-α by introducing IFN-α expression plasmids into a well-established HBV Hydrodynamic Injection (HDI) mouse model and examined the impact of IFN-α or hepcidin treatment on macrophages derived from THP-1 cells. The cytokine profiles were analyzed using the cytometry microsphere microarray technology, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the polarization of macrophages. Additionally, the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis were analyzed to better understand the macrophage polarization mechanism. RESULTS As evidenced by the suppression of HBV replication, injection of an IFN-α expression plasmid and supernatants of IFN-α-treated macrophages exerted anti-HBV effects. The IFN-α treatment up-regulated IL-6 in mice with HBV replication, as well as in IFN-α-treated HepG2 cells and macrophages. Furthermore, JAK2/STAT3 signaling and hepcidin expression was promoted, inducing iron accumulation via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, which caused the polarization of M1 macrophages. Furthermore, under the effect of IFN-α, IL-6 silencing or blockade downregulated the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and hepcidin, implying that increased hepcidin expression under IFN-α treatment was dependent on the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION The IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is activated by IFN-α which induces hepcidin expression. The resulting iron accumulation then induces the polarization of M1 macrophages via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, yielding an immune response which exerts antiviral effects against HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jianfei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qiyin Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Futing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wanlu Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mengqi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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Liang T, Yang SX, Qian C, Du LD, Qian ZM, Yung WH, Ke Y. HMGB1 Mediates Inflammation-Induced DMT1 Increase and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the Early Stage of Parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2006-2020. [PMID: 37833459 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Both neuroinflammation and iron accumulation play roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether inflammation induces iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons at an early stage of PD, at which no quantifiable dopaminergic neuron loss can be observed, is still unknown. As for the inflammation mediators, although several cytokines have been reported to increase in PD, the functions of these cytokines in the SN are double-edged and controversial. In this study, whether inflammation could induce iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons through high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in the early stage of PD is explored. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin that primarily activates glia cells, and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the neurotoxin that firstly impacts dopaminergic neurons, were utilized to mimic PD in rats. We found a common and exceedingly early over-production of HMGB1, followed by an increase of divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element (DMT1+) in the dopaminergic neurons before quantifiable neuronal loss. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody suppressed inflammation in the SN, DMT1+ elevation in dopaminergic neurons, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in both LPS and 6-OHDA administration- induced PD models. On the contrary, interleukin-1β inhibitor diacerein failed to suppress these outcomes induced by 6-OHDA. Our findings not only demonstrate that inflammation could be one of the causes of DMT1+ increase in dopaminergic neurons, but also highlight HMGB1 as a pivotal early mediator of inflammation-induced iron increase and subsequent neurodegeneration, thereby HMGB1 could serve as a potential target for early-stage PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Li-Da Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China.
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4
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Tian X, Li X, Pan M, Yang LZ, Li Y, Fang W. Progress of Ferroptosis in Ischemic Stroke and Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:25. [PMID: 38393376 PMCID: PMC10891262 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD) and ischemic stroke (IS) has been confirmed to be closely related to ferroptosis. The mechanisms of ferroptosis were summarized into three interrelated aspects: iron metabolism, lipid peroxide metabolism, as well as glutathione and amino acid metabolism. What's more, the causal relationship between ferroptosis and IS has been elucidated by several processes. The disruption of the blood-brain barrier, the release of excitatory amino acids, and the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke all lead to the disorder of iron metabolism and the antioxidant system. Based on these statements, we reviewed the reported effects of compounds and drugs treating IS by modulating key molecules in ferroptosis. Through detailed analysis of the roles of these key molecules, we have also more clearly demonstrated the essential effect of ferroptosis in the occurrence of IS so as to provide new targets and ideas for the therapeutic targets of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengtian Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Zixin Yang
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zheng J, Qian ZM, Sun YX, Bao YX. Downregulation of hepcidin by norcantharidin in macrophage. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:673-678. [PMID: 36855296 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2185236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Norcantharidin (NCTD) is a demethylated analogue of cantharidin. It was recently demonstrated that NCTD reduces iron contents in the liver and spleen of mice in vivo, indicating that NCTD can affect iron metabolism via hepcidin. Here, we investigated the effects of NCTD on expression of iron storage protein ferritin-light chain (Ft-L), transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin 1 (Fpn1), hepcidin, iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), IL-6, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells in vitro via Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis. We demonstrate that NCTD down-regulates Ft-L, hepcidin, IL-6, pJAK2, pSTAT3 and up-regulates TfR1, DMT1, Fpn1 and IRP1 expression in LPS treated cells, showing that NCTD can inhibit hepcidin via the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway and also increase TfR1, DMT1 and Fpn1 expression via down-regulating hepcidin and up-regulating IRP1. Our findings provide further evidence in vitro for the role of NCTD in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Xin Bao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Davaanyam D, Lee H, Seol SI, Oh SA, Kim SW, Lee JK. HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2402-2416. [PMID: 37907744 PMCID: PMC10689467 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of brain iron levels causes functional disturbances and damages neurons. Hepcidin (a peptide hormone) plays a principal role in regulating intracellular iron levels by modulating ferroportin (FPN, the only known iron exporter) through triggering its internalization and lysosomal degradation. We observed a significant and rapid iron surge in the cortices of ischemic hemispheres at 3 h after cerebral ischemia (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) that was maintained until 4 d post-MCAO. We showed upregulation of hepcidin expression in the brain as early as 3 h post-MCAO, mainly in astrocytes, and significant hepcidin accumulation in serum from 6 h post-MCAO, and these inductions were maintained for 1 day and 7 days, respectively. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a prototypic danger-associated molecular pattern, accumulates markedly after transient MCAO and plays critical roles in damage aggravation via its proinflammatory effects. Here, we demonstrated that treatment with recombinant HMGB1 stimulated astrocytes to induce hepcidin expression in a TLR4- and CXCR4-dependent manner. Furthermore, hepcidin-mediated intracellular iron accumulation in neurons was confirmed by an experiment using N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-conditioned medium-treated primary astrocytes and fresh primary cortical neurons treated with hepcidin-containing astrocyte-conditioned medium. Moreover, HMGB1-mediated local hepcidin upregulation and subsequent local iron surge were found to cause ferroptosis in the postischemic brain, which was suppressed by the functional blocking of HMGB1 using intranasally administered HMGB1 A box or anti-HMGB1 antibody. These findings show that HMGB1 serves as a ferroptosis inducer by upregulating hepcidin in astrocytes and thus aggravates acute damage in the postischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashdulam Davaanyam
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hahnbi Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Song-I Seol
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Sang-A Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, 22212, Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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Ma J, Guo Q, Shen MQ, Li W, Zhong QX, Qian ZM. Apolipoprotein E is required for brain iron homeostasis in mice. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102779. [PMID: 37339558 PMCID: PMC10363452 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE-/-) increases progressively iron in the liver, spleen and aortic tissues with age in mice. However, it is unknown whether ApoE affects brain iron. METHODS We investigated iron contents, expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), ferroportin 1 (Fpn1), iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), aconitase, hepcidin, Aβ42, MAP2, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines and glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) in the brain of ApoE-/- mice. RESULTS We demonstrated that ApoE-/- induced a significant increase in iron, TfR1 and IRPs and a reduction in Fpn1, aconitase and hepcidin in the hippocampus and basal ganglia. We also showed that replenishment of ApoE absent partly reversed the iron-related phenotype in ApoE-/- mice at 24-months old. In addition, ApoE-/- induced a significant increase in Aβ42, MDA, 8-isoprostane, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα and a reduction in MAP2 and Gpx4 in hippocampus, basal ganglia and/or cortex of mice at 24-months old. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implied that ApoE is required for brain iron homeostasis and ApoE-/--induced increase in brain iron is due to the increased IRP/TfR1-mediated cell-iron uptake as well as the reduced IRP/Fpn1 associated cell-iron export and suggested that ApoE-/- induced neuronal injury resulted mainly from the increased iron and subsequently ROS, inflammation and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qian Guo
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 881 Yonghe Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Meng-Qi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Qi-Xin Zhong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518034, China.
