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Cox D, Hatters DM. PERCEPT: Replacing binary p-value thresholding with scaling for more nuanced identification of sample differences. iScience 2024; 27:109891. [PMID: 38832020 PMCID: PMC11145341 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Key to a biologists' capacity to understand data is the ability to make meaningful conclusions about differences in experimental observations. Typically, data are noisy, and conventional methods rely on replicates to average out noise and enable univariate statistical tests to assign p-values. Yet thresholding p-values to determine significance is controversial and often misleading, especially for omics datasets with few replicates. This study introduces PERCEPT, an alternative that transforms data using an ad-hoc scaling factor derived from p-values. By applying this method, low confidence effects are suppressed compared to high confidence ones, enabling clearer patterns to emerge from noisy datasets. The effectiveness of PERCEPT scaling is demonstrated using simulated datasets and published omics studies. The approach reduces the exclusion of datapoints, enhances accuracy, and enables nuanced interpretation of data. PERCEPT is easy to apply for the non-expert in statistics and provides researchers a straightforward way to improve data-driven analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezerae Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500 Australia
| | - Danny M. Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Fukatsu S, Sashi H, Shirai R, Takagi N, Oizumi H, Yamamoto M, Ohbuchi K, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Rab11a Controls Cell Shape via C9orf72 Protein: Possible Relationships to Frontotemporal Dementia/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (FTDALS) Type 1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:100-116. [PMID: 38390945 PMCID: PMC10885063 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal nucleotide insertions of C9orf72, which forms a complex with Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 (SMCR8) protein and WD repeat-containing protein 41 (WDR41) protein, are associated with an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (FTDALS1). The differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells (DENN) domain-containing C9orf72 and its complex with SMCR8 and WDR41 function as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rab GTP/GDP-binding proteins (Rab GEF, also called Rab activator). Among Rab proteins serving as major effectors, there exists Rab11a. However, it remains to be established which Rab protein is related to promoting or sustaining neuronal morphogenesis or homeostasis. In this study, we describe that the knockdown of Rab11a decreases the expression levels of neuronal differentiation marker proteins, as well as the elongation of neurite-like processes, using N1E-115 cells, a well-utilized neuronal differentiation model. Similar results were obtained in primary cortical neurons. In contrast, the knockdown of Rab11b, a Rab11a homolog, did not significantly affect their cell morphological changes. It is of note that treatment with hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid (also known as Vitamin P), recovered the neuronal morphological phenotypes induced by Rab11a knockdown. Also, the knockdown of Rab11a or Rab11b led to a decrease in glial marker expression levels and in morphological changes in FBD-102b cells, which serve as the oligodendroglial differentiation model. Rab11a is specifically involved in the regulation of neuronal morphological differentiation. The knockdown effect mimicking the loss of function of C9orf72 is reversed by treatment with hesperetin. These findings may reveal a clue for identifying one of the potential molecular and cellular phenotypes underlying FTDALS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Fukatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hinami Sashi
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Remina Shirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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3
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Ducharme S, Pijnenburg Y, Rohrer JD, Huey E, Finger E, Tatton N. Identifying and Diagnosing TDP-43 Neurodegenerative Diseases in Psychiatry. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:98-113. [PMID: 37741764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common manifestations of neurodegenerative disorders and are often early signs of those diseases. Among those neurodegenerative diseases, TDP-43 proteinopathies are an increasingly recognized cause of early neuropsychiatric manifestations. TDP-43-related diseases include frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Limbic-Predominant Age-Related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE). The majority of TDP-43-related diseases are sporadic, but a significant proportion is hereditary, with progranulin (GRN) mutations and C9orf72 repeat expansions as the most common genetic etiologies. Studies reveal that NPS can be the initial manifestation of those diseases or can complicate disease course, but there is a lack of awareness among clinicians about TDP-43-related diseases, which leads to common diagnostic mistakes or delays. There is also emerging evidence that TDP-43 accumulations could play a role in late-onset primary psychiatric disorders. In the absence of robust biomarkers for TDP-43, the diagnosis remains primarily based on clinical assessment and neuroimaging. Given the association with psychiatric symptoms, clinical psychiatrists have a key role in the early identification of patients with TDP-43-related diseases. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathobiology of TDP-43, resulting clinical presentations, and associated neuropsychiatric manifestations to help guide clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry (SD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (YP), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (JDR), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Edward Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Psychiatry (EH), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- London Health Sciences Centre Parkwood Institute (EF), London, ON, Canada
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4
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Yuan Y, Bailey JM, Rivera-Lopez GM, Atchison WD. Preferential potentiation of AMPA-mediated currents in brainstem hypoglossal motoneurons by subchronic exposure of mice expressing the human superoxide dismutase 1 G93A gene mutation to neurotoxicant methylmercury in vivo. Neurotoxicology 2024; 100:72-84. [PMID: 38065418 PMCID: PMC10877233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The exact causes of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive and fatal neurological disorder due to loss of upper and/or lower motoneurons, remain elusive. Gene-environment interactions are believed to be an important factor in the development of ALS. We previously showed that in vivo exposure of mice overexpressing the human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) gene mutation (hSOD1G93A; G93A), a mouse model for ALS, to environmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg) accelerated the onset of ALS-like phenotype. Here we examined the time-course of effects of MeHg on AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents in hypoglossal motoneurons in brainstem slices prepared from G93A, hSOD1wild-type (hWT) and non-carrier WT mice following in vivo exposure to MeHg. Mice were exposed daily to 3 ppm (approximately 0.7 mg/kg/day) MeHg via drinking water beginning at postnatal day 28 (P28) and continued until P47, 64 or 84, then acute brainstem slices were prepared, and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) or AMPA-evoked currents were examined using whole cell patch-clamp recording technique. Brainstem slices of untreated littermates were prepared at the same time points to serve as control. MeHg exposure had no significant effect on either sEPSCs or AMPA-evoked currents in slices from hWT or WT mice during any of those exposure time periods under our experimental conditions. MeHg also did not cause any significant effect on sEPSCs or AMPA-currents in G93A hypoglossal motoneurons at P47 and P64. However, at P84, MeHg significantly increased amplitudes of both sEPSCs and AMPA-evoked currents in hypoglossal motineurons from G93A mice (p < 0.05), but not the sEPSC frequency, suggesting a postsynaptic action on AMPARs. MeHg exposure did not cause any significant effect on GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Therefore, MeHg exposure in vivo caused differential effects on AMPARs in hypoglossal motoneurons from mice with different genetic backgrounds. MeHg appears to preferentially stimulate the AMPAR-mediated currents in G93A hypoglossal motoneurons in an exposure time-dependent manner, which may contribute to the AMPAR-mediated motoneuron excitotoxicity, thereby facilitating development of ALS-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA.
