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Tomo S, Kiran Kumar PVSN, Yadav D, Sankanagoudar S, Charan J, Purohit A, Nag VL, Bhatia PK, Singh K, Dutt N, Garg MK, Misra S, Sharma P, Purohit P. Association of Serum Complement C3 Levels with Severity and Mortality in COVID 19. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:447-456. [PMID: 37746543 PMCID: PMC10516839 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-023-01148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses which may lead to harmful tissue damage, both locally and systemically. C3, a member of complement system of serum proteins, is a major component of innate immune and inflammatory responses. This study is aimed to assess serum C3 as a marker of COVID-19 severity and a predictor of disease progression. A total of 150 COVID-19 patients, confirmed by RT-PCR, and 50 healthy controls were recruited. Serum C3 levels were determined by using direct colorimetric method. Median levels of serum C3 in total cases and controls were 157.8 and 165.7 mg/dL respectively. Serum C3 although not significantly decreased, they were lower in cases when compared to controls. Similarly, significant differences were found between the groups, with severe group (140.6 mg/dL) having low levels of serum C3 protein when compared to mild (161.0 mg/dL) and moderate group (167.1 mg/dL). Interestingly, during hospitalization, significant difference between baseline (admission) and follow-up (discharge) was observed only in patients with moderate disease. Based on our results, lower levels of C3, with an increase in IL-6 and d-dimer levels, are associated with higher odds of mortality. Therefore, we would like to emphasize that measuring serum C3 levels along with other inflammatory markers might give an added advantage in early identification of patients who are prone to having a severe disease course and can help in a more effective follow-up of disease progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-023-01148-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojit Tomo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur, Basni Phase 2, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005 India
| | - PVSN Kiran Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Dharamveer Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur, Basni Phase 2, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005 India
| | - Shrimanjunath Sankanagoudar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur, Basni Phase 2, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005 India
| | - Jayakaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Abhishek Purohit
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bhatia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Naveen Dutt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Garg
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur, Basni Phase 2, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005 India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur, Basni Phase 2, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005 India
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Farhan AMQ, Yang S. Automatic lung disease classification from the chest X-ray images using hybrid deep learning algorithm. MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37362647 PMCID: PMC10030349 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-023-15047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The chest X-ray images provide vital information about the congestion cost-effectively. We propose a novel Hybrid Deep Learning Algorithm (HDLA) framework for automatic lung disease classification from chest X-ray images. The model consists of steps including pre-processing of chest X-ray images, automatic feature extraction, and detection. In a pre-processing step, our goal is to improve the quality of raw chest X-ray images using the combination of optimal filtering without data loss. The robust Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed using the pre-trained model for automatic lung feature extraction. We employed the 2D CNN model for the optimum feature extraction in minimum time and space requirements. The proposed 2D CNN model ensures robust feature learning with highly efficient 1D feature estimation from the input pre-processed image. As the extracted 1D features have suffered from significant scale variations, we optimized them using min-max scaling. We classify the CNN features using the different machine learning classifiers such as AdaBoost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RM), Backpropagation Neural Network (BNN), and Deep Neural Network (DNN). The experimental results claim that the proposed model improves the overall accuracy by 3.1% and reduces the computational complexity by 16.91% compared to state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abobaker Mohammed Qasem Farhan
- School of information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangming Yang
- School of information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Baldanzi G, Purghè B, Ragnoli B, Sainaghi PP, Rolla R, Chiocchetti A, Manfredi M, Malerba M. Circulating Peptidome Is Strongly Altered in COVID-19 Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1564. [PMID: 36674321 PMCID: PMC9865723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the host proteome, metabolome, and lipidome has been largely investigated in different bio-fluids, to date, the circulating peptidome remains unexplored. Thus, the present study aimed to apply an untargeted peptidomic approach to provide insight into alterations of circulating peptides in the development and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The circulating peptidome from COVID-19 severe and mildly symptomatic patients and negative controls was characterized using LC-MS/MS analysis for identification and quantification purposes. Database search and statistical analysis allowed a complete characterization of the plasma peptidome and the detection of the most significant modulated peptides that were impacted by the infection. Our results highlighted not only that peptide abundance inversely correlates with disease severity, but also the involvement of biomolecules belonging to inflammatory, immune-response, and coagulation proteins/processes. Moreover, our data suggested a possible involvement of changes in protein degradation patterns. In the present research, for the first time, the untargeted peptidomic approach enabled the identification of circulating peptides potentially playing a crucial role in the progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Purghè
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Department, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
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Abadi B, Ilaghi M, Shahsavani Y, Faramarzpour M, Oghazian MB, Rahimi HR. Antibiotics with Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Potential Against Covid-19: A Review. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2023; 18:51-63. [PMID: 34994339 DOI: 10.2174/2772432817666220106162013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Covid-19 cases, elderly patients in long-term care facilities, children younger than five years with moderate symptoms, and patients admitted to ICU or with comorbidities are at a high risk of coinfection, as suggested by the evidence. Thus, in these patients, antibiotic therapy based on empirical evidence is necessary. Finding appropriate antimicrobial agents, especially with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, is a promising approach to target the virus and its complications, hyper-inflammation, and microorganisms resulting in co-infection. Moreover, indiscriminate use of antibiotics can be accompanied by Clostridioides difficile colitis, the emergence of resistant microorganisms, and adverse drug reactions, particularly kidney damage and QT prolongation. Therefore, rational administration of efficient antibiotics is an important issue. The main objective of the present review is to provide a summary of antibiotics with possible antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and anti-immunomodulatory effects to guide scientists for further research. Besides, the findings can help health professionals in the rational prescription of antibiotics in Covid-19 patients with a high risk of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Abadi
- Brain Cancer Research Core (BCRC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehran Ilaghi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yasamin Shahsavani
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Faramarzpour
- Brain Cancer Research Core (BCRC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Oghazian
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Razi A, Azimian A, Arezumand R, Solati A, Ahmadabad HN. Associations between serum levels of C3, C4, and total classical complement activity in COVID-19 patients at the time of admission and clinical outcome. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-abs-1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the association between complement system status at the time of admission and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. This single-center study was carried out with sixty-one adult patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at Imam Hassan Hospital of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (Bojnurd, Iran) with less than three days passage since onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Twenty-three healthy volunteers with demographic features similar to the patient group (matched by age and gender) were included in the study as a control group. Patient information including demographic information, demographic data, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes were obtained from electronic medical records. Of 61 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 28 (47.54%) were female, and the average age was 48.78.8 years. The healthy control group included 23 cases (11 (47.8%) female, 12 (52.1%) males, mean age 46.44.4 years). Twenty-one of the 61 patients (34.4%) were admitted to the ICU, and sixteen of them (26.2%) died. Thirty-three (54.10%) patients with COVID-19 were hospitalized for less than 7 days, and 28 (45.90%) of them were hospitalized for 7 days. Our results show that length of hospital stay in the no-ICU group was significantly lower than the ICU admission or death groups (6.490.24 vs. 8.851.59 and 10.531.80, p = 0.0002). The levels of C3, C4, and CH50 were determined through the immunoturbidimetric method and single-radial-haemolysis plates, respectively, on serum samples obtained from patients at the time of admission or those in the control group. Our results indicate that C3, C4 and CH50 levels were markedly lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. We also found that complement parameter levels in COVID-19 patients who died or were admitted to ICU were significantly lower than in non-ICU COVID-19 patients. In general, it seems that serum level of C3, C4, and CH50 at admission may predict disease progression or adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients.
