1
|
Mugiya T, Mothibe M, Khathi A, Ngubane P, Sibiya N. Glycaemic abnormalities induced by small molecule tryosine kinase inhibitors: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1355171. [PMID: 38362147 PMCID: PMC10867135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1355171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of the expected increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus due to an aging population, sedentary lifestyles, an increase in obesity, and unhealthy diets, there is a need to identify potential pharmacological agents that can heighten the risk of developing diabetes. Similarly, it is equally important to also identify those agents that show blood glucose-lowering properties. Amongst these agents are tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treat certain types of cancers. Over the last two decades, there has been an increase in the use of targeted chemotherapy for cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, chronic leukaemia, and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been at the forefront of targeted chemotherapy. Studies have shown that small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors can alter glycaemic control and glucose metabolism, with some demonstrating hypoglycaemic activities whilst others showing hyperglycaemic properties. The mechanism by which small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors cause glycaemic dysregulation is not well understood, therefore, the clinical significance of these chemotherapeutic agents on glucose handling is also poorly documented. In this review, the effort is directed at mapping mechanistic insights into the effect of various small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors on glycaemic dysregulation envisaged to provide a deeper understanding of these chemotherapeutic agents on glucose metabolism. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors may elicit these observed glycaemic effects through preservation of β-cell function, improving insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. These compounds bind to a spectrum of receptors and proteins implicated in glucose regulation for example, non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC and ABL. Then receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR, PDGFR, and FGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takudzwa Mugiya
- Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Mamosheledi Mothibe
- Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Phikelelani Ngubane
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ntethelelo Sibiya
- Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohan J, Ghazi T, Mazibuko MS, Chuturgoon AA. Antiretrovirals Promote Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Liver Cells through miRNA Regulation and Transcriptional Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076267. [PMID: 37047241 PMCID: PMC10094183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a non-communicable disease characterized by a cluster of metabolic irregularities. Alarmingly, the prevalence of MetS in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) usage is increasing rapidly. Insulin resistance is a common characteristic of MetS that leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The progression of insulin resistance is strongly linked to inflammasome activation. This study aimed to draw links between the combinational use of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Lamivudine (3TC), and Dolutegravir (DTG), and inflammasome activation and subsequent promotion of insulin resistance following a 120 h treatment period in HepG2 liver in vitro cell model. Furthermore, we assess microRNA (miR-128a) expression as a negative regulator of the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway. The relative expression of phosphorylated IRS1 was determined by Western blot. Transcript levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, JNK, IRS1, AKT, PI3K, and miR-128a were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Caspase-1 activity was measured using luminometry. Following exposure to ARVs for 120 h, NLRP3 mRNA expression (p = 0.0500) and caspase-1 activity (p < 0.0001) significantly increased. This was followed by a significant elevation in IL-1β in mRNA expression (p = 0.0015). Additionally, JNK expression (p = 0.0093) was upregulated with coinciding increases in p-IRS1 protein expression (p < 0.0001) and decreased IRS1 mRNA expression (p = 0.0004). Consequently, decreased AKT (p = 0.0005) and PI3K expressions (p = 0.0007) were observed. Interestingly miR-128a expression was significantly upregulated. The results indicate that combinational use of ARVs upregulates inflammasome activation and promotes insulin resistance through dysregulation of the IRS1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
3
|
Black Rice Anthocyanidins Regulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Related Symptoms through PI3K/AKT Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Food Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5876706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Black rice anthocyanins (BRAs) have extremely high nutritional value and health care effects. This study investigated the intervention effect of BRAs on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the regulation effect on intestinal microbiota imbalance in T2DM rats. This study established successfully a T2DM model in a high-fat and high-glucose diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ). BRAs intervention reduced significantly the fasting blood glucose level of T2DM rats, improved the glucose tolerance of rats, reduced the blood lipid level and inflammation state, and repaired liver, oxidative stress, and other injuries. In addition, BRAs’s intervention enhanced the expression of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), activated the expression of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK), and the downstream acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT1) in the liver. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that BRAs significantly decreased the abundances of Bifidobacterium and Clostridiaceae_Clostridium, and promoted the abundances of Akkermansia and Lactobacillus. Accelerate the recovery of gut microbiota diversity. BRAs play an antidiabetic role by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota in T2MD rats.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lipidized PrRP Analog Exhibits Strong Anti-Obesity and Antidiabetic Properties in Old WKY Rats with Obesity and Glucose Intolerance. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020280. [PMID: 36678151 PMCID: PMC9864151 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide that has potential for the treatment of obesity and its complications. Recently, we designed a palmitoylated PrRP31 analog (palm11-PrRP31) that is more stable than the natural peptide and able to act centrally after peripheral administration. This analog acted as an anti-obesity and glucose-lowering agent, attenuating lipogenesis in rats and mice with high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity. In Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats fed a HF diet for 52 weeks, we explored glucose intolerance, but also prediabetes, liver steatosis and insulin resistance-related changes, as well as neuroinflammation in the brain. A potential beneficial effect of 6 weeks of treatment with palm11-PrRP31 and liraglutide as comparator was investigated. Liver lipid profiles, as well as urinary and plasma metabolomic profiles, were measured by lipidomics and metabolomics, respectively. Old obese WKY rats showed robust glucose intolerance that was attenuated by palm11-PrRP31, but not by liraglutide treatment. On the contrary, liraglutide had a beneficial effect on insulin resistance parameters. Despite obesity and prediabetes, WKY rats did not develop steatosis owing to HF diet feeding, even though liver lipogenesis was enhanced. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were not increased by HFD feeding, which points to unincreased lipid transport from the liver. The liver lipid profile was significantly altered by a HF diet that remained unaffected by palm11-PrRP31 or liraglutide treatment. The HF-diet-fed WKY rats revealed astrogliosis in the brain cortex and hippocampus, which was attenuated by treatment. In conclusion, this study suggested multiple beneficial anti-obesity-related effects of palm11-PrRP31 and liraglutide in both the periphery and brain.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramos-Riera KP, Pérez-Severiano F, López-Meraz ML. Oxidative stress: a common imbalance in diabetes and epilepsy. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:767-782. [PMID: 36598703 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain requires a large amount of energy. Its function can be altered when energy demand exceeds supply or during metabolic disturbances such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, a chronic disease with a high incidence worldwide, is characterized by high glucose levels (hyperglycemia); however, hypoglycemic states may also occur due to insulin treatment or poor control of the disease. These alterations in glucose levels affect the brain and could cause epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. In addition, it is known that oxidative stress states emerge as diabetes progresses, contributing to the development of diseases secondary to diabetes, including retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular alterations, and alterations in the central nervous system, such as epileptic seizures. Seizures are a complex of transient signs and symptoms resulting from abnormal, simultaneous, and excessive activity of a population of neurons, and they can be both a cause and a consequence of oxidative stress. This review aims to outline studies linking diabetes mellitus and seizures to oxidative stress, a condition that may be relevant to the development of severe seizures in diabetes mellitus patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Paola Ramos-Riera
- Doctorado de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Industrial Animas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velasco Suarez," Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269, La Fama, CDMX, México