| | - Jordan M Bailey
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
| | - Gretchen M Rivera-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
| | - William D Atchison
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
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Babazadeh A, Rayner SL, Lee A, Chung RS. TDP-43 as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases: Focusing on motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102085. [PMID: 37813308 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases is the presence of characteristic pathological accumulations of specific proteins. These pathological protein depositions can vary in their protein composition, cell-type distribution, and intracellular (or extracellular) location. For example, abnormal cytoplasmic protein deposits which consist of the TDP-43 protein are found within motor neurons in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, a common form of motor neuron disease) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The presence of these insoluble intracellular TDP-43 inclusions suggests that restoring TDP-43 homeostasis represents a potential therapeutical strategy, which has been demonstrated in alleviating neurodegenerative symptoms in cell and animal models of ALS/FTD. We have reviewed the mechanisms that lead to disrupted TDP-43 homeostasis and discussed how small molecule-based therapies could be applied in modulating these mechanisms. This review covers recent advancements and challenges in small molecule-based therapies that could be used to clear pathological forms of TDP-43 through various protein homeostasis mechanisms and advance the way towards finding effective therapeutical drug discoveries for neurodegenerative diseases characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, especially ALS and FTD. We also consider the wider insight of these therapeutic strategies for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Babazadeh
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Stephanie L Rayner
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Roger S Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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6
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Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Switzer AR, Przybelski SA, Wiste HJ, Murray ME, Reichard RR, Dickson DW, Nguyen AT, Ramanan VK, McCarter SJ, Boeve BF, Machulda MM, Fields JA, Stricker NH, Nelson PT, Grothe MJ, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Jones DT. A limbic-predominant amnestic neurodegenerative syndrome associated with TDP-43 pathology. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.19.23298314. [PMID: 38045300 PMCID: PMC10690340 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.23298314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a neuropathologically-defined disease that affects 40% of persons in advanced age, but its associated neurological syndrome is not defined. LATE neuropathological changes (LATE-NC) are frequently comorbid with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC). When seen in isolation, LATE-NC have been associated with a predominantly amnestic profile and slow clinical progression. We propose a set of clinical criteria for a limbic-predominant amnestic neurodegenerative syndrome (LANS) that is highly associated with LATE-NC but also other pathologic entities. The LANS criteria incorporate core, standard and advanced features that are measurable in vivo, including older age at evaluation, mild clinical syndrome, disproportionate hippocampal atrophy, impaired semantic memory, limbic hypometabolism, absence of neocortical degenerative patterns and low likelihood of neocortical tau, with degrees of certainty (highest, high, moderate, low). We operationalized this set of criteria using clinical, imaging and biomarker data to validate its associations with clinical and pathologic outcomes. We screened autopsied patients from Mayo Clinic (n = 922) and ADNI (n = 93) cohorts and applied the LANS criteria to those with an antemortem predominant amnestic syndrome (Mayo, n = 165; ADNI, n = 53). ADNC, ADNC/LATE-NC and LATE-NC accounted for 35%, 37% and 4% of cases in the Mayo cohort, respectively, and 30%, 22%, and 9% of cases in the ADNI cohort, respectively. The LANS criteria effectively categorized these cases, with ADNC having the lowest LANS likelihoods, LATE-NC patients having the highest likelihoods, and ADNC/LATE-NC patients having intermediate likelihoods. A logistic regression model using the LANS features as predictors of LATE-NC achieved a balanced accuracy of 74.6% in the Mayo cohort, and out-of-sample predictions in the ADNI cohort achieved a balanced accuracy of 73.3%. Patients with high LANS likelihoods had a milder and slower clinical course and more severe temporo-limbic degeneration compared to those with low likelihoods. Stratifying ADNC/LATE-NC patients from the Mayo cohort according to their LANS likelihood revealed that those with higher likelihoods had more temporo-limbic degeneration and a slower rate of cognitive decline, and those with lower likelihoods had more lateral temporo-parietal degeneration and a faster rate of cognitive decline. The implementation of LANS criteria has implications to disambiguate the different driving etiologies of progressive amnestic presentations in older age and guide prognosis, treatment, and clinical trials. The development of in vivo biomarkers specific to TDP-43 pathology are needed to refine molecular associations between LANS and LATE-NC and precise antemortem diagnoses of LATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Heather J. Wiste
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - R. Ross Reichard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aivi T. Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary M. Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie A. Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nikki H. Stricker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michel J. Grothe
- CIEN Foundation/Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Clifford R. Jack
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David T. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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7
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Nag S, Schneider JA. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP43 encephalopathy (LATE) neuropathological change in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:525-541. [PMID: 37563264 PMCID: PMC10964248 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) is a focus of research in late-onset dementias. TDP43 pathology in the brain was initially identified in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and later in Alzheimer disease (AD), other neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP43 encephalopathy (LATE), recognized as a clinical entity in 2019, is characterized by amnestic dementia resembling AD dementia and occurring most commonly in adults over 80 years of age. Neuropathological findings in LATE, referred to as LATE neuropathological change (LATE-NC), consist of neuronal and glial cytoplasmic TDP43 localized predominantly in limbic areas with or without coexisting hippocampal sclerosis and/or AD neuropathological change and without frontotemporal lobar degeneration or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology. LATE-NC is frequently associated with one or more coexisting pathologies, mainly AD neuropathological change. The focus of this Review is the pathology, genetic risk factors and nature of the cognitive impairments and dementia in pure LATE-NC and in LATE-NC associated with coexisting pathologies. As the clinical and cognitive profile of LATE is currently not easily distinguishable from AD dementia, it is important to develop biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of this condition in the clinic. The pathogenesis of LATE-NC should be a focus of future research to form the basis for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Nag
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Waury K, de Wit R, Verberk IMW, Teunissen CE, Abeln S. Deciphering Protein Secretion from the Brain to Cerebrospinal Fluid for Biomarker Discovery. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3068-3080. [PMID: 37606934 PMCID: PMC10476268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an essential matrix for the discovery of neurological disease biomarkers. However, the high dynamic range of protein concentrations in CSF hinders the detection of the least abundant protein biomarkers by untargeted mass spectrometry. It is thus beneficial to gain a deeper understanding of the secretion processes within the brain. Here, we aim to explore if and how the secretion of brain proteins to the CSF can be predicted. By combining a curated CSF proteome and the brain elevated proteome of the Human Protein Atlas, brain proteins were classified as CSF or non-CSF secreted. A machine learning model was trained on a range of sequence-based features to differentiate between CSF and non-CSF groups and effectively predict the brain origin of proteins. The classification model achieves an area under the curve of 0.89 if using high confidence CSF proteins. The most important prediction features include the subcellular localization, signal peptides, and transmembrane regions. The classifier generalized well to the larger brain detected proteome and is able to correctly predict novel CSF proteins identified by affinity proteomics. In addition to elucidating the underlying mechanisms of protein secretion, the trained classification model can support biomarker candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Waury
- Department
of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske de Wit
- Department
of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M. W. Verberk
- Neurochemistry
Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry
Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Abeln
- Department
of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhou J, Zeng Q, Liao Q, Niu Q, Gu W, Su D, Li S, Xiao B, Bi F. Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotypes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1467-1480. [PMID: 37350306 PMCID: PMC10424661 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons. The motor phenotypes of ALS are highly clinically heterogeneous, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. METHODS A comparative proteomic analysis was performed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of bulbar-onset (BO) and spinal-onset (SO) ALS patients and controls (n = 14). Five biomarker candidates were selected from a differentially regulated protein pool, and further validation was performed in a larger independent cohort (n = 92) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS A total of 1732 CSF proteins were identified, and 78 differentially expressed proteins were found among BO-ALS patients, SO-ALS patients, and controls. Five promising biomarker candidates were selected for further validation, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain (HLA-DRA) were validated. CSF LBP levels were increased in ALS patients compared with controls and higher in BO-ALS versus SO-ALS. The increased CSF LBP levels were correlated with the revised ALS Functional Scale (ALSFRS-R) score. CSF HLA-DRA levels were specifically elevated in BO-ALS patients, and there was no significant difference between SO-ALS patients and controls. Increased HLA-DRA expression was correlated with decreased survival. INTERPRETATION Our data shows that elevated CSF LBP is a good biomarker for ALS and correlates with clinical severity, and increased HLA-DRA is a specific biomarker for BO-ALS and may predict short survival. It also suggests that the microglial pathway and HLA-II-related adaptive immunity may be differentially involved in ALS phenotypes and may be new therapeutic targets for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratary of Aging Biology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
| | - Qianqian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
| | - Qiao Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
| | - Qi Niu
- Department of GeriatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029JiangsuChina
| | - Wenping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Neurology928 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLAHaikou571100HainanChina
| | - Sizhuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha410008HunanChina
| | - Fangfang Bi
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityZhuhai519000GuangdongChina
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10
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González-Mingot C, Miana-Mena FJ, Iñarrea PJ, Iñiguez C, Capablo JL, Osta R, Gil-Sánchez A, Brieva L, Larrodé P. Mitochondrial Aconitase Enzymatic Activity: A Potential Long-Term Survival Biomarker in the Blood of ALS Patients. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103560. [PMID: 37240666 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multisystemic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder. Despite it being generally fatal within a period of 2-4 years, it is highly heterogeneous; as a result, survival periods may vary greatly among individual patients. Biomarkers can serve as tools for diagnosis, prognosis, indicators of therapeutic response, and future therapeutics. Free-radical-dependent mitochondrial damage is believed to play a crucial role in neurodegeneration in ALS. Mitochondrial aconitase, which is also known as aconitase 2 (Aco2), is a key Krebs cycle enzyme and is involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and iron homeostasis. Aco2 is very sensitive to oxidative inactivation and can aggregate and accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Loss of Aco2 activity may therefore reflect increased levels of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative damage and could be relevant to ALS pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to confirm changes in mitochondrial aconitase activity in peripheral blood and to determine whether such changes are dependent on, or independent of, the patient's condition and to propose the feasibility of using them as possible valid biomarkers to quantify the progression of the disease and as a predictor of individual prognosis in ALS. METHODS We measured the Aco2 enzymatic activity in the platelets of blood samples taken from 22 controls and 26 ALS patients at different stages of disease development. We then correlated antioxidant activity with clinical and prognostic variables. RESULTS Aco2 activity was significantly lower in the 26 ALS patients than in the 22 controls (p < 0.05). Patients with higher levels of Aco2 activity survived longer than those with lower levels (p < 0.05). Aco2 activity was also higher in patients with earlier onset (p < 0.05) and in those with predominantly upper motor neuron signs. CONCLUSIONS Aco2 activity seems to be an independent factor that could be used in the long-term survival prognosis of ALS. Our findings suggest that blood Aco2 could be a leading candidate for use as a biomarker to improve prognosis. More studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- LAGENBIO-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro José Iñarrea
- Biochemical-Department of Biology-Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Iñiguez
- Neurology-Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Luis Capablo
- Neurology-Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Gil-Sánchez
