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Al-Daghistani HI, Zein S, Abbas MA. Microbial communities in the Dead Sea and their potential biotechnological applications. Commun Integr Biol 2024; 17:2369782. [PMID: 38919836 PMCID: PMC11197920 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2024.2369782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Dead Sea is unique compared to other extreme halophilic habitats. Its salinity exceeds 34%, and it is getting saltier. The Dead Sea environment is characterized by a dominance of divalent cations, with magnesium chloride (MgCl2) levels approaching the predicted 2.3 M upper limit for life, an acidic pH of 6.0, and high levels of absorbed ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, only organisms adapted to such a polyextreme environment can survive in the surface, sinkholes, sediments, muds, and underwater springs of the Dead Sea. Metagenomic sequence analysis and amino acid profiling indicated that the Dead Sea is predominantly composed of halophiles that have various adaptation mechanisms and produce metabolites that can be utilized for biotechnological purposes. A variety of products have been obtained from halophilic microorganisms isolated from the Dead Sea, such as antimicrobials, bioplastics, biofuels, extremozymes, retinal proteins, colored pigments, exopolysaccharides, and compatible solutes. These resources find applications in agriculture, food, biofuel production, industry, and bioremediation for the detoxification of wastewater and soil. Utilizing halophiles as a bioprocessing platform offers advantages such as reduced energy consumption, decreased freshwater demand, minimized capital investment, and continuous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala I. Al-Daghistani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sima Zein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Manal A. Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
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2
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Lee H, Jung Sohn Y, Jeon S, Yang H, Son J, Jin Kim Y, Jae Park S. Sugarcane wastes as microbial feedstocks: A review of the biorefinery framework from resource recovery to production of value-added products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128879. [PMID: 36921642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane industry is a major agricultural sector capable of producing sugars with byproducts including straw, bagasse, and molasses. Sugarcane byproducts are no longer wastes since they can be converted into carbon-rich resources for biorefinery if pretreatment of these is well established. Considerable efforts have been devoted to effective pretreatment techniques for each sugarcane byproduct to supply feedstocks in microbial fermentation to produce value-added fuels, chemicals, and polymers. These value-added chains, which start with low-value industrial wastes and end with high-value products, can make sugarcane-based biorefinery a more viable option for the modern chemical industry. In this review, recent advances in sugarcane valorization techniques are presented, ranging from sugarcane processing, pretreatment, and microbial production of value-added products. Three lucrative products, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, whose production from sugarcane wastes has been widely researched, are being explored. Future studies and development in sugarcane waste biorefinery are discussed to overcome the challenges remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Subeen Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoju Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Shinde AH, Sonpal V, Maiti P, Haldar S. Evaluation of a synbiotic formulation for water remediation in a shrimp pond. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65990-66001. [PMID: 37093374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of probiotic bacteria has attracted the interest of the marine shrimp farming industry. However, there are certain limitations pertaining to the practical application of many commercially available probiotics. Here, a thoroughly screened optimal consortium of three indigenous sulfur probiotics was tested for antibiotic susceptibility and was found to be safe, with each culture being sensitive to all the tested antibiotics. Further, de-potash vinasse (DPV), an environmental hazard, was tested for its prebiotic potential, and its 1% (w/v) concentration was found to be effective for long-term viability (> 66 days) of the probiotic cultures and safe for Artemia. The synbiotic formulation was tested first in a lab-scale microcosm setup successfully and subsequently tried on a shrimp farm; it was observed that the product was congruent to the efficiency of a commercial probiotic regarding almost all physicochemical parameters, sulfide, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, phytoplankton sustenance, Pseudomonas count, coliform count, and heterotrophic count. In addition, it was significantly efficient in maintaining pH, reducing ammonia-N and phosphate-P, Vibrio and Aeromonas count, and a net increase in the yield of shrimp biomass by 625 kg, thus proving to be a better alternative than one of the already available remediation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika H Shinde
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vasavdutta Sonpal
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Pratyush Maiti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Process Design and Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Soumya Haldar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Hagagy N, Saddiq AA, Tag HM, Selim S, AbdElgawad H, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Characterization of Polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB, Synthesized by Newly Isolated Haloarchaea Halolamina spp. Molecules 2022; 27:7366. [PMID: 36364191 PMCID: PMC9655102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to characterize the haloarchaeal diversity of unexplored environmental salty samples from a hypersaline environment on the southern coast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, looking for new isolates able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Thus, the list of PHA producers has been extended by describing two species of Halolamina; Halolamina sediminis sp. strain NRS_35 and unclassified Halolamina sp. strain NRS_38. The growth and PHA-production were investigated in the presence of different carbon sources, (glucose, sucrose, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and glycerol), pH values, (5-9), temperature ranges (4-65 °C), and NaCl concentrations (100-350 g L-1). Fourier-transform infra-red analysis (FT-IR) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used for qualitative identification of the biopolymer. The highest yield of PHB was 33.4% and 27.29% by NRS_35 and NRS_38, respectively, using starch as a carbon source at 37 °C, pH 7, and 25% NaCl (w/v). The FT-IR pattern indicated sharp peaks formed around 1628.98 and 1629.28 cm-1, which confirmed the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O) on amides and related to proteins, which is typical of PHB. LC-MS/MS analysis displayed peaks at retention times of 5.2, 7.3, and 8.1. This peak range indicates the occurrence of PHB and its synthetic products: Acetoacetyl-CoA and PHB synthase (PhaC). In summary, the two newly isolated Halolamina species showed a high capacity to produce PHB using different sources of carbon. Further research using other low-cost feedstocks is needed to improve both the quality and quantity of PHB production. With these results, the use of haloarchaea as cell factories to produce PHAs is reinforced, and light is shed on the global concern about replacing plastics with biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Hagagy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna A. Saddiq
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend M. Tag
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni–Suef University, Beni–Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690 Alicante, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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Sustainable applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates in various fields: A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1184-1201. [PMID: 36113591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PHA is one of the most promising candidates in bio-polymer family which is biodegradable and environment-friendly in nature. In recent years, it has been applied as a biodegradable alternative for petroleum-based plastic across different domains. In literature, several research groups have scrutinised the biocompatibility and biodegradability of PHA in both in vivo settings as well as in in vitro conditions. Microbial yield polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promoted at present as biodegradable plastics. On the other hand, only a limited number of products is being commercially manufactured out of PHAs (e.g., bottles). A succession of microbes (prokaryotes in addition to eukaryotes) has been identified as potential candidates that can disintegrate PHAs. These materials have been successfully employed in packaging industry, medical devices and implants, moulded goods, paper coatings, adhesives, performance additives, mulch films, non-woven fabrics, etc. The present paper reviews and focuses on the potential applications of PHA and its derivatives in different industries.
