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Yue L, Huang H, Lin W. Development of a Fluorescent Probe with High Selectivity based on Thiol-ene Click Nucleophilic Cascade Reactions for Delving into the Action Mechanism of Serotonin in Depression. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407308. [PMID: 38995157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic correlation between depression and serotonin (5-HT) is a highly debated topic, with significant implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and advancement of drugs targeting neurological disorders. To address this important question, it is of utmost priority to understand the action mechanism of serotonin in depression through fluorescence imaging studies. However, the development of efficient molecular probes for serotonin is hindered by the lack of responsive sites with high selectivity for serotonin at the present time. Herein, we developed the first highly selective serotonin responsive site, 3-mercaptopropionate, utilizing thiol-ene click cascade nucleophilic reactions. The novel responsive site was then employed to construct the powerful molecular probe SJ-5-HT for imaging the serotonin level changes in the depression cells and brain tissues. Importantly, the imaging studies reveal that the level of serotonin in patients with depression may not be the primary factor, while the ability of neurons in patients with depression to release serotonin appears to be more critical. Additionally, this serotonin release capability correlates strongly with the levels of mTOR (intracellular mammalian target of rapamycin). These discoveries could offer valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning depression and furnish mTOR as a novel direction for the advancement of antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhou Yue
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Huang
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
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2
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Stewart AF, Fulton SL, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Thompson RE, Chen PJ, Brindley E, Cetin B, Farrelly LA, Futamura R, Claypool S, Bastle RM, Di Salvo G, Peralta C, Molina H, Baljinnyam E, Marro SG, Russo SJ, DeVita RJ, Muir TW, Maze I. Hippocampal γCaMKII dopaminylation promotes synaptic-to-nuclear signaling and memory formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.19.613951. [PMID: 39345578 PMCID: PMC11430047 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.19.613951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Protein monoaminylation is a class of posttranslational modification (PTM) that contributes to transcription, physiology and behavior. While recent analyses have focused on histones as critical substrates of monoaminylation, the broader repertoire of monoaminylated proteins in brain remains unclear. Here, we report the development/implementation of a chemical probe for the bioorthogonal labeling, enrichment and proteomics-based detection of dopaminylated proteins in brain. We identified 1,557 dopaminylated proteins - many synaptic - including γCaMKII, which mediates Ca2+-dependent cellular signaling and hippocampal-dependent memory. We found that γCaMKII dopaminylation is largely synaptic and mediates synaptic-to-nuclear signaling, neuronal gene expression and intrinsic excitability, and contextual memory. These results indicate a critical role for synaptic dopaminylation in adaptive brain plasticity, and may suggest roles for these phenomena in pathologies associated with altered monoaminergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Stewart
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sasha L. Fulton
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brindley
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Bulent Cetin
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Lorna A. Farrelly
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Rita Futamura
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sarah Claypool
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ryan M. Bastle
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Giuseppina Di Salvo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Peralta
- The Rockefeller University Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- The Rockefeller University Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erdene Baljinnyam
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Samuele G. Marro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Scott J. Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Ian Maze
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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3
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Rodriguez-Barucg Q, Garcia AA, Garcia-Merino B, Akinmola T, Okotie-Eboh T, Francis T, Bringas E, Ortiz I, Wade MA, Dowle A, Joyce DA, Hardman MJ, Wilkinson HN, Beltran-Alvarez P. Environmental fluoxetine promotes skin cell proliferation and wound healing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 362:124952. [PMID: 39277126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of environmentally-relevant concentrations of fluoxetine (FLX, commercial name: Prozac) on wound healing. Pollution of water systems with pharmaceutical and personal care products, including antidepressants such as FLX and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, is a growing environmental concern. Environmentally-relevant FLX concentrations are known to impact physiological functions and behaviour of aquatic animals, however, the effects of exposure on humans are currently unknown. Using a combination of human skin biopsies and a human keratinocyte cell line, we show that exposure to environmental FLX promotes wound closure. We show dose-dependent increases in wound closure with FLX concentrations from 125 ng/l. Using several -omics and pharmaceutical approaches, we demonstrate that the mechanisms underlying enhanced wound closure are increased cell proliferation and serotonin signalling. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 350 differentially expressed genes after exposure. Downregulated genes were enriched in pathways related to mitochondrial function and metabolism, while upregulated genes were associated with cell proliferation and tissue morphogenesis. Kinase profiling showed altered phosphorylation of kinases linked to the MAPK pathway. Consistent with this, phosphoproteomic analyses identified 235 differentially phosphorylated proteins after exposure, with enriched GO terms related to cell cycle, division, and protein biosynthesis. Treatment of skin biopsies and keratinocytes with ketanserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist, reversed the increase in wound closure observed upon exposure. These findings collectively show that exposure to environmental FLX promotes wound healing through modulating serotonin signalling, gene expression and protein phosphorylation, leading to enhanced cell proliferation. Our results justify a transition from the study of behavioural effects of environmental FLX in aquatic animals to the investigation of effects of exposure on wound healing in aquatic and terrestrial animals, including direct impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Rodriguez-Barucg
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Angel A Garcia
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Belen Garcia-Merino
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Av Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Tomilayo Akinmola
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Temisanren Okotie-Eboh
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Thomas Francis
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Eugenio Bringas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Av Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Av Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Mark A Wade
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Adam Dowle
- Metabolomics & Proteomics Laboratory, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Domino A Joyce
- Evolutionary and Ecological Genomics Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Holly N Wilkinson
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Pedro Beltran-Alvarez
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK.