- Neurology-Department, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Luis Brieva
- Neurology-Department, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Pilar Larrodé
- Neurology-Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Davies JC, Dharmadasa T, Thompson AG, Edmond EC, Yoganathan K, Gao J, Talbot K, Turner MR. Limited value of serum neurofilament light chain in diagnosing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad163. [PMID: 37292457 PMCID: PMC10244039 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A biomarker specific for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis must be sensitive across a spectrum of clinical heterogeneity. Neurofilament light chain levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlate with the rate of disability progression. Previous attempts to establish a diagnostic role for neurofilament light chain have been limited to comparison with healthy individuals or controls with alternative diagnoses unlikely to be confused with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in real-world clinical practice. In a tertiary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis referral clinic, at first visit, serum was taken for neurofilament light chain measurement after prospectively recording the clinical diagnosis as 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'primary lateral sclerosis', 'alternative' or 'currently uncertain'. Of 133 referrals, 93 patients were diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (median neurofilament light chain 218.1 pg/ml, interquartile range 130.7-311.9), three primary lateral sclerosis (65.6, 51.5-106.9) and 19 alternative diagnoses (45.2, 13.5-71.9) at first visit. Of 18 initially uncertain diagnoses, eight were subsequently diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (98.5, 45.3-300.1). Neurofilament light chain ≥110.9 pg/ml had a positive predictive value of 0.92 for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; <110.9 pg/ml had a negative predictive value of 0.48. In a specialized clinic, neurofilament light chain is largely confirmatory to clinical judgement in diagnosing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has limited ability to exclude alternative diagnoses. The current, important, value of neurofilament light chain is its potential to stratify patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by disease activity and as a biomarker in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evan C Edmond
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katie Yoganathan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jiali Gao
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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12
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Tseng YL, Lu PC, Lee CC, He RY, Huang YA, Tseng YC, Cheng TJR, Huang JJT, Fang JM. Degradation of neurodegenerative disease-associated TDP-43 aggregates and oligomers via a proteolysis-targeting chimera. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:27. [PMID: 37101169 PMCID: PMC10131537 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregation has been considered as a lethal and progressive motor neuron disease. Recent studies have shown that both C-terminal TDP-43 (C-TDP-43) aggregates and oligomers were neurotoxic and pathologic agents in ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). However, misfolding protein has long been considered as an undruggable target by applying conventional inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists. To provide this unmet medical need, we aim to degrade these misfolding proteins by designing a series of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) against C-TDP-43. METHODS By applying filter trap assay, western blotting, and microscopy imaging, the degradation efficiency of C-TDP-43 aggregates was studied in Neuro-2a cells overexpressing eGFP-C-TDP-43 or mCherry-C-TDP-43. The cell viability was characterized by alarmarBlue assay. The beneficial and disaggregating effects of TDP-43 PROTAC were examined with the YFP-C-TDP-43 transgenic C. elegans by motility assay and confocal microscopy. The impact of TDP-43 PROTAC on C-TDP-43 oligomeric intermediates was monitored by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and size exclusion chromatography in the Neuro-2a cells co-expressing eGFP-C-TDP-43 and mCherry-C-TDP-43. RESULTS Four PROTACs with different linker lengths were synthesized and characterized. Among these chimeras, PROTAC 2 decreased C-TDP-43 aggregates and relieved C-TDP-43-induced cytotoxicity in Neuro-2a cells without affecting endogenous TDP-43. We showed that PROTAC 2 bound to C-TDP-43 aggregates and E3 ligase to initiate ubiquitination and proteolytic degradation. By applying advanced microscopy, it was further shown that PROTAC 2 decreased the compactness and population of C-TDP-43 oligomers. In addition to cellular model, PROTAC 2 also improved the motility of transgenic C. elegans by reducing the C-TDP-43 aggregates in the nervous system. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated the dual-targeting capacity of the newly-designed PROTAC 2 against both C-TDP-43 aggregates and oligomers to reduce their neurotoxicity, which shed light on the potential drug development for ALS as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chao Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Yu He
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yung-An Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chen Tseng
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Joseph Jen-Tse Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 600, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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13
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Morrone CD, Raghuraman R, Hussaini SA, Yu WH. Proteostasis failure exacerbates neuronal circuit dysfunction and sleep impairments in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:27. [PMID: 37085942 PMCID: PMC10119020 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Failed proteostasis is a well-documented feature of Alzheimer's disease, particularly, reduced protein degradation and clearance. However, the contribution of failed proteostasis to neuronal circuit dysfunction is an emerging concept in neurodegenerative research and will prove critical in understanding cognitive decline. Our objective is to convey Alzheimer's disease progression with the growing evidence for a bidirectional relationship of sleep disruption and proteostasis failure. Proteostasis dysfunction and tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease disrupts neurons that regulate the sleep-wake cycle, which presents behavior as impaired slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep patterns. Subsequent sleep loss further impairs protein clearance. Sleep loss is a defined feature seen early in many neurodegenerative disorders and contributes to memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease. Canonical pathological hallmarks, β-amyloid, and tau, directly disrupt sleep, and neurodegeneration of locus coeruleus, hippocampal and hypothalamic neurons from tau proteinopathy causes disruption of the neuronal circuitry of sleep. Acting in a positive-feedback-loop, sleep loss and circadian rhythm disruption then increase spread of β-amyloid and tau, through impairments of proteasome, autophagy, unfolded protein response and glymphatic clearance. This phenomenon extends beyond β-amyloid and tau, with interactions of sleep impairment with the homeostasis of TDP-43, α-synuclein, FUS, and huntingtin proteins, implicating sleep loss as an important consideration in an array of neurodegenerative diseases and in cases of mixed neuropathology. Critically, the dynamics of this interaction in the neurodegenerative environment are not fully elucidated and are deserving of further discussion and research. Finally, we propose sleep-enhancing therapeutics as potential interventions for promoting healthy proteostasis, including β-amyloid and tau clearance, mechanistically linking these processes. With further clinical and preclinical research, we propose this dynamic interaction as a diagnostic and therapeutic framework, informing precise single- and combinatorial-treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Daniel Morrone
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Radha Raghuraman
- Taub Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Abid Hussaini
- Taub Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Geriatric Mental Health Research Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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14
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Afroz T, Chevalier E, Audrain M, Dumayne C, Ziehm T, Moser R, Egesipe AL, Mottier L, Ratnam M, Neumann M, Havas D, Ollier R, Piorkowska K, Chauhan M, Silva AB, Thapa S, Stöhr J, Bavdek A, Eligert V, Adolfsson O, Nelson PT, Porta S, Lee VMY, Pfeifer A, Kosco-Vilbois M, Seredenina T. Immunotherapy targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 decreases neuropathology and confers neuroprotection in mouse models of ALS/FTD. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106050. [PMID: 36809847 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies are urgently needed to safely target TDP-43 pathology as it is closely associated with the onset and development of devastating diseases such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition, TDP-43 pathology is present as a co-pathology in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Our approach is to develop a TDP-43-specific immunotherapy that exploits Fc gamma-mediated removal mechanisms to limit neuronal damage while maintaining physiological TDP-43 function. Thus, using both in vitro mechanistic studies in conjunction with the rNLS8 and CamKIIa inoculation mouse models of TDP-43 proteinopathy, we identified the key targeting domain in TDP-43 to accomplish these therapeutic objectives. Targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 but not the RNA recognition motifs (RRM) reduces TDP-43 pathology and avoids neuronal loss in vivo. We demonstrate that this rescue is dependent on Fc receptor-mediated immune complex uptake by microglia. Furthermore, monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment enhances phagocytic capacity of ALS patient-derived microglia, providing a mechanism to restore the compromised phagocytic function in ALS and FTD patients. Importantly, these beneficial effects are achieved while preserving physiological TDP-43 activity. Our findings demonstrate that a mAb targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 limits pathology and neurotoxicity, enabling clearance of misfolded TDP-43 through microglia engagement, and supporting the clinical strategy to target TDP-43 by immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: TDP-43 pathology is associated with various devastating neurodegenerative disorders with high unmet medical needs such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, safely and effectively targeting pathological TDP-43 represents a key paradigm for biotechnical research as currently there is little in clinical development. After years of research, we have determined that targeting the C-terminal domain of TDP-43 rescues multiple patho-mechanisms involved in disease progression in two animal models of FTD/ALS. In parallel, importantly, our studies establish that this approach does not alter the physiological functions of this ubiquitously expressed and indispensable protein. Together, our findings substantially contribute to the understanding of TDP-43 pathobiology and support the prioritization for clinical testing of immunotherapy approaches targeting TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuela Neumann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sílvia Porta
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR), Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Donadio V, Sturchio A, Rizzo G, Abu Rumeileh S, Liguori R, Espay AJ. Pathology vs pathogenesis: Rationale and pitfalls in the clinicopathology model of neurodegeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 192:35-55. [PMID: 36796947 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative disorders, the term pathology is often implicitly referred to as pathogenesis. Pathology has been conceived as a window into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. This clinicopathologic framework posits that what can be identified and quantified in postmortem brain tissue can explain both premortem clinical manifestations and the cause of death, a forensic approach to understanding neurodegeneration. As the century-old clinicopathology framework has yielded little correlation between pathology and clinical features or neuronal loss, the relationship between proteins and degeneration is ripe for revisitation. There are indeed two synchronous consequences of protein aggregation in neurodegeneration: the loss of the soluble/normal proteins on one; the accrual of the insoluble/abnormal fraction of these proteins on the other. The omission of the first part in the protein aggregation process is an artifact of the early autopsy studies: soluble, normal proteins have disappeared, with only the remaining insoluble fraction amenable to quantification. We here review the collective evidence from human data suggesting that protein aggregates, known collectively as pathology, are the consequence of many biological, toxic, and infectious exposures, but may not explain alone the cause or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Donadio
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Sturchio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuro Svenningsson, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samir Abu Rumeileh
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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16
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Assessment of Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Different Stages of Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021226. [PMID: 36674742 PMCID: PMC9864037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary type of dementia, followed by frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). They share some clinical characteristics, mainly at the early stages. So, the identification of early, specific, and minimally invasive biomarkers is required. In this study, some plasma biomarkers (Amyloid β42, p-Tau181, t-Tau, neurofilament light (NfL), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)) were determined by single molecule array technology (SIMOA®) in control subjects (n = 22), mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD, n = 33), mild dementia due to AD (n = 12), and FTLD (n = 11) patients. The correlations between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels and the accuracy of plasma biomarkers for AD early diagnosis and discriminating from FTLD were analyzed. As result, plasma p-Tau181 and NfL levels correlated with the corresponding CSF levels. Additionally, plasma p-Tau181 showed good accuracy for distinguishing between the controls and AD, as well as discriminating between AD and FTLD. Moreover, plasma NfL could discriminate dementia-AD vs. controls, FTLD vs. controls, and MCI-AD vs. dementia-AD. Therefore, the determination of these biomarkers in plasma is potentially helpful in AD spectrum diagnosis, but also discriminating from FTLD. In addition, the accessibility of these potential early and specific biomarkers may be useful for AD screening protocols in the future.