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Trapé DV, López OV, Villar MA. Vinasse: from a residue to a high added value biopolymer. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:130. [PMID: 38650284 PMCID: PMC10992345 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to study the feasibility of using vinasse for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by Bacillus megaterium. To optimize the culture medium, a Box-Behnken design was employed considering carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (Ph) concentrations as independent variables and PHB productivity as the response variable. The productivity decreased when C or N were increased, probably due to the presence of phenolic compounds and the limitation of N for the production of PHB by Bacillus sp. bacteria. An additional experimental design to optimize the C/N ratio and growing conditions (fermentation time and temperature) was carried out. Fermentation time had a statistically significant effect on PHB productivity reaching 10.6 mg/L h. On the other hand, the variability in physicochemical properties of vinasse samples led to significant differences in PHB productivity. Lower productivity values were obtained when vinasse had higher values of DBO. Therefore, biopolymers production from vinasse is a feasible alternative to valorize this bioethanol by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana V Trapé
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km. 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Olivia V López
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km. 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Villar
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km. 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Birania S, Kumar S, Kumar N, Attkan AK, Panghal A, Rohilla P, Kumar R. Advances in development of biodegradable food packaging material from agricultural and
agro‐industry
waste. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Birania
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- AICRP on Post Harvest Engineering & Technology (Hisar Centre), Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Arun Kumar Attkan
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Anil Panghal
- AICRP on Post Harvest Engineering & Technology (Hisar Centre), Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Priyanka Rohilla
- Centre of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India
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8
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Blanco FG, Hernández N, Rivero-Buceta V, Maestro B, Sanz JM, Mato A, Hernández-Arriaga AM, Prieto MA. From Residues to Added-Value Bacterial Biopolymers as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061492. [PMID: 34200068 PMCID: PMC8228158 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biopolymers are naturally occurring materials comprising a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures that can be produced from renewable sources following the principles of the circular economy. Over the last decades, they have gained substantial interest in the biomedical field as drug nanocarriers, implantable material coatings, and tissue-regeneration scaffolds or membranes due to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability into nonhazardous disintegration products, and their mechanical properties, which are similar to those of human tissues. The present review focuses upon three technologically advanced bacterial biopolymers, namely, bacterial cellulose (BC), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and γ-polyglutamic acid (PGA), as models of different carbon-backbone structures (polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides) produced by bacteria that are suitable for biomedical applications in nanoscale systems. This selection models evidence of the wide versatility of microorganisms to generate biopolymers by diverse metabolic strategies. We highlight the suitability for applied sustainable bioprocesses for the production of BC, PHA, and PGA based on renewable carbon sources and the singularity of each process driven by bacterial machinery. The inherent properties of each polymer can be fine-tuned by means of chemical and biotechnological approaches, such as metabolic engineering and peptide functionalization, to further expand their structural diversity and their applicability as nanomaterials in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Blanco
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Hernández
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Rivero-Buceta
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Maestro
- Host-Parasite Interplay in Pneumococcal Infection Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jesús M. Sanz
- Host-Parasite Interplay in Pneumococcal Infection Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Aránzazu Mato
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Hernández-Arriaga
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Auxiliadora Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Haloarchaea as Cell Factories to Produce Bioplastics. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030159. [PMID: 33803653 PMCID: PMC8003077 DOI: 10.3390/md19030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a worldwide concern causing the death of animals (mainly aquatic fauna) and environmental deterioration. Plastic recycling is, in most cases, difficult or even impossible. For this reason, new research lines are emerging to identify highly biodegradable bioplastics or plastic formulations that are more environmentally friendly than current ones. In this context, microbes, capable of synthesizing bioplastics, were revealed to be good models to design strategies in which microorganisms can be used as cell factories. Recently, special interest has been paid to haloarchaea due to the capability of some species to produce significant concentrations of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) when growing under a specific nutritional status. The growth of those microorganisms at the pilot or industrial scale offers several advantages compared to that of other microbes that are bioplastic producers. This review summarizes the state of the art of bioplastic production and the most recent findings regarding the production of bioplastics by halophilic microorganisms with special emphasis on haloarchaea. Some protocols to produce/analyze bioplastics are highlighted here to shed light on the potential use of haloarchaea at the industrial scale to produce valuable products, thus minimizing environmental pollution by plastics made from petroleum.
