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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Rotarescu RD, Mathur M, Bejoy AM, Anderson GH, Metherel AH. Serum measures of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synthesis underestimates whole body DHA synthesis in male and female mice. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 131:109689. [PMID: 38876393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Females have higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels than males, proposed to be a result of higher DHA synthesis rates from α-linolenic acid (ALA). However, DHA synthesis rates are reported to be low, and have not been directly compared between sexes. Here, we apply a new compound specific isotope analysis model to determine n-3 PUFA synthesis rates in male and female mice and assess its potential translation to human populations. Male and female C57BL/6N mice were allocated to one of three 12-week dietary interventions with added ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or DHA. The diets included low carbon-13 (δ13C)-n-3 PUFA for four weeks, followed by high δ13C-n-3 PUFA for eight weeks (n=4 per diet, time point, sex). Following the diet switch, blood and tissues were collected at multiple time points, and fatty acid levels and δ13C were determined and fit to one-phase exponential decay modeling. Hepatic DHA synthesis rates were not different (P>.05) between sexes. However, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3) synthesis from dietary EPA was 66% higher (P<.05) in males compared to females, suggesting higher synthesis downstream of DPAn-3 in females. Estimates of percent conversion of dietary ALA to serum DHA was 0.2%, in line with previous rodent and human estimates, but severely underestimates percent dietary ALA conversion to whole body DHA of 9.5%. Taken together, our data indicates that reports of low human DHA synthesis rates may be inaccurate, with synthesis being much higher than previously believed. Future animal studies and translation of this model to humans are needed for greater understanding of n-3 PUFA synthesis and metabolism, and whether the higher-than-expected ALA-derived DHA can offset dietary DHA recommendations set by health agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra D Rotarescu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahima Mathur
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley M Bejoy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Loukil I, Mutch DM, Plourde M. Genetic association between FADS and ELOVL polymorphisms and the circulating levels of EPA/DHA in humans: a scoping review. GENES & NUTRITION 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38844860 PMCID: PMC11157910 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-024-00747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are two omega-3 fatty acids that can be synthesized out of their precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). FADS and ELOVL genes encode the desaturase and elongase enzymes required for EPA and DHA synthesis from ALA; however, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FADS and ELOVL genes could modify the levels of EPA and DHA synthesized from ALA although there is no consensus in this area. This review aims to investigate EPA and DHA circulating levels in human blood and their association with FADS or ELOVL. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were used to identify research articles. They were subsequently reviewed by two independent investigators. RESULTS Initially, 353 papers were identified. After removing duplicates and articles not meeting inclusion criteria, 98 full text papers were screened. Finally, this review included 40 studies investigating FADS and/or ELOVL polymorphisms. A total of 47 different SNPs in FADS genes were reported. FADS1 rs174537, rs174547, rs174556 and rs174561 were the most studied SNPs, with minor allele carriers having lower levels of EPA and DHA. SNPs in the FADS genes were in high linkage disequilibrium. SNPs in FADS were correlated with levels of EPA and DHA. No conclusion could be drawn with the ELOVL polymorphisms since the number of studies was too low. CONCLUSION Specific SNPs in FADS gene, such as rs174537, have strong associations with circulating levels of EPA and DHA. Continued investigation regarding the impact of genetic variants related to EPA and DHA synthesis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Loukil
- Research Center on Aging, Health, and Social Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1G 1B1, Canada
- Department de Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health, and Social Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1G 1B1, Canada.
- Department de Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Metherel AH, Valenzuela R, Klievik BJ, Cisbani G, Rotarescu RD, Gonzalez-Soto M, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Layé S, Magnan C, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) downregulates liver DHA synthesis by inhibiting eicosapentaenoic acid elongation. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100548. [PMID: 38649096 PMCID: PMC11126934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DHA is abundant in the brain where it regulates cell survival, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. DHA can be obtained from the diet or synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) via a series of desaturation and elongation reactions occurring in the liver. Tracer studies suggest that dietary DHA can downregulate its own synthesis, but the mechanism remains undetermined and is the primary objective of this manuscript. First, we show by tracing 13C content (δ13C) of DHA via compound-specific isotope analysis, that following low dietary DHA, the brain receives DHA synthesized from ALA. We then show that dietary DHA increases mouse liver and serum EPA, which is dependant on ALA. Furthermore, by compound-specific isotope analysis we demonstrate that the source of increased EPA is slowed EPA metabolism, not increased DHA retroconversion as previously assumed. DHA feeding alone or with ALA lowered liver elongation of very long chain (ELOVL2, EPA elongation) enzyme activity despite no change in protein content. To further evaluate the role of ELOVL2, a liver-specific Elovl2 KO was generated showing that DHA feeding in the presence or absence of a functional liver ELOVL2 yields similar results. An enzyme competition assay for EPA elongation suggests both uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition by DHA depending on DHA levels. To translate our findings, we show that DHA supplementation in men and women increases EPA levels in a manner dependent on a SNP (rs953413) in the ELOVL2 gene. In conclusion, we identify a novel feedback inhibition pathway where dietary DHA downregulates its liver synthesis by inhibiting EPA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melissa Gonzalez-Soto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Association of Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 rs174547 Polymorphism with the Composition of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Serum Glycerophospholipids during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030722. [PMID: 36771429 PMCID: PMC9919170 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in fetal requirements of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy alters maternal fatty acid metabolism, and therefore, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene polymorphisms may change blood fatty acid composition or concentration differently during pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between a FADS1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and maternal serum LCPUFA levels in Japanese pregnant women during the first and third trimesters and at delivery. Two hundred and fifty-three pregnant women were included, and fatty acid compositions of glycerophospholipids in serum (weight %) and the FADS1 SNP rs174547 (T/C) were analyzed. LCPUFAs, including arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), significantly decreased from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, DHA significantly decreased from the third trimester of pregnancy to delivery. At all gestational stages, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid were significantly higher with the number of minor FADS1 SNP alleles, whereas γ-linolenic acid and ARA and the ARA/LA ratio were significantly lower. DHA was significantly lower with the number of minor FADS1 SNP alleles only in the third trimester and at delivery, suggesting that genotype effects become more obvious as pregnancy progresses.