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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Liu F, Cao L, Hu S, Ye H, Wu Q, Wu L. Muscone promotes functional recovery by facilitating microglia polarization into M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ pathway after ischemic stroke. Cell Immunol 2023; 386:104704. [PMID: 36921554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploring regimens to facilitate microglia transformation from M1 to M2 phenotype is a feasible strategy to suppress neuroinflammation, therefore reinforcing functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Muscone easily crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and distributes throughout the brain. Here, the results illustrated the administration of 8 mg/kg muscone promoted functional recovery through reducing the infarct volume by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining after ischemic stroke in mice. Then, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), was significantly decreased, whereas the level of anti-inflammatory agents including C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was obviously elevated in penumbra with the treatment of 8 mg/kg muscone using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Subsequently, the results showed the application of muscone upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) to facilitate microglia transformation into M2 phenotype using RT-qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Collectively, the present study provides evidence for our hypothesis that muscone intensifies microglia transformation into M2 phenotype via activating PPAR-γ signaling pathway in penumbra after ischemic stroke. These findings demonstrate muscone is a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Shejing Hu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Ye
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China
| | - Le Wu
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430050, PR China.
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Barron A, Manna S, McElwain CJ, Musumeci A, McCarthy FP, O’Keeffe GW, McCarthy CM. Maternal pre-eclampsia serum increases neurite growth and mitochondrial function through a potential IL-6-dependent mechanism in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1043481. [PMID: 36714304 PMCID: PMC9877349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1043481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a common and serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, which affects 3%-5% of first-time pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Prenatal exposure to PE is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in affected offspring, although the cellular and molecular basis of this increased risk is largely unknown. Methods: Here, we examined the effects of exposure to maternal serum from women with PE or a healthy uncomplicated pregnancy on the survival, neurite growth and mitochondrial function of neuronally differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which are commonly used to study neurite growth. Neurite growth and mitochondrial function are two strongly linked neurodevelopmental parameters in which alterations have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Following this, we investigated the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels as a potential mechanism. Results: Cells exposed to 3% (v/v) PE serum for 72 h exhibited increased neurite growth (p < 0.05), which was validated in the human neural progenitor cell line, ReNcell® VM (p < 0.01), and mitochondrial respiration (elevated oxygen consumption rate (p < 0.05), basal mitochondrial respiration, proton leak, ATP synthesis, and non-mitochondrial respiration) compared to control serum-treated cells. ELISA analysis showed elevations in maternal IL-6 in PE sera (p < 0.05) and placental explants (p < 0.05). In support of this, SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 3% (v/v) PE serum for 24 h had increased phospho-STAT3 levels, which is a key intracellular mediator of IL-6 signalling (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody blocked the effects of PE serum on neurite growth (p < 0.05), and exposure to IL-6 promoted neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells (p < 0.01). Discussion: Collectively these data show elevated serum levels of maternal IL-6 in PE, which increases neurite growth and mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y cells. This rationalizes the further study of IL-6 as a potential mediator between PE exposure and neurodevelopmental outcome in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Barron
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College, Cork, Ireland,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Samprikta Manna
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colm J. McElwain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrea Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus P. McCarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O’Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College, Cork, Ireland,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Gerard W. O’Keeffe, ; Cathal M. McCarthy,
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Gerard W. O’Keeffe, ; Cathal M. McCarthy,
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11
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Zheng J, Wang JJ, Ma HM, Shen MQ, Qian ZM, Bao YX. Norcantharidin down-regulates iron contents in the liver and spleen of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Redox Rep 2022; 27:119-127. [PMID: 35735222 PMCID: PMC9246006 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2088011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The inhibiting effect of Norcantharidin (NCTD) on IL-6 (interleukin-6) and STAT3 and the involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway in hepcidin expression prompted us to speculate that NCTD could affect iron metabolism. Methods We examined the effects of NCTD on serum iron (SI) and transferrin (Tf) saturation, iron and ferritin light chain (FTL), transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin 1 (Fpn1), iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and hepcidin, as well as IL-6 and STAT3 in the liver, spleen and duodenum of mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, using RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. Results NCTD could increase SI and Tf saturation and reduce tissue iron and FTL content by affecting expression of cell-iron transport proteins TfR1, DMT1 and Fpn1. The impact of NCTD on TfR1, DMT1 and Fpn1 expression is mediated by up-regulating IRP1 and down-regulating hepcidin expression, while NCTD-induced down-regulation of hepcidin is mediated by the IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway in LPS-treated mice. Conclusions NCTD affects iron metabolism by modifying the expression of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/hepcidin and IRP1 and suggest that the ability of NCTD to reduce tissue iron contents may be a novel mechanism associated with the anti-cancer effects of NCTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Ma
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qi Shen
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xin Bao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Jiang Z, Yin X, Wang M, Wang Y, Li F, Gao Y, Han G, Gao Z, Wang Z. β-Hydroxybutyrate alleviates pyroptosis in MPP+/MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease models via inhibiting STAT3/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Pap R, Pandur E, Jánosa G, Sipos K, Nagy T, Agócs A, Deli J. Lutein Decreases Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Prevents Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation at Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2269. [PMID: 36421455 PMCID: PMC9687421 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The xanthophyll carotenoid lutein has been widely used as supplementation due to its protective effects in light-induced oxidative stress. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features suggest that it has a neuroprotective role as well. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), which plays a key role in regulating brain function. Excess accumulation of intracellular glutamate accelerates an increase in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons leading to glutamate neurotoxicity. In this study, we focused on the effects of glutamate on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to identify the possible alterations in oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron metabolism that affect the neurological function itself and in the presence of antioxidant lutein. First, ROS measurements were performed, and then catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were determined by enzyme activity assay kits. The ELISA technique was used to detect proinflammatory TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokine secretions. Alterations in iron uptake, storage, and release were followed by gene expression measurements and Western blotting. Total iron level detections were performed by a ferrozine-based iron detection method, and a heme assay kit was used for heme measurements. The gene expression toward lipid-peroxidation was determined by RT-PCR. Our results show glutamate changes ROS, inflammation, and antioxidant enzyme activity, modulate iron accumulation, and may initiate lipid peroxidation in SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, lutein attenuates the glutamate-induced effects on ROS, inflammation, iron metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. According to our findings, lutein could be a beneficial, supportive treatment in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jánosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Agócs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Deli
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Astrocyte-derived hepcidin controls iron traffic at the blood-brain-barrier via regulating ferroportin 1 of microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:667. [PMID: 35915080 PMCID: PMC9343463 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain iron dysregulation associated with aging is closely related to motor and cognitive impairments in neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of iron traffic at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial to maintain brain iron homeostasis. However, the specific mechanism has not been clarified in detail. Using various conditional gene knockout and overexpression mice, as well as cell co-culture of astrocyte and bEND.3 in the transwell, we found that astrocyte hepcidin knockdown increased the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), and that it also induced brain iron overload and cognitive decline in mice. Moreover, BMVECs FPN1 knockout decreased iron contents in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, hepcidin regulates the level of FPN1 of BMVECs with conditional gene overexpression in vivo and in vitro. Our results revealed that astrocytes responded to the intracellular high iron level and increased the secretion of hepcidin, which in turn diminished iron uptake at BBB from circulation through directly regulating FPN1 of BMVECs. Our results demonstrate that FPN1 of BMVECs is a gateway for iron transport into the brain from circulation, and the controller of this gateway is hepcidin secreted by astrocyte at its endfeet through physical contact with BMVECs. This regulation is indeed the major checkpoint for iron transport from the blood circulation to the brain. This study delineates the pathway and regulation of iron entry into the brain, providing potential therapeutic targets for iron dysregulation-related neurological diseases.