| | - María Leonor López-Meraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Industrial Animas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong M, Chen H, Wen S, Yuan Y, Yang L, Li Y, Yuan X, Xu D, Zhou L. The Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Pathways of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor on Body Weight-Loss and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:425-435. [PMID: 36820270 PMCID: PMC9938665 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s399367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has achieved a new milestone, of which the insulin-independent mechanism could produce weight loss, improve insulin resistance (IR) and exert other protective effects. Besides the well-acknowledged biochemical processes, the dysregulated balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity may play a significant role in IR and obesity. Weight loss caused by SGLT-2i could be achieved via activating the liver-brain-adipose neural axis in adipocytes. We previously demonstrated that SGLT-2 are widely expressed in central nervous system (CNS) tissues, and SGLT-2i could inhibit central areas associated with autonomic control through unidentified pathways, indicating that the role of the central sympathetic inhibition of SGLT-2i on blood pressure and weight loss. However, the exact pathway of SGLT2i related to these effects and to what extent it depends on the neural system are not fully understood. The evidence of how SGLT-2i interacts with the nervous system is worth exploring. Therefore, in this review, we will illustrate the potential neurological processes by which SGLT2i improves IR in skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and other insulin-target organs via the CNS and sympathetic nervous system/parasympathetic nervous system (SNS/PNS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Dong
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613611927616, Email
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fatima N, Anwar F, Saleem U, Khan A, Ahmad B, Shahzadi I, Ahmad H, Ismail T. Antidiabetic effects of Brugmansia aurea leaf extract by modulating the glucose levels, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress mechanism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1005341. [PMID: 36304231 PMCID: PMC9592987 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1005341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethnopharmacological relevance: Brugmansia, a genus of the Solanaceae family, has historically been utilized in many different parts of the world as an anti-inflammatory for treating skin infections, wounds, and bodily aches and pains. The current study aimed to investigate the potential benefits of a methanolic extract of Brugmansia aurea in the management of diabetes and underlying complications in alloxanized-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Animals were divided into nine groups (n = 6). Four groups received different standard oral hypoglycemic agents; three groups received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of B. aurea leaf extract for six consecutive weeks, and the remaining two were normal and disease control groups. All groups received alloxan (150 mg/kg) except for the normal control. Only those animals whose glucose levels were raised to 200 mg/dl were selected for the study. After a 6-week dosage period, various biochemical parameters, as well as HbA1c, antioxidant profile, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin sensitivity, histopathology, and insulin resistance, were measured and compared with the untreated diabetic group. Results Brugmansia aurea leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed potent antidiabetic activity by reducing blood glucose levels (p < 0.001) after 6 weeks of treatment. OGTT data showed that B. aurea exhibited significant (p < 0.001) glucose tolerance by significantly reducing blood glucose levels in just 2 h post-treatment. Other tests showed that plant extract significantly increased (p < 0.001) insulin sensitivity and decreased (p < 0.001) insulin resistance. The biochemical profile showed reduced triglyceride and cholesterol, while the antioxidant profile showed restoration of antioxidant enzymes in the pancreas, kidney, and liver tissues of treated rats. Conclusion The present study indicated that crude extracts of B. aurea increase insulin sensitivity and reduce hyperlipidemia in diabetic rats, which rationalizes the traditional medicinal use of this plant as an antidiabetic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Fatima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Hamza College of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irum Shahzadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Comsat University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ahmad
- Bashir Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Ismail
- Department of Pharmacy, Comsat University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sinha S, Haque M. Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Ultimatum to Renal Physiology. Cureus 2022; 14:e28944. [PMID: 36111327 PMCID: PMC9462660 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is stated as diminished insulin action regardless of hyperinsulinemia. The usual target organs for insulin activities are the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Hence, the vasculature and kidneys are nonconventional target organs as the impacts of insulin on these are comparatively separate from other conventional target organs. Vasodilation is achieved by raising endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation by initiating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. In insulin-nonresponsive conditions, this process is defective, and there is increased production of endothelin-1 through the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, which predominates the NO effects, causing vasoconstriction. Renal tubular cells and podocytes have insulin receptors, and their purposeful importance has been studied, which discloses critical acts of insulin signaling in podocyte survivability and tubular action. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prevalent problem in individuals with hypertension, poor glycemic management, hereditary susceptibility, or glomerular hyperfiltration. DN could be a significant contributing factor to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that results from chronic kidney disease (CKD). IR and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the constituents of syndrome X and are accompanied by CKD progression. IR performs a key part in syndrome X leading to CKD. However, it is indistinct whether IR individually participates in enhancing the threat to CKD advancement rather than CKD complexity. CKD is an extensive public health problem affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The tremendous spread of kidney disease intensifies people’s health impacts related to communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Chronic disease regulator policies do not include CKD at global, local, and/or general levels. Improved knowledge of the character of CKD-associated problems might aid in reforming diagnosis, prevention, and management.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sex hormone binding globulin as a potential drug candidate for liver-related metabolic disorders treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113261. [PMID: 35738176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a hepatokine that binds to circulating steroid hormones (testosterone, oestradiol) to regulate their concentration in the bloodstream. Recently SHBG was recognized as an essential biomarker for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hepatic steatosis development. At the hepatic level, the production of SHBG is mainly regulated by sex steroids and thyroxine. Studies of various research groups, including ours, showed that SHBG could be considered a reliable marker of insulin resistance and, therefore, can serve as a predictor of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory mediators strongly correlate with lowered serum levels of SHBG. This review paper emphasizes the role of SHBG as a potential drug candidate in the course of various metabolic dysfunctions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. The studies related to SHBG and its role in the course of metabolic disorders are very limited. Here, we have summarized the most current knowledge about SHBG and its mechanism of action, indicating a novel concept for its possible therapeutic application in the management framework of commonly occurring metabolic dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Prodanović R, Kirovski D, Vujanac I, Djordjevic A, Romić S, Pantelić M, Korićanac G. Obesity-related prepartal insulin resistance in dairy cows is associated with increased lipin 1 and decreased FATP 1 expression in skeletal muscle. Res Vet Sci 2022; 150:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
High and Low Haemoglobin Levels in Early Pregnancy Are Associated to a Higher Risk of Miscarriage: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051578. [PMID: 34066873 PMCID: PMC8151332 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether women with anaemia or high haemoglobin (Hb) in early pregnancy would be at higher risk of miscarriage, this population-based cohort study involved 9453 women whose pregnancies were monitored at primary care centres between 2007 and 2012. The computerised clinical histories were used to collect: Hb measurements (up to 14 weeks of gestation), miscarriage before or by 24 weeks of gestation, and other maternal characteristics. The relation between anaemia (Hb < 110 g/L), normal Hb (110-140 g/L, reference), and high Hb concentrations (≥140 g/L) with miscarriage were expressed as adjusted OR with 95%CI. Restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the dose-response relationships. A total of 520 (5.5%) women were recorded as having a miscarriage. The rate of miscarriage in anaemia, normal Hb, and high Hb concentrations was 8.4%, 5.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. Compared with women with normal Hb at the first trimester, the multivariable-adjusted OR for miscarriage was 2.11 (95%CI, 1.38-3.21) for women with anaemia and 1.83 (95%CI, 1.29-2.58) for women with high Hb. Hb concentrations showed a U-shaped association with miscarriage, with the lowest incidence among women with Hb of 120-130 g/L. These data highlight the importance of considering anaemia and high Hb levels in early pregnancy as harmful indicators for miscarriage.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mohammad S, Aziz R, Al Mahri S, Malik SS, Haji E, Khan AH, Khatlani TS, Bouchama A. Obesity and COVID-19: what makes obese host so vulnerable? IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33390183 PMCID: PMC7779330 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disease (COVID-19) novel coronavirus pandemic has so far infected millions resulting in the death of over a million people as of Oct 2020. More than 90% of those infected with COVID-19 show mild or no symptoms but the rest of the infected cases show severe symptoms resulting in significant mortality. Age has emerged as a major factor to predict the severity of the disease and mortality rates are significantly higher in elderly patients. Besides, patients with underlying conditions like Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer have an increased risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19 infection. Obesity has emerged as a novel risk factor for hospitalization and death due to COVID-19. Several independent studies have observed that people with obesity are at a greater risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19. Here we review the published data related to obesity and overweight to assess the possible risk and outcome in Covid-19 patients based on their body weight. Besides, we explore how the obese host provides a unique microenvironment for disease pathogenesis, resulting in increased severity of the disease and poor outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Mohammad