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Li P, Chen Y, Song J, Yan L, Tang T, Wang R, Fan X, Zhao Y, Qi K. Maternal DHA-rich n-3 PUFAs supplementation interacts with FADS genotypes to influence the profiles of PUFAs in the colostrum among Chinese Han population: a birth cohort study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:48. [PMID: 35871074 PMCID: PMC9308251 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturases and elongases might associate with the endogenous synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, the related epidemiological evidence is still conflicting. So we aimed to clearly evaluate the interactions between maternal DHA-rich n-3 PUFAs supplementation and the known 26 SNPs on the profiles of PUFAs in the colostrum using a Chinese birth cohort. Methods Totally, 1050 healthy mother-infant pairs were enrolled in this study at gestational 6–8 weeks when they established their pregnancy files at Fuxing Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University in Beijing from January to December 2018. Meanwhile, their venous blood samples were obtained for DNA extraction to detect the genotypes of SNPs in the Fads1, Fads2, Fads3, Elovl2 and Elovl5 using the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Then the colostrum samples were collected to determine the profiles of PUFAs by gas chromatography. Results Maternal DHA-rich n-3 PUFAs supplementation from the early and middle pregnancy could reduce the infant BMI at birth, and impact the profiles of PUFAs in the colostrum, as higher n-3 PUFAs (EPA, DHA, DHA/ALA and DHA/EPA), lower n-6 PUFAs (AA and AA/LA) and ∑-6/n-3ΣPUFAs. Moreover, there were significant correlations between multiple SNPs and the profiles of n-6 PUFAs (rs76996928 for LA, rs174550, rs174553 and rs174609 for AA, rs174550 and rs76996928 for AA/LA) and n-3 PUFAs in the colostrum (rs174448, rs174537, rs174550, rs174553, rs174598, rs3168072, rs174455 and rs174464 for ALA, rs174550, rs174553 and rs174598 for EPA, rs174455 and rs174464 for DHA, rs174448 and rs3168072 for DHA/EPA) using the multiple linear regressions by adjusting the maternal age, gestational week, mode of delivery, infant sex and BMI at birth, and all these above significant SNPs had the cumulative effects on the profiles of PUFAs. Furthermore, the pairwise comparisons also showed the meaningful interactions between maternal DHA-rich n-3 PUFAs supplementation and related genotypes of SNPs (rs76996928 for LA, rs174598 for EPA, rs174448 for DHA and DHA/EPA) on the contents of PUFAs in the colostrum. Conclusions Results from this birth cohort study proved that the pregnant women with the following SNPs such as Fads3 rs174455 T, Fads3 rs174464 A and Fads1 rs174448 G alleles should pay more attention on their exogenous DHA supplementation from the early and middle pregnancy for the blocked endogenous synthesis. Trial registration: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Pediatric Research Institution, Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University (2016–08), which was also registered at the website of http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=4673 (No: ChiCTR-OCH-14004900). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-022-00683-3.