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15
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Smith KJ, Gwyer Findlay E. Expression of antimicrobial host defence peptides in the central nervous system during health and disease. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 1:kyac003. [PMID: 38566904 PMCID: PMC10917193 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial host defence peptides (HDP) are critical for the first line of defence against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Over the past decade we have become more aware that, in addition to their antimicrobial roles, they also possess the potent immunomodulatory capacity. This includes chemoattracting immune cells, activating dendritic cells and macrophages, and altering T-cell differentiation. Most examinations of their immunomodulatory roles have focused on tissues in which they are very abundant, such as the intestine and the inflamed skin. However, HDP have now been detected in the brain and the spinal cord during a number of conditions. We propose that their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) during homeostasis, infection, and neurodegenerative disease has the potential to contribute to immunosurveillance, alter host responses and skew developing immunity. Here, we review the evidence for HDP expression and function in the CNS in health and disease. We describe how a wide range of HDP are expressed in the CNS of humans, rodents, birds, and fish, suggesting a conserved role in protecting the brain from pathogens, with evidence of production by resident CNS cells. We highlight differences in methodology used and how this may have resulted in the immunomodulatory roles of HDP being overlooked. Finally, we discuss what HDP expression may mean for CNS immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Smith
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Stachowska L, Koziarska D, Karakiewicz B, Kotwas A, Knyszyńska A, Folwarski M, Dec K, Stachowska E, Hawryłkowicz V, Kulaszyńska M, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Hepcidin (rs10421768), Transferrin (rs3811647, rs1049296) and Transferrin Receptor 2 (rs7385804) Gene Polymorphism Might Be Associated with the Origin of Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116875. [PMID: 35682458 PMCID: PMC9180173 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which there is a multifocal damage to the nerve tissue. Additionally, the literature emphasizes the excessive accumulation of iron in the central nervous system of patients, which is negatively correlated with their psychophysical fitness. Iron metabolism genes polymorphisms may modulate iron deposition in the body and thus affect the clinical course of MS. We aimed to assess the frequency of HAMP, TFR2, and TF polymorphisms in MS patients and their impact on the clinical course of the disease. The studied polymorphisms were identified by the Real-Time PCR using TaqMan technology. Neurological assessment by means of EDSS scale was conducted. This cross-sectional study included 176 patients, with the mean age of onset of symptoms at 30.6 years. The frequency of alleles of the studied polymorphisms was as follows: (a) HAMP rs10421768: A 75.9% (n = 267), G 24.1% (n = 65), (b) TF rs1049296: C 89.2% (n = 314), T 10.8% (n = 38), (c) TF rs3811647: A 39.8% (n = 140), G 60.2% (n = 212), (d) TFR2 rs7385804: A 59.1% (n = 59.1%), C 40.9% (n = 144). In the codominant inheritance model of TF rs1049269, it was shown that people with the CT genotype scored statistically significantly lower points in the EDSS scale at the time of diagnosis than those with the CC genotype (CC Me = 1.5, CT Me = 1.0 p = 0.0236). In the recessive model of TF inheritance rs3811647, it was noticed that the primary relapses were significantly more frequent in patients with at least one G allele compared with those with the AA genotype (AG + GG = 81.2%, AA = 18.8%, p = 0.0354). In the overdominant model rs7385804 TFR2, it was shown that among patients with the AA genotype, multiple sclerosis occurs significantly more often in relatives in a straight line compared with people with the AC and CC genotypes (AA = 100.0%, AC + CC = 0.0%, p = 0.0437). We concluded that the studied polymorphisms might affect the clinical course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Dorota Koziarska
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 72-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Artur Kotwas
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Knyszyńska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Karolina Dec
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Viktoria Hawryłkowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (L.S.); (K.D.); (E.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Monika Kulaszyńska
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 72-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Ma J, Ma HM, Shen MQ, Wang YY, Bao YX, Liu Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. The Role of Iron in Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:857933. [PMID: 35669479 PMCID: PMC9163807 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.857933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of iron in atherosclerosis is still a controversial and unsolved issue. Here, we investigated serum iron, expression of iron regulatory, transport and storage proteins, pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in ApoE–/– mice. We demonstrated that ApoE–/– induced atherosclerosis and an increase in iron contents, expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), cellular adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a reduction in expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme in aortic tissues. All of these changes induced by ApoE deficiency could be significantly abolished by deferoxamine. The data showed that the increased iron in aortic tissues was mainly due to the increased iron uptake via IRP/TfR1 upregulation. These findings plus a brief analysis of the controversial results reported previously showed that ApoE deficiency-induced atherosclerosis is partly mediated by the increased iron in aortic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Ma
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meng-Qi Shen
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xin Bao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Ya Ke,
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Zhong-Ming Qian,
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Wang J, Sun Q, Zhang J, Wang H, Liu H. Classical Signaling and Trans-Signaling Pathways Stimulated by Megalobrama amblycephala IL-6 and IL-6R. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042019. [PMID: 35216135 PMCID: PMC8880141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multipotent cytokine. IL-6 plays a dual role in inflammation through both classical signaling (IL-6 binds membrane IL-6 receptor/IL-6R) and trans-signaling (IL-6 binds soluble IL-6R). However, the regulation of IL-6 activity, especially the regulation of signaling pathways and downstream genes mediated by IL-6 trans-signaling, remains largely unclear in teleost. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) hepatic (L8824) cells, kidney (CIK) cells, and primary hepatocytes were used as test models in this study. First, the biological activity of recombinant blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) IL-6 (rmaIL-6) and sIL-6R (rmasIL-6R) was verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot. The western blot results showed that rmaIL-6 significantly upregulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in L8824 cells and primary hepatocytes, while rmaIL-6 in combination with rmasIL-6R (rmaIL-6+rmasIL-6R) significantly upregulated STAT3 phosphorylation in all types of cells. Furthermore, maIL-6 and maIL-6+rmasIL-6R could only induce extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in L8824 cells and CIK cells, respectively. Therefore, IL-6 mainly acts by activating the janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 pathway rather than the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/ERK pathway. Finally, the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway was shown to be essential for the generation of socs3a and socs3b induced by IL-6 trans-signaling after treatment by JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitors (c188-9 and TG101348). These findings provide functional insights into IL-6 classical signaling and trans-signaling regulatory mechanisms in teleost, enriching our knowledge of fish immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiu Wang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.W.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.W.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.W.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanling Wang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.W.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.W.); (Q.S.