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rafia Aziz
- Government Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Kashmir, India
| | - Saeed Al Mahri
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuja Shafi Malik
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa Haji
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Husain Khan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvir Saleem Khatlani
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Stem Cells Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences--MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Naghiaee Y, Didehdar R, Pourrajab F, Rahmanian M, Heiranizadeh N, Mohiti A, Mohiti-Ardakani J. Metformin downregulates miR223 expression in insulin-resistant 3T3L1 cells and human diabetic adipose tissue. Endocrine 2020; 70:498-508. [PMID: 32970287 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND DESIGNS Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, is the first line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and some studies show its relationship with micro-RNAs. This study set up to determine the effect of metformin on miR223 expression and content of AKT/GLUT4 proteins in insulin resistant signaling in 3T3L1 cells and adipocyte of human diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subcutaneous adipose tissues were taken from newly diagnosed diabetic patients (HOMA-IR > 1.8), before and after three months treatment with 500 mg of metformin twice a day. Cellular homogenate was prepared and miR223 expression and AKT/GLUT4 protein expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. The results were compared to insulin resistant 3T3L1 adipocytes that were treated with 10 mM Metformin. RESULTS MiR223 expression was significantly overexpressed both in insulin-resistant 3T3L1 adipocytes compared to non-insulin resistant adipocytes and in human diabetic adipose tissue, compared to non-diabetics (P value < 0.01). Metformin treatment downregulated miR223 expression in both adipocytes and human diabetic adipose tissue. In contrast the IRS/PI3-K/AKT pathway signaling components, Akt and GLUT4 increased in insulin-resistant 3T3L1 adipocytes and human diabetic adipose tissue after three months of metformin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Metformin reduced insulin resistance in adipocytes by reduction of miR223 expression and improving of IRS/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathways. Plasma miR223 expression of human diabetic patients was reduced by metformin treatment. These results point to a novel mechanism of miR223 in insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousof Naghiaee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Didehdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Rahmanian
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Naeime Heiranizadeh
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azra Mohiti
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Javad Mohiti-Ardakani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Teixeira GP, Faria RX. Influence of purinergic signaling on glucose transporters: A possible mechanism against insulin resistance? Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173743. [PMID: 33220279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, affect many people worldwide due to the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are pathologies that impair glycemic metabolism. Glucose is the primary energetic substrate of the body and is essential for cellular function. As the cell membrane is not permeable to glucose molecules, there are two distinct groups of glucose transporters: sodium-glucose-linked transporters (SGLTs) and the glucose transporter (GLUT) family. These transporters facilitate the entry of glucose into the bloodstream or cytoplasm where it functions in the production of adenosine 5 ́-triphosphate (ATP). This nucleotide acts in several cellular mechanisms, such as protein phosphorylation and cellular immune processes. ATP directly and indirectly acts as an agonist for purinergic receptors in high concentrations in the extracellular environment. Composed by P1 and P2 groups, the purinoreceptors cover several cellular mechanisms involving cytokines, tumors, and metabolic signaling pathways. Previous publications have indicated that the purinergic signaling activity in insulin resistance and glucose transporters modulates relevant actions on the deregulations that can affect glycemic homeostasis. Thus, this review focuses on the pharmacological influence of purinergic signaling on the modulation of glucose transporters, aiming for a new way to combat insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pegas Teixeira
- Laboratory of Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoans, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Avenida Brasil, 4365, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, Fiocruz, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratory of Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoans, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Avenida Brasil, 4365, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, Fiocruz, 21040-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo S, Gong L, Shen Q, Xing D. Photobiomodulation reduces hepatic lipogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity through activation of CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112075. [PMID: 33152638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) could improve systemic blood glucose and insulin resistance in diet-induced diabetic mice. A few possible molecular mechanisms for the beneficial effects of PBM on diabetes have been proposed, but there is still an urgent need to explore the underlying mechanisms that support the application of PBM in the treatment of diabetes. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of PBM on lipid metabolism in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice and explore the potential mechanisms of PBM on obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here, we administered PBM therapy (wavelength: 635 nm, energy density: 8 J/cm2) daily for eight weeks to HFD-induced mice. We detected that eight-week daily administration of PBM ameliorated HFD-induced gain weight, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia, but also protected against diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Furthermore, PBM increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, lowered nuclear translocation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), decreased aberrant lipogenesis, and enhanced insulin sensitive in HFD-induced mice livers. We also observed that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) activation was responsible for AMPK activation in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells exposed to PBM. In summary, PBM at 635 nm and 8 J/cm2 improved hepatic lipid metabolism and inhibited the development of HFD-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, increased intracellular Ca2+ content and CaMKKβ-dependent AMPK activation were possible molecular mechanisms underlying the PBM-induced improvement on obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Longlong Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qi Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tajik Kord M, Pourrajab F, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Ginger Extract Increases GLUT-4 Expression Preferentially Through AMPK Than PI3K Signalling Pathways in C2C12 Muscle Cells. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3231-3238. [PMID: 32982354 PMCID: PMC7501966 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s260224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There are two signal transduction pathways related to glucose metabolism in C2C12 mouse myoblast cells; one through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the other through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Ginger is reported to have hypoglycemic effects. The aim of this study was to determine the exact mechanism of action of ginger in those pathways. METHODS C2C12 cells were seeded to four separate experimental groups; Control: treated with 50 μg/mL DMSO in the absence of any inhibitor; Treatment 1: treated with 50 μg/mL ethyl acetate ginger extract without any inhibitor; Treatment 2: treated with 50 μg/mL extract in the presence of 20 μM AMPK inhibitor; Treatment 3: treated with 50 μg/mL extract in the presence of 25 μM PI3K inhibitor. The amount of GLUT-4 protein (an important glucose transporter) was determined in cytosolic and membrane fractions using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. RESULTS GLUT-4 concentration was significantly higher in the membrane fraction of cells treated with ethyl acetate ginger extract in the absence of any inhibitor in comparison with cells treated with this extract in the presence of each of the inhibitors (P-value < 0.05). GLUT-4 quantity in the membrane fractions in all groups was more than cytosolic fractions. The amount of GLUT-4 in membrane fraction of treated cells in the presence of PI3K inhibitor was higher than in the cells treated with this extract in the presence of AMPK inhibitor (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ethyl acetate ginger extract affects the amount of GLUT-4 protein in membrane and cytosolic fractions of C2C12 myoblast cells mostly through AMPK pathway but less via PI3K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Tajik Kord
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddam
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Effect of a Non-Local Fractional Operator in an Asymmetrical Glucose-Insulin Regulatory System: Analysis, Synchronization and Electronic Implementation. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For studying biological conditions with higher precision, the memory characteristics defined by the fractional-order versions of living dynamical systems have been pointed out as a meaningful approach. Therefore, we analyze the dynamics of a glucose-insulin regulatory system by applying a non-local fractional operator in order to represent the memory of the underlying system, and whose state-variables define the population densities of insulin, glucose, and β-cells, respectively. We focus mainly on four parameters that are associated with different disorders (type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia) to determine their observation ranges as a relation to the fractional-order. Like many preceding works in biosystems, the resulting analysis showed chaotic behaviors related to the fractional-order and system parameters. Subsequently, we propose an active control scheme for forcing the chaotic regime (an illness) to follow a periodic oscillatory state, i.e., a disorder-free equilibrium. Finally, we also present the electronic realization of the fractional glucose-insulin regulatory model to prove the conceptual findings.