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Ali S, Aiello A, Zotti T, Accardi G, Cardinale G, Vito P, Calabrò A, Ligotti ME, Intrieri M, Corbi G, Caruso C, Candore G, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S. Age-associated changes in circulatory fatty acids: new insights on adults and long-lived individuals. GeroScience 2022; 45:781-796. [PMID: 36449220 PMCID: PMC9886696 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived individuals (LLIs) are considered an ideal model to study healthy human aging. Blood fatty acid (FA) profile of a cohort of LLIs (90-111 years old, n = 49) from Sicily was compared to adults (18-64 years old, n = 69) and older adults (65-89 years old, n = 54) from the same area. Genetic variants in key enzymes related to FA biosynthesis and metabolism were also genotyped to investigate a potential genetic predisposition in determining the FA profile. Gas chromatography was employed to determine the FA profile, and genotyping was performed using high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Blood levels of total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and total trans-FA decreased with age, while the levels of saturated FA (SFA) remained unchanged. Interestingly, distinctively higher circulatory levels of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) in LLIs compared to adults and older adults were observed. In addition, among LLIs, rs174537 in the FA desaturase 1/2 (FADS1/2) gene was associated with linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA, 22:4n-6) levels, and the rs953413 in the elongase of very long FA 2 (ELOVL2) was associated with DTA levels. We further observed that rs174579 and rs174626 genotypes in FADS1/2 significantly affect delta-6 desaturase (D6D) activity. In conclusion, our results suggest that the LLIs have a different FA profile characterized by high MUFA content, which indicates reduced peroxidation while maintaining membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Ali
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie, Università Degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Vito
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie, Università Degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Anna Calabrò
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy
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Aliev F, Barr PB, Davies AG, Dick DM, Bettinger J. Genes regulating levels of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with alcohol use disorder and consumption, and broader externalizing behavior in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1657-1664. [PMID: 35904282 PMCID: PMC9509483 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual variation in the physiological response to alcohol is predictive of an individual's likelihood to develop alcohol use disorder (AUD). Evidence from diverse model organisms indicates that the levels of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs) can modulate the behavioral response to ethanol and therefore may impact the propensity to develop AUD. While most ω-3 LC-PUFAs come from diet, humans can produce these fatty acids from shorter chain precursors through a series of enzymatic steps. Natural variation in the genes encoding these enzymes has been shown to affect ω-3 LC-PUFA levels. We hypothesized that variation in these genes could contribute to the susceptibility to develop AUD. METHODS We identified nine genes (FADS1, FADS2, FADS3, ELOVL2, GCKR, ELOVL1, ACOX1, APOE, and PPARA) that are required to generate ω-3 LC-PUFAs and/or have been shown or predicted to affect ω-3 LC-PUFA levels. Using both set-based and gene-based analyses we examined their association with AUD and two AUD-related phenotypes, alcohol consumption, and an externalizing phenotype. RESULTS We found that the set of nine genes is associated with all three phenotypes. When examined individually, GCKR, FADS2, and ACOX1 showed significant association signals with alcohol consumption. GCKR was significantly associated with AUD. ELOVL1 and APOE were associated with externalizing. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with observations that dietary ω-3 LC-PUFAs can affect ethanol-related phenotypes, this work suggests that these fatty acids provide a link between the environmental and genetic influences on the risk of developing AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazil Aliev
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Peter B. Barr
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesSUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew G. Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jill C. Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
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Videla LA, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Metherel AH, Valenzuela R. Influence of the nutritional status and oxidative stress in the desaturation and elongation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Impact on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 181:102441. [PMID: 35537354 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play essential roles in cell membrane structure and physiological processes including signal transduction, cellular metabolism and tissue homeostasis to combat diseases. PUFA are either consumed from food or synthesized by enzymatic desaturation, elongation and peroxisomal β-oxidation. The nutritionally essential precursors α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA) are subjected to desaturation by Δ6D/Δ5D desaturases and elongation by elongases 2/5, enzymes that are induced by insulin and repressed by PUFA. Maintaining an optimally low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is linked to prevention of the development of several diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is characterized by depletion of PUFA promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In this context, supplementation with n-3 PUFA revealed significant lowering of hepatic steatosis in obese patients, whereas prevention of fatty liver by high-fat diet in mice is observed in n-3 PUFA and hydroxytyrosol co-administration. The aim of this work is to review the role of nutritional status and nutrient availability on markers of PUFA biosynthesis. In addition, the impact of oxidative stress developed as a result of NAFLD, a redox imbalance that may alter the expression and activity of the enzymes involved, and diminished n-3 PUFA levels by free-radical dependent peroxidation processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Jaramillo-Ospina A, Casanello P, Garmendia ML, Andersen R, Levitan RD, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. Interactions between a polygenic risk score for plasma docosahexaenoic fatty acid concentration, eating behaviour, and body composition in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:977-985. [PMID: 35058573 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between eating behaviour and current body weight has been described. However little is known about the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in this relationship. Genetic contribution to a certain condition is derived from a combination of small effects from many genetic variants, and polygenic risk scores (PRS) summarize these effects. A PRS based on a GWAS for plasma docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) has been created, based on SNPs from 9 genes. OBJECTIVE To analyze the interaction between the PRS for plasma DHA concentration, body composition and eating behaviour (using the Children Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) in childhood. SUBJECTS/METHODS We analyzed a subsample of children from the Maternal, Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) cohort with PRS and measurements of eating behaviour performed at 4 years of age (n = 210), 6 y (n = 177), and body fat determined by bioelectric impedance at 4 y and 6 y or by air displacement plethysmography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 8 y (n = 42 and n = 37). PRS was based on the GWAS from Lemaitre et al. 2011 (p threshold = p < 5*10-6), and a median split created low and high PRS groups (high PRS = higher DHA level). RESULTS In ALSPAC children, we observed an association between PRS and plasma DHA concentration (β = 0.100, p < 0.01) and proportion (β = 0.107, p < 0.01). In MAVAN, there were interactions between PRS and body fat on pro-intake scores in childhood, in which low PRS and higher body fat were linked to altered behaviour. There were also interactions between PRS and pro-intake scores early in childhood on body fat later in childhood, suggesting that the genetic profile and eating behaviour influence the development of adiposity at later ages. CONCLUSIONS A lower PRS (lower plasma PUFA) can be a risk factor for developing higher body fat associated with non-adaptive eating behaviour in childhood; it is possible that the higher PRS (higher plasma PUFA) is a protective feature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Casanello
- Department of Obstetrics & Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ross Andersen
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Elovl2-Ablation Leads to Mitochondrial Membrane Fatty Acid Remodeling and Reduced Efficiency in Mouse Liver Mitochondria. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030559. [PMID: 35276915 PMCID: PMC8838343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid elongase elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2) controls the elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) producing precursors for omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and omega-6, docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) in vivo. Expectedly, Elovl2-ablation drastically reduced the DHA and DPAn-6 in liver mitochondrial membranes. Unexpectedly, however, total PUFAs levels decreased further than could be explained by Elovl2 ablation. The lipid peroxidation process was not involved in PUFAs reduction since malondialdehyde-lysine (MDAL) and other oxidative stress biomarkers were not enhanced. The content of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins remained unchanged. Still, membrane remodeling was associated with the high voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), a possible reflection of the increased demand on phospholipid transport to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was impaired despite preserved content of the respiratory chain proteins and the absence of oxidative damage. Oligomycin-insensitive oxygen consumption increased, and coefficients of respiratory control were reduced by 50%. The mitochondria became very sensitive to fatty acid-induced uncoupling and permeabilization, where ANT2 is involved. Mitochondrial volume and number of peroxisomes increased as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the results imply that endogenous DHA production is vital for the normal function of mouse liver mitochondria and could be relevant not only for mice but also for human metabolism.