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Alefishat E, Jelinek HF, Mousa M, Tay GK, Alsafar HS. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A focus on severity, susceptibility, and preexisting immunity. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:277-288. [PMID: 35074728 PMCID: PMC8757655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous phenotypes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has drawn worldwide attention, especially those with severe symptoms without comorbid conditions. Immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of COVID-19, occur mainly by the innate immune response via the interferon (IFN)-mediated pathways, and the adaptive immunity via the T lymphocyte and the antibody mediated pathways. The ability of the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain, and possibly more so with new emerging variants, to antagonize IFN-mediated antiviral responses can be behind the higher early viral load, higher transmissibility, and milder symptoms compared to SARS-CoV and are part of the continued clinical evolution of COVID-19. Since it first emerged, several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been circulating worldwide. Variants that have the potential to elude natural or vaccine-mediated immunity are variants of concern. This review focuses on the main host factors that may explain the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the context of susceptibility, severity, and preexisting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Alefishat
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center of Heath Engineering Innovation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mira Mousa
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproduction Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guan K Tay
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Discipline of Psychiatry, Medical School, the University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Habiba S Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Jiang H, Chen Q, Zheng S, Guo C, Luo J, Wang H, Zheng X, Weng Z. Association of Complement C3 with Clinical Deterioration Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:849-857. [PMID: 35115811 PMCID: PMC8801723 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s348519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the complement system in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum complement C3 levels, clinical worsening, and risk of death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods Data were collected from 216 adults with COVID-19 admitted to a designated clinical center in Wuhan Union Hospital (China) between February 13, 2020, and February 29, 2020. Their complement C3 levels were measured within 24 h of admission. The primary outcome was a clinical worsening of 2 points on a 6-point ordinal scale. The secondary outcome was all-causes of death. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was conducted to adjust for the baseline confounders. Results The median value of C3 was 0.89 (interquartile range, 0.78–1.01) g/L. Clinical worsening occurred in 12.3% (7/57) and 2.5% (4/159) of patients with baseline C3 levels < and ≥0.79 g/L, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 5.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53–17.86). After IPTW adjustment, the risk for clinical worsening was 4-fold greater (weighted HR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.16–18.4) in patients with C3 levels less than 0.79 g/L comparatively. The sensitivity analyses revealed the robustness of the results. No significant associations between C3 levels and death were observed on unadjusted (HR, 2.92; 95% CI, 0.73–11.69) and IPTW analyses (weighted HR, 3.78; 95% CI, 0.84–17.04). Conclusion Low complement C3 levels are associated with a higher risk for clinical worsening among inpatients with COVID-19. The serum C3 levels may contribute to the identification of patient populations that could benefit from therapeutic complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaosen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinzhuo Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Weng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhihong Weng, Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Tekcan Şanlı DE, Yıldırım D. A new imaging sign in COVID-19 pneumonia: vascular changes and their correlation with clinical severity of the disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:172-180. [PMID: 33044171 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2020.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has come to our attention that specific vascular changes (VCs) appear more frequently in chest computed tomography (CT) of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we aimed to investigate if these specific VCs in chest CT correlate with clinical severity of the disease. METHODS CT images of 102 patients who underwent low-dose noncontrast chest CT due to COVID-19 between 11 March 2020 and 11 April 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of VCs in CT images. VCs in chest CT of patients with COVID-19 were defined using the following descriptors: decreased lumen caliber, vascular wall irregularity, angulation in the course of the vessel, vascular disruption, and/or interruption. The relationship of these VCs with disease symptoms (fever, cough, shortness of breath), comorbid conditions (diabetes, hypertension, asthma), smoking habit, disease-specific laboratory changes (white blood cell-lymphocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein [CRP], D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], ferritin, procalcitonin), lung parenchymal infiltration pattern (ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving pattern, consolidation) and its distribution (peripheral, central, mixed, upper lobes, lower lobes, right middle lobe) on CT were investigated by comparison of these variables between patients with and without VCs in chest CT. RESULTS VCs were observed in 18 out of 102 patients (18%) with typical parenchymal involvement for COVID-19. There was no significant difference in terms of age and sex. We found an irregularity in the wall of the vascular structures in the distal branches and decreased lumen caliber of the vessels related to ground-glass opacities in 15 patients, concentric luminal narrowing in annular form in 4 patients, angulation/traction or springiness in the vascular structures towards the active lesions in 3 patients, and interruptions along the vascular course in 1 patient. VCs were significantly correlated with fever (12/18, 66.7%) and shortness of breath (7/18, 39%). These changes were significantly more remarkable in common disease involving both upper and lower lobes (10/18, 56%). In these cases, there was a substantial increase in CRP (15/18, 83%; mean, 5.7±6.3 mg/dL) and LDH (8/18, 44%) values compared to those who did not have any VCs. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that specific VCs observed in chest CT may predict the disease severity in cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. These changes may be related to respiratory distress in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Düzgün Yıldırım
- Department of Radiology, Acibadem Taksim Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lymphocyte may be a reference index of the outcome of cancer patients with COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7733-7744. [PMID: 33735106 PMCID: PMC8034957 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) is an international concern as it spreads through human populations and across national and international borders. Methods: In this retrospective study, we consecutively included all cancer patients who had been identified as having a nucleic acid-confirmed COVID-19 from two designated hospitals in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 patients without cancer were also enrolled for comparison. The clinical data were gathered from the medical records from Jan 14 to March 12, 2020. Results: Among the 117 cancer patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the median age was 63 years and 48.7% were male. Male sex, hematologic cancer, dyspnea on admission, and anti-cancer therapies were associated with an increased risk of mortality in cancer patients with COVID-19. We found that elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-2R, IL-6, and IL-8 were associated with a poorer prognosis in cancer patients with COVID-19, but no statistically significant association was found in patients without cancer. In addition, IL-2R and IL-6 markedly decreased in cancer patients who recovered from COVID-19. However, lymphocyte subsets were diminished in cancer patients who died from COVID-19, including total T cells, total B cells, helper T (Th) cells and suppressor T (Ts) cells. Conclusions: Cancer patients with COVID-19 were associated with high mortality (23.9%). A decrease in lymphocyte subsets and higher levels of cytokines were associated with a higher risk of severe outcome and could be utilized as the reference index to predict the survival outcome of cancer patients with COVID-19.
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Prioritizing antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 by integrating viral complete genome sequences and drug chemical structures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6248. [PMID: 33737523 PMCID: PMC7973547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of a novel febrile respiratory disease called COVID-19, caused by a newfound coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has brought a worldwide attention. Prioritizing approved drugs is critical for quick clinical trials against COVID-19. In this study, we first manually curated three Virus-Drug Association (VDA) datasets. By incorporating VDAs with the similarity between drugs and that between viruses, we constructed a heterogeneous Virus-Drug network. A novel Random Walk with Restart method (VDA-RWR) was then developed to identify possible VDAs related to SARS-CoV-2. We compared VDA-RWR with three state-of-the-art association prediction models based on fivefold cross-validations (CVs) on viruses, drugs and virus-drug associations on three datasets. VDA-RWR obtained the best AUCs for the three fivefold CVs, significantly outperforming other methods. We found two small molecules coming together on the three datasets, that is, remdesivir and ribavirin. These two chemical agents have higher molecular binding energies of − 7.0 kcal/mol and − 6.59 kcal/mol with the domain bound structure of the human receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, respectively. Interestingly, for the first time, experimental results suggested that navitoclax could be potentially applied to stop SARS-CoV-2 and remains to further validation.