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17
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Chen X, Zhou L, Cui C, Sun J. Evolving markers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Adv Clin Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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18
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Riva N, Quattrini A. Reply to the Letter to the Editor in response to "Integrated evaluation of a panel of neurochemical biomarkers to optimize diagnosis and prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:283-284. [PMID: 36176206 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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19
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Younger DS. Neurogenetic motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:183-250. [PMID: 37562870 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of neurogenetics have practical applications in rapid diagnosis on blood and body fluids to extract DNA, obviating the need for invasive investigations. The ability to obtain a presymptomatic diagnosis through genetic screening and biomarkers can be a guide to life-saving disease-modifying therapy or enzyme replacement therapy to compensate for the deficient disease-causing enzyme. The benefits of a comprehensive neurogenetic evaluation extend to family members in whom identification of the causal gene defect ensures carrier detection and at-risk counseling for future generations. This chapter explores the many facets of the neurogenetic evaluation in adult and pediatric motor disorders as a primer for later chapters in this volume and a roadmap for the future applications of genetics in neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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20
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Knight AC, Morrone CD, Varlow C, Yu WH, McQuade P, Vasdev N. Head-to-Head Comparison of Tau-PET Radioligands for Imaging TDP-43 in Post-Mortem ALS Brain. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 25:513-527. [PMID: 36258099 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo detection of transactivation response element DNA binding protein-43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates through positron emission tomography (PET) would impact the ability to successfully develop therapeutic interventions for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the ability of six tau PET radioligands to bind to TDP-43 aggregates in post-mortem brain tissues from ALS patients. PROCEDURES Herein, we report the first head-to-head evaluation of six tritium labeled isotopologs of tau-targeting PET radioligands, [3H]MK-6240 (a.k.a. florquinitau), [3H]Genentech Tau Probe-1 (GTP-1), [3H]JNJ-64326067(JNJ-067), [3H]CBD-2115, [3H]flortaucipir, and [3H]APN-1607, and their ability to bind to the β-pleated sheet structures of aggregate TDP-43 in post-mortem ALS brain tissues by autoradiography and immunostaining methods. Post-mortem frontal cortex, motor cortex, and cerebellum tissues were evaluated, and binding intensity was aligned with areas of elevated phosphorylated tau (ptau), pTDP-43, and β-amyloid. RESULTS Negligible binding was observed with [3H]MK-6240, [3H]JNJ-067, and [3H]GTP-1. While [3H]CBD-2115 displayed marginal specific binding, this binding did not significantly correlate with the distribution of pTDP-43 and AT8 inclusions. Of the remaining ligands, the distribution of [3H]flortaucipir did not significantly correlate to pTDP-43 pathology; however, specific binding trends to a positive relationship with tau. Finally, [3H]APN-1607 relates most strongly to amyloid load and does not indicate pTDP-43 pathology as confirmed by [3H]PiB distribution in sister sections. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the prominent nature of mixed pathology in ALS, and do not support the application of [3H]MK-6240, [3H]JNJ-067, [3H]GTP-1, [3H]CBD-2115, [3H]flortaucipir, or [3H]APN-1607 for selective imaging TDP-43 in ALS for clinical research with the currently available in vitro data. Identification of potent and selective radiotracers for TDP-43 remains an ongoing challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Knight
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher D Morrone
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul McQuade
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Katisko K, Huber N, Kokkola T, Hartikainen P, Krüger J, Heikkinen AL, Paananen V, Leinonen V, Korhonen VE, Helisalmi S, Herukka SK, Cantoni V, Gadola Y, Archetti S, Remes AM, Haapasalo A, Borroni B, Solje E. Serum total TDP-43 levels are decreased in frontotemporal dementia patients with C9orf72 repeat expansion or concomitant motoneuron disease phenotype. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:151. [PMID: 36217158 PMCID: PMC9552448 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) covers a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders with various clinical and neuropathological subtypes. The two major pathological proteins accumulating in the brains of FTD patients, depending on their genetic background, are TDP-43 and tau. We aimed to evaluate whether total TDP-43 levels measured from the serum associate with the genotype or clinical phenotype of the FTD patients and whether serum TDP-43 provides prognostic or diagnostic value in the FTD spectrum disorders. METHODS The study cohort included 254 participants with a clinical diagnosis of FTD (including all major genotypes and clinical phenotypes) and 105 cognitively healthy controls. Serum total TDP-43 levels measured with a single-molecule array (Simoa) were compared within the FTD group according to the genotype, clinical phenotype, and predicted neuropathological subtype of the patients. We also evaluated the associations between the TDP-43 levels and disease severity or survival in FTD. RESULTS Total TDP-43 levels in the serum were significantly lower in the FTD group as compared to the healthy control group (275.3 pg/mL vs. 361.8 pg/mL, B = 0.181, 95%CI = 0.014-0.348, p = 0.034). The lowest TDP-43 levels were observed in the subgroup of FTD patients harboring predicted TDP-43 brain pathology (FTD-TDP, 241.4 pg/mL). The low levels in the FTD-TDP group were especially driven by C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers (169.2 pg/mL) and FTD patients with concomitant motoneuron disease (FTD-MND, 113.3 pg/mL), whereas GRN mutation carriers did not show decreased TDP-43 levels (328.6 pg/mL). Serum TDP-43 levels showed no correlation with disease severity nor progression in FTD. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the total levels of TDP-43 in the serum are decreased especially in FTD patients with the C9orf72 repeat expansion or FTD-MND phenotype, both subtypes strongly associated with TDP-43 type B brain pathology. Serum-based measurement of TDP-43 could represent a useful tool in indicating C9orf72 repeat expansion and FTD-MND-related TDP-43 neuropathology for future diagnostics and intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Katisko
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Hartikainen
- grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Neurology, Neurocenter, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Leena Heikkinen
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Neurology, Neurocenter, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,grid.6975.d0000 0004 0410 5926Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Ability and Working Careers, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Paananen
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Neurology, Neurocenter, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro Center, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville E. Korhonen
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro Center, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Valentina Cantoni
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Yasmine Gadola
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Anne M. Remes
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Barbara Borroni
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy ,grid.412725.7ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eino Solje
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Liu T, Woo JAA, Bukhari MZ, Wang X, Yan Y, Buosi SC, Ermekbaeva A, Sista A, Kotsiviras P, LePochat P, Chacko A, Zhao X, Kang DE. Modulation of synaptic plasticity, motor unit physiology, and TDP-43 pathology by CHCHD10. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:95. [PMID: 35787294 PMCID: PMC9254494 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in CHCHD10, a gene coding for a mitochondrial intermembrane space protein, are associated with Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spectrum disorders, which are pathologically characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions containing TDP-43. FTD/ALS-linked CHCHD10 mutations and TDP-43 inclusions similarly induce mitochondrial defects in respiration, fusion/fission, mtDNA stability, and cristae structure, while sizeable amounts of cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates are found in mitochondria. However, the mechanistic link between CHCHD10 and TDP-43 pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we present immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence demonstrating that insoluble CHCHD10 aggregates accumulate and colocalize with phospho-TDP-43 inclusions in brains of FTLD-TDP and AD patients, and that insoluble CHCHD10 levels tightly correlate with insoluble TDP-43 levels in control and FTLD-TDP brains. In an experimental exploration of this pathological phenotype, transgenic mice neuronally expressing FTD/ALS-linked CHCHD10R15L or CHCHDS59L mutations but not CHCHD10WT transgenic mice exhibit significantly increased CHCHD10 aggregation and phospho-TDP-43 pathology, which often colocalize within the same inclusions. Such pathologies are reflected in poor functional outcomes in long-term synaptic plasticity, motor unit physiology, and behavior in CHCHD10R15L and CHCHDS59L transgenic mice. In contrast, expression of CHCHD10WT in hTDP-43 transgenic mice (TAR4;CHCHD10WT) significantly mitigates phospho-TDP-43 pathology and rescues TDP-43-induced impairments in synaptic integrity and long-term synaptic plasticity. In isolated mitochondria, the S59L mutation induces the aggregation of resident CHCHD10S59L protein as well as the aggregation and slower turnover of recombinant TDP-43 imported into mitochondria. Likewise, in an in vitro cell-free system, the S59L mutation induces the aggregation of CHCHD10S59L protein while simultaneously enhancing the aggregation of recombinant TDP-43, as evidenced by filter trap assays and atomic force microscopy. In contrast, recombinant CHCHD10WT inhibits the growth of TDP-43 aggregates. These results in human brains, transgenic mice, and in vitro systems substantiate the role of wild type and mutant CHCHD10 in modulating mitochondrial CHCHD10 and TDP-43 pathogenesis together with associated phenotypes in long-term synaptic plasticity and motor unit physiology in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Jung-A A Woo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Mohammed Zaheen Bukhari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Sara Cazzaro Buosi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Aizara Ermekbaeva
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Apoorva Sista
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Peter Kotsiviras