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12
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Ma MY, Li KL, Zheng H, Dou YL, Han LY, Wang L. Omega-3 index and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 174:102361. [PMID: 34740031 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The relationship between omega-3 index and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. It is unclear if the change of omega-3 index will affect T2D. Aiming of the present systematic review was to elucidate the correlation between omega-3 index and T2D. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN A comprehensive search on PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science (from 1948 to May 2021) was conducted. The overall effect size (standard mean difference) was combined using a random-effect model. RESULTS Eight eligible case-control studies were identified, and there were 1,357 patients with T2D and 1,616 non-diabetic controls. The result showed that the omega-3 index was significantly lower in diabetic cases than that in controls (SMD= -1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.40, -1.22), but with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.0%). In subgroup analysis based on race, a negative correlation was found in Asians (SMD = -1.71; 95% CI: -1.82, -1.60), and heterogeneity was substantially decreased (I2=0). CONCLUSIONS omega-3 index is negatively correlated with T2D, which indicated that increased dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids might have beneficial on T2D prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yuan Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke-Lei Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Li Dou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Yao Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Yeboah GK, Lobanova ES, Brush RS, Agbaga MP. Very long chain fatty acid-containing lipids: a decade of novel insights from the study of ELOVL4. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100030. [PMID: 33556440 PMCID: PMC8042400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play essential roles in maintaining cell structure and function by modulating membrane fluidity and cell signaling. The fatty acid elongase-4 (ELOVL4) protein, expressed in retina, brain, Meibomian glands, skin, testes and sperm, is an essential enzyme that mediates tissue-specific biosynthesis of both VLC-PUFA and VLC-saturated fatty acids (VLC-SFA). These fatty acids play critical roles in maintaining retina and brain function, neuroprotection, skin permeability barrier maintenance, and sperm function, among other important cellular processes. Mutations in ELOVL4 that affect biosynthesis of these fatty acids cause several distinct tissue-specific human disorders that include blindness, age-related cerebellar atrophy and ataxia, skin disorders, early-childhood seizures, mental retardation, and mortality, which underscores the essential roles of ELOVL4 products for life. However, the mechanisms by which one tissue makes VLC-PUFA and another makes VLC-SFA, and how these fatty acids exert their important functional roles in each tissue, remain unknown. This review summarizes research over that last decade that has contributed to our current understanding of the role of ELOVL4 and its products in cellular function. In the retina, VLC-PUFA and their bioactive "Elovanoids" are essential for retinal function. In the brain, VLC-SFA are enriched in synaptic vesicles and mediate neuronal signaling by determining the rate of neurotransmitter release essential for normal neuronal function. These findings point to ELOVL4 and its products as being essential for life. Therefore, mutations and/or age-related epigenetic modifications of fatty acid biosynthetic gene activity that affect VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA biosynthesis contribute to age-related dysfunction of ELOVL4-expressing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyening Kofi Yeboah
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ekaterina S Lobanova
- Department of Ophthalmology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard S Brush
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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14
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Carioca AAF, Steluti J, Carvalho AMD, Silva AM, Silva IDCGD, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DM. Plasma metabolomics are associated with metabolic syndrome: A targeted approach. Nutrition 2020; 83:111082. [PMID: 33360505 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Advances in metabolomic tools have allowed us to gain a more comprehensive understanding of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between plasma metabolomic profiles and MetS. METHODS For this study, adults without diabetes, chronic kidney disease, stroke, heart disease, or cancer and with full metabolomics, biochemical, and dietetic data available, representing a subsample of the Health Survey of Sao Paulo study (ISA-Capital; N = 130), were included. The joint interim statement consensus criteria were used for diagnosing MetS. Absolute quantification (µmol/L) of blood metabolites was achieved by targeted quantitative profiling of annotated metabolites by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in plasma samples. Mean differences in the compounds for MetS were evaluated by linear regression adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS Serine was inversely associated with MetS (β = -15.04; P = 0.014). In glycerophospholipids with acyl-alkyl bonds, there was an inverse association with MetS, including phosphatidylcholine (PC) ae C42:5 (β = -0.15; P = 0.040), PC ae C44:5 (β = -0.15; P = 0.046), PC ae C40:4 (β = -0.21; P = 0.014) and PC ae C44:4 (β = -0.04; P = 0.032). CONCLUSION Plasma metabolomic profiles were associated with MetS, especially the amino acid serine and some acyl-alkyl PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Augusto Ferreira Carioca
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Nutrition Course, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Steluti