Collapse
|
18
|
Analysis of the Relationship between Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 2019:4951379. [PMID: 31871617 PMCID: PMC6906831 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4951379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the early sixties, a discussion started regarding the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Today, this potential relationship is still a matter of debate. This review aims to analyze both diseases concerning causal relationships and treatments. A total of 104 articles were found, and studies on animal and “in vitro” models showed that T2DM causes neurological alterations that may be associated with PD, such as deregulation of the dopaminergic system, a decrease in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), an increase in the expression of phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (PED/PEA-15), and neuroinflammation, as well as acceleration of the formation of alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrils. In addition, clinical studies described that Parkinson's symptoms were notably worse after the onset of T2DM, and seven deregulated genes were identified in the DNA of T2DM and PD patients. Regarding treatment, the action of antidiabetic drugs, especially incretin mimetic agents, seems to confer certain degree of neuroprotection to PD patients. In conclusion, the available evidence on the interaction between T2DM and PD justifies more robust clinical trials exploring this interaction especially the clinical management of patients with both conditions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gao L, Sun N, Xu Q, Jiang Z, Li C. Comparative analysis of mRNA expression profiles in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epigenomics 2019; 11:685-699. [PMID: 31016992 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to understand the individual and shared features of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) by analyzing the gene expression profile. Materials & methods: An integrated analysis was performed with microarray datasets for T1D and T2D. Compared with normal control, shared and specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T1D and T2D were obtained. Functional annotation, further validation and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed. Results: Five and three datasets for T1D and T2D were downloaded, respectively. In total, 141 (85 T1D vs 56 normal controls) and 70 (29 T2D vs 41 normal controls) peripheral blood samples were included in T1D and T2D group, respectively. Compared with normal controls, 119 and 146 DEGs were found in T1D and T2D, respectively. PNP and CCR1 have great diagnostic value for both T1D and T2D. MGAM and NAMPT had great diagnostic value for T2D. Conclusion: Our finding provided clues for developing biomarkers for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qinglei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lanshan District Diabetes Hospital of LinYi, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi 276038, China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ali ES, Petrovsky N. Calcium Signaling As a Therapeutic Target for Liver Steatosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:270-281. [PMID: 30850262 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis, the first step in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), can arise from various pathophysiological conditions. While lipid metabolism in the liver is normally balanced such that there is no excessive lipid accumulation, when this homeostasis is disrupted lipid droplets (LDs) accumulate in hepatocytes resulting in cellular toxicity. The mechanisms underlying this accumulation and the subsequent hepatocellular damage are multifactorial and poorly understood, with the result that there are no currently approved treatments for NAFLD. Impaired calcium signaling has recently been identified as a cause of increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributing to hepatic lipid accumulation. This review highlights new findings on the role of impaired Ca2+ signaling in the development of steatosis and discusses potential new approaches to NAFLD treatment based on these new insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunüs S Ali
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Keshavarzi F, Golsheh S. IRS1- rs10498210 G/A and CCR5-59029 A/G polymorphisms in patients with type 2 diabetes in Kurdistan. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e631. [PMID: 30884193 PMCID: PMC6503169 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is a critical factor in the signaling pathway for insulin, and mutations in this gene have been reported, which contribute to the ability to develop type 2 diabetes. The polymorphisms in the promoter region of C‐C motif chemokine receptor5 (CCR5) are also being studied as candidates for susceptibility to develop type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship between IRS1 and CCR5 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in the Kurdistan population. Methods Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood by salt extraction method and the polymorphisms were examined using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. Results The results of current study indicated that the frequency of AA genotype in type 2 diabetic patients in both CCR5 (OR = 2.9, p = 0.04) and IRS1 (OR = 3.3, p = 0.036) were significantly more than controls. Conclusion According to the results of this study, the presence of AA genotype in both CCR5 and IRS1 is associated with type 2 diabetes. There was no significant association between AG or GG genotypes with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shadi Golsheh
- Department of Biology, Kurdistan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang H, Yamashita Y, Nakamura A, Croft K, Ashida H. Quercetin and its metabolite isorhamnetin promote glucose uptake through different signalling pathways in myotubes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2690. [PMID: 30804434 PMCID: PMC6389993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin and its metabolite isorhamnetin elicit various beneficial effects on human health. However, their bioavailability is low. In this study, we investigated whether low concentrations in the physiological range could promote glucose uptake in L6 myotubes, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that 0.1 nM and 1 nM quercetin or 1 nM isorhamnetin significantly increased glucose uptake via translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane of L6 myotubes. Quercetin principally activated the CaMKKβ/AMPK signalling pathway at these concentrations, but also activated IRS1/PI3K/Akt signalling at 10 nM. In contrast, 1 nM and 10 nM isorhamnetin principally activated the JAK/STAT pathway. Treatment with siAMPKα and siJAK2 abolished quercetin- and isorhamnetin-induced GLUT4 translocation, respectively. However, treatment with siJAK3 did not affect isorhamnetin-induced GLUT4 translocation, indicating that isorhamnetin induced GLUT4 translocation mainly through JAK2, but not JAK3, signalling. Thus, quercetin preferably activated the AMPK pathway and, accordingly, stimulated IRS1/PI3K/Akt signalling, while isorhamnetin activated the JAK2/STAT pathway. Furthermore, after oral administration of quercetin glycoside at 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight significantly induced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane of skeletal muscles in mice. In the same animals, plasma concentrations of quercetin aglycone form were 4.95 and 6.80 nM, respectively. In conclusion, at low-concentration ranges, quercetin and isorhamnetin promote glucose uptake by increasing GLUT4 translocation via different signalling pathways in skeletal muscle cells; thus, these compounds may possess beneficial functions for maintaining glucose homeostasis by preventing hyperglycaemia at physiological concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Nakamura
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ponnulakshmi R, Shyamaladevi B, Vijayalakshmi P, Selvaraj J. In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:276-290. [PMID: 30461321 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary site of storage for excess energy as triglyceride and it helps in synthesizing a number of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis. Consumption of high dietary fat increases stored fat mass and is considered as a main risk factor for metabolic diseases. Beta-sitosterol (β-sitosterol) is a plant sterol. It has the similar chemical structure like cholesterol. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that β-sitosterol has anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective role. However, effect of β-sitosterol on insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation has not been explored. Hence in the present study we aimed to discover the protective role of β-sitosterol on the expression of insulin signaling molecules in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Effect dose of β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days) was given to high fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats to study its anti-diabetic activity. Results of the study showed that the treatment with β-sitosterol to diabetes-induced rats normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and testosterone, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor (IR), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins. Our present findings indicate that β-sitosterol improves glycemic control through activation of IR and GLUT4 in the adipose tissue of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Insilico analysis also coincides with invivo results. Hence it is very clear that β-sitosterol can act as potent antidiabetic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ponnulakshmi
- a Central Research Laboratory , Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - B Shyamaladevi
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
| | - P Vijayalakshmi
- c Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Holy cross college , Trichy , India
| | - J Selvaraj