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Patrick LePochat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Ann Chacko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Xingyu Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - David E Kang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Louis Strokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
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23
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Zhou Y, Huang N, Li Y, Ba Z, Luo Y. Effect of icaritin on autophagy-related protein expression in TDP-43-transfected SH-SY5Y cells. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13703. [PMID: 35811810 PMCID: PMC9261921 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the protective effect and mechanism of icaritin (ICT) in a SH-SY5Y cells with virus-loaded TAR DNA-binding domain protein 43(TDP-43) by examining the effect of ICT on the expression of autophagy-related proteins in TDP-43-infected SH-SY5Y cells. Methods A TDP-43-induced neuronal cell injury model was established by transfecting well-growing SH-SY5Y cells with virus loaded with the TDP-43 gene. The changes in cell viability were detected by the CCK-8 method. After successful transfection, the establishment of the model was verified by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot methods. After the cells were subjected to drug intervention with ICT, the changes in the expression levels of TDP-43, cleaved Caspase-3, LC3 II/I, Beclin-1 and p62 were detected by Western blotting. Results After ICT intervention, it was found that compared with that of the TDP-43 group, the cell viability of the TDP-43+ICT group increased, the expression level of TDP-43 decreased, and the expression levels of the apoptotic protein cleaved Caspase-3, autophagy protein Beclin-1, and LC3-II/I decreased, while the expression level of the autophagy protein p62 increased. Conclusion ICT has a protective effect on the SH-SY5Y cell injury model transfected with TDP-43. This protective effect may be related to reducing the protein expression of TDP-43 and inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Ba
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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24
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Nelson RS, Dammer EB, Santiago JV, Seyfried NT, Rangaraju S. Brain Cell Type-Specific Nuclear Proteomics Is Imperative to Resolve Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:902146. [PMID: 35784845 PMCID: PMC9243337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.902146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) involve complex cellular mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Emerging findings have revealed that disruption of nuclear processes play key roles in ND pathogenesis. The nucleus is a nexus for gene regulation and cellular processes that together, may underlie pathomechanisms of NDs. Furthermore, many genetic risk factors for NDs encode proteins that are either present in the nucleus or are involved in nuclear processes (for example, RNA binding proteins, epigenetic regulators, or nuclear-cytoplasmic transport proteins). While recent advances in nuclear transcriptomics have been significant, studies of the nuclear proteome in brain have been relatively limited. We propose that a comprehensive analysis of nuclear proteomic alterations of various brain cell types in NDs may provide novel biological and therapeutic insights. This may be feasible because emerging technical advances allow isolation and investigation of intact nuclei from post-mortem frozen human brain tissue with cell type-specific and single-cell resolution. Accordingly, nuclei of various brain cell types harbor unique protein markers which can be used to isolate cell-type specific nuclei followed by down-stream proteomics by mass spectrometry. Here we review the literature providing a rationale for investigating proteomic changes occurring in nuclei in NDs and then highlight the potential for brain cell type-specific nuclear proteomics to enhance our understanding of distinct cellular mechanisms that drive ND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S. Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Srikant Rangaraju
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25
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Recent Advances in Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurol Sci 2022:1-10. [DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Dreger M, Steinbach R, Otto M, Turner MR, Grosskreutz J. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:422-435. [PMID: 35105727 PMCID: PMC8921583 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disease, and only modest disease-modifying strategies have been established to date. Numerous clinical trials have been conducted in the past years, but have been severely hampered by the wide-ranging heterogeneity of both the biological origins and clinical characteristics of the disease. Thus, reliable biomarkers of disease activity are urgently needed to stratify patients into homogenous groups with aligned disease trajectories to allow a more effective design of clinical trial. In this review, the most promising candidate biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ALS will be summarised. Correlations between biomarker levels and clinical outcome parameters are discussed, while highlighting potential pitfalls and intercorrelations of these clinical parameters. Several CSF molecules have shown potential as biomarkers of progression and prognosis, but large, international, multicentric and longitudinal studies are crucial for validation. A more standardised choice of clinical endpoints in these studies, as well as the application of individualised models of clinical progression, would allow the quantification of disease trajectories, thereby allowing a more accurate analysis of the clinical implications of candidate biomarkers. Additionally, a comparative analysis of several biomarkers and ideally the application of a multivariate analysis including comprehensive genotypic, phenotypic and clinical characteristics collectively contributing to biomarker levels in the CSF, could promote their verification. Thus, reliable prognostic markers and markers of disease activity may improve clinical trial design and patient management in the direction of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dreger
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Robert Steinbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Precision Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck Human Medicine, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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27
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Loss of mouse Stmn2 function causes motor neuropathy. Neuron 2022; 110:1671-1688.e6. [PMID: 35294901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by motor neuron degeneration accompanied by aberrant accumulation and loss of function of the RNA-binding protein TDP43. Thus far, it remains unresolved to what extent TDP43 loss of function directly contributes to motor system dysfunction. Here, we employed gene editing to find whether the mouse ortholog of the TDP43-regulated gene STMN2 has an important function in maintaining the motor system. Both mosaic founders and homozygous loss-of-function Stmn2 mice exhibited neuromuscular junction denervation and fragmentation, resulting in muscle atrophy and impaired motor behavior, accompanied by an imbalance in neuronal microtubule dynamics in the spinal cord. The introduction of human STMN2 through BAC transgenesis was sufficient to rescue the motor phenotypes observed in Stmn2 mutant mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that disrupting the ortholog of a single TDP43-regulated RNA is sufficient to cause substantial motor dysfunction, indicating that disruption of TDP43 function is likely a contributor to ALS.
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28
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Katzeff JS, Bright F, Phan K, Kril JJ, Ittner LM, Kassiou M, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kiernan MC, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Biomarker discovery and development for frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2022; 145:1598-1609. [PMID: 35202463 PMCID: PMC9166557 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia refers to a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by behaviour and language alterations and focal brain atrophy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons resulting in muscle wasting and paralysis. Frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are considered to exist on a disease spectrum given substantial overlap of genetic and molecular signatures. The predominant genetic abnormality in both frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an expanded hexanucleotide repeat sequence in the C9orf72 gene. In terms of brain pathology, abnormal aggregates of TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 are predominantly present in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Currently, sensitive and specific diagnostic and disease surveillance biomarkers are lacking for both diseases. This has impeded the capacity to monitor disease progression during life and the development of targeted drug therapies for the two diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine the status of current biofluid biomarker discovery and development in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The major pathogenic proteins implicated in different frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis molecular subtypes and proteins associated with neurodegeneration and the immune system will be discussed. Furthermore, the use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an emerging tool to identify new biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Katzeff
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Bright
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Phan
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian J Kril
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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29
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Neurodegenerative Disease-Associated TDP-43 Fragments Are Extracellularly Secreted with CASA Complex Proteins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030516. [PMID: 35159325 PMCID: PMC8833957 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) since they may either spread the pathology or contribute to the intracellular protein quality control (PQC) system for the cellular clearance of NDs-associated proteins. Here, we investigated the crosstalk between large (LVs) and small (SVs) EVs and PQC in the disposal of TDP-43 and its FTLD and ALS-associated C-terminal fragments (TDP-35 and TDP-25). By taking advantage of neuronal cells (NSC-34 cells), we demonstrated that both EVs types, but particularly LVs, contained TDP-43, TDP-35 and TDP-25. When the PQC system was inhibited, as it occurs in NDs, we found that TDP-35 and TDP-25 secretion via EVs increased. In line with this observation, we specifically detected TDP-35 in EVs derived from plasma of FTLD patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that both neuronal and plasma-derived EVs transported components of the chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) complex (HSP70, BAG3 and HSPB8). Neuronal EVs also contained the autophagy-related MAP1LC3B-II protein. Notably, we found that, under PQC inhibition, HSPB8, BAG3 and MAP1LC3B-II secretion paralleled that of TDP-43 species. Taken together, our data highlight the role of EVs, particularly of LVs, in the disposal of disease-associated TDP-43 species, and suggest a possible new role for the CASA complex in NDs.