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Effect of hepcidin antagonists on anemia during inflammatory disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107877. [PMID: 33895185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the mammalian body however, its homeostasis must be regulated accurately for appropriate physiological functioning. Alterations in physiological iron levels can lead to moderate to severe iron disorders like chronic and acute iron deficiency (anemia) or iron overload. Hepcidin plays an important role in regulating homeostasis between circulating iron and stored iron in the cells as well as the absorption of dietary iron in the intestine. Inflammatory disorders restrict iron absorption from food due to increased circulating levels of hepcidin. Increased production of hepcidin causes ubiquitination of ferroportin (FPN) leading to its degradation, thereby retaining iron in the spleen, duodenal enterocytes, macrophages, and hepatocytes. Hepcidin inhibitors and antagonists play a consequential role to ameliorate inflammation-associated anemia. Many natural and synthesized compounds, able to reduce hepcidin expression during inflammation have been identified in recent years. Few of which are currently at various phases of clinical trial. This article comprises a comprehensive review of therapeutic approaches for the efficient treatment of anemia associated with inflammation. Many strategies have been developed targeting the hepcidin-FPN axis to rectify iron disorders. Hepcidin modulation with siRNAs, antibodies, chemical compounds, and plant extracts provides new insights for developing advanced therapeutics for iron-related disorders. Hepcidin antagonist's treatment has a high potential to improve iron status in patients with iron disorders, but their clinical success needs further recognition along with the identification and application of new therapeutic approaches.
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Zhang F, Zhao P, Qian Z, Zhong M. Central Nervous System Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Up-Regulates Hepatic Hepcidin Expression by Activating the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:649640. [PMID: 33869267 PMCID: PMC8046903 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.649640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers inflammatory response after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection and elevates the expression of hepcidin through the interleukin 6/janus kinase 2/transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway in the brain. This study was conducted to determine whether LPS ICV injection can regulate peripheral hepatic hepcidin expression and iron metabolism. Here, we studied the hepcidin expression in the liver, as well as serum iron and transferrin saturation, after LPS ICV injection. We also demonstrated the role of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway in hepcidin expression in the livers of IL-6 knockout (IL-6–/– mice) and IL-6+/+ mice. AG490 was used to verify the effect of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway on hepatic hepcidin expression. Our present study demonstrated that LPS ICV injection up-regulated hepatic hepcidin expression. This finding provides further evidence for highlighting the importance of the central inflammation on hepatic hepcidin expression and peripheral iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fali Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhongming Qian
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Yang G, Qian C, Zhang C, Bao Y, Liu MY, Jiang F, Li W, Liu Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Hepcidin attenuates the iron-mediated secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Transl Res 2021; 229:53-68. [PMID: 32932001 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays a key role in secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and hepcidin is able to reduce brain iron in iron-overloaded rats by down-regulating iron transport proteins including ferroportin 1 and transferrin receptor 1. These led us to hypothesize that hepcidin might reduce iron-mediated neurotoxicity by inhibiting iron accumulation in ICH brain. Here, we examined effects of Ad-hepcidin (hepcidin expression adenovirus) on the nonheme iron contents, expression of hepcidin, ferritin and iron transport proteins, neuronal cell survival, water contents in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ICH-induced apoptosis, neurological deficit by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, NeuN Immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Fluoro-Jade B staining, behavioral performance and Morris water-maze tests in 510 rats. We demonstrated that hepcidin could significantly suppress the ICH-induced increase in iron and ferritin in brain tissues and CSF by inhibiting expression of iron transport proteins, increase neuronal survival by attenuating ICH-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, neurodegeneration and brain edema, as well as effectively improve ICH-induced behavioral and cognitive deficit in rats. The findings collectively showed that hepcidin could effectively attenuate iron-mediated secondary neuronal injury after ICH in rats. This naturally existing protein can potentially be developed into a therapeutic drug for the treatment of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yong Bao
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Meng-Yue Liu
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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The Role of Butyrylcholinesterase and Iron in the Regulation of Cholinergic Network and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042033. [PMID: 33670778 PMCID: PMC7922581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals, is marked by progressive neuron loss. Despite more than 100 years of research on AD, there is still no treatment to cure or prevent the disease. High levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, based on postmortem analyses, up to 44% of individuals have been shown to have high Aβ deposits with no clinical signs, due to having a “cognitive reserve”. The biochemical mechanism explaining the prevention of cognitive impairment in the presence of Aβ plaques is still unknown. It seems that in addition to protein aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes associated with aging are present in AD brains that are correlated with a higher level of brain iron and oxidative stress. It has been shown that iron accumulates around amyloid plaques in AD mouse models and postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Iron is required for essential brain functions, including oxidative metabolism, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. However, an imbalance in brain iron homeostasis caused by aging underlies many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proposed that high iron levels trigger an avalanche of events that push the progress of the disease, accelerating cognitive decline. Patients with increased amyloid plaques and iron are highly likely to develop dementia. Our observations indicate that the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) level seems to be iron-dependent, and reports show that BChE produced by reactive astrocytes can make cognitive functions worse by accelerating the decay of acetylcholine in aging brains. Why, even when there is a genetic risk, do symptoms of the disease appear after many years? Here, we discuss the relationship between genetic factors, age-dependent iron tissue accumulation, and inflammation, focusing on AD.
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Integrative multiomics analysis of Premolis semirufa caterpillar venom in the search for molecules leading to a joint disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1995. [PMID: 33479267 PMCID: PMC7820220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint disease called pararamosis is an occupational disease caused by accidental contact with bristles of the caterpillar Premolis semirufa. The chronic inflammatory process narrows the joint space and causes alterations in bone structure and cartilage degeneration, leading to joint stiffness. Aiming to determine the bristle components that could be responsible for this peculiar envenomation, in this work we have examined the toxin composition of the caterpillar bristles extract and compared it with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in synovial biopsies of patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Among the proteins identified, 129 presented an average of 63% homology with human proteins and shared important conserved domains. Among the human homologous proteins, we identified seven DEGs upregulated in synovial biopsies from RA or OA patients using meta-analysis. This approach allowed us to suggest possible toxins from the pararama bristles that could be responsible for starting the joint disease observed in pararamosis. Moreover, the study of pararamosis, in turn, may lead to the discovery of specific pharmacological targets related to the early stages of articular diseases.