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Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) by Haloarcula, Halorubrum, and Natrinema Haloarchaeal Genera Using Starch as a Carbon Source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:8888712. [PMID: 33574733 PMCID: PMC7860971 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8888712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbial production of bioplastics, derived from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), have provided a promising alternative towards plastic pollution. Compared to other extremophiles, halophilic archaea are considered as cell factories for PHB production by using renewable, inexpensive carbon sources, thus decreasing the fermentation cost. This study is aimed at screening 33 halophilic archaea isolated from three enrichment cultures from Tunisian hypersaline lake, Chott El Jerid, using starch as the sole carbon source by Nile Red/Sudan Black staining and further confirmed by PCR amplification of phaC and phaE polymerase genes. 14 isolates have been recognized as positive candidates for PHA production and detected during both seasons. The identification of these strains through 16S rRNA gene analyses showed their affiliation to Halorubrum, Natrinema, and Haloarcula genera. Among them, three PHB-producing strains, CEJ34-14, CEJ5-14, and CEJ48-10, related to Halorubrum chaoviator, Natrinema pallidum, and Haloarcula tradensis were found to be the best ones reaching values of 9.25, 7.11, and 1.42% of cell dry weight (CDW), respectively. Our findings highlighted that Halorubrum, Natrinema, and Haloarcula genera were promising candidates for PHB production using soluble starch as a carbon source under high salinity (250 g L−1 NaCl).
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11
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Pfeifer K, Ergal İ, Koller M, Basen M, Schuster B, Rittmann SKMR. Archaea Biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107668. [PMID: 33271237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Archaea are a domain of prokaryotic organisms with intriguing physiological characteristics and ecological importance. In Microbial Biotechnology, archaea are historically overshadowed by bacteria and eukaryotes in terms of public awareness, industrial application, and scientific studies, although their biochemical and physiological properties show a vast potential for a wide range of biotechnological applications. Today, the majority of microbial cell factories utilized for the production of value-added and high value compounds on an industrial scale are bacterial, fungal or algae based. Nevertheless, archaea are becoming ever more relevant for biotechnology as their cultivation and genetic systems improve. Some of the main advantages of archaeal cell factories are the ability to cultivate many of these often extremophilic organisms under non-sterile conditions, and to utilize inexpensive feedstocks often toxic to other microorganisms, thus drastically reducing cultivation costs. Currently, the only commercially available products of archaeal cell factories are bacterioruberin, squalene, bacteriorhodopsin and diether-/tetraether-lipids, all of which are produced utilizing halophiles. Other archaeal products, such as carotenoids and biohydrogen, as well as polyhydroxyalkanoates and methane are in early to advanced development stages, respectively. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of Archaea Biotechnology by describing the actual state of research and development as well as the industrial utilization of archaeal cell factories, their role and their potential in the future of sustainable bioprocessing, and to illustrate their physiological and biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pfeifer
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | - İpek Ergal
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Koller
- Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Mirko Basen
- Microbial Physiology Group, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | - Simon K-M R Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
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12
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Mitra R, Xu T, Xiang H, Han J. Current developments on polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis by using halophiles as a promising cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:86. [PMID: 32264891 PMCID: PMC7137286 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a severe threat to our environment which necessitates implementation of bioplastics to realize sustainable development for a green world. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) represent one of the potential candidates for these bioplastics. However, a major challenge faced by PHA is the high production cost which limits its commercial application. Halophiles are considered to be a promising cell factory for PHA synthesis due to its several unique characteristics including high salinity requirement preventing microbial contamination, high intracellular osmotic pressure allowing easy cell lysis for PHA recovery, and capability to utilize wide spectrum of low-cost substrates. Optimization of fermentation parameters has made it plausible to achieve large-scale production at low cost by using halophiles. Further deeper insights into halophiles have revealed the existence of diversified and even novel PHA synthetic pathways within different halophilic species that greatly affects PHA type. Thus, precise metabolic engineering of halophiles with the help of advanced tools and strategies have led to more efficient microbial cell factory for PHA production. This review is an endeavour to summarize the various research achievements in these areas which will help the readers to understand the current developments as well as the future efforts in PHA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Mitra
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Yadav B, Pandey A, Kumar LR, Tyagi RD. Bioconversion of waste (water)/residues to bioplastics- A circular bioeconomy approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122584. [PMID: 31862396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research insight into the technical challenges of bioplastics production has revealed their confoundedness in their niche markets and struggles to enter the mainstream. There is an increasing problem of waste disposal and high cost of pure substrates in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production. This has led to the future need of upgrading the waste streams from different industries into the role of feedstocks for production of PHA. The review covers the latest developments in using wastes and surplus materials for PHA production. In addition to inexpensive carbon sources, efficient upstream and downstream processes and recycling of waste streams within the process are required to maintain the circularity in the entire process. A view on the link between circular bioeconomy and PHA production process covering the techno-economic, life cycle assessment and environmental aspects has also been provided. Furthermore, the future perspectives related to the topic have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Yadav
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Aishwarya Pandey
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Lalit R Kumar
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
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Ben Abdallah M, Karray F, Sayadi S. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Two Halophilic Archaeal Isolates from Chott El Jerid Using Inexpensive Carbon Sources. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010109. [PMID: 31936380 PMCID: PMC7022696 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The large use of conventional plastics has resulted in serious environmental problems. Polyhydroxyalkanoates represent a potent replacement to synthetic plastics because of their biodegradable nature. This study aimed to screen bacteria and archaea isolated from an extreme environment, the salt lake Chott El Jerid for the accumulation of these inclusions. Among them, two archaeal strains showed positive results with phenotypic and genotypic methods. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene, indicated that polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-producing archaeal isolates CEJGTEA101 and CEJEA36 were related to Natrinema altunense and Haloterrigena jeotgali, respectively. Gas chromatography and UV-visible spectrophotometric analyses revealed that the PHA were identified as polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxyvalerate, respectively. According to gas chromatography analysis, the strain CEJGTEA101 produced maximum yield of 7 wt % at 37 °C; pH 6.5; 20% NaCl and the strain CEJEA36 produced 3.6 wt % at 37 °C; pH 7; 25% NaCl in a medium supplemented with 2% glucose. Under nutritionally optimal cultivation conditions, polymers were extracted from these strains and were determined by gravimetric analysis yielding PHA production of 35% and 25% of cell dry weight. In conclusion, optimization of PHA production from inexpensive industrial wastes and carbon sources has considerable interest for reducing costs and obtaining high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ben Abdallah
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (M.B.A.); (F.K.)