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Shi S, Liu X, Xiao J, Wang H, Chen L, Li J, Han K. Prediction of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23598. [PMID: 32989838 PMCID: PMC7536920 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate blood and biochemical laboratory findings in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and analyze the potential predictors of poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. METHODS The clinical, laboratory, and outcome data of 87 patients with COVID-19 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Only data collected at the time of admission were used in the analysis for predictors of poor outcome. These patients were divided into two groups: the adverse prognosis group (36 patients) and the non-adverse prognosis group (51 patients). The adverse prognosis of COVID-19 patients was defined as admission to the intensive care unit or death. RESULTS On the univariate analysis, age, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil counts, lymphocytes count, neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (NLR), interleukin-6, albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR), albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamyl transpeptidase, and blood glucose were found to be the significant predictors. On the multivariate analysis, the predictors of poor outcome of patients with COVID-19 were NLR (OR = 2.741, [95% CI = 1.02 ~ 7.35], P = .045) and IL-6 (OR = 1.405, [95% CI = 1.04 ~ 1.89, P = .025]). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the AUC of NLR, interleukin-6, pneumonia severity index (PSI) score, and Confusion-Urea-Respiratory Rate-Blood pressure-65 (CURB-65) score were 0.883, 0.852, 0.824, and 0.782, respectively. CONCLUSION High interleukin-6 (6 pg/mL, cuff value) and NLR (4.48, cuff value) can be used to predict poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19 on admission, thus can serve as a beneficial tool for timely identifying COVID-19 patients prone to poor outcome and reduce patient mortality through early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shi
- The Respiratory DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- The Respiratory DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jinling Xiao
- The Respiratory DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Respiratory DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Liyan Chen
- The Infectious DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jianing Li
- The Respiratory DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Kaiyu Han
- The Respiratory DepartmentThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
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12
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Raza A, Matloob S, Abdul Rahim NF, Abdul Halim H, Khattak A, Ahmed NH, Nayab DE, Hakeem A, Zubair M. Factors Impeding Health-Care Professionals to Effectively Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in Pakistan: A Qualitative Investigation. Front Psychol 2020; 11:572450. [PMID: 33240162 PMCID: PMC7680877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, first reported in late December 2019, is regarded as the most significant public health emergency of the century. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the current outbreak of COVID-19 has affected millions of people and killed hundreds of thousands in more than 200 countries, including Pakistan. Health-care professionals (HCPs) cannot minimize human interactions or isolate themselves from patients due to their jobs and moral duties. Hence, the outbreak needed HCPs to work in adverse and challenging conditions with possible mental health problems. In light of the stated background, this study aims to explore and understand the factors that impede HCPs to effectively treat COVID-19 patients in Karachi, Pakistan. Based on qualitative methods, a phenomenological approach was considered to record the true experiences of HCPs. Twelve doctors and nurses were recruited from five COVID-19 designated hospitals in Karachi, Sindh Province, using purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured in-depth telephone interviews were conducted from April 6 to 14, 2020, and analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings suggest that there were two types of constraints, institutional and personal, which were impeding HCPs to treat COVID-19 patients effectively. Institutional constraints include the poor condition of isolation wards, inadequate availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), excessive and uneven workload, and absence of emotional and psychological support in hospitals. Besides, personal constraints include nervousness due to the novel virus, a constant fear of becoming infected, fear of taking virus to family, extreme isolation and loneliness, and feeling of powerlessness. The study found that HCPs in Pakistan have been dealing with a high risk of infection, causing mental health problems such as stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. These mental health problems not only affect attention, understanding, and decision-making capacity of HCPs, which could hinder the fight against COVID-19, but they could also have a continuous effect on their overall well-being on a long-term basis. Therefore, the present study outlines important clinical and policy strategies that are needed to support HCPs as the pandemic continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Business Administration Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | - Sheema Matloob
- School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Durr-e- Nayab
- Department of English, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hakeem
- Department of Business, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sukkur, Pakistan
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13
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Zhou L, Wang J, Liu G, Lu Q, Dong R, Tian G, Yang J, Peng L. Probing antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 through virus-drug association prediction based on the KATZ method. Genomics 2020; 112:4427-4434. [PMID: 32745502 PMCID: PMC7832256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to find an effective antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, 96 virus-drug associations (VDAs) from 12 viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses and 78 small molecules are selected. Complete genomic sequence similarity of viruses and chemical structure similarity of drugs are then computed. A KATZ-based VDA prediction method (VDA-KATZ) is developed to infer possible drugs associated with SARS-CoV-2. VDA-KATZ obtained the best AUCs of 0.8803 when the walking length is 2. The predicted top 3 antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are remdesivir, oseltamivir, and zanamivir. Molecular docking is conducted between the predicted top 10 drugs and the virus spike protein/human ACE2. The results showed that the above 3 chemical agents have higher molecular binding energies with ACE2. For the first time, we found that zidovudine may be effective clues of treatment of COVID-19. We hope that our predicted drugs could help to prevent the spreading of COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhou
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Guangyi Liu
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Qingqing Lu
- Geneis (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ruyi Dong
- Geneis (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | | | - Lihong Peng
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
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14
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Fang S, Wang H, Lu L, Jia Y, Xia Z. Decreased complement C3 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107070. [PMID: 33039965 PMCID: PMC7534659 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The IgA and IgE levels increased significantly, while C3 level decreased in non-survivors. Decreased complement C3 level was correlated with increased odds of death. Low level of C3 may be an alert to the attending that patients may be of additional management. Inhibition of the complement pathway might be an effective therapeutic to COVID-19 patients.