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30
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Riva N, Gentile F, Cerri F, Gallia F, Podini P, Dina G, Falzone YM, Fazio R, Lunetta C, Calvo A, Logroscino G, Lauria G, Corbo M, Iannaccone S, Chiò A, Lazzerini A, Nobile-Orazio E, Filippi M, Quattrini A. Phosphorylated TDP-43 aggregates in peripheral motor nerves of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2022; 145:276-284. [PMID: 35076694 PMCID: PMC8967102 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) aggregates in the cytoplasm of motor neurons and neuroglia in the brain are one of the pathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the axons exceed the total volume of motor neuron soma by several orders of magnitude, systematic studies investigating the presence and distribution of pTDP-43 aggregates within motor nerves are still lacking. The aim of this study is to define the TDP-43/pTDP-43 pathology in diagnostic motor nerve biopsies performed on a large cohort of patients presenting with a lower motor neuron syndrome and to assess whether this might be a discriminating tissue biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. We retrospectively evaluated 102 lower motor neuron syndrome patients referred to our centre for a diagnostic motor nerve biopsy. Histopathological criteria of motor neuron disease and motor neuropathy were applied by two independent evaluators, who were blind to clinical data. TDP-43 and pTDP-43 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and results compared to final clinical diagnosis. We detected significant differences between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases in pTDP-43 expression in myelinated fibres: axonal accumulation was detected in 98.2% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis versus 30.4% of non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis samples (P < 0.0001), while concomitant positive staining in Schwan cell cytoplasm was found in 70.2% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis versus 17.4% of patients who did not have amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (P < 0.001). Importantly, we were also able to detect pTDP-43 aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases displaying normal features at standard histopathological analysis. Our findings demonstrated that a specific pTDP-43 signature is present in the peripheral nervous system of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and could be exploited as a specific, accessible tissue biomarker. The detection of pTDP-43 aggregates within motor nerves of living patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, occurring before axonal degeneration, suggests that this is an early event that may contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cerri
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallia
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri Matteo Falzone
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Calvo
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lauria
- 3rd Neurology Unit and Motor Neuron Disease Center, IRCCS Foundation ‘Carlo Besta’ Neurological Institute, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical and Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, 20144, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Lazzerini
- Hand Surgery Department, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Reyes-Leiva D, Dols-Icardo O, Sirisi S, Cortés-Vicente E, Turon-Sans J, de Luna N, Blesa R, Belbin O, Montal V, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Lleó A, Rojas-García R, Illán-Gala I. Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Extra-Motor Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: New Insights From Biomarker Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 12:750543. [PMID: 35115992 PMCID: PMC8804092 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.750543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) lie at opposing ends of a clinical, genetic, and neuropathological continuum. In the last decade, it has become clear that cognitive and behavioral changes in patients with ALS are more frequent than previously recognized. Significantly, these non-motor features can impact the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of ALS. Partially overlapping neuropathological staging systems have been proposed to describe the distribution of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregates outside the corticospinal tract. However, the relationship between TDP-43 inclusions and neurodegeneration is not absolute and other pathophysiological processes, such as neuroinflammation (with a prominent role of microglia), cortical hyperexcitability, and synaptic dysfunction also play a central role in ALS pathophysiology. In the last decade, imaging and biofluid biomarker studies have revealed important insights into the pathophysiological underpinnings of extra-motor neurodegeneration in the ALS-FTLD continuum. In this review, we first summarize the clinical and pathophysiological correlates of extra-motor neurodegeneration in ALS. Next, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers in ALS and their potential to characterize extra-motor neurodegeneration. Finally, we debate about how biomarkers could improve the diagnosis and classification of ALS. Emerging imaging biomarkers of extra-motor neurodegeneration that enable the monitoring of disease progression are particularly promising. In addition, a growing arsenal of biofluid biomarkers linked to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are improving the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patients with a faster progression rate. The development and validation of biomarkers that detect the pathological aggregates of TDP-43 in vivo are notably expected to further elucidate the pathophysiological underpinnings of extra-motor neurodegeneration in ALS. Novel biomarkers tracking the different aspects of ALS pathophysiology are paving the way to precision medicine approaches in the ALS-FTLD continuum. These are essential steps to improve the diagnosis and staging of ALS and the design of clinical trials testing novel disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reyes-Leiva
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Sirisi
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Cortés-Vicente
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Janina Turon-Sans
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemi de Luna
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Montal
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Rojas-García
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ignacio Illán-Gala
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TDP-43 Cytoplasmic Translocation in the Skin Fibroblasts of ALS Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020209. [PMID: 35053327 PMCID: PMC8773870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of ALS is based on clinical symptoms when motoneuron degeneration is significant. Therefore, new approaches for early diagnosis are needed. We aimed to assess if alterations in appearance and cellular localization of cutaneous TDP-43 may represent a biomarker for ALS. Skin biopsies from 64 subjects were analyzed: 44 ALS patients, 10 healthy controls (HC) and 10 neurological controls (NC) (Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis). TDP-43 immunoreactivity in epidermis and dermis was analyzed, as well as the percentage of cells with TDP-43 cytoplasmic localization. We detected a higher amount of TDP-43 in epidermis (p < 0.001) and in both layers of dermis (p < 0.001), as well as a higher percentage of TDP-43 cytoplasmic positive cells (p < 0.001) in the ALS group compared to HC and NC groups. Dermal cells containing TDP-43 were fibroblasts as identified by co-labeling against vimentin. ROC analyses (AUC 0.867, p < 0.001; CI 95% 0.800–0.935) showed that detection of 24.1% cells with cytoplasmic TDP-43 positivity in the dermis had 85% sensitivity and 80% specificity for detecting ALS. We have identified significantly increased TDP-43 levels in epidermis and in the cytoplasm of dermal cells of ALS patients. Our findings provide support for the use of TDP-43 in skin biopsies as a potential biomarker.
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Cai Q, Ganesan D. Regulation of neuronal autophagy and the implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105582. [PMID: 34890791 PMCID: PMC8764935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized and post-mitotic cells with the specific requirements of neurotransmission accompanied by high metabolic demands that create a unique challenge for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Thus, neurons rely heavily on autophagy that constitutes a key quality control system by which dysfunctional cytoplasmic components, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles are sequestered within autophagosomes and then delivered to the lysosome for degradation. While mature lysosomes are predominantly located in the soma of neurons, the robust, constitutive biogenesis of autophagosomes occurs in the synaptic terminal via a conserved pathway that is required to maintain synaptic integrity and function. Following formation, autophagosomes fuse with late endosomes and then are rapidly and efficiently transported by the microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein motor along the axon toward the soma for lysosomal clearance. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the roles of autophagy in neuronal health and disease. We summarize the available evidence about the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration and discuss the mechanism underlying neuronal autophagy regulation. Finally, we describe how autophagy function is affected in major neurodegenerative diseases with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Meneses A, Koga S, O’Leary J, Dickson DW, Bu G, Zhao N. TDP-43 Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:84. [PMID: 34930382 PMCID: PMC8691026 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an intranuclear protein encoded by the TARDBP gene that is involved in RNA splicing, trafficking, stabilization, and thus, the regulation of gene expression. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing phosphorylated and truncated forms of TDP-43 are hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a subset of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, TDP-43 inclusions have been found in up to 57% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases, most often in a limbic distribution, with or without hippocampal sclerosis. In some cases, TDP-43 deposits are also found in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles. AD patients with TDP-43 pathology have increased severity of cognitive impairment compared to those without TDP-43 pathology. Furthermore, the most common genetic risk factor for AD, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), is associated with increased frequency of TDP-43 pathology. These findings provide strong evidence that TDP-43 pathology is an integral part of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Here, we review the biology and pathobiology of TDP-43 with a focus on its role in AD. We emphasize the need for studies on the mechanisms that lead to TDP-43 pathology, especially in the setting of age-related disorders such as AD.
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Phan K, He Y, Fu Y, Dzamko N, Bhatia S, Gold J, Rowe D, Ke YD, Ittner LM, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kiernan MC, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Pathological manifestation of human endogenous retrovirus K in frontotemporal dementia. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:60. [PMID: 35083468 PMCID: PMC8788987 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a common form of younger-onset dementia with a proportion of cases overlapping pathologically and genetically with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous studies have identified that the human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is elevated in ALS serum and is associated with ALS TDP-43 pathology. In contrast, little is known about HERV-K changes in bvFTD. Here, we investigated the possible role of HERV-K in bvFTD. METHODS We measured the HERV-K env gene in sporadic bvFTD (N = 63), sporadic ALS (N = 89), and control (N = 21) serum by ddPCR. We also analyzed HERV-K env, by qPCR, and the HERV-K reverse transcriptase protein, by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, in the disease-affected superior frontal cortex of bvFTD with TDP-43 pathology. RESULTS Here, we show that HERV-K env levels are significantly elevated (P = 3.5 × 10-6) in bvFTD compared to control serum, differentiating cases with an AUC value of 0.867. HERV-K env levels are also specifically elevated in the superior frontal cortex of bvFTD with TDP-43 pathology, with the HERV-K reverse transcriptase protein and TDP-43 deposit localized to the neuronal cytoplasm. Furthermore, in a neuronal cell line overexpression of TDP-43 induces HERV-K env transcription. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that manifestation of HERV-K is associated with bvFTD TDP-43 pathology. Analysis of HERV-K in bvFTD may provide insight into an unrecognized but targetable perturbed pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Phan
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Ying He
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Surabhi Bhatia
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Julian Gold
- grid.452312.30000 0004 0644 0381The University of Sydney, The Albion Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Dominic Rowe
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yazi D. Ke
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - John R. Hodges
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Matthew C. Kiernan
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.413249.90000 0004 0385 0051Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Correlations between fluid biomarkers of NfL, TDP-43, and tau, and clinical characteristics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260323. [PMID: 34843548 PMCID: PMC8629269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously reported the diagnostic and prognostic performance of neurofilament light chain (NfL), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), and total tau (t-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) biomarkers. The present study aimed to elucidate associations between clinical characteristics and the markers as well as mutual associations of the markers in ALS patients using the same dataset. METHODS NfL, TDP-43, and t-tau levels in CSF and plasma in 75 ALS patients were analyzed. The associations between those markers and clinical details were investigated by uni- and multivariate analyses. Correlations between the markers were analyzed univariately. RESULTS In multivariate analysis of CSF proteins, the disease progression rate (DPR) was positively correlated with NfL (β: 0.51, p = 0.007) and t-tau (β: 0.37, p = 0.03). Plasma NfL was correlated with age (β: 0.53, p = 0.005) and diagnostic grade (β: -0.42, p = 0.02) in multivariate analysis. Plasma TDP-43 was correlated negatively with split hand index (β: -0.48, p = 0.04) and positively with % vital capacity (β: 0.64, p = 0.03) in multivariate analysis. Regarding mutual biomarker analysis, a negative correlation between CSF-NfL and TDP-43 was identified (r: -0.36, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Elevated NfL and t-tau levels in CSF may be biomarkers to predict rapid DPR from onset to sample collection. The negative relationship between CSF NfL and TDP-43 suggests that elevation of CSF TDP-43 in ALS is not a simple consequence of its release into CSF during neurodegeneration. The negative correlation between plasma TDP-43 and split hand index may support the pathophysiological association between plasma TDP-43 and ALS.
