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Huang G, Wang X, Li T, Xu Y, Sheng Y, Wang H, Bian L, Zheng K, Xu X, Zhang G, Su B, Ren C. Differential Effects of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation over the Bilateral and Unilateral Cerebellum on Working Memory. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01738-2. [PMID: 39215909 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Recent functional MRI studies have implicated the cerebellum in working memory (WM) alongside the prefrontal cortex. Some findings indicate that the right cerebellum is activated during verbal tasks, while the left is engaged during visuospatial tasks, suggesting cerebellar lateralization in WM function. The cerebellum could be a potential target for non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to enhance WM function in cognitive disorders. However, the comprehensive influence of cerebellar lateralization on different types of WM and the effect of stimulation over the unilateral or bilateral cerebellum remain uncertain. This study was to investigate the cerebellum's functional lateralization and its specific impact on various aspects of WM in a causal manner using unilateral or bilateral cerebellar continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), a form of inhibitroy NIBS. Twenty-four healthy participants underwent four sessions of cTBS targeting the left, right, or bilateral Crus I of the cerebellum, or a sham condition, in a controlled cross-over design. WM performance was assessed pre- and post-stimulation using neuropsychological tests, including the 3-back task, spatial WM task, and digit span task. Results indicated that cTBS over the bilateral and right cerebellum both led to a greater improvement in 3-back task performance compared to sham stimulation. Additionally, active cTBS over the bilateral cerebellum yielded better performance in the spatial WM task than sham stimulation. However, no significant differences were observed between stimulation conditions for the auditory digit span task. This study may provide novel causal evidence highlighting the specific involvement of the right and bilateral cerebellum in various types of WM. Specifically, the right cerebellum appears crucial for updating and tracking 3-back WM content, while spatial WM processes require the coordinated engagement of both cerebellar hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Tingni Li
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Wuxi MaxRex Robotic Exoskeleton Limited, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Yiyang Sheng
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hewei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li Bian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Xinlei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214515, China.
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China.
| | - Caili Ren
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214151, China.
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Parker Jones O, Geva S, Prejawa S, Hope TMH, Oberhuber M, Seghier ML, Green DW, Price CJ. Dissociating Cerebellar Regions Involved in Formulating and Articulating Words and Sentences. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 5:795-817. [PMID: 39175783 PMCID: PMC11338308 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
We investigated which parts of the cerebellum are involved in formulating and articulating sentences using (i) a sentence production task that involved describing simple events in pictures; (ii) an auditory sentence repetition task involving the same sentence articulation but not sentence formulation; and (iii) an auditory sentence-to-picture matching task that involved the same pictorial events and no overt articulation. Activation for each of these tasks was compared to the equivalent word processing tasks: noun production, verb production, auditory noun repetition, and auditory noun-to-picture matching. We associate activation in bilateral cerebellum lobule VIIb with sequencing words into sentences because it increased for sentence production compared to all other conditions and was also activated by word production compared to word matching. We associate a paravermal part of right cerebellar lobule VIIIb with overt motor execution of speech, because activation was higher during (i) production and repetition of sentences compared to the corresponding noun conditions and (ii) noun and verb production compared to all matching tasks, with no activation relative to fixation during any silent (nonspeaking) matching task. We associate activation within right cerebellar Crus II with covert articulatory activity because it activated for (i) all speech production more than matching tasks and (ii) sentences compared to nouns during silent (nonspeaking) matching as well as sentence production and sentence repetition. Our study serendipitously segregated, for the first time, three distinct functional roles for the cerebellum in generic speech production, and it demonstrated how sentence production enhanced the demands on these cerebellar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oiwi Parker Jones
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sharon Geva
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Mind and Behaviour, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Prejawa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas M. H. Hope
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marion Oberhuber
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mohamed L. Seghier
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - David W. Green