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Ma J, Qian C, Bao Y, Liu MY, Ma HM, Shen MQ, Li W, Wang JJ, Bao YX, Liu Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Apolipoprotein E deficiency induces a progressive increase in tissue iron contents with age in mice. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101865. [PMID: 33493903 PMCID: PMC7823209 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of both iron/hepcidin and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) with development of Alzheimer disease (AD) and atherosclerosis led us to hypothesize that ApoE might be required for body iron homeostasis. Here, we demonstrated that ApoE knock-out (KO) induced a progressive accumulation of iron with age in the liver and spleen of mice. Subsequent investigations showed that the increased iron in the liver and spleen was due to phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (pERK) mediated up-regulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-dependent down-regulation of ferroportin 1. Furthermore, replenishment of ApoE could partially reverse the iron-related phenotype in ApoE KO mice. The findings imply that ApoE may be essential for body iron homeostasis and also suggest that clinical late-onset diseases with unexplained iron abnormality may partly be related to deficiency or reduced expression of ApoE. Apolipoprotein E deficiency induces a progressive increase in tissue iron contents with age in mice. ApoE−/− induced a progressive accumulation of iron with age in the liver and spleen of mice. The increased iron was due to upregulation of TfR1 and downregulation of Fpn1. Replenishment of ApoE could partially reverse the iron-related phenotype in ApoE KO mice. ApoE may be essential for body iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Bao
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Meng-Yue Liu
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hui-Min Ma
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Meng-Qi Shen
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu-Xin Bao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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25
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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Decreased motor impulsivity following chronic lithium treatment in male rats is associated with reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:339-349. [PMID: 32688024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium's efficacy in reducing both symptom severity in bipolar disorder (BD) and suicide risk across clinical populations may reflect its ability to reduce impulsivity. Changes in immune markers are associated with BD and suicidality yet their exact role in symptom expression remains unknown. Evidence also suggests that lithium may decrease levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery and central nervous system, and that such changes are related to its therapeutic efficacy. However, issues of cause and effect are hard to infer from clinical data alone. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic dietary lithium treatment on rats' performance of the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5CSRTT), a well-validated operant behavioural task measuring aspects of impulsivity, attention and motivation. Male Long-Evans rats received a diet supplemented with 0.3% LiCl (n = 13), or the equivalent control diet (n = 16), during behavioural testing. Blood and brain tissue samples were assayed for a wide range of cytokines once any changes in impulsivity became significant. After 12 weeks, chronic lithium treatment reduced levels of motor impulsivity, as indexed by premature responses in the 5CSRTT; measures of sustained attention and motivation were unaffected. Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-10 and RANTES (CCL-5) were reduced in lithium-treated rats at this time point. IL-1β, IL-6 and RANTES were also reduced selectively within the orbitofrontal cortex of lithium-treated rats, whereas cytokine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens were comparable with control subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lithium may improve impulse control deficits in clinical populations by minimising the effects of pro-inflammatory signalling on neuronal activity, particularly within the orbitofrontal cortex.
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Multiple Anesthesia/Surgery Cannot Impair Reference Memory in Adult Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3736912. [PMID: 32214903 PMCID: PMC7081041 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3736912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction increases mortality and morbidity in perioperative patients. Numerous studies have demonstrated that multiple surgery/anesthesia during the neurodevelopmental period affects cognitive function, whereas a single anesthesia/surgery rarely causes cognitive dysfunction in adults. However, whether adults who undergo multiple anesthesia/surgery over a short period will experience cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, central nervous system inflammation and changes in cholinergic markers were investigated in adult mice subjected to multiple laparotomy procedures over a short period of time. The results showed that despite the increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the hippocampus after multiple operations and the activation of microglia, multiple anesthesia/surgery did not cause a decline in cognitive function in adult mice. There were no changes in the cholinergic markers after multiple anesthesia/surgery.
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Kwiatek-Majkusiak J, Geremek M, Koziorowski D, Tomasiuk R, Szlufik S, Friedman A. Serum levels of hepcidin and interleukin 6 in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ashok A, Chaudhary S, McDonald D, Kritikos A, Bhargava D, Singh N. Local synthesis of hepcidin in the anterior segment of the eye: A novel observation with physiological and pathological implications. Exp Eye Res 2020; 190:107890. [PMID: 31811823 PMCID: PMC6931014 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The avascular cornea, trabecular meshwork (TM), and lens obtain iron, an essential biometal, from the aqueous humor (AH). The mechanism by which this exchange is regulated, however, is unclear. Recently we reported that non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells express ferroportin (Fpn) (Ashok, 2018b), an iron export protein modulated by hepcidin, the master regulator of iron homeostasis secreted mainly by the liver. Here, we explored whether ciliary epithelial and other cells in the anterior segment synthesize hepcidin, suggesting local regulation of iron exchange at this site. METHODS Human and bovine eyes were dissected to isolate the ciliary body (CB), corneal endothelial (CE), TM, lens epithelial (LE), and outer epithelial cell layer of the iris. Total mRNA and protein lysates were processed to evaluate the synthesis and expression of hepcidin, the iron regulatory peptide hormone, Fpn, the only known iron export protein, ceruloplasmin (Cp), a ferroxidase necessary for iron export, transferrin receptor (TfR), a major iron uptake protein, and ferritin, a major iron storage protein. A combination of techniques including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of total mRNA, Western blotting of protein lysates, and immunofluorescence of fixed tissue sections were used to accomplish these goals. RESULTS RT-PCR of isolated tissue samples revealed hepcidin-specific mRNA in the CB, TM, CE, and LE of the bovine eye. Western blotting of protein lysates from these tissues showed reactivity for hepcidin, Fpn, ferritin, and TfR. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry of similar tissues isolated from cadaveric human eyes showed expression of hepcidin, Fpn, and Cp in these samples. Notably, Fpn and Cp were expressed on the basolateral membrane of non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells, facing the AH. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis and expression of hepcidin and Fpn in the ciliary epithelium suggests local regulation of iron transport from choroidal plexus in the ciliary body to the AH across the blood-aqueous barrier. Expression of hepcidin and Fpn in CE, TM, and LE cells indicates additional regulation of iron exchange between the AH and cornea, TM, and lens, suggesting autonomous regulation of iron homeostasis in the anterior segment. Physiological and pathological implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Dallas McDonald
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alexander Kritikos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Disha Bhargava
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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30
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Hawula ZJ, Wallace DF, Subramaniam VN, Rishi G. Therapeutic Advances in Regulating the Hepcidin/Ferroportin Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040170. [PMID: 31775259 PMCID: PMC6958404 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between hepcidin and ferroportin is the key mechanism involved in regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. This axis can be affected by multiple stimuli including plasma iron levels, inflammation and erythropoietic demand. Genetic defects or prolonged inflammatory stimuli results in dysregulation of this axis, which can lead to several disorders including hereditary hemochromatosis and anaemia of chronic disease. An imbalance in iron homeostasis is increasingly being associated with worse disease outcomes in many clinical conditions including multiple cancers and neurological disorders. Currently, there are limited treatment options for regulating iron levels in patients and thus significant efforts are being made to uncover approaches to regulate hepcidin and ferroportin expression. These approaches either target these molecules directly or regulatory steps which mediate hepcidin or ferroportin expression. This review examines the current status of hepcidin and ferroportin agonists and antagonists, as well as inducers and inhibitors of these proteins and their regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Hawula
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Wallace
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.N.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Gautam Rishi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.N.S.); (G.R.)