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Wang S, Zheng J, Ma L, Petersen RB, Xu L, Huang K. Inhibiting protein aggregation with nanomaterials: The underlying mechanisms and impact factors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130061. [PMID: 34822925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is correlated with the onset and progression of protein misfolding diseases (PMDs). Inhibiting the generation of toxic aggregates of misfolded proteins has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for PMDs. Due to their unique properties, nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for their ability to inhibit protein aggregation and have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of PMDs. However, the precise mechanisms by which nanomaterials interact with amyloidogenic proteins and the factors influencing these interactions remain poorly understood. Consequently, developing a rational design strategy for nanomaterials that target specific proteins in PMDs has been challenging. In this review, we elucidate the effects of nanomaterials on protein aggregation and describe the mechanisms through which nanomaterials interfere with protein aggregation. The major factors impacting protein-nanomaterial interaction such as size, charge, concentration, surface modification and morphology that can be rationally addressed to achieve the desired effects of nanomaterials on protein aggregation are summarized. The prospects and challenges to the clinical application of nanomaterials for the treatment of PMDs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zheng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Li Xu
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Thompson AG, Oeckl P, Feneberg E, Bowser R, Otto M, Fischer R, Kessler B, Turner MR. Advancing mechanistic understanding and biomarker development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:977-994. [PMID: 34758687 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteomic analysis has contributed significantly to the study of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It has helped to define the pathological change common to nearly all cases, namely intracellular aggregates of phosphorylated TDP-43, shifting the focus of pathogenesis in ALS toward RNA biology. Proteomics has also uniquely underpinned the delineation of disease mechanisms in model systems and has been central to recent advances in human ALS biomarker development. AREAS COVERED The contribution of proteomics to understanding the cellular pathological changes, disease mechanisms, and biomarker development in ALS are covered. EXPERT OPINION Proteomics has delivered unique insights into the pathogenesis of ALS and advanced the goal of objective measurements of disease activity to improve therapeutic trials. Further developments in sensitivity and quantification are expected, with application to the presymptomatic phase of human disease offering the hope of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Dzne e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Bowser
- Departments of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
This chapter will address the issue of risk for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), focusing on HIV-associated dementia (HAD), among persons living with HIV in relationship to the risk for other dementias. Advances in effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) have led to an increase in the prevalence of older persons surviving with HIV - in addition to older persons who become infected by HIV later in life. Hence, HIV is no longer a disease of younger persons, and additional attention has been brought to bear against the plight of older persons living with HIV - not only as it pertains to treatment but also to prevention. The additional risk caused by aging among older persons living with HIV is complex to asses, and HIV infection is a research area that requires a robust approach to multiple other factors causing neurocognitive impairment with older age. The long-term and potentially neurotoxic exposure to ART and the deleterious consequences of chronic infection with HIV and its associated neuro-inflammation have been described for health. This aids in the understanding of dementia risk factors in this patient population, but the comorbidities (HIV- and non-HIV-associated) occurring among older persons living with HIV must also be addressed to properly assess the overall impact on dementia risk in this group. This need also warrants our examination of the risk factors for other dementias (and comorbid dementias) in persons living with HIV versus the general population through the assessment and quantification of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors identified as major contributors toward dementia.
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Aptamer-based enrichment of TDP-43 from human cells and tissues with quantification by HPLC-MS/MS. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 363:109344. [PMID: 34469713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is great interest in detecting, characterizing and quantifying transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), and its post-translational modifications, due to its association with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Unfortunately, detailed analysis of TDP-43 in human biological matrices by immunometric methods has been hindered by the relatively low abundance of TDP-43 and poor antibody reagent specificity. NEW METHOD With the goal of developing a selective and multiplex method for characterizing TDP-43, we previously developed a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay for relative quantification of TDP-43 in human brain tissue and cells. To improve analytical sensitivity and to perform absolute quantification, we coupled a novel RNA-based aptamer enrichment workflow (and inclusion of a stable isotope-labeled standard) to HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The TDP-43 aptamer-enrichment-HPLC-MS/MS assay was linear from 0.37 to 2.55nmol/L, a range suitable for analysis of both human cells and brain tissue homogenates, and had a total CV of 14.8%. Quantitative TDP-43 peptide profiles were developed for cases of FTD with TDP-43 pathology and cases with no neurodegenerative pathology. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Compared to immunoenrichment, aptamer-enrichment yielded cleaner recoveries of TDP-43. The aptamer-enrichment-HPLC-MS/MS method, compared to our previous method without enrichment, increased analytical sensitivity by 8.7-fold and 11.8-fold for endogenous TDP-43 in human cells and brain tissue, respectively. Critically, inclusion of the aptamer enrichment step improved sequence resolution and enabled identification of TDP-43 C-terminal fragments. CONCLUSIONS The aptamer-enrichment-HPLC-MS/MS method enabled highly selective quantification, enhanced sequence coverage and structural characterization of endogenous TDP-43.
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CSF Diagnostics: A Potentially Valuable Tool in Neurodegenerative and Inflammatory Disorders Involving Motor Neurons: A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091522. [PMID: 34573864 PMCID: PMC8470638 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diagnostics has emerged as a valid tool for a variety of neurological diseases. However, CSF diagnostics has been playing a subordinate role in the diagnosis of many neurological conditions. Thus, in the multitude of neuromuscular diseases in which motor neurons are affected, a CSF sample is rarely taken routinely. However, CSF diagnostics has the potential to specify the diagnosis and monitor the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. In this review, we therefore focused on a variety of neuromuscular diseases, among them amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral neuropathies, and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), for which CSF diagnostics has emerged as a promising option for determining the disease itself and its progression. We focus on potentially valuable biomarkers among different disorders, such as neurofilaments, cytokines, other proteins, and lipids to determine their suitability, differentiating between different neurological disorders and their potential to determine early disease onset, disease progression, and treatment outcome. We further recommend novel approaches, e.g., the use of mass spectrometry as a promising alternative techniques to standard ELISA assays, potentially enhancing biomarker significance in clinical applications.
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Zhang M, He P, Bian Z. Long Noncoding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenesis and Potential Implications as Clinical Biomarkers. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:685143. [PMID: 34421536 PMCID: PMC8371338 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.685143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are progressive and ultimately fatal. NDD onset is influenced by several factors including heredity and environmental cues. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNA molecules with: (i) lengths greater than 200 nucleotides, (ii) diverse biological functions, and (iii) highly conserved structures. They directly interact with molecules such as proteins and microRNAs and subsequently regulate the expression of their targets at the genetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Emerging studies indicate the important roles of lncRNAs in the progression of neurological diseases including NDDs. Additionally, improvements in detection technologies have enabled quantitative lncRNA detection and application to circulating fluids in clinical settings. Here, we review current research on lncRNAs in animal models and patients with NDDs. We also discuss the potential applicability of circulating lncRNAs as biomarkers in NDD diagnostics and prognostics. In the future, a better understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in NDDs will be essential to exploit these new therapeutic targets and improve noninvasive diagnostic methods for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhigang Bian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Pasetto L, Callegaro S, Corbelli A, Fiordaliso F, Ferrara D, Brunelli L, Sestito G, Pastorelli R, Bianchi E, Cretich M, Chiari M, Potrich C, Moglia C, Corbo M, Sorarù G, Lunetta C, Calvo A, Chiò A, Mora G, Pennuto M, Quattrone A, Rinaldi F, D'Agostino VG, Basso M, Bonetto V. Decoding distinctive features of plasma extracellular vesicles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:52. [PMID: 34376243 PMCID: PMC8353748 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial, multisystem motor neuron disease for which currently there is no effective treatment. There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers to tackle the disease's complexity and help in early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanostructures released by any cell type into body fluids. Their biophysical and biochemical characteristics vary with the parent cell's physiological and pathological state and make them an attractive source of multidimensional data for patient classification and stratification. METHODS We analyzed plasma-derived EVs of ALS patients (n = 106) and controls (n = 96), and SOD1G93A and TDP-43Q331K mouse models of ALS. We purified plasma EVs by nickel-based isolation, characterized their EV size distribution and morphology respectively by nanotracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, and analyzed EV markers and protein cargos by Western blot and proteomics. We used machine learning techniques to predict diagnosis and prognosis. RESULTS Our procedure resulted in high-yield isolation of intact and polydisperse plasma EVs, with minimal lipoprotein contamination. EVs in the plasma of ALS patients and the two mouse models of ALS had a distinctive size distribution and lower HSP90 levels compared to the controls. In terms of disease progression, the levels of cyclophilin A with the EV size distribution distinguished fast and slow disease progressors, a possibly new means for patient stratification. Immuno-electron microscopy also suggested that phosphorylated TDP-43 is not an intravesicular cargo of plasma-derived EVs. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis unmasked features in plasma EVs of ALS patients with potential straightforward clinical application. We conceived an innovative mathematical model based on machine learning which, by integrating EV size distribution data with protein cargoes, gave very high prediction rates for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasetto
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Callegaro
- Department of Mathematics "Tullio Levi-Civita", University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah Ferrara
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sestito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Bianchi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Potrich
- Centre for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.,Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trento, Italy
| | - Cristina Moglia
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Lunetta
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Serena Onlus Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mora