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Golsheh S, Keshavarzi F. Genetic variants linked to T2DM risk in Kurdish populations. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:431-437. [PMID: 31114273 PMCID: PMC6497875 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s189170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The polymorphisms of the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) have been studied as candidates for the susceptibility to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CCR5 is a chemokine receptor, and the polymorphisms in the promoter region of this receptor are being studied as candidates for the susceptibility to develop T2DM. Also, IRS1 is a critical factor in the signaling pathway for insulin, and mutations in this gene have been reported, which contribute to the ability to develop T2DM. The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship between CCR5 (59029A/G) and IRS1 (rs10498210) polymorphisms with T2DM in Sanandajian patients. Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from 200 healthy individuals and 220 Kurdish T2DM patients by salt extraction method and the polymorphisms were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method and then the results were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: The frequency of AA genotype in 220 Kurdish patients for both genes CCR5 (OR=1.9, P=0.02) and IRS1 (OR [95% CI]=2.62, P=0.02) were significantly more than controls. There was no significant association between AG or GG genotypes in with T2DM. Conclusion: The presence of AA homozygote alleles in both loci of IRS1 (rs10498210) and CCR5 (59029A/G) genes increased the risk of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Golsheh
- Department of Biology, Kurdistan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
- Correspondence: Fatemeh KeshavarziSanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pasdaran Avenue, Sanandaj, IranTel +98 918 370 4918Fax +98 873 328 8677Email
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guo XX, Wang Y, Wang K, Ji BP, Zhou F. Stability of a type 2 diabetes rat model induced by high-fat diet feeding with low-dose streptozotocin injection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:559-569. [PMID: 29971994 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims at determining the stability of a popular type 2 diabetes rat model induced by a high-fat diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection. METHODS Wistar rats were fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks followed by a one-time injection of 25 or 35 mg/kg streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes. Then the diabetic rats were fed with regular diet/high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Changes in biochemical parameters were monitored during the 4 weeks. RESULTS All the rats developed more severe dyslipidemia and hepatic dysfunction after streptozotocin injection. The features of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin rats more resembled type 1 diabetes with decreased body weight and blood insulin. Rats with 25 mg/kg streptozotocin followed by normal diet feeding showed normalized blood glucose level and pancreatic structure, indicating that normal diet might help recovery from certain symptoms of type 2 diabetes. In comparison, diabetic rats fed with high-fat diet presented decreased but relatively stable blood glucose level, and this was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This model easily recovers with normal diet feeding. A high-fat diet is suggested as the background diet in future pharmacological studies using this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bao-Ping Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Z, Chen X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Saunders L, Zhou Y, Ma PX. Nanofibrous Spongy Microspheres To Distinctly Release miRNA and Growth Factors To Enrich Regulatory T Cells and Rescue Periodontal Bone Loss. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9785-9799. [PMID: 30141906 PMCID: PMC6205210 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to T cells' roles in immune response and autoimmune diseases, certain types of T cells, called regulatory T cells (Tregs), play important roles in microenvironment modulation for resolution and tissue regeneration. However, there are currently few options available other than introducing more Tregs or immunosuppressive drugs to locally enrich Tregs. Herein, poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibrous spongy microspheres (NF-SMS), PLLA/polyethylene glycol (PEG) co-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), and poly(lactic acid- co-glycolic acid) microspheres (PLGA MS) are integrated into one multibiologic delivery vehicle for in situ Treg manipulation, where the MSNs and PLGA MS were utilized to distinctly release IL-2/TGF-β and miR-10a to locally recruit T cells and stimulate their differentiation into Tregs, while PLLA NF-SMS serve as an injectable scaffold for the adhesion and proliferation of these Tregs. In a mouse model of periodontitis, the injectable and biomolecule-delivering PLLA NF-SMS lead to Treg enrichment, expansion, and Treg-mediated immune therapy against bone loss. This system can potentially be utilized in a wide variety of other immune and regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongning Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhanpeng Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laura Saunders
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
- Corresponding Authors (Y. Zhou): , (P.X. Ma):
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Corresponding Authors (Y. Zhou): , (P.X. Ma):
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang R, Wang L, Xie J, Li X, Liu S, Qiu S, Hu Y, Shen X. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus via reversing insulin resistance and regulating lipid homeostasis in vitro and in vivo using cajanonic acid A. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2329-2342. [PMID: 30226559 PMCID: PMC6192715 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of cajanonic acid A (CAA), extracted from the leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp with a purity of 98.22%, on the regulatory mechanisms of glucose and lipid metabolism. HepG2 cells transfected with a protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) overexpression plasmid were established. The cells, induced with insulin resistance by dexamethasone (Dex) treatment, together with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model rats and ob/ob mice, were used in the present study. The effects of CAA treatment on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined using Oil Red O. The expression levels of insulin signaling factors were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. The results revealed that the overexpression of PTP1B contributed to insulin resistance, which was reversed by CAA treatment via inhibiting the activity of PTP1B and by regulating the expression of associated insulin signaling factors. The treatment of cell lines with Dex led to increased expression of PTP1B but decreased glucose consumption, and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Treatment with CAA not only reduced the fasting blood glucose levels and protected organs from damage, but also reduced the serum fasting levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the T2DM rats. CAA treatment also inhibited adipocyte differentiation and decreased the mRNA levels of various adipogenic genes. Furthermore, CAA treatment restored the transduction of insulin signaling by regulating the expression of PTP1B and associated insulin signaling factors. Treatment with CAA also reduced the problems associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, CAA may be used to cure T2DM via restoring insulin resistance and preventing obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Yang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xie
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shengxiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Shen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ogiwara M, Ota W, Mizushige T, Kanamoto R, Ohinata K. Enzymatic digest of whey protein and wheylin-1, a dipeptide released in the digest, increase insulin sensitivity in an Akt phosphorylation-dependent manner. Food Funct 2018; 9:4635-4641. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wheylin-1 is the first whey-derived peptide that increases insulin sensitivity in an Akt phosphorylation-dependent manner and lowers blood glucose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Ogiwara
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Wakana Ota
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kanamoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thioredoxin interacting protein mediates lipid-induced impairment of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:933-939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
30
|
Kaczmarek K, Janicki B, Głowska M. Insulin resistance in the horse: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Co-activator binding protein PIMT mediates TNF-α induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle via the transcriptional down-regulation of MEF2A and GLUT4. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15197. [PMID: 26468734 PMCID: PMC4606566 DOI: 10.1038/srep15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying inflammation induced insulin resistance are poorly understood. Here, we report that the expression of PIMT, a transcriptional co-activator binding protein, was up-regulated in the soleus muscle of high sucrose diet (HSD) induced insulin resistant rats and TNF-α exposed cultured myoblasts. Moreover, TNF-α induced phosphorylation of PIMT at the ERK1/2 target site Ser298. Wild type (WT) PIMT or phospho-mimic Ser298Asp mutant but not phospho-deficient Ser298Ala PIMT mutant abrogated insulin stimulated glucose uptake by L6 myotubes and neonatal rat skeletal myoblasts. Whereas, PIMT knock down relieved TNF-α inhibited insulin signaling. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PIMT differentially regulated the expression of GLUT4, MEF2A, PGC-1α and HDAC5 in cultured cells and skeletal muscle of Wistar rats. Further characterization showed that PIMT was recruited to GLUT4, MEF2A and HDAC5 promoters and overexpression of PIMT abolished the activity of WT but not MEF2A binding defective mutant GLUT4 promoter. Collectively, we conclude that PIMT mediates TNF-α induced insulin resistance at the skeletal muscle via the transcriptional modulation of GLUT4, MEF2A, PGC-1α and HDAC5 genes.