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31
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Zhao P, Qian C, Chen YJ, Sheng Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency suppresses erythropoiesis by disrupting expression of heme biosynthetic enzymes and transporter. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:708. [PMID: 31551410 PMCID: PMC6760157 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reduced iron usage induced by the suppression of erythropoiesis is a major cause of the systemic iron overload in CBS knockout (CBS−/−) mice. However, the relevant mechanisms are unknown. Here, we examined changes in granulocyte/erythroid cell ratios, iron content, and expression of iron-metabolism proteins, including; two key enzymes involved in the heme biosynthetic pathway, ALAS2 (delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2) and FECH (ferrochelatase), a heme exporter from the cytosol and mitochondria, FLVCR (feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor) as well as EPO (erythropoietin), EPOR (erythropoietin receptor) and HIF-2α (hypoxia inducible factor-2 subunit α), in the blood, bone marrow or liver of CBS−/− (homozygous), CBS+/− (heterozygous) and CBS+/+ (Wild Type) mice. Our findings demonstrate that CBS deficiency can induce a significant reduction in the expression of ALAS2, FECH, FLVCR, HIF-2α, EPO, and EPOR as well as an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6), hepcidin and iron content in the blood, bone marrow or liver of mice. We conclude that the suppression of erythropoiesis is mainly due to the CBS deficiency-induced disruption in the expression of heme biosynthetic enzymes and heme-transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yun-Jin Chen
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226019, China.
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32
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Qian ZM, Ke Y. Hepcidin and its therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:633-653. [PMID: 31471929 DOI: 10.1002/med.21631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally high brain iron, resulting from the disrupted expression or function of proteins involved in iron metabolism in the brain, is an initial cause of neuronal death in neuroferritinopathy and aceruloplasminemia, and also plays a causative role in at least some of the other neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. As such, iron is believed to be a novel target for pharmacological intervention in these disorders. Reducing iron toward normal levels or hampering the increases in iron associated with age in the brain is a promising therapeutic strategy for all iron-related neurodegenerative disorders. Hepcidin is a crucial regulator of iron homeostasis in the brain. Recent studies have suggested that upregulating brain hepcidin levels can significantly reduce brain iron content through the regulation of iron transport protein expression in the blood-brain barrier and in neurons and astrocytes. In this review, we focus on the discussion of the therapeutic potential of hepcidin in iron-associated neurodegenerative diseases and also provide a systematic overview of recent research progress on how misregulated brain iron metabolism is involved in the development of multiple neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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33
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Daher R, Lefebvre T, Puy H, Karim Z. Extrahepatic hepcidin production: The intriguing outcomes of recent years. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1926-1936. [PMID: 31423425 PMCID: PMC6695539 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i15.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is the hyposideremic hormone regulating iron metabolism. It is a defensin-like disulfide-bonded peptide with antimicrobial activity. The main site of hepcidin production is the liver where its synthesis is modulated by iron, inflammation and erythropoietic signaling. However, hepcidin locally produced in several peripheral organs seems to be an important actor for the maintenance of iron homeostasis in these organs. This review highlights the presence of peripheral hepcidin and its potential functions. Understanding the role of extrahepatic hepcidin could be of great physiological and therapeutic importance for several specific pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raêd Daher
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
| | - Thibaud Lefebvre
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
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Chen S, Li J, Zhou P, Zhi X. SPTBN1 and cancer, which links? J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:17-25. [PMID: 31206681 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SPTBN1 is a dynamic intracellular nonpleckstrin homology-domain protein, functioning as a transforming growth factor-β signal transducing adapter protein which is necessary to form Smad3/Smad4 complex. Recently SPTBN1 is considered to be associated with many kinds of cancers. SPTBN1 expression and function differ between different tumor states or types. This review summarizes the recent advances in the expression patterns of SPTBN1 in cancers, and in understanding the mechanisms by which SPTBN1 affects the occurrence, progression, and metastasis of cancer. Identifying SPTBN1 expression and function in cancers will contribute to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer and the investigation of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Morris G, Berk M, Maes M, Puri BK. Could Alzheimer's Disease Originate in the Periphery and If So How So? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:406-434. [PMID: 29705945 PMCID: PMC6372984 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The classical amyloid cascade model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been challenged by several findings. Here, an alternative molecular neurobiological model is proposed. It is shown that the presence of the APOE ε4 allele, altered miRNA expression and epigenetic dysregulation in the promoter region and exon 1 of TREM2, as well as ANK1 hypermethylation and altered levels of histone post-translational methylation leading to increased transcription of TNFA, could variously explain increased levels of peripheral and central inflammation found in AD. In particular, as a result of increased activity of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), the presence of the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) isoform, and changes in ANK1 expression, with subsequent changes in miR-486 leading to altered levels of protein kinase B (Akt), mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), all of which play major roles in microglial activation, proliferation and survival, there is activation of microglia, leading to the subsequent (further) production of cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and other mediators of inflammation and neurotoxicity. These changes are associated with the development of amyloid and tau pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction (including impaired activity of the electron transport chain, depleted basal mitochondrial potential and oxidative damage to key tricarboxylic acid enzymes), synaptic dysfunction, altered glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity, mTOR activation, impairment of autophagy, compromised ubiquitin-proteasome system, iron dyshomeostasis, changes in APP translation, amyloid plaque formation, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
With the development of research, more and more evidences suggested that mutations in the genes associated with brain iron metabolism induced diseases in the brain. Brain iron metabolism disorders might be one cause of neurodegenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the normal process of iron entry into the brain across the blood-brain barrier, and the distribution and transportation of iron among neurons and glial cells, as well as the underlying regulation mechanisms. To understand the mechanisms of iron metabolism in the brain will provide theoretical basis to prevent and cure brain diseases related to iron metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
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Wang Y, Yu L, Ding J, Chen Y. Iron Metabolism in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010095. [PMID: 30591630 PMCID: PMC6337236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Demanded as an essential trace element that supports cell growth and basic functions, iron can be harmful and cancerogenic though. By exchanging between its different oxidized forms, iron overload induces free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, DNA, and protein damages, leading to carcinogenesis or ferroptosis. Iron also plays profound roles in modulating tumor microenvironment and metastasis, maintaining genomic stability and controlling epigenetics. in order to meet the high requirement of iron, neoplastic cells have remodeled iron metabolism pathways, including acquisition, storage, and efflux, which makes manipulating iron homeostasis a considerable approach for cancer therapy. Several iron chelators and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) has recently been developed for cancer intervention and presented considerable effects. This review summarizes some latest findings about iron metabolism function and regulation mechanism in cancer and the application of iron chelators and IONPs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Wang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Pandur E, Varga E, Tamási K, Pap R, Nagy J, Sipos K. Effect of Inflammatory Mediators Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic Acid on Iron Metabolism of Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells Alters in the Presence of BV-2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010017. [PMID: 30577543 PMCID: PMC6337407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components are important mediators of neuroinflammation in sepsis. LPS and LTA are potent activators of microglial cells which induce the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been demonstrated that disturbance of iron homeostasis of the brain is one of the underlying causes of neuronal cell death but the mechanisms contributing to this process are still questionable. In the present study, we established monocultures of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and co-cultures of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and BV-2 microglia as neuronal model systems to selectively examine the effect of inflammatory mediators LPS and LTA on iron homeostasis of SH-SY5Y cells both in mono- and co-cultures. We monitored the IL-6 and TNFα secretions of the treated cells and determined the mRNA and protein levels of iron importers (transferrin receptor-1 and divalent metal transporter-1), and iron storing genes (ferritin heavy chain and mitochondrial ferritin). Moreover, we examined the relation between hepcidin secretion and intracellular iron content. Our data revealed that LPS and LTA triggered distinct responses in SH-SY5Y cells by differently changing the expressions of iron uptake, as well as cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage proteins. Moreover, they increased the total iron contents of the cells but at different rates. The presence of BV-2 microglial cells influenced the reactions of SH-SY5Y cells on both LPS and LTA treatments: iron uptake and iron storage, as well as the neuronal cytokine production have been modulated. Our results demonstrate that BV-2 cells alter the iron metabolism of SH-SY5Y cells, they contribute to the iron accumulation of SH-SY5Y cells by manipulating the effects of LTA and LPS proving that microglia are important regulators of neuronal iron metabolism at neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edit Varga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Kitti Tamási