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics "Tullio Levi-Civita", University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vito Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Manuela Basso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Manoccio M, Esposito M, Primiceri E, Leo A, Tasco V, Cuscunà M, Zuev D, Sun Y, Maruccio G, Romano A, Quattrini A, Gigli G, Passaseo A. Femtomolar Biodetection by a Compact Core-Shell 3D Chiral Metamaterial. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6179-6187. [PMID: 34251835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced sensing tools, detecting extremely low concentrations of circulating biomarkers, can open unexplored routes toward early diagnostics and diseases progression monitoring. Here, we demonstrate the sensing capabilities of a chip-based metamaterial, combining 3D chiral geometry with a functional core-shell nanoarchitecture. The chiral metamaterial provides a circular polarization-dependent optical response, allowing analysis in a complex environment without significant background interferences. The functional nanoarchitecture, based on the conformal coating with a polymer shell, modifies the chiral metamaterial near- and far-field optical response because of the energy transfer between dielectric shell polarization charges and plasmonic core free electrons, leading to efficient interaction with biomolecules. The system sensitivity slope is 27 nm/pM, in the detection of TAR DNA-binding protein 43, clinically relevant for neurodegenerative diseases. Measurements were performed in spiked solution and in human serum with concentrations from 1 pM down to 10 fM, which is a range not accessible with common immunological assays, opening new perspectives for next-generation biomedical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Manoccio
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Esposito
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Leo
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Av., St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yali Sun
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Av., St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Adriana Passaseo
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Barro C, Zetterberg H. The blood biomarkers puzzle - A review of protein biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 361:109281. [PMID: 34237384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are heterogeneous in their cause and clinical presentation making clinical assessment and disease monitoring challenging. Because of this, there is an urgent need for objective tools such as fluid biomarkers able to quantitate different aspects of the disease. In the last decade, technological improvements and awareness of the importance of biorepositories led to the discovery of an evolving number of fluid biomarkers covering the main characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases such as neurodegeneration, protein aggregates and inflammation. The ability to quantitate each aspect of the disease at a high definition enables a more precise stratification of the patients at inclusion in clinical trials, hence reducing the noise that may hamper the detection of therapeutical efficacy and allowing for smaller but likewise powered studies, which particularly improves the ability to start clinical trials for rare neurological diseases. Moreover, the use of fluid biomarkers has the potential to support a targeted therapeutical intervention, as it is now emerging for the treatment of amyloid-beta deposition in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Here we review the knowledge that evolved from the measurement of fluid biomarker proteins in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Ren Y, Li S, Chen S, Sun X, Yang F, Wang H, Li M, Cui F, Huang X. TDP-43 and Phosphorylated TDP-43 Levels in Paired Plasma and CSF Samples in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:663637. [PMID: 34194383 PMCID: PMC8236522 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.663637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to measure both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) levels in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) patients, and to compare them with that of healthy controls. The correlation between plasma or CSF TDP-43/pTDP-43 and clinical indicators of ALS patients was assessed. Methods: Paired plasma and CSF TDP-43/pTDP-43 levels in 69 ALS patients and 59 healthy controls were measured by sandwich ELISA. Time to generalization (TTG), an indicator suggested that the time of symptoms spreading from spinal or bulbar localization to both, was evaluated in all patients screened for mutations in genes associated with ALS. Results: Both of the plasma TDP-43 and pTDP-43 levels were significantly higher in ALS patients than HCs (P < 0.001). The pTDP-43/TDP-43 ratios in plasma were significantly higher in HCs than ALS patients (P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.924 for plasma TDP-43 level, with a 91.3% sensitivity and 91.5% specificity. Moreover, the correlation between plasma and CSF TDP-43 was observed in each ALS patient (r = 0.195, P = 0.027). A correlation between CSF pTDP-43 levels and the ALSFRS-R (r = -0.245; P = 0.042) was established. A correlation was observed between plasma TDP-43 levels and TTG in ALS patients, which indicated that high levels of plasma TDP-43 correlated with prolonged TTG (r = 0.415; P = 0.004). Conclusion: The plasma TDP-43 and pTDP-43 levels might play an important role in diagnosis in the future study of ALS. The plasma TDP-43 might differentiate ALS and HC groups based on high sensitivity and specificity, and as an indicator of progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ren
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosun Sun
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfen Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Autopsy-diagnosed neurodegenerative dementia cases support the use of cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers in the diagnostic work-up. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10837. [PMID: 34035398 PMCID: PMC8149718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Various proteins play a decisive role in the pathology of different neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, most of these proteins can only be detected during a neuropathological assessment, although some non-specific biomarkers are routinely tested for in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a part of the differential diagnosis of dementia. In antemortem CSF samples from 117 patients with different types of neuropathologically confirmed neurodegenerative disease with dementia, we assessed total-tau (t-tau), phosphorylated-tau (181P) (p-tau), amyloid-beta (1–42) (Aβ42), TAR DNA binding protein (TDP)-43, progranulin (PGRN), and neurofilament light (NfL) chain levels, and positivity of protein 14-3-3. We found t-tau levels and the t-tau/p-tau ratios were significantly higher in prion diseases compared to the other neurodegenerative diseases. Statistically significant differences in the t-tau/Aβ42 ratio predominantly corresponded to t-tau levels in prion diseases and Aβ42 levels in AD. TDP-43 levels were significantly lower in prion diseases. Additionally, the TDP-43/Aβ42 ratio was better able to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from other neurodegenerative diseases compared to using Aβ42 alone. In frontotemporal lobar degeneration, PRGN levels were significantly higher in comparison to other neurodegenerative diseases. There is an increasing need for biomarkers suitable for diagnostic workups for neurodegenerative diseases. It appears that adding TDP-43 and PGRN to the testing panel for neurodegenerative diseases could improve the resolution of differential diagnoses.
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48
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Cicardi ME, Marrone L, Azzouz M, Trotti D. Proteostatic imbalance and protein spreading in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106389. [PMID: 33792056 PMCID: PMC8126909 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder whose exact causative mechanisms are still under intense investigation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the anatomical and temporal propagation of pathological protein species along the neural axis could be among the main driving mechanisms for the fast and irreversible progression of ALS pathology. Many ALS-associated proteins form intracellular aggregates as a result of their intrinsic prion-like properties and/or following impairment of the protein quality control systems. During the disease course, these mutated proteins and aberrant peptides are released in the extracellular milieu as soluble or aggregated forms through a variety of mechanisms. Internalization by recipient cells may seed further aggregation and amplify existing proteostatic imbalances, thus triggering a vicious cycle that propagates pathology in vulnerable cells, such as motor neurons and other susceptible neuronal subtypes. Here, we provide an in-depth review of ALS pathology with a particular focus on the disease mechanisms of seeding and transmission of the most common ALS-associated proteins, including SOD1, FUS, TDP-43, and C9orf72-linked dipeptide repeats. For each of these proteins, we report historical, biochemical, and pathological evidence of their behaviors in ALS. We further discuss the possibility to harness pathological proteins as biomarkers and reflect on the implications of these findings for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Cicardi
- Department of NeuroscienceWeinberg ALS CenterVickie and Jack Farber Institute for NeuroscienceThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Lara Marrone
- Department of NeuroscienceSheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- Department of NeuroscienceSheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN)University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Davide Trotti
- Department of NeuroscienceWeinberg ALS CenterVickie and Jack Farber Institute for NeuroscienceThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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49
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Solje E, Benussi A, Buratti E, Remes AM, Haapasalo A, Borroni B. State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia-A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050788. [PMID: 33925655 PMCID: PMC8145467 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common neurodegenerative dementias include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The correct etiology-based diagnosis is pivotal for clinical management of these diseases as well as for the suitable timing and choosing the accurate disease-modifying therapies when these become available. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods, detecting altered levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Tau, phosphorylated Tau, and Aβ-42 in AD, allowed the wide use of this set of biomarkers in clinical practice. These analyses demonstrate a high diagnostic accuracy in AD but suffer from a relatively restricted usefulness due to invasiveness and lack of prognostic value. In recent years, the development of novel advanced techniques has offered new state-of-the-art opportunities in biomarker discovery. These include single molecule array technology (SIMOA), a tool for non-invasive analysis of ultra-low levels of central nervous system-derived molecules from biofluids, such as CSF or blood, and real-time quaking (RT-QuIC), developed to analyze misfolded proteins. In the present review, we describe the history of methods used in the fluid biomarker analyses of dementia, discuss specific emerging biomarkers with translational potential for clinical use, and suggest an algorithm for the use of new non-invasive blood biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Anne M. Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, 90230 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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50
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Jin Y, Vadukul DM, Gialama D, Ge Y, Thrush R, White JT, Aprile FA. The Diagnostic Potential of Amyloidogenic Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4128. [PMID: 33923609 PMCID: PMC8074075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a highly prevalent class of diseases, whose pathological mechanisms start before the appearance of any clear symptoms. This fact has prompted scientists to search for biomarkers that could aid early treatment. These currently incurable pathologies share the presence of aberrant aggregates called amyloids in the nervous system, which are composed of specific proteins. In this review, we discuss how these proteins, their conformations and modifications could be exploited as biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. We focus on proteins that are associated with the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia. We also describe current challenges in detection, the most recent techniques with diagnostic potentials and possible future developments in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Antonio Aprile
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; (Y.J.); (D.M.V.); (D.G.); (Y.G.); (R.T.); (J.T.W.)
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