Objectives To describe the humoral immune feature of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods The levels of total immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE), complement (C3, C4) results were retrospectively analyzed in COVID-19 patients. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to explore the risk factors associated with the in-hospital death. Result A total of 236 patients were enrolled in this study, of which 169 were transferred to another institution or discharged (survival group) and 67 died in hospital (non-survival group). Compared with survivors, the levels of IgA and IgE in non-survivors increased significantly, and level of complement C3 decreased. Non-survivors also showed higher incidence of chest tightness, breath shortness and dyspnoea; higher levels of inflammatory indicators, leukocytes and neutrophils; and low levels of lymphocyte subsets. Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (HR: 1.099; 95%CI: 1.057–1.143; p < 0.0001), d-dimer greater (HR: 1.294; 95%CI: 1.138–1.473; p < 0.0001) and decreased complement C3 level (HR: 0.073; 95%CI: 0.007–0.722; p = 0.025) on admission. Finally, in survival COVID-19 patients whose humoral immunity was re-examined, C3 levels tended to increase, while in non-survivors it decreased. Conclusion Low level of complement C3 may be an alert to the admitted COVID-19 patients with additional management. Inhibition of the complement pathway might be an effective therapeutic to COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Fang
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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15
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Islam MS, Rahman KM, Sun Y, Qureshi MO, Abdi I, Chughtai AA, Seale H. Current knowledge of COVID-19 and infection prevention and control strategies in healthcare settings: A global analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41:1196-1206. [PMID: 32408911 PMCID: PMC7253768 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the current absence of a vaccine for COVID-19, public health responses aim to break the chain of infection by focusing on the mode of transmission. We reviewed the current evidence on the transmission dynamics and on pathogenic and clinical features of COVID-19 to critically identify any gaps in the current infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines. METHODS In this study, we reviewed global COVID-19 IPC guidelines by organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Guidelines from 2 high-income countries (Australia and United Kingdom) and from 1 middle-income country (China) were also reviewed. We searched publications in English on 'PubMed' and Google Scholar. We extracted information related to COVID-19 transmission dynamics, clinical presentations, and exposures that may facilitate transmission. We then compared these findings with the recommended IPC measures. RESULTS Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings occurs through droplets, aerosols, and the oral-fecal or fecal-droplet route. However, the IPC guidelines fail to cover all transmission modes, and the recommendations also conflict with each other. Most guidelines recommend surgical masks for healthcare providers during routine care and N95 respirators for aerosol-generating procedures. However, recommendations regarding the type of face mask varied, and the CDC recommends cloth masks when surgical masks are unavailable. CONCLUSION IPC strategies should consider all the possible routes of transmission and should target all patient care activities involving risk of person-to-person transmission. This review may assist international health agencies in updating their guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Saiful Islam
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Program for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi M. Rahman
- North Coast Public Health Unit, New South Wales Health, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yanni Sun
- Centre for Population Health, New South Wales Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohammed O. Qureshi
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ikram Abdi
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abrar A. Chughtai
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Peng L, Tian X, Shen L, Kuang M, Li T, Tian G, Yang J, Zhou L. Identifying Effective Antiviral Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2 by Drug Repositioning Through Virus-Drug Association Prediction. Front Genet 2020; 11:577387. [PMID: 33193695 PMCID: PMC7525008 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.577387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly spreading around the world. Over 16,558,289 infected cases with 656,093 deaths have been reported by July 29th, 2020, and it is urgent to identify effective antiviral treatment. In this study, potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 were identified by drug repositioning through Virus-Drug Association (VDA) prediction. 96 VDAs between 11 types of viruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 and 78 small molecular drugs were extracted and a novel VDA identification model (VDA-RLSBN) was developed to find potential VDAs related to SARS-CoV-2. The model integrated the complete genome sequences of the viruses, the chemical structures of drugs, a regularized least squared classifier (RLS), a bipartite local model, and the neighbor association information. Compared with five state-of-the-art association prediction methods, VDA-RLSBN obtained the best AUC of 0.9085 and AUPR of 0.6630. Ribavirin was predicted to be the best small molecular drug, with a higher molecular binding energy of -6.39 kcal/mol with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), followed by remdesivir (-7.4 kcal/mol), mycophenolic acid (-5.35 kcal/mol), and chloroquine (-6.29 kcal/mol). Ribavirin, remdesivir, and chloroquine have been under clinical trials or supported by recent works. In addition, for the first time, our results suggested several antiviral drugs, such as FK506, with molecular binding energies of -11.06 and -10.1 kcal/mol with ACE2 and the spike protein, respectively, could be potentially used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 and remains to further validation. Drug repositioning through virus-drug association prediction can effectively find potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Peng
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xiongfei Tian
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Tianbao Li
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Liqian Zhou
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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17
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Peng M. Outbreak of COVID-19: An emerging global pandemic threat. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110499. [PMID: 32768974 PMCID: PMC7334916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019, it is now recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) as more than 200 countries and territories worldwide are affected with an increasing incidence. The SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a spectrum of non-specific signs and symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic infection, to flu-like illness such as fever, cough, dry cough and fatigue, to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even multi-organ failures with high morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets that infected people exhale during incubation and onset period. By 12 June 2020, over 7.5 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with more than 421,000 deaths in the world have been reported to the WHO. No specific medication is approved to treat COVID-19, raising the urgent need for antiviral drug development. By 12 June 2020, there are over 1000 clinical trials registered in clinicaltrials.gov for treatment of COVID-19. This review summarizes the epidemiology, virology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and particularly the antiviral drugs currently under clinical trials for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the challenges and perspectives of this disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Peng
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 518116 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Yousefifard M, Zali A, Zarghi A, Madani Neishaboori A, Hosseini M, Safari S. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in management of COVID-19; A systematic review on current evidence. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74:e13557. [PMID: 32460369 PMCID: PMC7267090 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there is still no definitive conclusion regarding which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most effective and safe in viral respiratory infections, we decided to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various NSAIDs in viral respiratory infections so that we can reach a conclusion on which NSAID is best choice for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS A search was performed in Medline (via PubMed), Embase and CENTRAL databases until 23 March 2020. Clinical trials on application of NSAIDs in viral respiratory infections were included. RESULTS Six clinical trials were included. No clinical trial has been performed on COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome infections. Studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections. In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza. CONCLUSION Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence. Naproxen may be a good choice for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research CenterShohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Comprehensive Center of ExcellenceShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeed Safari
- Proteomics Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Emergency DepartmentShohadye Tajrish HospitalShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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19
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Chakraborty D, Debnath F, Biswas S, Bhatta M, Ganguly S, Deb AK, Saha MK, Dutta S. Exploring Repurposing Potential of Existing Drugs in the Management of COVID-19 Epidemic: A Critical Review. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:463-471. [PMID: 32849934 PMCID: PMC7430870 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high morbidity and mortality of ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no specific therapy has been established till date. Though in vitro studies identified various molecules as possible therapies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), these findings call for substantiation by human studies. We conducted this review aiming at reporting evidences on therapies used so far globally for management of COVID-19 in clinical settings. We searched electronic databases as PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and extracted 612 possible studies as on May 31, 2020. We included original studies of any epidemiological design done on human COVID-19 patients and measured clinical outcomes. Finally, following removal of duplicates and studies meeting exclusion criteria, we derived 22 studies, of which eight were clinical trials, seven were case reports and case series, and seven were observational studies. The most reported therapies were hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (eight studies) and lopinavir/ritonavir (four studies). We conclude from the evidence generated so far that interferon combined with antivirals, remdesivir, umifenovir and favipiravir were mostly associated with better clinical outcomes. The therapeutic effect of HCQ was established initially by two clinical trials; one of them showing a reinforcing effect by azithromycin but subsequent studies did not elicit any effectiveness rather increased rate of adverse events was reported. Lopinavir/ritonavir was found beneficial when administered with interferon and ribavirin, but one clinical trial on its sole use proved contrary. As many clinical trials are in process, we expect to get concrete evidences on repurposing of existing drugs based on less biased, high powered studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falguni Debnath