Collapse
|
32
|
De B, Bhandari K, Chakravorty N, Mukherjee R, Gundamaraju R, Singla RK, Katakam P, Adiki SK, Ghosh B, Mitra A. Computational pharmacokinetics and in vitro-in vivo correlation of anti-diabetic synergistic phyto-composite blend. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1179-85. [PMID: 26380061 PMCID: PMC4564813 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i11.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous strides in modern medicine stringent control over insulin resistance or restoration of normoglycemia has not yet been achieved. With the growth of molecular biology, omics technologies, docking studies, and in silico pharmacology, modulators of enzymes and receptors affecting the molecular pathogenesis of the disease are being considered as the latest targets for anti-diabetic therapy. Therapeutic molecular targets are now being developed basing on the up or down regulation of different signaling pathways affecting the disease. Phytosynergistic anti-diabetic therapy is in vogue both with classical and non-classical medicinal systems. However its chemo-profiling, structural and pharmacokinetic validation awaits providing recognition to such formulations for international acceptance. Translational health research with its focus on benchside product development and its sequential transition to patient bedside puts the pharma RDs to a challenge to develop bio-waiver protocols. Pharmacokinetic simulation models and establishment of in vitro-in vivo correlation can help to replace in vivo bioavailability studies and provide means of quality control for scale up and post approval modification. This review attempts to bring different shades highlighting phyto-synergy, molecular targeting of antidiabetic agents via different signaling pathways and bio-waiver studies under a single umbrella.
Collapse
|
33
|
Pandey A, Chawla S, Guchhait P. Type-2 diabetes: Current understanding and future perspectives. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:506-13. [PMID: 26177573 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid outbreak of type-2 diabetes is one of the largest public health problems around the globe. Particularly, the developing nations are becoming the epicenters of cardiometabolic disorders owing to the change in lifestyle and diet preference besides genetic predisposition. Diabetes has become a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in South Asian countries including India. The pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes primarily initiates with inadequacy of pancreatic islet β-cells to respond to chronic fuel surfeit and hence causing glycemic load, insulin resistance, and obesity. Urban Indian life is threatened with unhealthy high calorie diet and sedentary habits, and thus impairing the metabolic status of "thin-fat Indians" and rendering them more vulnerable to metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the metabolic dysfunction may be triggered off quite early in life due to poor maternal health and impairment in intrauterine programming and, particularly in rural India. The impaired fetal development affects the health status in later stage of life by promoting obesity, insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the preventive and therapeutic approaches focus on a holistic strategy to improve maternal and child health, promote balanced diet and physical exercise in combination with pharmacological intervention of reducing/checking hyperglycemia, obesity, and cardiovascular complications. This review summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disorders with a focus on the Indian subcontinent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Pandey
- Disease Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sheetal Chawla
- Disease Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Disease Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Satyanarayana K, Sravanthi K, Shaker IA, Ponnulakshmi R. Molecular approach to identify antidiabetic potential of Azadirachta indica. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6:165-74. [PMID: 26604551 PMCID: PMC4630690 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.157950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a medicinal plant, used in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus. It is known to possess antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and diverse pharmacological properties. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of A. indica on insulin signal transduction and glucose homeostasis is obscure. OBJECTIVE The aim was to study the effects of A. indica aqueous leaf extract on the expression of insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation in target tissue of high-fat and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic male rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oral effective dose of A. indica leaf extract (400 mg/kg body weight [b.wt]) was given once daily for 30 days to high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, and the levels of insulin signaling molecules, glycogen, glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle were assessed. RESULTS Diabetic rats showed impaired glucose tolerance and impairment in insulin signaling molecules (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, phospho-IRS-1(Tyr632), phospho-IRS-1(Ser636), phospho-Akt(Ser473), and glucose transporter 4 [GLUT4] proteins), glycogen concentration and glucose oxidation. The treatment with A. indica leaf extract normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile and insulin signaling molecules as well as GLUT4 proteins at 400 mg/kg b.wt dose. CONCLUSION It is concluded from the present study that A. indica may play a significant role in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus, by improving the insulin signaling molecules and glucose utilization in the skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Satyanarayana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bharath University, Selaiyur, Chennai, India
| | - K. Sravanthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sakshi Medical College and Research Centre, Myana, Chennai, India
| | - I. Anand Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bharath University, Selaiyur, Chennai, India
| | - R. Ponnulakshmi
- Department of Zoology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Qin JH, Ma JZ, Yang XW, Hu YJ, Zhou J, Fu LC, Tian RH, Liu S, Xu G, Shen XL. A Triterpenoid Inhibited Hormone-Induced Adipocyte Differentiation and Alleviated Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2015; 5:159-66. [PMID: 26077651 PMCID: PMC4488152 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-015-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
6α-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-on-28-oic acid (1), a natural triterpenoid, was found to possess the ability in a dose-dependent manner inhibiting hormone-induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and restoring glucose consuming ability in dexamethasone (DXM)-induced insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compound 1 was also found to ameliorate DXM-induced adipocyte dysfunction in lipolysis and adipokine secretion. Mechanistic studies revealed that 1 inhibited adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via down-regulating hormone-stimulated gene transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha which are key factors in lipogenesis, and restored DXM-impaired glucose consuming ability in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes via repairing insulin signaling pathway and activating down-stream signaling transduction by phosphorylation of signaling molecules PI3K/p85, Akt2 and AS160, thus leading to increased translocation of glucose transporter type 4 and transportation of glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Huan Qin
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Zeng Ma
- />State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Yang
- />State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jie Hu
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhou
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Chun Fu
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru-Hua Tian
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Liu
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- />State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Shen
- />Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Drug Discovery, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ishii M, Maeda A, Tani S, Akagawa M. Palmitate induces insulin resistance in human HepG2 hepatocytes by enhancing ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of key insulin signaling molecules. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 566:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
37
|
Ayabe T, Mizushige T, Ota W, Kawabata F, Hayamizu K, Han L, Tsuji T, Kanamoto R, Ohinata K. A novel Alaska pollack-derived peptide, which increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells, lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Food Funct 2015; 6:2749-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We found that the tryptic digest of Alaska pollack protein (APP) and novel APP-derived peptide exhibited a glucose-lowering effect in KK-Ay mice, a type II diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Ayabe
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Wakana Ota