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4
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Kovacheva E, Gevezova M, Maes M, Sarafian V. The mast cells - Cytokines axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuropharmacology 2024; 249:109890. [PMID: 38431049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disturbance, diagnosed in early childhood. It is associated with varying degrees of dysfunctional communication and social skills, repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. Regardless of the constant increase in the number of diagnosed patients, there are still no established treatment schemes in global practice. Many children with ASD have allergic symptoms, often in the absence of mast cell (MC) positive tests. Activation of MCs may release molecules related to inflammation and neurotoxicity, which contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD. The aim of the present paper is to enrich the current knowledge regarding the relationship between MCs and ASD by providing PPI network analysis-based data that reveal key molecules and immune pathways associated with MCs in the pathogenesis of autism. Network and enrichment analyzes were performed using receptor information and secreted molecules from activated MCs identified in ASD patients. Our analyses revealed cytokines and key marker molecules for MCs degranulation, molecular pathways of key mediators released during cell degranulation, as well as various receptors. Understanding the relationship between ASD and the activation of MCs, as well as the involved molecules and interactions, is important for elucidating the pathogenesis of ASD and developing effective future treatments for autistic patients by discovering new therapeutic target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Kovacheva
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Gevezova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Maes
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand; Cognitive Fitness and Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Saednia S, Emami S, Moslehi M, Hosseinimehr SJ. Insights into the development of 99mTc-radioligands for serotonergic receptors imaging: Synthesis, labeling, In vitro, and In vivo studies. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116349. [PMID: 38555856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors play critical roles in neurological and psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer's diseases. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop novel radioligands or modify the existing ones to identify the serotonergic receptors involved in psychiatric disorders. Among the 16 subtypes of serotonergic systems, only technetium-99m based radiopharmaceuticals have been evaluated for serotonin-1A (5-HT1A), serotonin-2A (5-HT2A), 5-HT1A/7 heterodimers and serotonin receptor neurotransmitter (SERT). This review focuses on recent efforts in the design, synthesis and evaluation of 99mTc-radioligands used for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging of serotonergic (5-HT) receptors. Additionally, the discussion will cover aspects such as chemical structure, in vitro/vivo stability, affinity toward serotonin receptors, blood-brain barrier permeation (BBB), and biodistribution study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Saednia
- Farabi Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Moslehi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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6
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Reddy AP, Rawat P, Rohr N, Alvir R, Bisht J, Bushra MA, Luong J, Reddy AP. Role of Serotonylation and SERT Posttranslational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0328. [PMID: 39254383 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is implicated mainly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reported to be responsible for several processes and roles in the human body, such as regulating sleep, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety, and drug abuse. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin also functions as a signal between neurons to mature, survive, and differentiate. It plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, including cell migration and cell contact formation. Various psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease, have been linked to an increase in serotonin-dependent signaling during the development of the nervous system. Recent studies have found 5-HT and other monoamines embedded in the nuclei of various cells, including immune cells, the peritoneal mast, and the adrenal medulla. Evidence suggests these monoamines to be involved in widespread intracellular regulation by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. Serotonylation is the calcium-dependent process in which 5-HT forms a long-lasting covalent bond to small cytoplasmic G-proteins by endogenous transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Serotonylation plays a role in various biological processes. The purpose of our article is to summarize historical developments and recent advances in serotonin research and serotonylation in depression, aging, AD, and other age-related neurological diseases. We also discussed several of the latest developments with Serotonin, including biological functions, pathophysiological implications and therapeutic strategies to treat patients with depression, dementia, and other age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arubala P Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Priyanka Rawat
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Nicholas Rohr
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Razelle Alvir
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jasbir Bisht
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mst Anika Bushra
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jennifer Luong
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Aananya P Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Li X, He C, Shen M, Wang M, Zhou J, Chen D, Zhang T, Pu Y. Effects of aqueous extracts and volatile oils prepared from Huaxiang Anshen decoction on p-chlorophenylalanine-induced insomnia mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117331. [PMID: 37858748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Insomnia occurs frequently in modern society, and its common symptoms include difficulty in falling asleep and decreased sleep quality and time, memory, and attention. With the advantages of having few side-effects and reduced drug-dependence, a compound traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription called Huaxiang Anshen Decoction (HAD) has been widely used in clinical practice in China mainly for primary insomnia treatment. Although the effects of volatile oils from TCM herbs have been increasingly reported, volatile oils in HAD are conventionally neglected because of its preparation process and clinical usage. Therefore, exploring the anti-insomnia effects of volatile oils from HAD is of great importance. AIM OF THE STUDY The sedative and hypnotic effects of the conventional aqueous extracts, the volatile oils from HAD, and their combinations were investigated. METHODS The main components in HAD volatile oils (HAD-Oils), were analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The HAD volatile oil inclusion complex (HAD-OIC) was prepared with β-cyclodextrin, and characterized. P-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) was used to induce insomnia mice model and the test groups of HAD aqueous extract (HAD-AE), HAD-OIC and their combination (AE-OIC). An open field test was used in evaluating the mice's activities, and the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in mice sera, glutamate (Glu) in the hypothalamus, and γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA) and dopamine (DA) in the brain tissues were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS A total 74 components in HAD-Oil were determined by GC/MS, and cyperenone (20.46%) and α-cyperone (10.39%) had the highest relative content. The characterization results of the physical phase showed that volatile oils were successfully encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin and HAD-OIC was produced. The average encapsulation rates of cyperenone and α-cyperone were 79.93% and 71.96%, respectively. The results of pharmacology study showed that all the test groups increased the body weight and decreased voluntary activity when compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The HAD-AE, HAD-OIC, and AE-OIC groups increased the levels of 5-HT in the sera and DA and Glu/γ-GABA in the brains, and AE-OIC groups showed better performance than the other test groups. CONCLUSIONS HAD-Oil exerts sedative and hypnotic effects, which are increased when it is used with HAD-AEs. This result provides a favorable experimental evidence that volatile oils should be retained for the further development of HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mingyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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8