| | - Fatma Karray
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (M.B.A.); (F.K.)
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence:
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15
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Effects of the Organic Loading Rate on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Sugarcane Stillage by Mixed Microbial Cultures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:1039-1055. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Koller M. Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis at the Edge of Water Activitiy-Haloarchaea as Biopolyester Factories. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6020034. [PMID: 30995811 PMCID: PMC6631277 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea, the extremely halophilic branch of the Archaea domain, encompass a steadily increasing number of genera and associated species which accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolyesters in their cytoplasm. Such ancient organisms, which thrive in highly challenging, often hostile habitats characterized by salinities between 100 and 300 g/L NaCl, have the potential to outperform established polyhydroxyalkanoate production strains. As detailed in the review, this optimization presents due to multifarious reasons, including: cultivation setups at extreme salinities can be performed at minimized sterility precautions by excluding the growth of microbial contaminants; the high inner-osmotic pressure in haloarchaea cells facilitates the recovery of intracellular biopolyester granules by cell disintegration in hypo-osmotic media; many haloarchaea utilize carbon-rich waste streams as main substrates for growth and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis, which allows coupling polyhydroxyalkanoate production with bio-economic waste management; finally, in many cases, haloarchaea are reported to produce copolyesters from structurally unrelated inexpensive substrates, and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis often occurs in parallel to the production of additional marketable bio-products like pigments or polysaccharides. This review summarizes the current knowledge about polyhydroxyalkanoate production by diverse haloarchaea; this covers the detection of new haloarchaea producing polyhydroxyalkanoates, understanding the genetic and enzymatic particularities of such organisms, kinetic aspects, material characterization, upscaling and techno-economic and life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koller
- University of Graz, Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- ARENA-Association for Resource Efficient and Sustainable Technologies, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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17
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Application of process system engineering tools to the fed-batch production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from a vinasses-molasses Mixture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1023-1037. [PMID: 30874887 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fed-batch production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer using vinasses-molasses mixture is carried out in this work by implementing different process systems engineering tools. Two fed-batch strategies are tested experimentally at 5 L scale, considering only offline information: (1) offline optimizing control and (2) exponential feeding. Application of these strategies showed that different feeding profiles result in different dynamic behaviour, influencing both, yield and biopolymer properties. As offline-based feeding strategies do not consider information of the culture status, they cannot deal with uncertainties. Therefore, a closed loop control strategy was implemented, which uses biomass and substrate information predicted online by soft-sensors. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility to produce biopolymer using a 75/25%vol. vinasses-molasses mixture. Successful implementation of the soft-sensor-based control strategy was evidenced at pilot plant scale, where sugar concentration was kept almost constant for 14 h, while obtaining the desired copolymer. Thus, proposed control strategy could be of interest at industrial-scale.