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | | | | | - Li Han
- Human Life Science R&D Center
- Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Tomoko Tsuji
- Human Life Science R&D Center
- Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kanamoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mattack N, Devi R, Kutum T, Patgiri D. The evaluation of serum levels of testosterone in type 2 diabetic men and its relation with lipid profile. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BC04-7. [PMID: 25737972 PMCID: PMC4347063 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11049.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the predominant form of diabetes worldwide and much is known about its patho-physiology. Yet, newer aspects related to it are being constantly explored. For ages, testosterone has been known to men as the male sex hormone but now it has been shown by certain studies that it might have a role in the development of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes. This study was carried out to determine the relation of testosterone levels with type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid profile in North East Indian men aged 31 to 73 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case control study comprised of 40 type 2 diabetic men and 40 age matched non diabetic healthy men. Testosterone, SHBG levels and lipid profile were evaluated in both the groups along with anthropometric measurements and were statistically analysed. RESULTS Serum total and free testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin were significantly lower in the test group than in the control group. Prevalence of type 2diabetes was five times higher in men having a total testosterone less than 8nmol/L and 5.57 times higher in those having a free testosterone of less than 0.225nmol/L. Fasting blood glucose showed a strong negative correlation with total and free testosterone. Glycated haemoglobin correlated negatively with SHBG but no such correlation was seen with total or free testosterone. Serum total and LDL cholesterol showed significant negative correlation with total testosterone and SHBG but no significant correlation was found with free testosterone. Serum VLDL, HDL and triglycerides did not show any significant correlation with total or free testosterone and SHBG levels. CONCLUSION Low testosterone might have a role in the development of type 2 DM and to the associated altered lipid profile. This study, though a small one is among the few of its kind in India and it thrives to assist other studies related to the matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmali Mattack
- Post-Graduate Trainee, Department of Biochemistry, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Runi Devi
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Tridip Kutum
- Post-Graduate Trainee, Department of Biochemistry, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dibyaratna Patgiri
- Demonstrator, Department of Biochemistry, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A polyphenol rescues lipid induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:382-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Honardoost M, reza Sarookhani M, Arefian E, Soleimani M. Insulin Resistance Associated Genes and miRNAs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:63-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
41
|
Lasram MM, Bouzid K, Douib IB, Annabi A, El Elj N, El Fazaa S, Abdelmoula J, Gharbi N. Lipid metabolism disturbances contribute to insulin resistance and decrease insulin sensitivity by malathion exposure in Wistar rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:227-34. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.933348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
42
|
Effect of troxerutin on insulin signaling molecules in the gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:11-27. [PMID: 24880482 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Troxerutin is a trihydroxyethylated derivative of the flavonoid, rutin. It has been reported to possess the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic activities. Troxerutin treatment reduced the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in high-cholesterol-induced insulin-resistant mice and in type-2 diabetic patients. However, the mechanism by which it exhibits antidiabetic property was unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of troxerutin on insulin signaling molecules in gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Wistar male albino rats were selected and divided into five groups. Group I: Control. Group II: High fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Group III: Type-2 diabetic rats treated with troxerutin (150 mg/kg body weight/day orally). Group IV: Type-2 diabetic rats treated with metformin (50 mg/kg body weight/day orally). Group V: Normal rats treated with troxerutin (150 mg/kg body weight/day orally). After 30 days of treatment, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, and the levels of insulin signaling molecules, glycogen, glucose uptake, and oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle were assessed. Diabetic rats showed impairment in insulin signaling molecules (IR, p-IRS-1(Tyr632), p-Akt(Ser473), β-arrestin-2, c-Src, p-AS160(Thr642), and GLUT4 proteins), glycogen concentration, glucose uptake, and oxidation. Oral administration of troxerutin showed near normal levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, and insulin signaling molecules as well as GLUT4 proteins in type-2 diabetic rats. It is concluded from the present study that troxerutin may play a significant role in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus, by improving the insulin signaling molecules and glucose utilization in the skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
43
|
Mazibuko SE, Muller CJF, Joubert E, de Beer D, Johnson R, Opoku AR, Louw J. Amelioration of palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C₂C₁₂ muscle cells by rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:813-819. [PMID: 23639187 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), specifically saturated free fatty acids such as palmitate are associated with insulin resistance of muscle, fat and liver. Skeletal muscle, responsible for up to 80% of the glucose disposal from the peripheral circulation, is particularly vulnerable to increased levels of saturated FFAs. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and its unique dihydrochalcone C-glucoside, aspalathin, shown to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic rats, could play a role in preventing or ameliorating the development of insulin resistance. This study aims to establish whether rooibos can ameliorate experimentally-induced insulin-resistance in C₂C₁₂ skeletal muscle cells. Palmitate-induced insulin resistant C₂C₁₂ cells were treated with an aspalathin-enriched green (unfermented) rooibos extract (GRE), previously shown for its blood glucose lowering effect in vitro and in vivo or an aqueous extract of fermented rooibos (FRE). Glucose uptake and mitochondrial activity were measured using 2-deoxy-[³H]-D-glucose, MTT and ATP assays, respectively. Expression of proteins relevant to glucose metabolism was analysed by Western blot. GRE contained higher levels of all compounds, except the enolic phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. Both rooibos extracts increased glucose uptake, mitochondrial activity and ATP production. Compared to FRE, GRE was more effective at increasing glucose uptake and ATP production. At a mechanistic level both extracts down-regulated PKC θ activation, which is associated with palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, the extracts increased activation of key regulatory proteins (AKT and AMPK) involved in insulin-dependent and non-insulin regulated signalling pathways. Protein levels of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) involved in glucose transport via these two pathways were also increased. This in vitro study therefore confirms that rooibos can ameliorate palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C₂C₁₂ skeletal muscle cells. Inhibition of PKC θ activation and increased activation of AMPK and AKT offer a plausible mechanistic explanation for this ameliorative effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Mazibuko
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shatwan IA, Ahmed LA, Badkook MM. Effect of Barley Flour, Crude Cinnamon, and Their Combination on Glycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Adipose Tissue Hormones in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Med Food 2013; 16:656-62. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Israa Ali Shatwan
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamiaa Ali Ahmed
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Mohamed Badkook
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sampath S, Narasimhan A, Chinta R, Nair KJ, Khurana A, Nayak D, Kumar A, Karundevi B. Effect of homeopathic preparations of Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica on gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and high fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 102:160-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
46
|