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Muraleedharan A, Ray SK. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Genistein for Decreasing Gut Dysbiosis, Inhibiting Inflammasomes, and Aiding Autophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:96. [PMID: 38275516 PMCID: PMC10813550 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 24 million cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide, and the number of cases is expected to increase four-fold by 2050. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to severe dementia in most patients. There are several neuropathological signs of AD, such as deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal loss, activation of inflammasomes, and declining autophagy. Several of these hallmarks are linked to the gut microbiome. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains microbial diversity, which is important in regulating several functions in the brain via the gut-brain axis (GBA). The disruption of the balance in the gut microbiota is known as gut dysbiosis. Recent studies strongly support that targeting gut dysbiosis with selective bioflavonoids is a highly plausible solution to attenuate activation of inflammasomes (contributing to neuroinflammation) and resume autophagy (a cellular mechanism for lysosomal degradation of the damaged components and recycling of building blocks) to stop AD pathogenesis. This review is focused on two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), as a possible new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiota in AD due to their implications in modulating crucial AD signaling pathways. The combination of EGCG and GS has a higher potential than either agent alone to attenuate the signaling pathways implicated in AD pathogenesis. The effects of EGCG and GS on altering gut microbiota and GBA were also explored, along with conclusions from various delivery methods to increase the bioavailability of these bioflavonoids in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahalya Muraleedharan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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9
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Mol P, Balaya RDA, Dagamajalu S, Babu S, Chandrasekaran P, Raghavan R, Suresh S, Ravishankara N, Raju AH, Nair B, Modi PK, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK, Raju R. A network map of GDNF/RET signaling pathway in physiological and pathological conditions. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1089-1095. [PMID: 36715855 PMCID: PMC10409931 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signals through a multi-component receptor system predominantly consisting of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) and the Rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF/RET signaling is vital to the central and peripheral nervous system, kidney morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. In addition, the dysregulation of the GDNF/RET signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers. Despite the extensive research on GDNF/RET signaling, a molecular network of reactions induced by GDNF reported across the published literature. However, a comprehensive GDNF/RET pathway resource is currently unavailable. We describe an integrated signaling pathway reaction map of GDNF/RET consisting of 1151 molecular reactions. These include information pertaining to 52 molecular association events, 70 enzyme catalysis events, 36 activation/inhibition events, 22 translocation events, 856 gene regulation events, and 115 protein-level expression events induced by GDNF in diverse cell types. We developed a comprehensive GDNF/RET signaling network map based on these molecular reactions. The pathway map was made accessible through WikiPathways database ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5143 ). Biocuration and development of gene regulatory network map of GDNF/RET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praseeda Mol
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525 India
| | | | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Sreeranjini Babu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Pavithra Chandrasekaran
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Reshma Raghavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Sneha Suresh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Namitha Ravishankara
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Anu Hemalatha Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
- Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
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10
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Xu Q, Yao M, Tang C. RGS2 and female common diseases: a guard of women's health. J Transl Med 2023; 21:583. [PMID: 37649067 PMCID: PMC10469436 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, women around the world are still suffering from various female common diseases with the high incidence, such as ovarian cancer, uterine fibroids and preeclampsia (PE), and some diseases are even with the high mortality rate. As a negative feedback regulator in G Protein-Coupled Receptor signaling (GPCR), the Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) protein family participates in regulating kinds of cell biological functions by destabilizing the enzyme-substrate complex through the transformation of hydrolysis of G Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP). Recent work has indicated that, the Regulator of G-protein Signaling 2 (RGS2), a member belonging to the RGS protein family, is closely associated with the occurrence and development of certain female diseases, providing with the evidence that RGS2 functions in sustaining women's health. In this review paper, we summarize the current knowledge of RGS2 in female common diseases, and also tap and discuss its therapeutic potential by targeting multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333, Binsheng Rd, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Mukun Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333, Binsheng Rd, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Meyer RK, Duca FA. RISING STARS: Endocrine regulation of metabolic homeostasis via the intestine and gut microbiome. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e230019. [PMID: 37171833 PMCID: PMC10524498 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system is now considered the largest endocrine organ, highlighting the importance of gut-derived peptides and metabolites in metabolic homeostasis. Gut peptides are secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrients, microbial metabolites, and neural and hormonal factors, and they regulate systemic metabolism via multiple mechanisms. While extensive research is focused on the neuroendocrine effects of gut peptides, evidence suggests that several of these hormones act as endocrine signaling molecules with direct effects on the target organ, especially in a therapeutic setting. Additionally, the gut microbiota metabolizes ingested nutrients and fiber to produce compounds that impact host metabolism indirectly, through gut peptide secretion, and directly, acting as endocrine factors. This review will provide an overview of the role of endogenous gut peptides in metabolic homeostasis and disease, as well as the potential endocrine impact of microbial metabolites on host metabolic tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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12
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Yu XL, Li CP, He LP. Vitamin D may alleviate irritable bowel syndrome by modulating serotonin synthesis: a hypothesis based on recent literature. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1152958. [PMID: 37576336 PMCID: PMC10412820 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1152958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies found that serotonin plays a vital role in the development of depression and irritable bowel syndrome. Recent studies showed that vitamin D was associated with regulating the synthesis of serotonin. This review focuses on the recent progress in the relationship between vitamin D and serotonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lian-Ping He
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Chatterjee O, Gopalakrishnan L, Pullimamidi D, Raj C, Yelamanchi S, Gangadharappa BS, Nair B, Mahadevan A, Raju R, Keshava Prasad TS. A molecular network map of orexin-orexin receptor signaling system. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:217-227. [PMID: 36480100 PMCID: PMC10030760 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are excitatory neuropeptides, which are predominantly associated with feeding behavior, sleep-wake cycle and energy homeostasis. The orexinergic system comprises of HCRTR1 and HCRTR2, G-protein-coupled receptors of rhodopsin family and the endogenous ligands processed from HCRT pro-hormone, Orexin A and Orexin B. These neuropeptides are biosynthesized by the orexin neurons present in the lateral hypothalamus area, with dense projections to other brain regions. The orexin-receptor signaling is implicated in various metabolic as well as neurological disorders, making it a promising target for pharmacological interventions. However, there is limited information available on the collective representation of the signal transduction pathways pertaining to the orexin-orexin receptor signaling system. Here, we depict a compendium of the Orexin A/B stimulated reactions in the form of a basic signaling pathway map. This map catalogs the reactions into five categories: molecular association, activation/inhibition, catalysis, transport, and gene regulation. A total of 318 downstream molecules were annotated adhering to the guidelines of NetPath curation. This pathway map can be utilized for further assessment of signaling events associated with orexin-mediated physiological functions and is freely available on WikiPathways, an open-source pathway database ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5094 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 690 525, Kollam, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India
| | - Lathika Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), 576 104, Manipal, India
| | | | - Chinmayi Raj
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
| | - Soujanya Yelamanchi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, 560 066, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 690 525, Kollam, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 560 029, Bangalore, India
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 560 029, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India.