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy J. Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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Yang C, Liu G, Chen X, Le W. Cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases: an emerging research frontier. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e638. [PMID: 39006764 PMCID: PMC11245631 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is crucial for both motor and nonmotor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD), alongside other dementias such as vascular dementia (VaD), Lewy body dementia (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), as well as other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), are characterized by specific and non-specific neurodegenerations in central nervous system. Previously, the cerebellum's significance in these conditions was underestimated. However, advancing research has elevated its profile as a critical node in disease pathology. We comprehensively review the existing evidence to elucidate the relationship between cerebellum and the aforementioned diseases. Our findings reveal a growing body of research unequivocally establishing a link between the cerebellum and AD, other forms of dementia, and other NDs, supported by clinical evidence, pathological and biochemical profiles, structural and functional neuroimaging data, and electrophysiological findings. By contrasting cerebellar observations with those from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, we highlight the cerebellum's distinct role in the disease processes. Furthermore, we also explore the emerging therapeutic potential of targeting cerebellum for the treatment of these diseases. This review underscores the importance of the cerebellum in these diseases, offering new insights into the disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Guangdong Liu
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
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Ramezani M, Fawcett AJ. Cognitive-Motor Training Improves Reading-Related Executive Functions: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study in Dyslexia. Brain Sci 2024; 14:127. [PMID: 38391702 PMCID: PMC10887110 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Children with developmental dyslexia (DD) often struggle with executive function difficulties which can continue into adulthood if not addressed. This double-blinded randomized clinical trial study evaluated the short-term effects of the Verbal Working Memory-Balance (VWM-B) program on reading-related executive functions, reading skills, and reading comprehension in Persian children with DD. The active control group [12 children with DD with a mean age of 9 years (SD = 0.90)] received training using the single-task VWM program, while the experiment group [15 children with DD with a mean age of 8 years (SD = 0.74)] received training with the dual-task VWM-B program. Both groups received fifteen training sessions, and assessments were conducted before and after the intervention. The groups were homogenized for possible confounders of age, gender, IQ level, and attention level. The study employed separate mixed ANOVA analyses to estimate the impact of training programs on various measured functions. Significant improvements were observed in the outcome measures of backward digit span, text comprehension, verbal fluency, Stroop color-word test and interference, and the reading subtests. Additionally, significant correlations were found between reading skills and backward digit span, text comprehension, verbal fluency, and Stroop variables. In conclusion, the dual-task VWM-B program was found to be more effective than the single-task VWM program in improving selective attention, cognitive inhibition, verbal working memory capacity, information processing speed, naming ability, and lexical access speed. These enhanced executive functions were associated with improved reading skills in children with DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ramezani
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Angela J Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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Tyagi O, Hopko S, Kang J, Shi Y, Du J, Mehta RK. Modeling Brain Dynamics During Virtual Reality-Based Emergency Response Learning Under Stress. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:1804-1820. [PMID: 34865562 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211054894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress affects learning during training, and virtual reality (VR) based training systems that manipulate stress can improve retention and retrieval performance for firefighters. Brain imaging using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) can facilitate development of VR-based adaptive training systems that can continuously assess the trainee's states of learning and cognition. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to model the neural dynamics associated with learning and retrieval under stress in a VR-based emergency response training exercise. METHODS Forty firefighters underwent an emergency shutdown training in VR and were randomly assigned to either a control or a stress group. The stress group experienced stressors including smoke, fire, and explosions during the familiarization and training phase. Both groups underwent a stress memory retrieval and no-stress memory retrieval condition. Participant's performance scores, fNIRS-based neural activity, and functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and motor regions were obtained for the training and retrieval phases. RESULTS The performance scores indicate that the rate of learning was slower in the stress group compared to the control group, but both groups performed similarly during each retrieval condition. Compared to the control group, the stress group exhibited suppressed PFC activation. However, they showed stronger connectivity within the PFC regions during the training and between PFC and motor regions during the retrieval phases. DISCUSSION While stress impaired performance during training, adoption of stress-adaptive neural strategies (i.e., stronger brain connectivity) were associated with comparable performance between the stress and the control groups during the retrieval phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Tyagi
- Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Hopko
- Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John Kang
- Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yangming Shi
- Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ranjana K Mehta
- Wm. Michael Barnes '64 Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