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Del Gobbo LM, Villegas LB, Colin VL. The potential application of an autochthonous fungus from the northwest of Argentina for treatment of sugarcane vinasse. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:820-826. [PMID: 30481732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vinasse is a waste material from distillery industries, which causes major environmental problems around the world. Argentina alone produces about 4 billion liters of vinasse annually; consequently, diverse biological eco-friendly treatments are evaluated for their ability to reduce the detrimental effects. The present study reports on the degradation of a 50% (v/v) local vinasse sample by an autochthonous fungus identified as Aspergillus sp. V1. The Bioprocess was conducted for 15 d at 30 °C after inoculation of spores at an end concentration of 1 × 106 CFU/mL. Effluent neutralization was detected after 6 d of treatment, with maximum COD and BOD removal after 12 d (49% and 59%, respectively). Effects of vinasse before and after treatment were predicted using Caco-2 cells and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) seeds as toxicological indicators. Only 13% viability was observed for Caco-2 cells exposed to untreated vinasse, but this percentage increased more than 3-fold for cells exposed to the treated effluent. While vinasse without treatment completely inhibited germination of seeds, exposure to treated effluent demonstrated a germination percentage of 60%. The present study highlights the use of a dual-purpose biotechnological process that aimed at reducing the detrimental effects of vinasse, enhancing its quality for agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Melisa Del Gobbo
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4001MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Liliana Beatriz Villegas
- Instituto de Química San Luis (INQUISAL-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina; Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de san Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Verónica Leticia Colin
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4001MVB, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Zanfonato K, Schmidt M, Quines LK, Gai CS, Schmidell W, Aragão GMFD. CAN VINASSE BE USED AS CARBON SOURCE FOR POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) PRODUCTION BY Cupriavidus necator DSM 545? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180353s20170265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yina Lin
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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21
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Mahansaria R, Dhara A, Saha A, Haldar S, Mukherjee J. Production enhancement and characterization of the polyhydroxyalkanoate produced by Natrinema ajinwuensis (as synonym) ≡ Natrinema altunense strain RM-G10. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1480-1490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nielsen C, Rahman A, Rehman AU, Walsh MK, Miller CD. Food waste conversion to microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1338-1352. [PMID: 28736901 PMCID: PMC5658610 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers with desirable material properties similar to petrochemically derived plastics. PHAs are naturally produced by a wide range of microorganisms as a carbon storage mechanism and can accumulate to significantly high levels. PHAs are an environmentally friendly alternative to their petroleum counterparts because they can be easily degraded, potentially reducing the burden on municipal waste systems. Nevertheless, widespread use of PHAs is not currently realistic due to a variety of factors. One of the major constraints of large-scale PHA production is the cost of carbon substrate for PHA-producing microbes. The cost of production could potentially be reduced with the use of waste carbon from food-related processes. Food wastage is a global issue and therefore harbours immense potential to create valuable bioproducts. This article's main focus is to examine the state of the art of converting food-derived waste into carbon substrates for microbial metabolism and subsequent conversion into PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Nielsen
- Department of Biological EngineeringUtah State University4105 Old Main HillLoganUT84322‐4105USA
| | - Asif Rahman
- Bioengineering BranchSpace BioSciences DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCA94035‐1000USA
- COSMIAC Research CenterUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM87106USA
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biological EngineeringUtah State University4105 Old Main HillLoganUT84322‐4105USA
- Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyGovernment College UniversityKatchery RoadLahorePakistan
| | - Marie K. Walsh
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food SciencesUtah State University8700 Old Main HillLoganUT84322‐8700USA
| | - Charles D. Miller
- Department of Biological EngineeringUtah State University4105 Old Main HillLoganUT84322‐4105USA
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23
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Aparicio JD, Benimeli CS, Almeida CA, Polti MA, Colin VL. Integral use of sugarcane vinasse for biomass production of actinobacteria: Potential application in soil remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:478-484. [PMID: 28460294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of living actinobacteria biomass to clean up contaminated soils is an attractive biotechnology approach. However, biomass generation from cheap feedstock is the first step to ensure process sustainability. The present work reports the ability of four actinobacteria, Streptomyces sp. M7, MC1, A5, and Amycolatopsis tucumanensis, to generate biomass from sugarcane vinasse. Optimal vinasse concentration to obtain the required biomass (more than 0.4 g L-1) was 20% for all strains, either grown individually or as mixed cultures. However, the biomass fraction recovered from first vinasse was discarded as it retained trace metals present in the effluent. Fractions recovered from three consecutive cycles of vinasse re-use obtained by mixing equal amounts of biomass from single cultures or produced as a mixed culture were evaluated to clean up contaminated soil with lindane and chromium. In all cases, the decrease in pesticide was about 50% after 14 d of incubation. However, chromium removal was statistically different depending on the preparation methodology of the inoculum. While the combined actinobacteria biomass recovered from their respective single cultures removed about 85% of the chromium, the mixed culture biomass removed more than 95%. At the end of the reused vinasse cycle, the mixed culture removed more than 70% of the biological oxygen demand suggesting a proportional reduction in the effluent toxicity. These results represent the first integral approach to address a problematic of multiple contaminations, concerning pesticides, heavy metals and a regionally important effluent like vinasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Aparicio
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Benimeli
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina; Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - César A Almeida
- Instituto de Química de San Luis, INQUISAL (UNSL-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marta A Polti
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Colin
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina.
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Salgaonkar BB, Bragança JM. Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse by Halogeometricum borinquense Strain E3 for Biosynthesis of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020050. [PMID: 28952529 PMCID: PMC5590456 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), one of the major lignocellulosic agro-industrial waste products, was used as a substrate for biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by halophilic archaea. Among the various wild-type halophilic archaeal strains screened, Halogeometricum borinquense strain E3 showed better growth and PHA accumulation as compared to Haloferaxvolcanii strain BBK2, Haloarcula japonica strain BS2, and Halococcus salifodinae strain BK6. Growth kinetics and bioprocess parameters revealed the maximum PHA accumulated by strain E3 to be 50.4 ± 0.1 and 45.7 ± 0.19 (%) with specific productivity (qp) of 3.0 and 2.7 (mg/g/h) using NaCl synthetic medium supplemented with 25% and 50% SCB hydrolysate, respectively. PHAs synthesized by strain E3 were recovered in chloroform using a Soxhlet apparatus. Characterization of the polymer using crotonic acid assay, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy analysis revealed the polymer obtained from SCB hydrolysate to be a co-polymer of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] comprising of 13.29 mol % 3HV units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti B Salgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla, Goa Campus, NH-17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India.
| | - Judith M Bragança
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla, Goa Campus, NH-17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India.