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), 575 018, Mangalore, India.
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14
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Yang L, Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Cui L, Li X. The Serotonergic System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Review of Current Evidence. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01320-0. [PMID: 36729314 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the premature death of motor neurons. Serotonin (5-HT) is a crucial neurotransmitter, and its dysfunction, whether as a contributor or by-product, has been implicated in ALS pathogenesis. Here, we summarize current evidence linking serotonergic alterations to ALS, including results from post-mortem and neuroimaging studies, biofluid testing, and studies of ALS animal models. We also discuss the possible role of 5-HT in modulating some important mechanisms of ALS (i.e. glutamate excitotoxity and neuroinflammation) and in regulating ALS phenotypes (i.e. breathing dysfunction and metabolic defects). Finally, we discuss the promise and limitations of the serotonergic system as a target for the development of ALS biomarkers and therapeutic approaches. However, due to a relative paucity of data and standardized methodologies in previous studies, proper interpretation of existing results remains a challenge. Future research is needed to unravel the mechanisms linking serotonergic pathways and ALS and to provide valid, reproducible, and translatable findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China.,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China.,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), The Transformation Medical Center of PUMC, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100005, China. .,Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China.
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15
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Du W, Zhang ZF, Xiao JY, Wang Y, Liu WY, Zheng HL. 5-Hydroxytryptophan inhibits β-casein biosynthesis and promotes goat mammary epithelial cell apoptosis through the JAK2/STAT5a axis and the HTR7. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad089. [PMID: 36964762 PMCID: PMC10132817 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an amine produced in both the mammary gland and the central nervous system. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) catalyzes the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) into l-tryptophan, which is then converted into 5-HT by monoamine-oxidase (MAO-A). In the mammary gland, 5-HT has been shown to have a variety of paracrine-autocrine actions, including suppressing lactation, controlling the destiny of mammary epithelial cells, and maintaining calcium homeostasis throughout the transition from pregnancy to lactation. To examine the effects of 5-HT on the composition of colostrum and milk, a total of 30 transition Guan Zhong dairy goats were intramuscularly injected with 5-HTP (1.0 mg/kg) every morning before feeding from 10 d before the projected parturition date to the day of parturition. The average number of days animals received injections was 8.2 ± 3.2 d. 5-HTP treatment increased serum 5-HT concentration from days 5 to 2 relative to parturition (P < 0.05), and decreased the casein concentration of colostrum (P < 0.05). In the in vitro experiment, mammary epithelial cells isolated from three individual goats' mammary glands were separately treated with 200 μM 5-HTP, 30 μM PCPA (the specific inhibitor of TPH1), or 200 μM 5-HTP + 50 μM SB269970 (the selective antagonist of 5-HTR7). The results showed that 200 μM 5-HTP inhibited the expression of β-casein, downregulated the activity of the JAK2/ STAT5a signaling pathway, and promoted the apoptosis of goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) (P < 0.05). When GMECs were treated with 30 μM Four-chloro-dl-phenylalanine (PCPA), a specific inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, the mRNA expression of STAT5a and the phosphorylated STAT5a protein level were upregulated. The 50 μM SB269970 treatment rescued the effects of 5-HTP on GMECs (P < 0.05). Taken together, the results indicated that 5-HTP exerted an inhibitory effect on β-casein synthesis and a proapoptotic effect in GMECs via HTR7 and the JAK2/STAT5a axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Fei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Ying Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weng Yi Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Ling Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Alhajeri MM, Alkhanjari RR, Hodeify R, Khraibi A, Hamdan H. Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and calcium in oocyte maturation and early development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:980219. [PMID: 36211465 PMCID: PMC9537470 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.980219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary reason behind the high level of complexity we embody as multicellular organisms is a highly complex intracellular and intercellular communication system. As a result, the activities of multiple cell types and tissues can be modulated resulting in a specific physiological function. One of the key players in this communication process is extracellular signaling molecules that can act in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine fashion to regulate distinct physiological responses. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are signaling molecules that renders long-range communication possible. In normal conditions, neurotransmitters are involved in normal responses such as development and normal physiological aspects; however, the dysregulation of neurotransmitters mediated signaling has been associated with several pathologies such as neurodegenerative, neurological, psychiatric disorders, and other pathologies. One of the interesting topics that is not yet fully explored is the connection between neuronal signaling and physiological changes during oocyte maturation and fertilization. Knowing the importance of Ca2+ signaling in these reproductive processes, our objective in this review is to highlight the link between the neuronal signals and the intracellular changes in calcium during oocyte maturation and embryogenesis. Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous intracellular mediator involved in various cellular functions such as releasing neurotransmitters from neurons, contraction of muscle cells, fertilization, and cell differentiation and morphogenesis. The multiple roles played by this ion in mediating signals can be primarily explained by its spatiotemporal dynamics that are kept tightly checked by mechanisms that control its entry through plasma membrane and its storage on intracellular stores. Given the large electrochemical gradient of the ion across the plasma membrane and intracellular stores, signals that can modulate Ca2+ entry channels or Ca2+ receptors in the stores will cause Ca2+ to be elevated in the cytosol and consequently activating downstream Ca2+-responsive proteins resulting in specific cellular responses. This review aims to provide an overview of the reported neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that participate in early stages of development and their association with Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitha M. Alhajeri