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Subrata Biswas
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Mihir Bhatta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Suman Ganguly
- West Bengal State AIDS Prevention and Control Society, West Bengal, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Malay Kumar Saha
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India
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20
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Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, Tan JY, Li XH, Liang J, Shen J, Zhu LR, Chen Y, Iacucci M, Ng SC, Ghosh S, Chen MH. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020. [PMID: 32405603 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(1020)30126-30126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and prognosis of digestive system involvement, including gastrointestinal symptoms and liver injury, in patients with COVID-19 remains largely unknown. We aimed to quantify the effects of COVID-19 on the digestive system. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published between Jan 1, 2020, and April 4, 2020. The websites of WHO, CDC, and major journals were also searched. We included studies that reported the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 and the prevalence of gastrointestinal findings in infected patients, and excluded preprints, duplicate publications, reviews, editorials, single case reports, studies pertaining to other coronavirus-related illnesses, and small case series (<10 cases). Extracted data included author; date; study design; country; patient demographics; number of participants in severe and non-severe disease groups; prevalence of clinical gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and belching; and digestive system comorbidities including liver disease and gastrointestinal diseases. Raw data from studies were pooled to determine effect estimates. FINDINGS We analysed findings from 35 studies, including 6686 patients with COVID-19, that met inclusion criteria. 29 studies (n=6064) reported gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19 at diagnosis, and the pooled prevalence of digestive system comorbidities was 4% (95% CI 2-5; range 0-15; I2=74%). The pooled prevalence of digestive symptoms was 15% (10-21; range: 2-57; I2=96%) with nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea, and loss of appetite being the three most common symptoms. The pooled prevalence of abnormal liver functions (12 studies, n=1267) was 19% (9-32; range 1-53; I2=96%). Subgroup analysis showed patients with severe COVID-19 had higher rates of abdominal pain (odds ratio [OR] 7·10 [95% CI 1·93-26·07]; p=0·003; I2=0%) and abnormal liver function including increased ALT (1·89 [1·30-2·76]; p=0·0009; I2=10%) and increased AST (3·08 [2·14-4·42]; p<0·00001; I2=0%) compared with those with non-severe disease. Patients in Hubei province, where the initial COVID-19 outbreak occurred, were more likely to present with abnormal liver functions (p<0·0001) compared with those outside of Hubei. Paediatric patients with COVID-19 had a similar prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms to those of adult patients. 10% (95% CI 4-19; range 3-23; I2=97%) of patients presented with gastrointestinal symptoms alone without respiratory features. Patients who presented with gastrointestinal system involvement had delayed diagnosis (standardised mean difference 2·85 [95% CI 0·22-5·48]; p=0·030; I2=73%). Patients with gastrointestinal involvement tended to have a poorer disease course (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome OR 2·96 [95% CI 1·17-7·48]; p=0·02; I2=0%). INTERPRETATION Our study showed that digestive symptoms and liver injury are not uncommon in patients with COVID-19. Increased attention should be paid to the care of this unique group of patients. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Shen He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yu Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Hua Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Ru Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marietta Iacucci
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Min-Hu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Rameshrad M, Ghafoori M, Mohammadpour AH, Nayeri MJD, Hosseinzadeh H. A comprehensive review on drug repositioning against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1137-1152. [PMID: 32430617 PMCID: PMC7235439 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the reason for this ongoing pandemic infection diseases termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has emerged since early December 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. In this century, it is the worst threat to international health and the economy. After 4 months of COVID-19 outbreak, there is no certain and approved medicine against it. In this public health emergency, it makes sense to investigate the possible effects of old drugs and find drug repositioning that is efficient, economical, and riskless process. Old drugs that may be effective are from different pharmacological categories, antimalarials, anthelmintics, anti-protozoal, anti-HIVs, anti-influenza, anti-hepacivirus, antineoplastics, neutralizing antibodies, immunoglobulins, and interferons. In vitro, in vivo, or preliminary trials of these drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 have been encouraging, leading to new research projects and trials to find the best drug/s. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of these drugs against COVID-19. Also, it should be mentioned that in this manuscript, we discuss preliminary rationales; however, clinical trial evidence is needed to prove them. COVID-19 therapy must be based on expert clinical experience and published literature and guidelines from major health organizations. Moreover, herein, we describe current evidence that may be changed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Majid Ghafoori
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, Imam Hassan Hospital, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, Tan JY, Li XH, Liang J, Shen J, Zhu LR, Chen Y, Iacucci M, Ng SC, Ghosh S, Chen MH. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:667-678. [PMID: 32405603 PMCID: PMC7217643 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and prognosis of digestive system involvement, including gastrointestinal symptoms and liver injury, in patients with COVID-19 remains largely unknown. We aimed to quantify the effects of COVID-19 on the digestive system. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published between Jan 1, 2020, and April 4, 2020. The websites of WHO, CDC, and major journals were also searched. We included studies that reported the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 and the prevalence of gastrointestinal findings in infected patients, and excluded preprints, duplicate publications, reviews, editorials, single case reports, studies pertaining to other coronavirus-related illnesses, and small case series (<10 cases). Extracted data included author; date; study design; country; patient demographics; number of participants in severe and non-severe disease groups; prevalence of clinical gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and belching; and digestive system comorbidities including liver disease and gastrointestinal diseases. Raw data from studies were pooled to determine effect estimates. FINDINGS We analysed findings from 35 studies, including 6686 patients with COVID-19, that met inclusion criteria. 29 studies (n=6064) reported gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19 at diagnosis, and the pooled prevalence of digestive system comorbidities was 4% (95% CI 2-5; range 0-15; I2=74%). The pooled prevalence of digestive symptoms was 15% (10-21; range: 2-57; I2=96%) with nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea, and loss of appetite being the three most common symptoms. The pooled prevalence of abnormal liver functions (12 studies, n=1267) was 19% (9-32; range 1-53; I2=96%). Subgroup analysis showed patients with severe COVID-19 had higher rates of abdominal pain (odds ratio [OR] 7·10 [95% CI 1·93-26·07]; p=0·003; I2=0%) and abnormal liver function including increased ALT (1·89 [1·30-2·76]; p=0·0009; I2=10%) and increased AST (3·08 [2·14-4·42]; p<0·00001; I2=0%) compared with those with non-severe disease. Patients in Hubei province, where the initial COVID-19 outbreak occurred, were more likely to present with abnormal liver functions (p<0·0001) compared with those outside of Hubei. Paediatric patients with COVID-19 had a similar prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms to those of adult patients. 10% (95% CI 4-19; range 3-23; I2=97%) of patients presented with gastrointestinal symptoms alone without respiratory features. Patients who presented with gastrointestinal system involvement had delayed diagnosis (standardised mean difference 2·85 [95% CI 0·22-5·48]; p=0·030; I2=73%). Patients with gastrointestinal involvement tended to have a poorer disease course (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome OR 2·96 [95% CI 1·17-7·48]; p=0·02; I2=0%). INTERPRETATION Our study showed that digestive symptoms and liver injury are not uncommon in patients with COVID-19. Increased attention should be paid to the care of this unique group of patients. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Shen He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yu Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Hua Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Ru Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marietta Iacucci
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Min-Hu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Najari D, Zali A, Najari F, Soroosh D. Legal Considerations of COVID-19 Patients' Disposition in Emergency Department; Report of 10 Cases. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2020; 8:e64. [PMID: 33134960 PMCID: PMC7587992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge in the current era. The spread of this viral infection began in Wuhan City in China, and Iran was also one of the countries struggling with it. Considering the nature of this virus and the current pandemic, it is essential that the healthcare system authorities issue a clear and firm law on treating people infected with COVID-19 to prevent the consequences affecting the professional life of physicians and healthcare staff. The current study aimed at evaluating the legal consequences of COVID-19 cases in emergency department (ED). This case series reported 10 patients that filed complaints against medical staff for problems that occurred on arrival, during the hospital stay or discharge in Shohada-ye-Tajrish and Shahid Modarres educational Hospitals, Tehran, Iran. Consultation with forensic medicine department was requested for all patients and the final decision for each case was reported under the title legal considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Najari