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Judit Nagy
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Zhang MW, Zhao P, Yung WH, Sheng Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Tissue iron is negatively correlated with TERC or TERT mRNA expression: A heterochronic parabiosis study in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:3834-3850. [PMID: 30555055 PMCID: PMC6326661 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that iron accumulation in tissues with age is a key harmful factor for the development of aging, we established heterochronic parabiosis-pairings and investigated changes in serum iron, the expression of major iron transport proteins and iron contents, as well as telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), telomerase RNA component (TERC), and telomere length in the liver, kidney and heart of Y-O(O) (old pairing with young), Y-O(Y) (young pairing with old), O-O (pairings between two old) and Y-Y (pairings between two young) mice. We demonstrated that the reduced serum iron, increased iron and reduced expression of TERT and TERC in the tissues of aged mice are reversible by exposure to a younger mouse’s circulation. All of these measurements in young mice are reversible by exposure to an older mouse’s circulation. Correlation analysis showed that tissue iron is negatively correlated with TERT and TERC expression in the liver, kidney and heart of parabiotic mice. These findings provide new evidence for the key role of iron in aging and also imply the existence of rejuvenating factors in young serum with an anti-ageing role that act by reversing the impaired activity of iron metabolism in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hostital, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PRC
| | - Peng Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hostital, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PRC
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Sheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hostital, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PRC
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hostital, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PRC.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PRC
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Zhang M, Yang G, Zhou Y, Qian C, Mu M, Ke Y, Qian Z. Regulating ferroportin‐1 and transferrin receptor‐1 expression: A novel function of hydrogen sulfide. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3158-3169. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐Wan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology School of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai China
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology School of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai China
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Yu‐Fu Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology School of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai China
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Christopher Qian
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ming‐Dao Mu
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ya Ke
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Zhong‐Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology School of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai China
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University Nantong China
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41
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Vela D. The Dual Role of Hepcidin in Brain Iron Load and Inflammation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:740. [PMID: 30374287 PMCID: PMC6196657 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is the major regulator of systemic iron metabolism, while the role of this peptide in the brain has just recently been elucidated. Studies suggest a dual role of hepcidin in neuronal iron load and inflammation. This is important since neuronal iron load and inflammation are pathophysiological processes frequently associated with neurodegeneration. Furthermore, manipulation of hepcidin activity has recently been used to recover neuronal damage due to brain inflammation in animal models and cultured cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanistic insights of hepcidin action in the brain is important to uncover its role in treating neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
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42
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Ma J, Zhang FL, Zhou G, Bao YX, Shen Y, Qian ZM. Different Characteristics of Hepcidin Expression in IL-6+/+ and IL-6−/− Neurons and Astrocytes Treated with Lipopolysaccharides. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1624-1630. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xu Q, Kanthasamy AG, Reddy MB. Epigallocatechin Gallate Protects against TNFα- or H2O2- Induced Apoptosis by Modulating Iron Related Proteins in a Cell Culture Model. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2018; 88:158-165. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Oxidative stress, iron dysregulation, and inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Considering the entwined relationship among these factors, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) may be a good candidate for PD treatment due to its protective effects against those factors. The objective of this study is to determine whether EGCG protects N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells from H2O2 - and TNFα- induced neurotoxicity. Seven treatments were included: control, H2O2, TNFα, FeSO4, H2O2 + EGCG, TNFα + EGCG, FeSO4 + EGCG. Cells were pretreated with 10 μM EGCG, followed by 50 μM H2O2, 30 ng/ml TNFα or 50 μM FeSO4. Neuroprotective effects of EGCG were assessed by cell viability assay, caspase-3 activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and iron related protein expressions. Caspase-3 activity was increased to 2.8 fold (P < 0.001) and 1.5 fold (P < 0.01) with H2O2 and TNFα treatment; However, EGCG pretreatment significantly decreased the caspase activity by 50.2% (P < 0.001) and 30.1% (P < 0.05). Similarly, cell viability was reduced to 69.2% (P < 0.01) and 89% (P < 0.01) by H2O2 and TNFα, which was partially blocked by EGCG pretreatment. Also, EGCG significantly (P < 0.001) protected against H2O2- induced ROS in a time dependent manner. In addition, both H2O2 and TNFα significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated hepcidin expression and marginally reduced ferroportin (Fpn) expression unlike iron treatment alone. Collectively, our results show that EGCG protects against both TNFα- and H2O2- induced neuronal apoptosis. The observed neuroprotection may be through the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation which is possibly mediated mainly by hepcidin and partially by Fpn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | - Manju B. Reddy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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Puy V, Darwiche W, Trudel S, Gomila C, Lony C, Puy L, Lefebvre T, Vitry S, Boullier A, Karim Z, Ausseil J. Predominant role of microglia in brain iron retention in Sanfilippo syndrome, a pediatric neurodegenerative disease. Glia 2018; 66:1709-1723. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Puy
- Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, CHU Amiens Picardie; Amiens F-80054 France
| | - Walaa Darwiche
- Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, CHU Amiens Picardie, F-80054 Amiens, France and EA4666 Lymphocyte Normal, Pathologique et Cancers (LNPC); CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
| | - Cathy Gomila
- Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, CHU Amiens Picardie; Amiens F-80054 France
| | - Christelle Lony
- Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
| | - Laurent Puy
- Département de Neurologie et Laboratoire de Neuroscience Fonctionnelle EA-4559; CHU Amiens Picardie; Amiens F-80054, France
| | - Thibaud Lefebvre
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France, DHU UNITY, Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Sandrine Vitry
- Unité de NeuroImmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur; Paris F-75015 France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, CHU Amiens Picardie; Amiens F-80054 France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- INSERM U1149, Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France, DHU UNITY, Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne; Amiens F-80054 France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, CHU Amiens Picardie; Amiens F-80054 France
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45
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Vela D. Hepcidin, an emerging and important player in brain iron homeostasis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:25. [PMID: 29415739 PMCID: PMC5803919 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is emerging as a new important factor in brain iron homeostasis. Studies suggest that there are two sources of hepcidin in the brain; one is local and the other comes from the circulation. Little is known about the molecular mediators of local hepcidin expression, but inflammation and iron-load have been shown to induce hepcidin expression in the brain. The most important source of hepcidin in the brain are glial cells. Role of hepcidin in brain functions has been observed during neuronal iron-load and brain hemorrhage, where secretion of abundant hepcidin is related with the severity of brain damage. This damage can be reversed by blocking systemic and local hepcidin secretion. Studies have yet to unveil its role in other brain conditions, but the rationale exists, since these conditions are characterized by overexpression of the factors that stimulate brain hepcidin expression, such as inflammation, hypoxia and iron-overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Martyr's Boulevard n.n., 10000, Prishtina, Kosova.