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rayyah R. Alkhanjari
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rawad Hodeify
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Khraibi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Hamdan Hamdan,
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17
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Najar MA, Arefian M, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Prasad TSK, Modi PK, Chatterjee A. Tyrosine Phosphorylation Profiling Revealed the Signaling Network Characteristics of CAMKK2 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:854764. [PMID: 35646067 PMCID: PMC9136244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.854764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which functions via the calcium-triggered signaling cascade with CAMK1, CAMK4, and AMPKα as the immediate downstream substrates. CAMKK2 is reported to be overexpressed in gastric cancer; however, its signaling mechanism is poorly understood. We carried out label-free quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics to investigate tyrosine-mediated molecular signaling associated with CAMKK2 in gastric cancer cells. Using a high-resolution Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Fourier-transform mass spectrometer, we identified 350 phosphotyrosine sites mapping to 157 proteins. We observed significant alterations in 81 phosphopeptides corresponding to 63 proteins upon inhibition of CAMKK2, among which 16 peptides were hyperphosphorylated corresponding to 13 proteins and 65 peptides were hypophosphorylated corresponding to 51 proteins. We report here that the inhibition of CAMKK2 leads to changes in the phosphorylation of several tyrosine kinases such as PKP2, PTK2, EPHA1, EPHA2, PRKCD, MAPK12, among others. Pathway analyses revealed that proteins are differentially phosphorylated in response to CAMKK2 inhibition involved in focal adhesions, actin cytoskeleton, axon guidance, and signaling by VEGF. The western blot analysis upon inhibition and/or silencing of CAMKK2 revealed a decrease in phosphorylation of PTK2 at Y925, c-JUN at S73, and STAT3 at Y705, which was in concordance with the mass spectrometry data. The study indicates that inhibition of CAMKK2 has an anti-oncogenic effect in gastric cells regulating phosphorylation of STAT3 through PTK2/c-JUN in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Arefian
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Oncology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Prashant Kumar Modi, ; Aditi Chatterjee,
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Prashant Kumar Modi, ; Aditi Chatterjee,
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18
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Kharnaior P, Tamang JP. Metagenomic-Metabolomic Mining of Kinema, a Naturally Fermented Soybean Food of the Eastern Himalayas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:868383. [PMID: 35572705 PMCID: PMC9106393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.868383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinema is a popular sticky fermented soybean food of the Eastern Himalayan regions of North East India, east Nepal, and south Bhutan. We hypothesized that some dominant bacteria in kinema may contribute to the formation of targeted and non-targeted metabolites for health benefits; hence, we studied the microbiome-metabolite mining of kinema. A total of 1,394,094,912 bp with an average of 464,698,304 ± 120,720,392 bp was generated from kinema metagenome, which resulted in the identification of 47 phyla, 331 families, 709 genera, and 1,560 species. Bacteria (97.78%) were the most abundant domain with the remaining domains of viruses, eukaryote, and archaea. Firmicutes (93.36%) was the most abundant phylum with 280 species of Bacillus, among which Bacillus subtilis was the most dominant species in kinema followed by B. glycinifermentans, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. thermoamylovorans, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. paralicheniformis, and Brevibacillus borstelensis. Predictive metabolic pathways revealed the abundance of genes associated with metabolism (60.66%), resulting in 216 sub-pathways. A total of 361 metabolites were identified by metabolomic analysis (liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry, LC-MS). The presence of metabolites, such as chrysin, swainsonine, and 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (anticancer activity) and benzimidazole (antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-HIV activities), and compounds with immunomodulatory effects in kinema supports its therapeutic potential. The correlation between the abundant species of Bacillus and primary and secondary metabolites was constructed with a bivariate result. This study proves that Bacillus spp. contribute to the formation of many targeted and untargeted metabolites in kinema for health-promoting benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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19
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Gut microbiota drives macrophage-dependent self-renewal of intestinal stem cells via niche enteric serotonergic neurons. Cell Res 2022; 32:555-569. [PMID: 35379903 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) reside within specialized niches at the crypt base and harbor self-renewal and differentiation capacities. ISCs in the crypt base are sustained by their surrounding niche for precise modulation of self-renewal and differentiation. However, how intestinal cells in the crypt niche and microbiota in enteric cavity coordinately regulate ISC stemness remains unclear. Here, we show that ISCs are regulated by microbiota and niche enteric serotonergic neurons. The gut microbiota metabolite valeric acid promotes Tph2 expression in enteric serotonergic neurons via blocking the recruitment of the NuRD complex onto Tph2 promoter. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in turn activates PGE2 production in a PGE2+ macrophage subset through its receptors HTR2A/3 A; and PGE2 via binding its receptors EP1/EP4, promotes Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ISCs to promote their self-renewal. Our findings illustrate a complex crosstalk among microbiota, intestinal nerve cells, intestinal immune cells and ISCs, revealing a new layer of ISC regulation by niche cells and microbiota.