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fares Najari
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Fares Najari; Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98 (912) 3195140, E-mail:
| | - David Soroosh
- Department of Legal Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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24
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Koh J, Shah SU, Chua PEY, Gui H, Pang J. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Cases During the Early Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:295. [PMID: 32596248 PMCID: PMC7300278 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: On 29th December 2019, a cluster of cases displaying the symptoms of a “pneumonia of unknown cause” was identified in Wuhan, Hubei province of China. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The search strategy involved peer-reviewed studies published between 1st January and 11th February 2020 in Pubmed, Google scholar and China Knowledge Resource Integrated database. Publications identified were screened for their title and abstracts according to the eligibility criteria, and further shortlisted by full-text screening. Three independent reviewers extracted data from these studies, and studies were assessed for potential risk of bias. Studies comprising non-overlapping patient populations, were included for qualitative and quantitative synthesis of results. Pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for patient characteristics. Results: A total of 29 publications were selected after full-text review. This comprised of 18 case reports, three case series and eight cross-sectional studies on patients admitted from mid-December of 2019 to early February of 2020. A total of 533 adult patients with pooled median age of 56 (95% CI: 49–57) and a pooled prevalence of male of 60% (95% CI: 52–68%) were admitted to hospital at a pooled median of 7 days (95% CI: 7–7) post-onset of symptoms. The most common symptoms at admission were fever, cough and fatigue, with a pooled prevalence of 90% (95% CI: 81–97%), 58% (95% CI: 47–68%), and 50% (95% CI: 29–71%), respectively. Myalgia, shortness of breath, headache, diarrhea and sore throat were less common with pooled prevalence of 27% (95% CI: 20–36%), 25% (95% CI: 15–35%), 10% (95% CI: 7–13%), 8% (95% CI: 5–13%), and 7% (95% CI: 1–15%), respectively. ICU patients had a higher proportion of shortness of breath at presentation, as well as pre-existing hypertension, cardiovascular disease and COPD, compared to non-ICU patients in 2 studies (n = 179). Conclusion: This study highlights the key epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 cases during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shimoni Urvish Shah
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pearleen Ee Yong Chua
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Gui
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junxiong Pang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Ju CR, Lian QY, Zhang JH, Qiu T, Cai ZT, Jiang WY, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Chen G, Li N, Wang CY, He JX. Recommended prophylactic and management strategies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in transplant recipients. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 6:87-97. [PMID: 32363045 PMCID: PMC7194659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, increasing attention has been paid to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 primarily invades the respiratory tract and lungs, leading to pneumonia and other systemic disorders. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 in transplant recipients has raised significant concerns, especially because there is a large population of transplant recipients in China. Based on the current epidemic situation, this study reviewed publications on this virus and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), analyzed common features of respiratory viral pneumonias, and presented the currently reported clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in transplant recipients to improve strategies regarding the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Qiao-Yan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jian-Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Cai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wen-Yang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jian-Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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26
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Liu X, Shi S, Xiao J, Wang H, Chen L, Li J, Han K. Prediction of the Severity of the Coronavirus Disease and Its Adverse Clinical Outcomes. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:404-410. [PMID: 32475880 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate blood and biochemical laboratory findings in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to develop a joint predictor for predicting the likelihood of severe COVID-19 and its adverse clinical outcomes and to provide more information for treatment. We collected the data of 88 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Further, the patients were divided into a non-severe group and a critical group (including critically ill cases). Univariate analysis showed that the absolute lymphocyte count, albumin level, albumin/globulin ratio, lactate dehydrogenase level, interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, erythrocyte count, globulin level, blood glucose level, and age were significantly correlated with the severity of COVID-19. The multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed that age, absolute lymphocyte count, and IL-6 level were independent risk factors in patients with COVID-19. The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that the combination of IL-6 level, absolute lymphocyte count, and age is superior to a single factor as predictors for severe COVID-19, regardless of whether it is in terms of the area under the curve or the prediction sensitivity and specificity. Early application is beneficial to early identification of critically ill patients and timing individual treatments to reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Si Shi
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jinling Xiao
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Liyan Chen
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Jianing Li
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Kaiyu Han
- The Respiratory Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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27
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Changes of Laboratory Cardiac Markers and Mechanisms of Cardiac Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7413673. [PMID: 32596365 PMCID: PMC7254078 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7413673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) show abnormal changes in laboratory myocardial injury markers, suggesting that patients with myocardial injury have a higher mortality rate than those without myocardial injury. This article reviews the possible mechanism of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects the patients with COVID-19 in aspects of direct infection of myocardial injury, specific binding to functional receptors on cardiomyocytes, and immune-mediated myocardial injury. During hospitalization, the monitoring of laboratory myocardial injury markers in patients of COVID-19 should be strengthened.
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28
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Tong T, Wu YQ, Ni WJ, Shen AZ, Liu S. The potential insights of Traditional Chinese Medicine on treatment of COVID-19. Chin Med 2020; 15:51. [PMID: 32483409 PMCID: PMC7245619 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in 2019 and spread rapidly around the world. There is still no specific antiviral therapy to the current pandemic. In China, historical records show that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is effective in prevention and enhancing the resistance to pandemic with unique insights. To fight with COVID-19, National Health and Commission of PRC has recommended some TCM in the guideline, such as HuoxiangZhengqi, LianhuaQingwen ShufengJiedu and XueBijing, and actually displayed a remarkable effect in clinical treatment strategic for COVID-19. We review studies to provide an in-depth understanding into the effect of TCM, and also introduce the possible mechanism involved in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Ying-Qi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Ai-Zong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
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29
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Tahvildari A, Arbabi M, Farsi Y, Jamshidi P, Hasanzadeh S, Calcagno TM, Nasiri MJ, Mirsaeidi M. Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:231. [PMID: 32574328 PMCID: PMC7242615 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been declared a public health emergency worldwide. The objective of this systematic review was to characterize the clinical, diagnostic, and treatment characteristics of hospitalized patients presenting with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a structured search using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science to collect both case reports and case series on COVID-19 published up to April 24, 2020. There were no restrictions regarding publication language. Results: Eighty articles were included analyzing a total of 417 patients with a mean age of 48 years. The most common presenting symptom in patients who tested positive for COVID-19 was fever, reported in up to 62% of patients from 82% of the analyzed studies. Other symptoms including rhinorrhea, dizziness, and chills were less frequently reported. Additionally, in studies that reported C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements, a large majority of patients displayed an elevated CRP (60%). Progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was the most common complication of patients testing positive for COVID-19 (21%). CT images displayed ground-glass opacification (GGO) patterns (80%) as well as bilateral lung involvement (69%). The most commonly used antiviral treatment modalities included, lopinavir (HIV protease inhibitor), arbidiol hydrochloride (influenza fusion inhibitor), and oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor). Conclusions: Development of ARDS may play a role in estimating disease progression and mortality risk. Early detection of elevations in serum CRP, combined with a clinical COVID-19 symptom presentation may be used as a surrogate marker for the presence and severity of the disease. There is a paucity of data surrounding the efficacy of treatments. There is currently not a well-established gold standard therapy for the treatment of diagnosed COVID-19. Further prospective investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Tahvildari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Arbabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Farsi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Jamshidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Hasanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tess Moore Calcagno