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Qu L, Liu C, Cao Y, Shi J, Yin K, Liu W. Differences and Changes in Cerebellar Functional Connectivity of Parkinson's Patients with Visual Hallucinations. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1458. [PMID: 37891826 PMCID: PMC10605214 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have discovered that functional connections are impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) accompanied by hallucinations (PD-H), even at the preclinical stage. The cerebellum has been implicated in playing a role in cognitive processes. However, the functional connectivity (FC) between the cognitive sub-regions of the cerebellum in PD patients with hallucinations needs further clarification. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from three groups (17 PD-H patients, 13 patients with Parkinson's disease not accompanied by hallucinations (PD-NH), and 26 healthy controls (HC)). The data were collected in this study to investigate the impact of cerebellar FC changes on cognitive performance. Additionally, we define cerebellar FC as a training feature for classifying all subjects using Support Vector Machines (SVMs). We found that in the PD-H patients, there was an increase in FC within the left side of the precuneus (PCUN) compared to the HC. Additionally, there was an increase in FC within the bilateral opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFGoprec) and triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFCtriang), as well as the left side of the postcentral gyrus (PoCG), inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and PCUN compared to the PD-NH patients. In the machine learning training results, cerebellar FC has also been proven to be an effective biomarker feature, achieving a recognition rate of over 90% for PD-H. These findings indicate that the cortico-cerebellar FC in PD-H and PD-NH patients was significantly disrupted, with different patterns of distribution. The proposed pipeline offers a promising, low-cost alternative for diagnosing preclinical PD-H and may also be beneficial for other degenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcheng Qu
- Link Sense Laboratory, Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210019, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Chuan Liu
- Link Sense Laboratory, Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210019, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Yiting Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jingping Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Kuiying Yin
- Link Sense Laboratory, Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210019, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.)
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Ruan Z, Gao L, Li S, Yu M, Rao B, Sun W, Zhou X, Li Y, Song X, Xu H. Functional abnormalities of the cerebellum in vascular mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:530-540. [PMID: 37433970 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The alterations in cerebellar activity that occur in vascular mild cognitive impairment remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate potential associations between abnormal cerebellar functional connectivity (FC) and changes in cognitive function by examining intracerebellar and cerebellar-cerebral FC. METHODS MRI data were collected from seventy-two patients with vascular mild cognitive impairment (VMCI), comprising 38 patients with small vessel mild cognitive impairment (SVMCI) and 34 with poststroke mild cognitive impairment (PSMCI), and from 43 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs). Changes in FC between subregions within the cerebellum and from each cerebellar subregion to the selected cerebral seed points in VMCI patients were calculated, and the association of these changes with cognitive function was examined. RESULTS Compared with HCs, we found that VMCI patients had 11 cerebellar subregions showing significant differences (mainly decreases) in FC with brain regions in the default-mode network (DMN), sensory-motor network (SMN), and frontoparietal network (FPN). In the intracerebellar FC analysis, 47 (8%) cerebellar connections had significant intergroup differences, mainly a reduced magnitude of FC in VMCI patients. In the correlation analysis, higher Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores were correlated with stronger intracerebellar FC (left crus II-right lobule VI, left crus II-right lobule VIIb) and cerebellar-cerebral FC (right lobule X-left precuneus, vermal lobule IX-right inferior parietal lobule) in both the SVMCI and PSMCI groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest prominent intracerebellar and cerebellar-cerebral FC abnormalities in VMCI patients, contributing evidence for a possible role of the cerebellum in cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ruan
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Sirui Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Minhua Yu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Bo Rao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Yidan Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430071, China.
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Etemadi L, Jirenhed DA, Rasmussen A. Effects of working memory load and CS-US intervals on delay eyeblink conditioning. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:16. [PMID: 37210441 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning is used in many species to study motor learning and make inferences about cerebellar function. However, the discrepancies in performance between humans and other species combined with evidence that volition and awareness can modulate learning suggest that eyeblink conditioning is not merely a passive form of learning that relies on only the cerebellum. Here we explored two ways to reduce the influence of volition and awareness on eyeblink conditioning: (1) using a short interstimulus interval, and (2) having participants do working memory tasks during the conditioning. Our results show that participants trained with short interstimulus intervals (150 ms and 250 ms) produce very few conditioned responses after 100 trials. Participants trained with a longer interstimulus interval (500 ms) who simultaneously did working memory tasks produced fewer conditioned responses than participants who watched a movie during the training. Our results suggest that having participants perform working memory tasks during eyeblink conditioning can be a viable strategy for studying cerebellar learning that is absent of influences from awareness and volition. This could enhance the comparability of the results obtained in human studies with those in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemadi
- Neural Basis of Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan-Anders Jirenhed
- Associative Learning, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Rasmussen
- Associative Learning, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden.