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20
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Deo N, Redpath G. Serotonin Receptor and Transporter Endocytosis Is an Important Factor in the Cellular Basis of Depression and Anxiety. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:804592. [PMID: 35280519 PMCID: PMC8912961 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.804592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are common, debilitating psychiatric conditions affecting millions of people throughout the world. Current treatments revolve around selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), yet these drugs are only moderately effective at relieving depression. Moreover, up to 30% of sufferers are SSRI non-responders. Endocytosis, the process by which plasma membrane and extracellular constituents are internalized into the cell, plays a central role in the regulation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HT) signaling, SSRI function and depression and anxiety pathogenesis. Despite their therapeutic potential, surprisingly little is known about the endocytosis of the serotonin receptors (5-HT receptors) or the serotonin transporter (SERT). A subset of 5-HT receptors are endocytosed by clathrin-mediated endocytosis following serotonin binding, while for the majority of 5-HT receptors the endocytic regulation is not known. SERT internalizes serotonin from the extracellular space into the cell to limit the availability of serotonin for receptor binding and signaling. Endocytosis of SERT reduces serotonin uptake, facilitating serotonin signaling. SSRIs predominantly inhibit SERT, preventing serotonin uptake to enhance 5-HT receptor signaling, while hallucinogenic compounds directly activate specific 5-HT receptors, altering their interaction with endocytic adaptor proteins to induce alternate signaling outcomes. Further, multiple polymorphisms and transcriptional/proteomic alterations have been linked to depression, anxiety, and SSRI non-response. In this review, we detail the endocytic regulation of 5-HT receptors and SERT and outline how SSRIs and hallucinogenic compounds modulate serotonin signaling through endocytosis. Finally, we will examine the deregulated proteomes in depression and anxiety and link these with 5-HT receptor and SERT endocytosis. Ultimately, in attempting to integrate the current studies on the cellular biology of depression and anxiety, we propose that endocytosis is an important factor in the cellular basis of depression and anxiety. We will highlight how a thorough understanding 5-HT receptor and SERT endocytosis is integral to understanding the biological basis of depression and anxiety, and to facilitate the development of a next generation of specific, efficacious antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Deo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory Redpath
- European Molecular Biology Lab (EMBL) Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Gregory Redpath
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21
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Mathew AA, Panonnummal R. Cortical spreading depression: culprits and mechanisms. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:733-749. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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22
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Redpath G, Deo N. Serotonin: an overlooked regulator of endocytosis and endosomal sorting? Biol Open 2022; 11:bio059057. [PMID: 35076063 PMCID: PMC8801889 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and a hormone that is typically associated with regulating our mood. However, the serotonin transporter and receptors are expressed throughout the body, highlighting the much broader, systemic role of serotonin in regulating human physiology. A substantial body of data strongly implicates serotonin as a fundamental regulator of endocytosis and endocytic sorting. Serotonin has the potential to enhance endocytosis through three distinct mechanisms - serotonin signalling, serotonylation and insertion into the plasma membrane - although the interplay and relationship between these mechanisms has not yet been explored. Endocytosis is central to the cellular response to the extracellular environment, controlling receptor distribution on the plasma membrane to modulate signalling, neurotransmitter release and uptake, circulating protein and lipid cargo uptake, and amino acid internalisation for cell proliferation. Uncovering the range of cellular and physiological circumstances in which serotonin regulates endocytosis is of great interest for our understanding of how serotonin regulates mood, and also the fundamental understanding of endocytosis and its regulation throughout the body. This article has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nikita Deo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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23
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Gopalakrishnan L, Chatterjee O, Ravishankar N, Suresh S, Raju R, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK. Opioid receptors signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:475-483. [PMID: 34724150 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors belong to the class A G-protein-coupled receptors and are activated by alkaloid opiates such as morphine, and endogenous ligands such as endorphins and enkephalins. Opioid receptors are widely distributed in the human body and are involved in numerous physiological processes through three major classical opioid receptor subtypes; the mu, delta and kappa along with a lesser characterized subtype, opioid receptor-like (ORL1). Opioids are the most potent analgesics and have been extensively used as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of pain and related disorders. Chronic administration of clinically used opioids is associated with adverse effects such as drug tolerance, addiction and constipation. Several investigations attempted to identify the molecular signaling networks associated with endogenous as well as synthetic opiates, however, there is a paucity of a cumulative depiction of these signaling events. Here, we report a systemic collection of downstream molecules pertaining to four subtypes of opioid receptors (MOR, KOR, DOR and ORL1) in the form of a signaling pathway map. We manually curated reactions induced by the activation of opioid receptors from the literature into five categories- molecular association, activation/inhibition, catalysis, transport, and gene regulation. This led to a dataset of 180 molecules, which is collectively represented in the opioid receptor signaling network following NetPath criteria. We believe that the public availability of an opioid receptor signaling pathway map can accelerate biomedical research in this area because of its high therapeutic significance. The opioid receptors signaling pathway map is uploaded to a freely available web resource, WikiPathways enabling ease of access ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5093 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathika Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560 066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576 104, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575 018, India
| | - Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560 066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575 018, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690 525, India
| | - Namitha Ravishankar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560 066, India
| | - Sneha Suresh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560 066, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575 018, India.
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560 029, India.,Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Neurobiology Research Centre, Bangalore, 560 029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575 018, India.
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24
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Sánchez N, Juárez-Balarezo J, Olhaberry M, González-Oneto H, Muzard A, Mardonez MJ, Franco P, Barrera F, Gaete M. Depression and Antidepressants During Pregnancy: Craniofacial Defects Due to Stem/Progenitor Cell Deregulation Mediated by Serotonin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632766. [PMID: 34476233 PMCID: PMC8406697 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and debilitating mood disorder that increases in prevalence during pregnancy. Worldwide, 7 to 12% of pregnant women experience depression, in which the associated risk factors include socio-demographic, psychological, and socioeconomic variables. Maternal depression could have psychological, anatomical, and physiological consequences in the newborn. Depression has been related to a downregulation in serotonin levels in the brain. Accordingly, the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase local serotonin concentration. Even though the use of SSRIs has few adverse effects compared with other antidepressants, altering serotonin levels has been associated with the advent of anatomical and physiological changes in utero, leading to defects in craniofacial development, including craniosynostosis, cleft palate, and dental defects. Migration and proliferation of neural crest cells, which contribute to the formation of bone, cartilage, palate, teeth, and salivary glands in the craniofacial region, are regulated by serotonin. Specifically, craniofacial progenitor cells are affected by serotonin levels, producing a misbalance between their proliferation and differentiation. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that craniofacial development will be affected by the changes in serotonin levels, happening during maternal depression or after the use of SSRIs, which cross the placental barrier, increasing the risk of craniofacial defects. In this review, we provide a synthesis of the current research on depression and the use of SSRI during pregnancy, and how this could be related to craniofacial defects using an interdisciplinary perspective integrating psychological, clinical, and developmental biology perspectives. We discuss the mechanisms by which serotonin could influence craniofacial development and stem/progenitor cells, proposing some transcription factors as mediators of serotonin signaling, and craniofacial stem/progenitor cell biology. We finally highlight the importance of non-pharmacological therapies for depression on fertile and pregnant women, and provide an individual analysis of the risk-benefit balance for the use of antidepressants during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sánchez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Juárez-Balarezo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Olhaberry