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46
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Xu H, Wang Y, Song N, Wang J, Jiang H, Xie J. New Progress on the Role of Glia in Iron Metabolism and Iron-Induced Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 10:455. [PMID: 29403352 PMCID: PMC5780449 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now increasingly appreciated that glial cells play a critical role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Impairment of these properties might lead to dysfunction of iron metabolism and neurodegeneration of neurons. We have previously shown that dysfunction of glia could cause iron deposit and enhance iron-induced degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). There also has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the iron metabolism of glia and their effects on iron accumulation and degeneration of DA neurons in PD in recent years. Here, we attempt to describe the role of iron metabolism of glia and the effect of glia on iron accumulation and degeneration of DA neurons in the substantia nigra of PD. This could provide evidence to reveal the mechanisms underlying nigral iron accumulation of DA neurons in PD and provide the basis for discovering new potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youcui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Huang SN, Ruan HZ, Chen MYJ, Zhou G, Qian ZM. Aspirin increases ferroportin 1 expression by inhibiting hepcidin via the JAK/STAT3 pathway in interleukin 6-treated PC-12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2018; 662:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhou YF, Wu XM, Zhou G, Mu MD, Zhang FL, Li FM, Qian C, Du F, Yung WH, Qian ZM, Ke Y. Cystathionine β-synthase is required for body iron homeostasis. Hepatology 2018; 67:21-35. [PMID: 28859237 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the transsulfuration pathway and contributes, among other functions, to the generation of hydrogen sulfide. In view of the exceptionally high expression of CBS in the liver and the common interleukin-6 pathway used in the regulatory systems of hydrogen sulfide and hepcidin, we speculate that CBS is involved in body iron homeostasis. We found that CBS knockout (CBS-/- ) mice exhibited anemia and a significant increase in iron content in the serum, liver, spleen, and heart, along with severe damage to the liver, displaying a hemochromatosis-like phenotype. A high level of hepatic and serum hepcidin was also found. A major cause of the systemic iron overload is the reduced iron usage due to suppressed erythropoiesis, which is consistent with an increase in interleukin-6 and reduced expression of erythropoietin. Importantly, in the liver, absence of CBS caused both a reduction in the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 and an up-regulation of hepcidin that led to a decrease in the iron export protein ferroportin 1. The resulting suppression of iron export exacerbates iron retention, causing damage to hepatocytes. Finally, administration of CBS-overexpressing adenovirus into CBS mutant mice could partially reverse the iron-related phenotype. CONCLUSION Our findings point to a critical role of CBS in iron homeostasis of the body, and the liver in particular; it is likely that a hemochromatosis-like phenotype in patients can be induced by aberration not only in the expression of key molecules in the hepcidin pathway but also of those related to CBS. (Hepatology 2018;67:21-35).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Gan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Dao Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Fe-Mi Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Why should neuroscientists worry about iron? The emerging role of ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive diseases. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:154-175. [PMID: 29289598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique form of programmed death, characterised by cytosolic accumulation of iron, lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites, and effected by the fatal peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane. It is a major driver of cell death in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. Moreover, cascades underpinning ferroptosis could be active drivers of neuropathology in major psychiatric disorders. Oxidative and nitrosative stress can adversely affect mechanisms and proteins governing cellular iron homeostasis, such as the iron regulatory protein/iron response element system, and can ultimately be a source of abnormally high levels of iron and a source of lethal levels of lipid membrane peroxidation. Furthermore, neuroinflammation leads to the upregulation of divalent metal transporter1 on the surface of astrocytes, microglia and neurones, making them highly sensitive to iron overload in the presence of high levels of non-transferrin-bound iron, thereby affording such levels a dominant role in respect of the induction of iron-mediated neuropathology. Mechanisms governing systemic and cellular iron homeostasis, and the related roles of ferritin and mitochondria are detailed, as are mechanisms explaining the negative regulation of ferroptosis by glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, the cysteine/glutamate antiporter system, heat shock protein 27 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The potential role of DJ-1 inactivation in the precipitation of ferroptosis and the assessment of lipid peroxidation are described. Finally, a rational approach to therapy is considered, with a discussion on the roles of coenzyme Q10, iron chelation therapy, in the form of deferiprone, deferoxamine (desferrioxamine) and deferasirox, and N-acetylcysteine.
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Zhang FL, Hou HM, Yin ZN, Chang L, Li FM, Chen YJ, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Impairment of Hepcidin Upregulation by Lipopolysaccharide in the Interleukin-6 Knockout Mouse Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:367. [PMID: 29163042 PMCID: PMC5681933 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To find out whether the Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is involved in the expression of hepcidin in the mouse brain in vivo, we investigated the phosphorylation of STAT3, as well as the expression of hepcidin mRNA, ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and ferritin light chain (Ft-L) proteins in the cortex and hippocampus of LPS-treated wild type (IL-6+/+) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) mice. We demonstrated that IL-6 knockout could significantly reduce the response of hepcidin mRNA, phospho-STAT3, Fpn1 and Ft-L protein expression to LPS treatment, in both the cortex and hippocampus of mice. Also, Stattic, an inhibitor of STAT3, significantly reduced the expression of phospho-STAT3 and hepcidin mRNA in the cortex and hippocampus of the LPS-treated wild type mice. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the expression of hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Hou
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Yin
- The First Affiliate Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Chang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fe-Mi Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y-J Chen
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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