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Maria Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Metherel AH, Irfan M, Klingel SL, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Higher Increase in Plasma DHA in Females Compared to Males Following EPA Supplementation May Be Influenced by a Polymorphism in ELOVL2: An Exploratory Study. Lipids 2020; 56:211-228. [PMID: 33174255 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Young adult females have higher blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 22:6n-3 levels than males, and this is believed to be due to higher DHA synthesis rates, although DHA may also accumulate due to a longer half-life or a combination of both. However, sex differences in blood fatty acid responses to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 20:5n-3 or DHA supplementation have not been fully investigated. In this exploratory analysis, females and males (n = 14-15 per group) were supplemented with 3 g/day EPA, 3 g/day DHA, or olive oil control for 12 weeks. Plasma was analyzed for sex effects at baseline and changes following 12 weeks' supplementation for fatty acid levels and carbon-13 signature (δ13 C). Following EPA supplementation, the increase in plasma DHA in females (+23.8 ± 11.8, nmol/mL ± SEM) was higher than males (-13.8 ± 9.2, p < 0.01). The increase in plasma δ13 C-DHA of females (+2.79 ± 0.31, milliUrey (mUr ± SEM) compared with males (+1.88 ± 0.44) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). The sex effect appears driven largely by increased plasma DHA in the AA genotype of females (+58.8 ± 11.5, nmol/mL ± SEM, n = 5) compared to GA + GG in females (+4.34 ± 13.5, n = 9) and AA in males (-29.1 ± 17.2, n = 6) for rs953413 in the ELOVL2 gene (p < 0.001). In conclusion, EPA supplementation increases plasma DHA levels in females compared to males, which may be dependent on the AA genotype for rs953413 in ELOVL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maha Irfan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shannon L Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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16
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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Brenna JT. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102183. [PMID: 33038834 PMCID: PMC7527828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms vary from silence to rapid death, the latter mediated by both a cytokine storm and a thrombotic storm. SARS-CoV (2003) induces Cox-2, catalyzing the synthesis, from highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), of eicosanoids and docosanoids that mediate both inflammation and thrombosis. HUFA balance between arachidonic acid (AA) and other HUFA is a likely determinant of net signaling to induce a healthy or runaway physiological response. AA levels are determined by a non-protein coding regulatory polymorphisms that mostly affect the expression of FADS1, located in the FADS gene cluster on chromosome 11. Major and minor haplotypes in Europeans, and a specific functional insertion-deletion (Indel), rs66698963, consistently show major differences in circulating AA (>50%) and in the balance between AA and other HUFA (47-84%) in free living humans; the indel is evolutionarily selective, probably based on diet. The pattern of fatty acid responses is fully consistent with specific genetic modulation of desaturation at the FADS1-mediated 20:3→20:4 step. Well established principles of net tissue HUFA levels indicate that the high linoleic acid and low alpha-linoleic acid in populations drive the net balance of HUFA for any individual. We predict that fast desaturators (insertion allele at rs66698963; major haplotype in Europeans) are predisposed to higher risk and pathological responses to SARS-CoV-2 could be reduced with high dose omega-3 HUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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17
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Fujii TMDM, Norde MM, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DML, Ordovás JM, Rogero MM. FADS1 and ELOVL2 polymorphisms reveal associations for differences in lipid metabolism in a cross-sectional population-based survey of Brazilian men and women. Nutr Res 2020; 78:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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de Groot RHM, Meyer BJ. ISSFAL Official Statement Number 6: The importance of measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in research. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 157:102029. [PMID: 31740196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A statement on measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels was developed and edited based on input from ISSFAL members and accepted by vote of the ISSFAL Board of Directors. Summary of Statement: Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) levels at baseline and post-intervention should be assessed and reported in future research to evaluate the efficacy of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation: b ecause; 1. there are numerous factors that affect n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans as described in the systematic literature review [1]; 2. assessing intake of n-3 LCPUFA from the diet and/or supplements is not sufficient to accurately determine n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans; 3. some studies do not provide sufficient doses of n-3 LCPUFA to produce a significant impact on bloodstream/organ content and there is substantial variability in the uptake of n-3 LPCUFA into tissues between individuals. In secondary analyses, clinical trials should consider the influence of fatty acid status (baseline, endpoint and change from baseline to endpoint) on the outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate H M de Groot
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419AT Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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19