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shunkai L, Su T, Zhong S, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Chen P, Tang G, Qi Z, He J, Zhu Y, Lv S, Song Z, Miao H, Hu Y, Jia Y, Wang Y. Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity of hippocampal subregions associated with working memory impairment in melancholic depression. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2923-2935. [PMID: 34870570 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated structural and functional changes of the hippocampus in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, no studies have analyzed the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of hippocampal subregions in melancholic MDD. We aimed to reveal the patterns for dFC variability in hippocampus subregions - including the bilateral rostral and caudal areas and its associations with cognitive impairment in melancholic MDD. METHODS Forty-two treatment-naive MDD patients with melancholic features and 55 demographically matched healthy controls were included. The sliding-window analysis was used to evaluate whole-brain dFC for each hippocampal subregions seed. We assessed between-group differences in the dFC variability values of each hippocampal subregion in the whole brain and cognitive performance on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate their relationships. RESULTS Patients with melancholic MDD showed decreased dFC variability between the left rostral hippocampus and left anterior lobe of cerebellum compared with healthy controls (voxel p < 0.005, cluster p < 0.0125, GRF corrected), and poorer cognitive scores in working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, and social cognition (all p < 0.05). Association analysis showed that working memory was positively correlated with the dFC variability values of the left rostral hippocampus-left anterior lobe of the cerebellum (r = 0.338, p = 0.029) in melancholic MDD. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirmed the distinct dynamic functional pathway of hippocampal subregions in patients with melancholic MDD, and suggested that the dysfunction of hippocampus-cerebellum connectivity may be underlying the neural substrate of working memory impairment in melancholic MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Shunkai
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ting Su
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guangmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guixian Tang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhangzhang Qi
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiali He
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Sihui Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zijin Song
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Haofei Miao
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yilei Hu
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Skagenholt M, Lyons IM, Skagerlund K, Träff U. Connectome-based predictive modeling indicates dissociable neurocognitive mechanisms for numerical order and magnitude processing in children. Neuropsychologia 2023; 184:108563. [PMID: 37062424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbolic numbers contain information about their relative numerical cardinal magnitude (e.g., 2 < 3) and ordinal placement in the count-list (e.g., 1, 2, 3). Previous research has primarily investigated magnitude discrimination skills and their predictive capacity for math achievement, whereas numerical ordering has been less systematically explored. At approximately 10-12 years of age, numerical order processing skills have been observed to surpass cardinal magnitude discrimination skills as the key predictor of arithmetic ability. The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this shift remain unclear. To this end, we investigated children's (ages 10-12) neural correlates of numerical order and magnitude discrimination, as well as task-based functional connectomes and their predictive capacity for numeracy-related behavioral outcomes. Results indicated that number discrimination uniquely relied on bilateral temporoparietal correlates, whereas order processing recruited the bilateral IPS, cerebellum, and left premotor cortex. Connectome-based models were not cross-predictive for numerical order and magnitude, suggesting two dissociable mechanisms jointly supported by visuospatial working memory. Neural correlates of learning and memory were predictive of age and arithmetic ability, only for the ordinal task-connectome, indicating that the numerical order mechanism may undergo a developmental shift, dissociating it from mechanisms supporting cardinal number processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Skagenholt
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Management and Engineering, JEDI-Lab, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ian M Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington D.C, USA
| | - Kenny Skagerlund
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Management and Engineering, JEDI-Lab, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulf Träff
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Zhang H, Di X, Rypma B, Yang H, Meng C, Biswal B. Interaction Between Memory Load and Experimental Design on Brain Connectivity and Network Topology. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:631-644. [PMID: 36565381 PMCID: PMC10073362 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional approach to investigating functional connectivity in the block-designed study usually concatenates task blocks or employs residuals of task activation. While providing many insights into brain functions, the block design adds more manipulation in functional network analysis that may reduce the purity of the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal. Recent studies utilized one single long run for task trials of the same condition, the so-called continuous design, to investigate functional connectivity based on task functional magnetic resonance imaging. Continuous brain activities associated with the single-task condition can be directly utilized for task-related functional connectivity assessment, which has been examined for working memory, sensory, motor, and semantic task experiments in previous research. But it remains unclear how the block and continuous design influence the assessment of task-related functional connectivity networks. This study aimed to disentangle the separable effects of block/continuous design and working memory load on task-related functional connectivity networks, by using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Across 50 young healthy adults, behavioral results of accuracy and reaction time showed a significant main effect of design as well as interaction between design and load. Imaging results revealed that the cingulo-opercular, fronto-parietal, and default model networks were associated with not only task activation, but significant main effects of design and load as well as their interaction on intra- and inter-network functional connectivity and global network topology. Moreover, a significant behavior-brain association was identified for the continuous design. This work has extended the evidence that continuous design can be used to study task-related functional connectivity and subtle brain-behavioral relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, 75390, USA
| | - Hang Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chun Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA.