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Cárdenas-Fernández M, Bawn M, Hamley-Bennett C, Bharat PKV, Subrizi F, Suhaili N, Ward DP, Bourdin S, Dalby PA, Hailes HC, Hewitson P, Ignatova S, Kontoravdi C, Leak DJ, Shah N, Sheppard TD, Ward JM, Lye GJ. An integrated biorefinery concept for conversion of sugar beet pulp into value-added chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:415-431. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00094d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over 8 million tonnes of sugar beet are grown annually in the UK. Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is the main by-product of sugar beet processing which is currently dried and sold as a low value animal feed. SBP is a rich source of carbohydrates, mainly in the form of cellulose and pectin, including d-glucose (Glu), l-arabinose (Ara) and d-galacturonic acid (GalAc). This work describes the technical feasibility of an integrated biorefinery concept for the fractionation of SBP and conversion of these monosaccharides into value-added products. SBP fractionation is initially carried out by steam explosion under mild conditions to yield soluble pectin and insoluble cellulose fractions. The cellulose is readily hydrolysed by cellulases to release Glu that can then be fermented by a commercial yeast strain to produce bioethanol at a high yield. The pectin fraction can be either fully hydrolysed, using physico-chemical methods, or selectively hydrolysed, using cloned arabinases and galacturonases, to yield Ara-rich and GalAc-rich streams. These monomers can be separated using either Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) or ultrafiltration into streams suitable for subsequent enzymatic upgrading. Building on our previous experience with transketolase (TK) and transaminase (TAm) enzymes, the conversion of Ara and GalAc into higher value products was explored. In particular the conversion of Ara into l-gluco-heptulose (GluHep), that has potential therapeutic applications in hypoglycaemia and cancer, using a mutant TK is described. Preliminary studies with TAm also suggest GluHep can be selectively aminated to the corresponding chiral aminopolyol. The current work is addressing the upgrading of the remaining SBP monomer, GalAc, and the modelling of the biorefinery concept to enable economic and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA).
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Effects of carbon sources on the enrichment of halophilic polyhydroxyalkanoate-storing mixed microbial culture in an aerobic dynamic feeding process. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30766. [PMID: 27485896 PMCID: PMC4971467 DOI: 10.1038/srep30766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production serves as a substitute for petroleum-based plastics. Enriching mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) with the capacity to store PHA is a key precursor for low-cost PHA production. This study investigated the impact of carbon types on enrichment outcomes. Three MMCs were separately fed by acetate sodium, glucose, and starch as an enriching carbon source, and were exposed to long-term aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) periods. The PHA production capacity, kinetics and stoichiometry of the enrichments, the PHA composition, and the microbial diversity and community composition were explored to determine carbon and enrichment correlations. After 350-cycle enriching periods under feast-famine (F-F) regimes, the MMCs enriched by acetate sodium and glucose contained a maximum PHA content of 64.7% and 60.5% cell dry weight (CDW). The starch-enriched MMC only had 27.3% CDW of PHA. High-throughput sequencing revealed that non-PHA bacteria survived alongside PHA storing bacteria, even under severe F-F selective pressure. Genus of Pseudomonas and Stappia were the possible PHA accumulating bacteria in acetate-enriched MMC. Genus of Oceanicella, Piscicoccus and Vibrio were found as PHA accumulating bacteria in glucose-enriched MMC. Vibrio genus was the only PHA accumulating bacteria in starch-enriched MMC. The community diversity and composition were regulated by the substrate types.
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Carbon-rich wastes as feedstocks for biodegradable polymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production using bacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 84:139-200. [PMID: 23763760 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407673-0.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research into the production of biodegradable polymers has been driven by vision for the most part from changes in policy, in Europe and America. These policies have their origins in the Brundtland Report of 1987, which provides a platform for a more sustainable society. Biodegradable polymers are part of the emerging portfolio of renewable raw materials seeking to deliver environmental, social, and economic benefits. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are naturally-occurring biodegradable-polyesters accumulated by bacteria usually in response to inorganic nutrient limitation in the presence of excess carbon. Most of the early research into PHA accumulation and technology development for industrial-scale production was undertaken using virgin starting materials. For example, polyhydroxybutyrate and copolymers such as polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate are produced today at industrial scale from corn-derived glucose. However, in recent years, research has been undertaken to convert domestic and industrial wastes to PHA. These wastes in today's context are residuals seen by a growing body of stakeholders as platform resources for a biobased society. In the present review, we consider residuals from food, plastic, forest and lignocellulosic, and biodiesel manufacturing (glycerol). Thus, this review seeks to gain perspective of opportunities from literature reporting the production of PHA from carbon-rich residuals as feedstocks. A discussion on approaches and context for PHA production with reference to pure- and mixed-culture technologies is provided. Literature reports advocate results of the promise of waste conversion to PHA. However, the vast majority of studies on waste to PHA is at laboratory scale. The questions of surmounting the technical and political hurdles to industrialization are generally left unanswered. There are a limited number of studies that have progressed into fermentors and a dearth of pilot-scale demonstration. A number of fermentation studies show that biomass and PHA productivity can be increased, and sometimes dramatically, in a fermentor. The relevant application-specific properties of the polymers from the wastes studied and the effect of altered-waste composition on polymer properties are generally not well reported and would greatly benefit the progress of the research as high productivity is of limited value without the context of requisite case-specific polymer properties. The proposed use of a waste residual is advantageous from a life cycle viewpoint as it removes the direct or indirect effect of PHA production on land usage and food production. However, the question, of how economic drivers will promote or hinder advancements to demonstration scale, when wastes generally become understood as resources for a biobased society, hangs today in the balance due to a lack of shared vision and the legacy of mistakes made with first generation bioproducts.