Narasimhan A, Sampath S, Jayaraman S, Karundevi B. Estradiol favors glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle through modulation of insulin signaling molecules in adult female rats. Endocr Res 2013; 38:251-62. [PMID: 23488804 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2013.775148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogens are steroid compounds that are synthesized in ovary, testis, adrenal cortex and other tissues. Several surveys have shown the potential relationship between estradiol and glucose homeostasis in physiological and pathological states such as the menstrual cycle, gestation, gestational diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). All these states are characterized by variability in estradiol level and some degree of insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining systemic glucose metabolism through activation of assorted signaling molecules. OBJECTIVES The present study is to evaluate the aftermath of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on few insulin signaling molecules and GLUT4 protein expression and glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle of adult albino rat. DESIGN In the present study, Wistar strain albino rats were selected and divided into three groups. Group I: Control (sham-operated). Group II: Ovariectomized and Group III: Estradiol was replaced 7 days after ovariectomy at a dose of 6 μg/kg boxpression of insulin signaling molecules (western blot) and glucose oxidation were assessed. RESULTS Ovariectomy significantly depleted the expression of insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation whereas estradiol replacement improved them. Thus, estradiol helps in maintaining glucose level in ovariectomized rats. Results of this study suggest that estradiol improves the expression of insulin signaling molecules in skeletal muscle and thereby it prevents the onset of insulin resistance as a result of estradiol deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akilavalli Narasimhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras , Chennai 600113 , India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is now considered as a chronic and low level inflammatory condition. It is closely related to altered glucose tolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and coronary heart disease. IR is accompanied by the increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α. These inflammatory cytokines also play a crucial part in pathogenesis and progression of insulin resistance. Periodontitis is the commonest of oral diseases, affecting tooth investing tissues. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released in the disease process of periodontitis. Periodontitis can be attributed with exacerbation of IR. Data in the literature supports a "two way relationship" between diabetes and periodontitis. Periodontitis is asymptomatic in the initial stages of disease process and it often escapes diagnosis. This review presents the blurred nexus between periodontitis and IR, underlining the pathophysiology of the insidious link. The knowledge of the association between periodontitis and IR can be valuable in planning effectual treatment modalities for subjects with altered glucose homeostasis and diabetics. Presently, the studies supporting this association are miniscule. Further studies are mandatory to substantiate the role of periodontitis in the deterioration of IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit N. Gurav
- Department of Periodontics, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College & Research Centre, Kolhapur, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Balaji V, Selvaraj J, Sathish S, Mayilvanan C, Balasubramanian K. Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Antidiabetic Effects of a Siddha Polyherbal Preparation in the Liver of Type 2 Diabetic Adult Male Rats. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587212460047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A siddha polyherbal preparation consisting of 5 medicinal plants, namely, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Salacia oblonga, Syzygium aromaticum, and Tinospora cordifolia, in equal ratio, was formulated to examine the molecular mechanism by which it exhibits antidiabetic effects in the liver of high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The polyherbal preparation treated type 2 diabetic rats showed an increase in insulin receptor, Akt, and glucose transporter2 mRNA levels compared with diabetic rats. Insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-2, Akt, phosphorylated Akt substrate of 160kDaThreonine642, α-Actinin-4, β-arrestin-2, and glucose transporter2 proteins were also markedly decreased in diabetic rats, whereas the polyherbal preparation treatment significantly improved the expression of these proteins more than that of metformin-treated diabetic rats. The expression pattern of insulin signaling molecules analyzed in the present study signifies the therapeutic efficacy of the siddha polyherbal preparation.
Collapse
|
49
|
Greenawalt DM, Sieberts SK, Cornelis MC, Girman CJ, Zhong H, Yang X, Guinney J, Qi L, Hu FB. Integrating genetic association, genetics of gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphism set analysis to identify susceptibility Loci for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:423-30. [PMID: 22865700 PMCID: PMC3499116 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 40 genomic regions significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, GWAS results are not always straightforward to interpret, and linking these loci to meaningful disease etiology is often difficult without extensive follow-up studies. The authors expanded on previously reported type 2 diabetes mellitus GWAS from the nested case-control studies of 2 prospective US cohorts by incorporating expression single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information and applying SNP set enrichment analysis to identify sets of SNPs associated with genes that could provide further biologic insight to traditional genome-wide analysis. Using data collected between 1989 and 1994 in these previous studies to form a nested case-control study, the authors found that 3 of the most significantly associated SNPs to type 2 diabetes mellitus in their study are expression SNPs to the lymphocyte antigen 75 gene (LY75), the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 36 gene (USP36), and the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, cytoplasmic 1 gene (PITPNC1). SNP set enrichment analysis of the GWAS results identified enrichment for expression SNPs to the macrophage-enriched module and the Gene Ontology (GO) biologic process fat cell differentiation human, which includes the transcription factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2), as well as other type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated genes. Integrating genome-wide association, gene expression, and gene set analysis may provide valuable biologic support for potential type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility loci and may be useful in identifying new targets or pathways of interest for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Greenawalt
- Department of Genetics, Merck Research Laboratories, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fatani S, Abubakari AR, Itua I, Wong C, Thomas C, Naderali EK. Effects of diet-induced obesity on protein expression in insulin signaling pathways of skeletal muscle in male Wistar rats. Int J Gen Med 2012; 5:573-82. [PMID: 22866009 PMCID: PMC3410719 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s31819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of diet-induced obesity is increasing globally, and posing significant health problems for millions of people worldwide. Diet-induced obesity is a major contributor to the global pandemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The reduced ability of muscle tissue to regulate glucose homeostasis plays a major role in the development and prognosis of type 2 diabetes. In this study, an animal model of diet-induced obesity was used to elucidate changes in skeletal muscle insulin signaling in obesity-induced diabetes. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were randomized and assigned to either a control group or to a test group. Controls were fed a standard laboratory pellet diet (chow-fed), while the test group had free access to a highly palatable diet (diet-fed). After 8 weeks, the diet-fed animals were subdivided into three subgroups and their diets were altered as follows: diet-to-chow, diet-fed with addition of fenofibrate given by oral gavage for a further 7 weeks, or diet-fed with vehicle given by oral gavage for a further 7 weeks, respectively. RESULTS Untreated diet-fed animals had a significantly higher body weight and metabolic profile than the control chow-fed animals. Intramuscular triacylglyceride levels in the untreated obese animals were significantly higher than those in the control chow-fed group. Expression of protein kinase C beta, phosphatidylinositol 3, Shc, insulin receptor substrate 1, ERK1/2, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase was significantly increased by dietary obesity, while that of insulin receptor beta, insulin receptor substrate 1, and protein kinase B (Akt) were not affected by obesity. CONCLUSION These data suggest that diet-induced obesity affects insulin signaling mechanisms, leading to insulin resistance in muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Fatani
- Obesity Biology Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|