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12
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Representations and decodability of diverse cognitive functions are preserved across the human cortex, cerebellum, and subcortex. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1245. [PMCID: PMC9663596 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWhich part of the brain contributes to our complex cognitive processes? Studies have revealed contributions of the cerebellum and subcortex to higher-order cognitive functions; however, it has been unclear whether such functional representations are preserved across the cortex, cerebellum, and subcortex. In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging data with 103 cognitive tasks and construct three voxel-wise encoding and decoding models independently using cortical, cerebellar, and subcortical voxels. Representational similarity analysis reveals that the structure of task representations is preserved across the three brain parts. Principal component analysis visualizes distinct organizations of abstract cognitive functions in each part of the cerebellum and subcortex. More than 90% of the cognitive tasks are decodable from the cerebellum and subcortical activities, even for the novel tasks not included in model training. Furthermore, we show that the cerebellum and subcortex have sufficient information to reconstruct activity in the cerebral cortex.
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13
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Task-dependent fractal patterns of information processing in working memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17866. [PMID: 36284105 PMCID: PMC9596406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied detrended fluctuation analysis, power spectral density, and eigenanalysis of detrended cross-correlations to investigate fMRI data representing a diurnal variation of working memory in four visual tasks: two verbal and two nonverbal. We show that the degree of fractal scaling is regionally dependent on the engagement in cognitive tasks. A particularly apparent difference was found between memorisation in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Furthermore, the detrended cross-correlations between brain areas were predominantly indicative of differences between resting state and other tasks, between memorisation and retrieval, and between verbal and nonverbal tasks. The fractal and spectral analyses presented in our study are consistent with previous research related to visuospatial and verbal information processing, working memory (encoding and retrieval), and executive functions, but they were found to be more sensitive than Pearson correlations and showed the potential to obtain other subtler results. We conclude that regionally dependent cognitive task engagement can be distinguished based on the fractal characteristics of BOLD signals and their detrended cross-correlation structure.
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14
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Cognitive Dysfunction following Cerebellar Stroke: Insights Gained from Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Research. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3148739. [PMID: 35465397 PMCID: PMC9033331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3148739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has been consistently noted in the process of cognition, the pathophysiology of this link is still under exploration. Cerebellar stroke, in which the lesions are focal and limited, provides an appropriate clinical model disease for studying the role of the cerebellum in the cognitive process. This review article targeting the cerebellar stroke population (1) describes a cognitive impairment profile, (2) identifies the cerebellar structural alterations linked to cognition, and (3) reveals possible mechanisms of cerebellar cognition using functional neuroimaging. The data indicates the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar loop in cerebellar stroke and its contribution to cognitive dysfunctions. And the characteristic of cognitive deficits are mild, span a broad spectrum, dominated by executive impairment. The consideration of these findings could contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights into the cognitive function of the cerebellum and might provide a novel approach to cognitive rehabilitation. The goal of this review is to spread awareness of cognitive impairments in cerebellar disorders.