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto González-Oneto
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonia Muzard
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Jesús Mardonez
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Franco
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Barrera
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Gaete
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated tryptophan hydroxylase 1 knockout decreases calcium transportation in goat mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Vieira N, Rito T, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N. Sorting Out Sorting Nexins Functions in the Nervous System in Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4070-4106. [PMID: 33931804 PMCID: PMC8280035 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process that controls protein/lipid composition of the plasma membrane, thereby shaping cellular metabolism, sensing, adhesion, signaling, and nutrient uptake. Endocytosis is essential for the cell to adapt to its surrounding environment, and a tight regulation of the endocytic mechanisms is required to maintain cell function and survival. This is particularly significant in the central nervous system (CNS), where composition of neuronal cell surface is crucial for synaptic functioning. In fact, distinct pathologies of the CNS are tightly linked to abnormal endolysosomal function, and several genome wide association analysis (GWAS) and biochemical studies have identified intracellular trafficking regulators as genetic risk factors for such pathologies. The sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins involved in protein trafficking regulation and signaling. SNXs dysregulation occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Down’s syndrome (DS), schizophrenia, ataxia and epilepsy, among others, establishing clear roles for this protein family in pathology. Interestingly, restoration of SNXs levels has been shown to trigger synaptic plasticity recovery in a DS mouse model. This review encompasses an historical and evolutionary overview of SNXs protein family, focusing on its organization, phyla conservation, and evolution throughout the development of the nervous system during speciation. We will also survey SNXs molecular interactions and highlight how defects on SNXs underlie distinct pathologies of the CNS. Ultimately, we discuss possible strategies of intervention, surveying how our knowledge about the fundamental processes regulated by SNXs can be applied to the identification of novel therapeutic avenues for SNXs-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Rito
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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27
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Sun L, Bai D, Lin M, Eerdenidalai, Zhang L, Wang F, Jin S. miR-96 Inhibits SV2C to Promote Depression-Like Behavior and Memory Disorders in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:575345. [PMID: 33815074 PMCID: PMC8017146 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.575345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence continues to emphasize the role of microRNAs as significant contributors to depression-like behavior and memory disorders. The current study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which miR-96 influences depression-like behavior and memory deficit in mice. A depression-like behavior and memory disorder mouse model was initially established by means of intraperitoneal injection with lipopolysaccharide. Memory deficits in the mice were evaluated using the Novel Object Recognition Test and Morris water maze experiments, whereas the Sucrose Preference Experiment and forced swimming experiments were performed to identify depression-like behavior in mice. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and the monoamine transmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine were subsequently detected in the serum. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis evaluated the expression of miR-96 and SV2C expression in the CA1 hippocampal region of the mice. Finally, the relationship of miR-96 and SV2C was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Our data indicated that the expression of miR-96 was increased, whereas that of SV2C was decreased in the CA1 region of mice exhibiting depression-like behavior and memory impairment. When miR-96 was downregulated or SV2C was overexpressed via intra-cerebroventricular injection with a miR-96 antagonist (miR-96 antagomir) or overexpression of SV2C vector, the Novel Object Recognition Test and sucrose preference index were increased, whereas the escape latency, the number of water maze platform crossings, and the immobility time of the mice were decreased. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and malondialdehyde in the mouse CA1 region of mice were reduced, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione were elevated after the downregulation of miR-96 or overexpression of SV2C. Collectively, our study demonstrates that miR-96 negatively regulates the expression of SV2C, which consequently leads to depression-like behavior and memory impairment in mice. Our findings highlight the potential of miR-96-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Sun
- Outpatient Department, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Donghao Bai
- Outpatient Department, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Maoguang Lin
- Outpatient Department, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Eerdenidalai
- Outpatient Department, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Outpatient Department, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Fengzhen Wang
- Outpatient Department, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Shangwu Jin
- Clinical Laboratory, Ordos Fourth People's Hospital, Ordos, China
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28
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Pourhamzeh M, Moravej FG, Arabi M, Shahriari E, Mehrabi S, Ward R, Ahadi R, Joghataei MT. The Roles of Serotonin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1671-1692. [PMID: 33651238 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system extends throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the CNS, serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) modulates a broad spectrum of functions, including mood, cognition, anxiety, learning, memory, reward processing, and sleep. These processes are mediated through 5-HT binding to 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), are classified into seven distinct groups. Deficits in the serotonergic system can result in various pathological conditions, particularly depression, schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. In this review, we outlined the complexity of serotonergic modulation of physiologic and pathologic processes. Moreover, we provided experimental and clinical evidence of 5-HT's involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders and discussed the molecular mechanisms that underlie these illnesses and contribute to the new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghasemi Moravej
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Arabi
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Elahe Shahriari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Richard Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Reza Ahadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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An assembly of galanin-galanin receptor signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:269-275. [PMID: 33136286 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The galanin receptor family of proteins is present throughout the central nervous system and endocrine system. It comprises of three subtypes-GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3; all of which are G-protein-coupled receptors. Galanin predominantly acts as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator, which has several physiological as well as pathological functions. Galanin has a role in mediating food intake, memory, sexual behavior, nociception and is also associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pain. However, the understanding of signaling mechanisms of the galanin family of neuropeptides is limited and an organized pathway map is not yet available. Therefore, a detailed literature mining of the publicly available articles pertaining to the galanin receptor was followed by manual curation of the reactions and their integration into a map. This resulted in the cataloging of molecular reactions involving 64 molecules into five categories such as molecular association, activation/inhibition, catalysis, transport, and gene regulation. For enabling easy access of biomedical researchers, the galanin-galanin receptor signaling pathway data was uploaded to WikiPathways ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP4970 ), a freely available database of biological pathways.