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, Ma H, Chen W, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Wang J, Hu Z, Yi Y, Shen H. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:706-711. [PMID: 32146694 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1661-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have showed clinical characteristics of patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the evidence of person-to-person transmission. Limited data are available for asymptomatic infections. This study aims to present the clinical characteristics of 24 cases with asymptomatic infection screened from close contacts and to show the transmission potential of asymptomatic COVID-19 virus carriers. Epidemiological investigations were conducted among all close contacts of COVID-19 patients (or suspected patients) in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, from Jan 28 to Feb 9, 2020, both in clinic and in community. Asymptomatic carriers were laboratory-confirmed positive for the COVID-19 virus by testing the nucleic acid of the pharyngeal swab samples. Their clinical records, laboratory assessments, and chest CT scans were reviewed. As a result, none of the 24 asymptomatic cases presented any obvious symptoms while nucleic acid screening. Five cases (20.8%) developed symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue, etc.) during hospitalization. Twelve (50.0%) cases showed typical CT images of ground-glass chest and 5 (20.8%) presented stripe shadowing in the lungs. The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization. These 7 cases were younger (median age: 14.0 years; P=0.012) than the rest. None of the 24 cases developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died. The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members, which even caused severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Overall, the asymptomatic carriers identified from close contacts were prone to be mildly ill during hospitalization. However, the communicable period could be up to three weeks and the communicated patients could develop severe illness. These results highlighted the importance of close contact tracing and longitudinally surveillance via virus nucleic acid tests. Further isolation recommendation and continuous nucleic acid tests may also be recommended to the patients discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Hu
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chuanjun Xu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yaling Chen
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yishan Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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Wang J, Tang Y, Ma Y, Zhou Q, Li W, Baskota M, Yang Y, Wang X, Li Q, Luo X, Fukuoka T, Ahn HS, Lee MS, Luo Z, Liu E, Chen Y. Efficacy and safety of antibiotic agents in children with COVID-19: a rapid review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:619. [PMID: 32566556 PMCID: PMC7290645 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antibiotic agents in children with COVID-19, as well as to introduce the present situation of antibiotics use and bacterial coinfections in COVID-19 patients. Methods We searched Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CBM, Wanfang Data and CNKI from their inception to March 31, 2020. In addition, we searched related studies on COVID-19 published before March 31, 2020 through Google Scholar. We evaluated the risk of bias of included studies, and synthesized the results using a qualitative synthesis. Results Six studies met our inclusion criteria. Five studies on SARS showed an overall risk of death of 7.2% to 20.0%. One study of SARS patients who used macrolides, quinolones or beta lactamases showed that the mean duration of hospital stay was 14.2, 13.8 and 16.2 days, respectively, and their average duration of fever was 14.3, 14.0 and 16.2 days, respectively. One cohort study on MERS indicated that macrolide therapy was not associated with a significant reduction in 90-day mortality (adjusted OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.47–1.51, P=0.56) and improvement in MERS-CoV RNA clearance (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.47–1.64, P=0.68). According to the findings of 33 studies, the proportion of antibiotics use ranged from 19.4% to 100.0% in children and 13.2% to 100.0% in adults, despite the lack of etiological evidence. The most commonly used antibiotics in adults were quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides and in children meropenem and linezolid. Conclusions The benefits of antibiotic agents for adults with SARS or MERS were questionable in the absence of bacterial coinfections. There is no evidence to support the use of antibiotic agents for children with COVID-19 in the absence of bacterial coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuyi Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Muna Baskota
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yinmei Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xingmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xufei Luo
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Toshio Fukuoka
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, the Department of General Medicine, Department of Research and Medical Education at Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan.,Advisory Committee in Cochrane Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeong Sik Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Cochrane Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Lanzhou University, an Affiliate of the Cochrane China Network, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, Ma H, Chen W, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Wang J, Hu Z, Yi Y, Shen H. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32146694 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have showed clinical characteristics of patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the evidence of person-to-person transmission. Limited data are available for asymptomatic infections. This study aims to present the clinical characteristics of 24 cases with asymptomatic infection screened from close contacts and to show the transmission potential of asymptomatic COVID-19 virus carriers. Epidemiological investigations were conducted among all close contacts of COVID-19 patients (or suspected patients) in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, from Jan 28 to Feb 9, 2020, both in clinic and in community. Asymptomatic carriers were laboratory-confirmed positive for the COVID-19 virus by testing the nucleic acid of the pharyngeal swab samples. Their clinical records, laboratory assessments, and chest CT scans were reviewed. As a result, none of the 24 asymptomatic cases presented any obvious symptoms while nucleic acid screening. Five cases (20.8%) developed symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue, etc.) during hospitalization. Twelve (50.0%) cases showed typical CT images of ground-glass chest and 5 (20.8%) presented stripe shadowing in the lungs. The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization. These 7 cases were younger (median age: 14.0 years; P=0.012) than the rest. None of the 24 cases developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died. The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members, which even caused severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Overall, the asymptomatic carriers identified from close contacts were prone to be mildly ill during hospitalization. However, the communicable period could be up to three weeks and the communicated patients could develop severe illness. These results highlighted the importance of close contact tracing and longitudinally surveillance via virus nucleic acid tests. Further isolation recommendation and continuous nucleic acid tests may also be recommended to the patients discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Hu
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chuanjun Xu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yaling Chen
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yishan Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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Zhou G, Chen S, Chen Z. Advances in COVID-19: the virus, the pathogenesis, and evidence-based control and therapeutic strategies. Front Med 2020; 14:117-125. [PMID: 32318975 PMCID: PMC7171433 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early December 2019, 81 174 confirmed cases and 3242 deaths have been reported in China as of March 19, 2020. The Chinese people and government have contributed huge efforts to combat this disease, resulting in significant improvement of the situation, with 58 new cases (34 were imported cases) and 11 new deaths reported on March 19, 2020. However, as of March 19, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to develop in 167 countries/territories outside of China, and 128 665 confirmed cases and 5536 deaths have been reported, with 16 498 new cases and 817 new deaths occurring in last 24 hours. Therefore, the world should work together to fight against this pandemic. Here, we review the recent advances in COVID-19, including the insights in the virus, the responses of the host cells, the cytokine release syndrome, and the therapeutic approaches to inhibit the virus and alleviate the cytokine storm. By sharing knowledge and deepening our understanding of the virus and the disease pathogenesis, we believe that the community can efficiently develop effective vaccines and drugs, and the mankind will eventually win this battle against this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Saijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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34
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Coronavirus, Its Neurologic Manifestations, and Complications. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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35