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Metherel AH, Bazinet RP. Updates to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway: DHA synthesis rates, tetracosahexaenoic acid and (minimal) retroconversion. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101008. [PMID: 31626820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the numerous families of lipid mediators derived from them collectively regulate numerous biological processes. The mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA regulate biological processes begins with an understanding of the n-3 biosynthetic pathway that starts with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and is commonly thought to end with the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). However, our understanding of this pathway is not as complete as previously believed. In the current review we provide a background of the evidence supporting the pathway as currently understood and provide updates from recent studies challenging three central dogma of n-3 PUFA metabolism. By building on nearly three decades of research primarily in cell culture and oral dosing studies, recent evidence presented focuses on in vivo kinetic modelling and compound-specific isotope abundance studies in rodents and humans that have been instrumental in expanding our knowledge of the pathway. Specifically, we highlight three main updates to the n-3 PUFA biosynthesis pathway: (1) DHA synthesis rates cannot be as low as previously believed, (2) DHA is both a product and a precursor to tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3) and (3) increases in EPA in response to DHA supplementation are not the result of increased retroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS. A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 and Sertraline in Depressed Patients With or at Risk for Coronary Heart Disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2019; 80:19m12742. [PMID: 31163106 PMCID: PMC6550340 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.19m12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies of depressed psychiatric patients have suggested that antidepressant efficacy can be increased by adding eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), one of the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of EPA improves the response to sertraline in depressed patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS Between May 2014 and June 2018, 144 patients with DSM-5 major depressive disorder seen at the Washington University School of Medicine with or at high risk for CHD were randomized to receive either 50 mg/d of sertraline and 2 g/d of EPA or 50 mg/d of sertraline and corn oil placebo capsules for 10 weeks. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) was the primary outcome measure. RESULTS After 10 weeks of treatment, there were no differences between the arms on the mean baseline-adjusted BDI-II (placebo, 10.3; EPA, 12.1; P = .22), the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (placebo, 7.2; EPA, 8.0; P = .40), or the 10-week remission rate (BDI-II score ≤ 8: placebo, 50.6%; EPA, 46.7%; odds ratio = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.68; P = .63). CONCLUSIONS Augmentation of sertraline with 2 g/d of EPA for 10 weeks did not result in greater improvement in depressive symptoms compared to sertraline and corn oil placebo in patients with major depressive disorder and CHD or CHD risk factors. Identifying the characteristics of cardiac patients whose depression may benefit from omega-3 and clarifying the pathways linking omega-3 to improvement in depression symptoms are important directions for future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02021669; FDA IND registration number: 121107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Carney
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth E. Freedland
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Eugene H. Rubin
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Michael W. Rich
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Brian C. Steinmeyer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - William S. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD
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Reduced intestinal FADS1 gene expression and plasma omega-3 fatty acids following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1280-1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Wu霞吴义 Y, Wang 烟王 Y, Tian敏田慧 H, Lu逯通 T, Yu苗于 M, Xu慧徐文 W, Liu良刘国 G, Xie林谢 L. DHA intake interacts with ELOVL2 and ELOVL5 genetic variants to influence polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1043-1049. [PMID: 30914501 PMCID: PMC6495163 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous synthesis of PUFAs is mediated by genes controlling fatty acid elongases 2 and 5 (ELOVL2 and ELOVL5) and by exogenous DHA intake. Associations between elongases and PUFA levels probably involve genetic variants of ELOVL and changes in DHA intake, but data about their combined effect on PUFA levels are sparse. We hypothesized that each factor would directly affect PUFAs and that interactions between haplotypes and DHA intake would influence PUFAs. We explored four levels of DHA intake in pregnant Chinese Han women and 10 SNPs in the ELOVL genes to determine associations with PUFAs in breast milk. The SNP rs3798713 and 3-SNP haplotype (rs2281591, rs12332786, and rs3798713) in ELOVL2 were associated with linoleic acid (LA) concentrations. However, carriers of the 3-SNP haplotype with higher DHA intake (second quartile: 14.58-43.15 mg/day) had higher concentrations of LA, arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA compared with the interaction baseline. In ELOVL5, five SNPs (rs2294867, rs9357760, rs2397142, rs209512, and rs12207094) correlated with PUFA changes. Compared with those who had the 5-SNP haplotype C-A-C-G-A and low DHA intake (<14.58 mg/day), carriers with other haplotypes (A-A-C-A-A or C-A-C-A-A) and high DHA intake (≥118.82 mg/day) had increased EPA levels after adjustments for age and BMI. This study showed that maternal genetic variants in ELOVL2 and ELOVL5 were associated with PUFA levels in breast milk and that the combination of SNP haplotypes and higher DHA intake increased PUFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Wu霞吴义
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Yan Wang 烟王
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Huimin Tian敏田慧
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Tong Lu逯通
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Miao Yu苗于
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Wenhui Xu慧徐文
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Guoliang Liu良刘国
- Experimental Center of Prevention School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Lin Xie林谢
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China.