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15
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Li Y, Yang L, Li L, Xie Y, Fang P. The resting-state cerebro-cerebellar function connectivity and associations with verbal working memory performance. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113586. [PMID: 34536430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an important role in cognitive functions through connecting with the cerebral cortical areas. However, the relationship between the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) pattern of human cerebro-cerebellar circuits and cognition is not fully understood. The present study investigated the FC patterns of human cerebro-cerebellar circuits and their associations with verbal working memory performance (an n-back task with three subtasks: 0-back, 1-back, and 2-back) through resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 34 healthy subjects. The whole-brain connectivity analysis was used to identify the cortical hubs as regions of interest (ROI). Then ROI-based FC analysis was performed to investigate the connectivity characteristics within the key cortical hubs and their associations with n-back task performance. The results showed that the bilateral cerebellum lobule VI as central hubs had increased FC with the default mode network (DMN) node (e.g., right posterior cingulate cortex) and salient network (SN) node (e.g., right anterior cingulate cortex), while decreased FC with the executive control network (ECN) node (e.g., the bilateral superior frontal gyrus). Furthermore, FC values of the cerebellum lobule VI with DMN and ECN nodes correlated with verbal working memory performance (response time of 2-back task). The results suggest that the cerebro-cerebellar circuits involve the underlying neural basis of verbal working memory processing during the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- School of Education, Xinyang College, Xinyang, China
| | - Lihao Yang
- School of Education, Xinyang College, Xinyang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- School of Education, Xinyang College, Xinyang, China
| | - Yuanjun Xie
- School of Education, Xinyang College, Xinyang, China; Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Military Medical Psychology School , Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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16
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Tyagi O, Mehta RK. A Methodological Framework to Capture Neuromuscular Fatigue Mechanisms Under Stress. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2021; 2:779069. [PMID: 38235237 PMCID: PMC10790877 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2021.779069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue is exacerbated under stress and is characterized by shorter endurance time, greater perceived effort, lower force steadiness, and higher electromyographic activity. However, the underlying mechanisms of fatigue under stress are not well-understood. This review investigated existing methods of identifying central mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and the potential mechanisms of the influence of stress on neuromuscular fatigue. We found that the influence of stress on the activity of the prefrontal cortex, which are also involved in exercise regulation, may contribute to exacerbated fatigue under stress. We also found that the traditional methods involve the synchronized use of transcranial magnetic stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and electromyography to identify the contribution of supraspinal fatigue, through measures such as voluntary activation, motor evoked potential, and silent period. However, these popular techniques are unable to provide information about neural alterations upstream of the descending drive that may contribute to supraspinal fatigue development. To address this gap, we propose that functional brain imaging techniques, which provide insights on activation and information flow between brain regions, need to be combined with the traditional measures of measuring central fatigue to fully understand the mechanisms behind the influence of stress on fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjana K. Mehta
- Neuroergonomics Lab, Texas A&M University, Industrial and Systems Engineering, College Station, TX, United States
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17
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Gatti D, Rinaldi L, Ferreri L, Vecchi T. The Human Cerebellum as a Hub of the Predictive Brain. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1492. [PMID: 34827491 PMCID: PMC8615481 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has long been believed to be involved uniquely in sensorimotor processes, recent research works pointed to its participation in a wide range of cognitive predictive functions. Here, we review the available evidence supporting a generalized role of the cerebellum in predictive computation. We then discuss the anatomo-physiological properties that make the cerebellum the ideal hub of the predictive brain. We further argue that cerebellar involvement in cognition may follow a continuous gradient, with higher cerebellar activity occurring for tasks relying more on predictive processes, and outline the empirical scenarios to probe this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.R.); (T.V.)
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Ferreri
- Laboratoire d’Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lumière Lyon 2, 69767 Lyon, France;
| | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.R.); (T.V.)