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Colin VL, Cortes ÁAJ, Aparicio JD, Amoroso MJ. Potential application of a bioemulsifier-producing actinobacterium for treatment of vinasse. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:842-7. [PMID: 26421623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vinasse is a complex effluent created during production of ethyl alcohol, which can present serious pollution hazard in areas where it is discharged. A variety of technologies, many based upon recovery of the effluent via microbial pathways, are continually being evaluated in order to mitigate the pollution potential of vinasse. The present work reports on initial advances related to the effectiveness of the actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. MC1 for vinasse treatment. Alternative use of raw vinasse as a substrate for producing metabolites of biotechnological interest such as bioemulsifiers, was also evaluated. The strain was able to grow at very high vinasse concentrations (until 50% v/v) and remove over 50% of the biodegradable organic matter in a time period as short as 4 d. Potentially toxic metals such as Mn, Fe, Zn, As, and Pb were also effectively removed during bacterial growth. Decrease in the pollution potential of treated vinasse compared to raw effluent, was reflected in a significant increase in the vigour index of Lactuca sativa (letucce) used as bioremediation indicator. Finally, significant bioemulsifier production was detected when this strain was incubated in a vinasse-based culture medium. These results represent the first advances on the recovery and re-valuation of an actual effluent, by using an actinobacterium from our collection of cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica L Colin
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina; Universidad de San Pablo-Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Álvaro A Juárez Cortes
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juan D Aparicio
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María J Amoroso
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino-Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
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Integration of poly-3-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) production by Haloferax mediterranei through utilization of stillage from rice-based ethanol manufacture in India and its techno-economic analysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:717-27. [PMID: 25690843 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Haloferax mediterranei has potential for economical industrial-scale production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as it can utilize cheap carbon sources, has capacity for nonsterile cultivation and allows simple product recovery. Molasses-based Indian distilleries are converting themselves to cereal-based distilleries. Waste stillage (14 l) of rice-based ethanol industry was used for the production of PHA by H. mediterranei in the simple plug-flow reactor configuration of the activated sludge process. Cells utilized stillage and accumulated 63 ± 3 % PHA of dry cell weight and produced 13.12 ± 0.05 g PHA/l. The product yield coefficient was 0.27 while 0.14 g/l h volumetric productivity was reached. Simultaneous lowering of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values of stillage by 82 % was attained. The biopolymer was characterized as poly-3-(hydroxybutyrate-co-17.9 mol%-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Directional properties of decanoic acid jointly with temperature-dependent water solubility in decanoic acid were employed for two-step desalination of the spent stillage medium in a cylindrical baffled-tank with an immersed heater and a stirrer holding axial and radial impellers. 99.3 % of the medium salts were recovered and re-used for PHA production. The cost of PHBV was estimated as US$2.05/kg when the annual production was simulated as 1890 tons. Desalination contributed maximally to the overall cost. Technology and cost-analysis demonstrate that PHA production integrated with ethanol manufacture is feasible in India. This study could be the basis for construction of a pilot plant.
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Biotechnological Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A Review on Trends and Latest Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/802984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers have been reported to reside at various ecological niches which are naturally or accidently exposed to high organic matter or growth limited conditions such as dairy wastes, hydrocarbon contaminated sites, pulp and paper mill wastes, agricultural wastes, activated sludges of treatment plants, rhizosphere, and industrial effluents. Few among them also produce extracellular by-products like rhamnolipids, extracellular polymeric substances, and biohydrogen gas. These sorts of microbes are industrially important candidates for the reason that they can use waste materials of different origin as substrate with simultaneous production of valuable bioproducts including PHA. Implementation of integrated system to separate their by-products (intracellular and extracellular) can be economical in regard to production. In this review, we have discussed various microorganisms dwelling at different environmental conditions which stimulate them to accumulate carbon as polyhydroxyalkanoates granules and factors influencing its production and composition. A brief aspect on metabolites which are produced concomitantly with PHA has also been discussed. In conclusion, exploring of capabilities like of dual production by microbes and use of wastes as renewable substrate under optimized cultural conditions either in batch or continuous process can cause deduction in present cost of bioplastic production from stored PHA granules.