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23
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Dai W, Liu H, Xu X, Ge J, Luo S, Zhu D, Amos CI, Fang S, Lee JE, Li X, Nan H, Li C, Wei Q. Genetic variants in ELOVL2 and HSD17B12 predict melanoma-specific survival. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2619-2628. [PMID: 30734280 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids play a key role in cellular bioenergetics, membrane biosynthesis and intracellular signaling processes and thus may be involved in cancer development and progression. In the present study, we comprehensively assessed associations of 14,522 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 149 genes of the fatty-acid synthesis pathway with cutaneous melanoma disease-specific survival (CMSS). The dataset of 858 cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients from a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) by The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center was used as the discovery dataset, and the identified significant SNPs were validated by a dataset of 409 CM patients from another GWAS from the Nurses' Health and Health Professionals Follow-up Studies. We found 40 noteworthy SNPs to be associated with CMSS in both discovery and validation datasets after multiple comparison correction by the false positive report probability method, because more than 85% of the SNPs were imputed. By performing functional prediction, linkage disequilibrium analysis, and stepwise Cox regression selection, we identified two independent SNPs of ELOVL2 rs3734398 T>C and HSD17B12 rs11037684 A>G that predicted CMSS, with an allelic hazards ratio of 0.66 (95% confidence interval = 0.51-0.84 and p = 8.34 × 10-4 ) and 2.29 (1.55-3.39 and p = 3.61 × 10-5 ), respectively. Finally, the ELOVL2 rs3734398 variant CC genotype was found to be associated with a significantly increased mRNA expression level. These SNPs may be potential markers for CM prognosis, if validated by additional larger and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jie Ge
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Dakai Zhu
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutrition recommendations emphasize that not only dietary fat quantity but also fat quality plays a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence for dietary fat and risk of T2D, to highlight recent findings and point out future research directions. RECENT FINDINGS Total fat intake was not associated with risk of T2D, whereas the findings on fatty acids (FAs) and risk of T2D were controversial. Recent findings suggested that FAs from the same classes (e.g. omega-6 FAs) but different sources might be differently associated with the risk of T2D, with indication for an association with lower risk of T2D for plant-based and higher risk/no association for animal-based FAs. In addition, differences between populations from different geographic areas might exist, but no interaction effects for fat intake and genetic predisposition were observed regarding T2D risk. The simultaneous investigation of different fats and dietary patterns can provide important and meaningful insights into these associations. SUMMARY The evidence for the association between dietary fat intake and risk of T2D is not conclusive yet. To strengthen the evidence, the complexity of the different associations of dietary fats should be considered in well conducted future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schlesinger
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Manuela Neuenschwander
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
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25
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Abstract
Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.
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26
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Scorletti E, Byrne CD. Omega-3 fatty acids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence of efficacy and mechanism of action. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:135-146. [PMID: 29544992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For many years it has been known that high doses of long chain omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Over the last three decades, there has also been a wealth of in vitro and in vivo data that has accumulated to suggest that long chain omega-3 fatty acid treatment might be beneficial to decrease liver triacylglycerol. Several biological mechanisms have been identified that support this hypothesis; notably, it has been shown that long chain omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect: a) on bioactive metabolites involved in inflammatory pathways, and b) on alteration of nuclear transcription factor activities such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), involved in inflammatory pathways and liver lipid metabolism. Since the pathogenesis of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) begins with the accumulation of liver lipid and progresses with inflammation and then several years later with development of fibrosis; it has been thought in patients with NAFLD omega-3 fatty acid treatment would be beneficial in treating liver lipid and possibly also in ameliorating inflammation. Meta-analyses (of predominantly dietary studies and small trials) have tended to support the assertion that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in decreasing liver lipid, but recent randomised controlled trials have produced conflicting data. These trials have suggested that omega-3 fatty acid might be beneficial in decreasing liver triglyceride (docosahexanoic acid also possibly being more effective than eicosapentanoic acid) but not in decreasing other features of steatohepatitis (or liver fibrosis). The purpose of this review is to discuss recent evidence regarding biological mechanisms by which long chain omega-3 fatty acids might act to ameliorate liver disease in NAFLD; to consider the recent evidence from randomised trials in both adults and children with NAFLD; and finally to discuss key 'known unknowns' that need to be considered, before planning future studies that are focussed on testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acid treatment in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Scorletti
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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27
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The future for long chain n-3 PUFA in the prevention of coronary heart disease: do we need to target non-fish-eaters? Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:408-418. [PMID: 28508737 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary guidelines in many countries include a recommendation to consume oily fish, mainly on the basis of evidence from prospective cohort studies that fish consumption is cardioprotective. However, average intakes are very low in a large proportion of the UK population. Some groups, such as vegans and vegetarians, purposely omit fish (along with meat) from their diet resulting in zero or trace intakes of long chain (LC) n-3 PUFA. Although the efficacy of dietary fish oil supplementation in the prevention of CVD has been questioned in recent years, the balance of evidence indicates that LC n-3 PUFA exert systemic pleiotropic effects through their influence on gene expression, cell signalling, membrane fluidity and by conversion to specialised proresolving mediators; autacoid lipid mediators that resolve inflammatory events. The long-term impact of reduced tissue LC n-3 PUFA content on cardiovascular health is surprisingly poorly understood, particularly with regard to how low proportions of LC n-3 PUFA in cell membranes may affect cardiac electrophysiology and chronic inflammation. Randomised controlled trials investigating effects of supplementation on prevention of CHD in populations with low basal LC n-3 PUFA tissue status are lacking, and so the clinical benefits of supplementing non-fish-eating groups with vegetarian sources of LC n-3 PUFA remain to be determined. Refocusing dietary LC n-3 PUFA intervention studies towards those individuals with a low LC n-3 PUFA tissue status may go some way towards reconciling results from randomised controlled trials with the epidemiological evidence.