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30
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Wang M, Li N, Jing S, Wang C, Sun J, Li H, Liu J, Chen J. Schisandrin B exerts hypnotic effects in PCPA-treated rats by increasing hypothalamic 5-HT and γ-aminobutyric acid levels. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 33093880 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandrin B (SchB) is one of the primary active components of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., a traditional Chinese herb that has been used to treat insomnia for hundreds of years. Our previous studies revealed that SchB exerts sedative and hypnotic effects, increasing the content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the expression of its receptors in the brain tissues of rats. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is another important neurotransmitter involved in sleep regulation, although, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of its association with SchB. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether the hypnotic effect of SchB was partly due to alterations in the expression of 5-HT. The results indicated that SchB reduced sleep latency and increased sleep duration in parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced rats with insomnia by increasing 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and upregulating the expression of the 5-HT receptor 1A in the hypothalamus. SchB also increased the ratio of GABA to glutamic acid and the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, decreased the activity of GABA transaminase, and upregulated the expression of GABAA receptor α1 and GABAA receptor γ2 in the rat hypothalamus. These results suggested that SchB improved PCPA-induced insomnia in rats, and its effects may be associated with the regulation of GABA and 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Shu Jing
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132001, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - He Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, Jilin 132001, P.R. China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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31
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Dagamajalu S, Rex DAB, Palollathil A, Shetty R, Bhat G, Cheung LWT, Prasad TSK. A pathway map of AXL receptor-mediated signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:143-148. [PMID: 32829427 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - D A B Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Akhina Palollathil
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rohan Shetty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Guruprasad Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Lydia W T Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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32
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Hanswijk SI, Spoelder M, Shan L, Verheij MMM, Muilwijk OG, Li W, Liu C, Kolk SM, Homberg JR. Gestational Factors throughout Fetal Neurodevelopment: The Serotonin Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5850. [PMID: 32824000 PMCID: PMC7461571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a critical player in brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders. Fetal 5-HT levels can be influenced by several gestational factors, such as maternal genotype, diet, stress, medication, and immune activation. In this review, addressing both human and animal studies, we discuss how these gestational factors affect placental and fetal brain 5-HT levels, leading to changes in brain structure and function and behavior. We conclude that gestational factors are able to interact and thereby amplify or counteract each other's impact on the fetal 5-HT-ergic system. We, therefore, argue that beyond the understanding of how single gestational factors affect 5-HT-ergic brain development and behavior in offspring, it is critical to elucidate the consequences of interacting factors. Moreover, we describe how each gestational factor is able to alter the 5-HT-ergic influence on the thalamocortical- and prefrontal-limbic circuitry and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis. These alterations have been associated with risks to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, depression, and/or anxiety. Consequently, the manipulation of gestational factors may be used to combat pregnancy-related risks for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I. Hanswijk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Ling Shan
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Otto G. Muilwijk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Weizhuo Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (W.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunqing Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (W.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Sharon M. Kolk
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
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33
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Zhu C, Hui L, Zheng K, Liu L, Liu J, Lv W. Silencing of RGS2 enhances hippocampal neuron regeneration and rescues depression-like behavioral impairments through activation of cAMP pathway. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147018. [PMID: 32679115 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders with an increasing incidence. However, factors involved in depression are so complex, thus it is difficult to find effective strategies to reverse the impairments. This study aims to verify the role of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in the mouse mode of unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Knockdown of RGS2 was achieved by transfection of siRNA-RGS2 in mouse hippocampal (HT-22) cells in vitro and injection of recombinant adenovirus expressing siRNA-RGS2 in mice in vivo. An aberrant high expression of RGS2 was found in mice with depression-like behaviors through immunohistochemical analysis. Silencing of RGS2 or Forskolin (activator of cAMP pathway) developed sweet water consumption, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress injury, and attenuated cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in mice with depression-like behaviors. Furthermore, regeneration was enhanced and apoptosis was repressed in mouse hippocampal neurons in the presence of RGS2 knockdown and Forskolin. Mechanistic studies indicated that silencing of RGS2 promoted the activation of cAMP pathway, thus rescuing depression-like behaviors of mice. Collectively, our study uncovered the role of RGS2-dependent cAMP pathway in regulation of cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuron regeneration in depression-like behaviors of mice, which may be a potential therapeutic target for impairments and symptoms associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
| | - Li Hui
- Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Linjing Liu
- Department Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Jiahong Liu
- Department Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
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Littlejohn BP, Price DM, Neuendorff DA, Carroll JA, Vann RC, Riggs PK, Riley DG, Long CR, Randel RD, Welsh TH. Influence of prenatal transportation stress-induced differential DNA methylation on the physiological control of behavior and stress response in suckling Brahman bull calves. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skz368. [PMID: 31807776 PMCID: PMC6986441 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to examine potential differential methylation of DNA as a mechanism for altered behavioral and stress responses in prenatally stressed (PNS) compared with nonprenatally stressed (Control) young bull calves. Mature Brahman cows (n = 48) were transported for 2-h periods at 60 ± 5, 80 ± 5, 100 ± 5, 120 ± 5, and 140 ± 5 d of gestation (Transported group) or maintained as nontransported Controls (n = 48). From the offspring born to Transported and Control cows, a subset of 28-d-old intact bulls (n = 7 PNS; n = 7 Control) were evaluated for methylation of DNA of behavior and stress response-associated genes. Methylation of DNA from white blood cells was assessed via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing methods. Because increased methylation of DNA within gene promoter regions has been associated with decreased transcriptional activity of the corresponding gene, differentially methylated (P ≤ 0.05) CG sites (cytosine followed by a guanine nucleotide) located within promoter regions (n = 1,205) were used to predict (using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software) alterations to canonical pathways in PNS compared with Control bull calves. Among differentially methylated genes (P ≤ 0.05) related to behavior and the stress response were OPRK1, OPRM1, PENK, POMC, NR3C2, TH, DRD1, DRD5, COMT, HTR6, HTR5A, GABRA4, GABRQ, and GAD2. Among altered (P < 0.05) signaling pathways related to behavior and the stress response were Opioid Signaling, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling, Dopamine Receptor Signaling, Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback in cAMP Signaling, Serotonin Receptor Signaling, and GABA Receptor Signaling. Alterations to behavior and stress response-related genes and canonical pathways supported previously observed elevations in temperament score and serum cortisol through weaning in the larger population of PNS calves from which bulls in this study were derived. Differential methylation of DNA and predicted alterations to behavior and stress response-related pathways in PNS compared with Control bull calves suggest epigenetic programming of behavior and the stress response in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni P Littlejohn
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Overton, TX
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
| | - Deborah M Price
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Overton, TX
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
| | | | | | - Rhonda C Vann
- Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Raymond, MS
| | - Penny K Riggs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
| | - David G Riley
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
| | - Charles R Long
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Overton, TX
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
| | | | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX
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