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Production of poly-3-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) by Haloferax mediterranei using rice-based ethanol stillage with simultaneous recovery and re-use of medium salts. Extremophiles 2014; 18:463-70. [PMID: 24442255 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Haloferax mediterranei holds promise for competitive industrial-scale production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) because cheap carbon sources can be used thus lowering production costs. Although high salt concentration in production medium permits a non-sterile, low-cost process, salt disposal after process completion is a problem as current environmental standards do not allow total dissolved solids (TDS) above 2000 mg/l in discharge water. As the first objective of this work, the waste product of rice-based ethanol industry, stillage, was used for the production of PHA by H. mediterranei in shake flasks. Utilization of raw stillage led to 71 ± 2% (of dry cell weight) PHA accumulation and 16.42 ± 0.02 g/l PHA production. The product yield coefficient was 0.35 while 0.17 g/l h volumetric productivity was attained. Simultaneous reduction of BOD5 and COD values of stillage by 83% was accomplished. The PHA was isolated by osmotic lysis of cells, purification by sodium dodecyl sulfate and organic solvents. The biopolymer was identified as poly-3-(hydroxybutyrate-co-15.4 mol%-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). This first report on utilization of rice-based ethanol stillage for PHBV production by H. mediterranei is currently the most cost effective. As the second objective, directional properties of decanoic acid together with temperature dependence of water solubility in decanoic acid were applied for two-stage desalination of the spent stillage medium. We report for the first time, recovery and re-use of 96% of the medium salts for PHA production thus removing the major bottleneck in the potential application of H. mediterranei for industrial production of PHBV. Final discharge water had TDS content of 670 mg/l.
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Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with co-expressed propionate permease (prpP), beta-ketothiolase B (bktB), and propionate-CoA synthase (prpE) in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Salgaonkar BB, Mani K, Bragança JM. Accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates by halophilic archaea isolated from traditional solar salterns of India. Extremophiles 2013; 17:787-95. [PMID: 23887358 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extremely halophilic archaeal isolates obtained from brine and sediment samples of solar salterns of Goa and Tamil Nadu, India were screened for accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Seven polymer accumulating haloarchaeal strains (TN4, TN5, TN6, TN7, TN9, TN10 and BBK2) were selected based on their growth and intensity of fluorescence when grown on 20 % NaCl synthetic medium supplemented with 2 % glucose and incorporated with Nile red dye. The polymer was quantified by conversion of PHA to crotonic acid which gave a characteristic absorption maxima at 235 nm. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characterization the cultures TN4, TN5, TN6, TN7, TN10 and BBK2 were grouped under genus Haloferax whereas isolate TN9 was grouped under the genus Halogeometricum. Growth kinetics and polymer accumulation studies revealed that the culture Halogeometricum borinquense strain TN9 accumulates PHA maximally at the mid-log phase, i.e. 5th day of growth (approx. 14 wt% PHA of CDW). Analysis of the polymer by IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR confirmed it to be a homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti B Salgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17 B, Zuarinagar, 403 726, Goa, India
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Mariano AP, Dias MOS, Junqueira TL, Cunha MP, Bonomi A, Filho RM. Butanol production in a first-generation Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery: technical aspects and economics of greenfield projects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:316-323. [PMID: 23127845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The techno-economics of greenfield projects of a first-generation sugarcane biorefinery aimed to produce ethanol, sugar, power, and n-butanol was conducted taking into account different butanol fermentation technologies (regular microorganism and mutant strain with improved butanol yield) and market scenarios (chemicals and automotive fuel). The complete sugarcane biorefinery with the batch acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process was simulated using Aspen Plus®. The biorefinery was designed to process 2 million tonne sugarcane per year and utilize 25%, 50%, and 25% of the available sugarcane juice to produce sugar, ethanol, and butanol, respectively. The investment on a biorefinery with butanol production showed to be more attractive [14.8% IRR, P(IRR>12%)=0.99] than the conventional 50:50 (ethanol:sugar) annexed plant [13.3% IRR, P(IRR>12%)=0.80] only in the case butanol is produced by an improved microorganism and traded as a chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Pinto Mariano
- Laboratory of Optimization, Design and Advanced Control (LOPCA), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Albert Einstein 500, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Bhattacharyya A, Pramanik A, Maji SK, Haldar S, Mukhopadhyay UK, Mukherjee J. Utilization of vinasse for production of poly-3-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) by Haloferax mediterranei. AMB Express 2012; 2:34. [PMID: 22776040 PMCID: PMC3507687 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinasse, a highly polluting waste of the ethanol industry was utilized for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by the extremely halophilic archaeon, Haloferax mediterranei in shake-flasks. Following pre-treatment through adsorption on activated carbon, 25%-50% (v/v) pre-treated vinasse was utilized leading to 70% maximum accumulation of PHA. Maximum PHA concentration of 19.7 g/l, product yield coefficient (based on total carbohydrates) of 0.87 and 0.21 g/l h volumetric productivity were achieved. Concomitant lowering of BOD5 of pre-treated vinasse by at least 78% and COD by at least 80% was attained at the end of this process. The PHA was recovered by osmotic lysis of the cells and purification by sodium hypochlorite and organic solvents. Through UV–vis spectroscopy, gas chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the PHA was identified as poly-3-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate). The 3-hydroxyvalerate content was 12.36 mol % (utilizing 25% pre-treated vinasse) and 14.09 mol % (utilizing 50% pre-treated vinasse). High salt concentration in the medium allowed this process without sterile conditions and thus reduction in costs of sterilization can be envisaged. Activated charcoal pre-treatment of vinasse is economical than competing processes such as ultrafiltration of whey, extrusion and enzymatic treatment of rice and corn starch. Without impacting sugar prices, this process can easily be integrated into a distillery that has fermentation equipment and trained personnel. High PHA content, productivity, zero-cost carbon source, low-cost isolation of a high-purity product and potential integration into ethanol manufacturing unit with concomitant wastewater treatment should merit further development of this process to higher scales.
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