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28
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Chen C, Yang Y, Yu X, Hu S, Shao S. Association between omega-3 fatty acids consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 8:480-488. [PMID: 28032469 PMCID: PMC5497038 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Epidemiological evidence for the effect of omega‐3 fatty acids on the risk of type 2 diabetes is controversial. A meta‐analysis based on prospective cohorts was carried out to evaluate this issue. Materials and Methods Pooled diabetic risk was calculated using a fixed or random effects model. The dose–response relationship was assessed by meta‐regression analysis. Results The study showed that consumption of single omega‐3 was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] = 1.45, P < 0.001); whereas the RR for mixed omega‐3 was statistically insignificant. The dose–response curve presented an inverted U‐shape of diabetes risk corresponding to the dose of omega‐3 consumption. Subanalysis showed that omega‐3 was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk in Asians (RR = 0.82, P < 0.001); whereas the risk was increased in Westerners (RR = 1.30, P < 0.001). Studies with follow‐up duration ≥16 years and baseline age ≥54 years showed a positive association between type 2 diabetes risk and omega‐3 intake. Conclusions The present findings suggest that dosage and composition of omega‐3, ethnicity, trial duration, and age could influence the effect of omega‐3 on type 2 diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Chen
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,Division of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Baker EJ, Miles EA, Burdge GC, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:30-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Impact of Genotype on EPA and DHA Status and Responsiveness to Increased Intakes. Nutrients 2016; 8:123. [PMID: 26950146 PMCID: PMC4808853 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At a population level, cardioprotective and cognitive actions of the fish oil (FO) derived long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been extensively demonstrated. In addition to dietary intake, which is limited for many individuals, EPA and DHA status is dependent on the efficiency of their biosynthesis from α-linolenic acid. Gender and common gene variants have been identified as influencing the rate-limiting desaturase and elongase enzymes. Response to a particular intake or status is also highly heterogeneous and likely influenced by genetic variants which impact on EPA and DHA metabolism and tissue partitioning, transcription factor activity, or physiological end-point regulation. Here, available literature relating genotype to tissue LC n-3 PUFA status and response to FO intervention is considered. It is concluded that the available evidence is relatively limited, with much of the variability unexplained, though APOE and FADS genotypes are emerging as being important. Although genotype × LC n-3 PUFA interactions have been described for a number of phenotypes, few have been confirmed in independent studies. A more comprehensive understanding of the genetic, physiological and behavioural modulators of EPA and DHA status and response to intervention is needed to allow refinement of current dietary LC n-3 PUFA recommendations and stratification of advice to “vulnerable” and responsive subgroups.
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31
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Zhang JY, Kothapalli KS, Brenna JT. Desaturase and elongase-limiting endogenous long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:103-10. [PMID: 26828581 PMCID: PMC4768719 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endogenous synthesis of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) is mediated by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster (11q12-13.1) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) (6p24.2) and ELOVL5 (6p12.1). Although older biochemical work identified the product of one gene, FADS2, rate limiting for LCPUFA synthesis, recent studies suggest that polymorphisms in any of these genes can limit accumulation of product LCPUFA. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Greenland Inuit shows strong adaptation signals within FADS gene cluster, attributed to high omega-3 fatty acid intake, while GWAS found ELOVL2 associated with sleep duration, age and DNA methylation. ELOVL5 coding mutations cause spinocerebellar ataxia 38, and epigenetic marks were associated with depression and suicide risk. Two sterol response element binding sites were found on ELOVL5, a SREBP-1c target gene. Minor allele carriers of a 3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype in ELOVL2 have decreased 22 : 6n-3 levels. Unequivocal molecular evidence shows mammalian FADS2 catalyzes direct Δ4-desaturation to yield 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 5n-6. An SNP near FADS1 influences the levels of 5-lipoxygenase products and epigenetic alteration. SUMMARY Genetic polymorphisms within FADS and ELOVL can limit LCPUFA product accumulation at any step of the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Corresponding author: J. Thomas Brenna, voice (607) 255-9182, fax (607) 255-1033,
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32
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Murff HJ, Edwards TL. Endogenous Production of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Disease Risk. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2014; 8. [PMID: 26392837 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-014-0418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important structural components of cellular membranes and are converted into eicosanoids which serve various biological roles. The most common dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs are linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid, respectively. These 18-carbon chain fatty acids undergo a series of desaturation and elongation steps to become the 20-carbon fatty acids arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively. Evidence from genome wide association studies has consistently demonstrated that plasma and tissue levels of the n-6 long-chain PUFA arachidonic acid and to a lesser extent the n-3 long-chain PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid, are strongly influenced by variation in fatty acid desaturase-1,-2, and elongation of very long chain fatty acid genes. Studies of functional variants in these genes, as well as studies in which desaturase activity has been indirectly estimated by fatty acid product-to -precursor ratios, have suggested that endogenous capacity to synthesize long-chain PUFAs may be associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Interventional studies are starting to tease out the complicated relationship between dietary intakes of specific fatty acids, variation in desaturase and elongase genes and tissue levels of long chain PUFAs. Thus future studies of dietary PUFA interventions designed to reduce inflammatory and metabolic diseases will need to carefully consider how an individual's genetically-determined endogenous long-chain PUFA synthesis capacity might modify therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN ; GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville TN
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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33
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Davidson J, Tate R, Rotondo D. Gene polymorphisms in the control of circulating omega-3 fatty acid levels. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:324-5. [PMID: 25003742 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Davidson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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