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Yousefifard M, Zali A, Mohamed Ali K, Madani Neishaboori A, Zarghi A, Hosseini M, Safari S. Antiviral therapy in management of COVID-19: a systematic review on current evidence. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2020; 8:e45. [PMID: 32309809 PMCID: PMC7156260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the current systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral therapies in treatment of COVID-19. In addition, clinical trials on the efficacy of antiviral therapies in the management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-Cov) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have also been reviewed, in order to identify potential treatment options for COVID-19. METHOD An extensive search was performed in Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and CENTRAL databases until the end of March 15, 2020. Two independent researchers performed the screening, and finally the related studies were included. RESULTS Only one clinical trial on the efficacy of antiviral therapy in management of COVID-19 was found. The results depicted that adding Lopinavir-Ritonavir to the standard treatment regimen of patients with severe COVID-19 has no benefits. Moreover, 21 case-series and case-report studies reported the prescription of antiviral agents in COVID-19, none of which can be used to determine the efficacy of antiviral therapies in confronting COVID-19. In addition, no clinical trials were found to be performed on the efficacy of antiviral agents in the management of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. CONCLUSION The current evidence impede researchers from proposing an appropriate antiviral therapy against COVID-19, making the current situation a serious concern for international organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO). In the time of the current pandemic and future epidemics, organizations such as WHO should pursue more proactive actions and plan well-designed clinical trials so that their results can be used in managing future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Comprehensive Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Safari
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Emergency Department, Shohadye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Nie S, Han S, Ouyang H, Zhang Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019-related dyspnea cases difficult to interpret using chest computed tomography. Respir Med 2020; 167:105951. [PMID: 32421539 PMCID: PMC7195086 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) often have clinical characteristics, such as chest tightness and dyspnea. Continuous, unresolved dyspnea often indicates the progression of lung lesions. The mechanism that underlies the chest distress and dyspnea in patients with COVID-19 is still unclear. Chest CT has a higher sensitivity and can play an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, our clinical observations showed that although some patients had significant chest distress and dyspnea, the lesions that were observed in the lungs during computed tomography were milder and not completely consistent with clinical symptoms. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, laboratory test results, and imaging findings of these patients. We found that extensive inflammation of the bilateral and respiratory bronchioles in patients with COVID-19 due to excessive activation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemotactic aggregation of T-lymphocytes at the site of inflammation are possible mechanisms underlying chest distress and dyspnea in patients with COVID-19. Short-time and lose-dose use of corticosteroid may be helpful to treat chest tightness and dyspnea in mild COVID-19 patients. Through this study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Nie
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Shoumeng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Huangqing Ouyang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Intensive Care, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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37
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Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in Humans: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040941. [PMID: 32235486 PMCID: PMC7230636 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature on the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is becoming available, but a synthesis of available data has not been conducted. We performed a scoping review of currently available clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and chest imaging data related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus and LILACS from 01 January 2019 to 24 February 2020. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted using the clinical and laboratory data, and random-effects models were applied to estimate pooled results. A total of 61 studies were included (59,254 patients). The most common disease-related symptoms were fever (82%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 56%-99%; n = 4410), cough (61%, 95% CI 39%-81%; n = 3985), muscle aches and/or fatigue (36%, 95% CI 18%-55%; n = 3778), dyspnea (26%, 95% CI 12%-41%; n = 3700), headache in 12% (95% CI 4%-23%, n = 3598 patients), sore throat in 10% (95% CI 5%-17%, n = 1387) and gastrointestinal symptoms in 9% (95% CI 3%-17%, n = 1744). Laboratory findings were described in a lower number of patients and revealed lymphopenia (0.93 × 109/L, 95% CI 0.83-1.03 × 109/L, n = 464) and abnormal C-reactive protein (33.72 mg/dL, 95% CI 21.54-45.91 mg/dL; n = 1637). Radiological findings varied, but mostly described ground-glass opacities and consolidation. Data on treatment options were limited. All-cause mortality was 0.3% (95% CI 0.0%-1.0%; n = 53,631). Epidemiological studies showed that mortality was higher in males and elderly patients. The majority of reported clinical symptoms and laboratory findings related to SARS-CoV-2 infection are non-specific. Clinical suspicion, accompanied by a relevant epidemiological history, should be followed by early imaging and virological assay.
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38
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Feng G, Zheng KI, Yan QQ, Rios RS, Targher G, Byrne CD, Poucke SV, Liu WY, Zheng MH. COVID-19 and Liver Dysfunction: Current Insights and Emergent Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8:18-24. [PMID: 32274342 PMCID: PMC7132016 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has attracted increasing worldwide attention. Cases of liver damage or dysfunction (mainly characterized by moderately elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase levels) have been reported among patients with COVID-19. However, it is currently uncertain whether the COVID-19-related liver damage/dysfunction is due mainly to the viral infection per se or other coexisting conditions, such as the use of potentially hepatotoxic drugs and the coexistence of systemic inflammatory response, respiratory distress syndrome-induced hypoxia, and multiple organ dysfunction. Based on the current evidence from case reports and case series, this review article focuses on the demographic and clinical characteristics, potential mechanisms, and treatment options for COVID-19-related liver dysfunction. This review also describes the geographical and demographic distribution of COVID-19-related liver dysfunction, as well as possible underlying mechanisms linking COVID-19 to liver dysfunction, in order to facilitate future drug development, prevention, and control measures for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Feng
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kenneth I. Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Rafael S. Rios
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Christopher D. Byrne
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Sven Van Poucke
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Genk, Belgium
| | - Wen-Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
- Correspondence to: Ming-Hua Zheng, NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China. Tel: +86-577-55579622, Fax: +86-577-55578522, E-mail:
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Rismanbaf A. Potential Treatments for COVID-19; a Narrative Literature Review. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2020; 8:e29. [PMID: 32232214 PMCID: PMC7085862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging human infectious coronavirus that causes COVID-19, which has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th. There is still no vaccine or definitive treatment for this virus because its pathogenesis and proliferation pathways are still unknown. Therefore, in this article, new potential COVID-19 therapies are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rismanbaf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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40
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Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, Ma H, Chen W, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Wang J, Hu Z, Yi Y, Shen H. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:706-711. [PMID: 32146694 PMCID: PMC7088568 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 209.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have showed clinical characteristics of patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the evidence of person-to-person transmission. Limited data are available for asymptomatic infections. This study aims to present the clinical characteristics of 24 cases with asymptomatic infection screened from close contacts and to show the transmission potential of asymptomatic COVID-19 virus carriers. Epidemiological investigations were conducted among all close contacts of COVID-19 patients (or suspected patients) in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, from Jan 28 to Feb 9, 2020, both in clinic and in community. Asymptomatic carriers were laboratory-confirmed positive for the COVID-19 virus by testing the nucleic acid of the pharyngeal swab samples. Their clinical records, laboratory assessments, and chest CT scans were reviewed. As a result, none of the 24 asymptomatic cases presented any obvious symptoms while nucleic acid screening. Five cases (20.8%) developed symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue, etc.) during hospitalization. Twelve (50.0%) cases showed typical CT images of ground-glass chest and 5 (20.8%) presented stripe shadowing in the lungs. The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization. These 7 cases were younger (median age: 14.0 years; P=0.012) than the rest. None of the 24 cases developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died. The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members, which even caused severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Overall, the asymptomatic carriers identified from close contacts were prone to be mildly ill during hospitalization. However, the communicable period could be up to three weeks and the communicated patients could develop severe illness. These results highlighted the importance of close contact tracing and longitudinally surveillance via virus nucleic acid tests. Further isolation recommendation and continuous nucleic acid tests may also be recommended to the patients discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Hu
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chuanjun Xu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yaling Chen
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yishan Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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Sarma P, Prajapat M, Avti P, Kaur H, Kumar S, Medhi B. Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach. Indian J Pharmacol 2020; 52:1-5. [PMID: 32201439 PMCID: PMC7074432 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_119_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manisha Prajapat
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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