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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18
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Addiego FM, Zajur K, Knack S, Jamieson J, Rayhan RU, Baraniuk JN. Subcortical brain segment volumes in Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Life Sci 2021; 282:119749. [PMID: 34214570 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS There is controversy about brain volumes in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Gulf War Illness (GWI). Subcortical regions were assessed because of significant differences in blood oxygenation level dependent signals in the midbrain between these diseases. MATERIALS AND METHOD Magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE) images from 3 Tesla structural magnetic resonance imaging scans from sedentary control (n = 34), CFS (n = 38) and GWI (n = 90) subjects were segmented in FreeSurfer. Segmented subcortical volumes were regressed against intracranial volume and age, then iteratively analyzed by multivariate general linear modeling with disease status, gender and demographics as independent co-variates. KEY FINDINGS The optimal model for all subjects used disease status and gender as fixed factors with independent variables eliminated after iteration. Volumes of anterior and midanterior corpus callosum were significantly larger in GWI than CFS. Gender was a significant variable for many segment volumes, and so female and male subjects were analyzed separately. CFS females had smaller left putamen, right caudate and left cerebellum white matter than control women. CFS males had larger left hippocampus than GWI males. Orthostatic status and posttraumatic distress syndrome were not significant covariates. SIGNIFICANCE CFS and GWI were appropriate "illness controls" for each other. The different patterns of adjusted segment volumes suggested that sexual dimorphisms contributed to pathological changes. Previous volumetric studies may need to be reevaluated to account for gender differences. The findings are framed by comparison to the spectrum of magnetic resonance imaging outcomes in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Zajur
- Pain Fatigue Research Alliance, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
| | - Sarah Knack
- Pain Fatigue Research Alliance, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
| | - Jessie Jamieson
- Pain Fatigue Research Alliance, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
| | - Rakib U Rayhan
- Pain Fatigue Research Alliance, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
| | - James N Baraniuk
- Pain Fatigue Research Alliance, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA.
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19
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Jung J, Laverick R, Nader K, Brown T, Morris H, Wilson M, Auer DP, Rotshtein P, Hosseini AA. Altered hippocampal functional connectivity patterns in patients with cognitive impairments following ischaemic stroke: A resting-state fMRI study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102742. [PMID: 34266772 PMCID: PMC8527045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke with cognitive impairment is a considerable risk factor for developing dementia. Identifying imaging markers of cognitive impairment following ischemic stroke will help to develop prevention strategies against post-stroke dementia. METHODS We investigated the hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) pattern following ischemic stroke, using resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). Thirty-three cognitively impaired patients after ischemic stroke and sixteen age-matched controls with no known history of neurological disorder were recruited for the study. No patient had a direct ischaemic insult to hippocampus on the examination of brain imaging. Seven subfields of hippocampus were used as seeds region for FC analyses. RESULTS Across all hippocampal subfields, FC with the inferior parietal lobule was reduced in stroke patients as compared with healthy controls. This decreased FC included both supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus. The FC of hippocampal subfields with cerebellum was increased. Importantly, the degree of the altered FC between hippocampal subfields and inferior parietal lobule was associated with their impaired memory function. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that decreased hippocampal-inferior parietal lobule connectivity was associated with cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic stroke. These findings provide novel insights into the role of hippocampus in cognitive impairment following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeYoung Jung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Kurdow Nader
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Brown
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Haley Morris
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Dorothee P Auer
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, UK; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Akram A Hosseini
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, UK; Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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20
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Tang F, Zhu D, Ma W, Yao Q, Li Q, Shi J. Differences Changes in Cerebellar Functional Connectivity Between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Seed-Based Approach. Front Neurol 2021; 12:645171. [PMID: 34220669 PMCID: PMC8248670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.645171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have discovered that functional connections are impaired among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), even at the preclinical stage. The cerebellum has been implicated as playing a role in cognitive processes. However, functional connectivity (FC) among cognitive sub-regions of the cerebellum in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains to be further elucidated. Objective: Our study aims to investigate the FC changes of the cerebellum among patients with AD and MCI, compared to healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we explored the role of cerebellum FC changes in the cognitive performance of all subjects. Materials: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from three different groups (28 AD patients, 26 MCI patients, and 30 HC) was collected. We defined cerebellar crus II and lobule IX as seed regions to assess the intragroup differences of cortico-cerebellar connectivity. Bias correlational analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between changes in FC and neuropsychological performance. Results: Compared to HC, AD patients had decreased FC within the caudate, limbic lobe, medial frontal gyrus (MFG), middle temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe/precuneus, inferior temporal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Interestingly, MCI patients demonstrated increased FC within inferior parietal lobe, and MFG, while they had decreased FC in the thalamus, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus. Further analysis indicated that FC changes between the left crus II and the right thalamus, as well as between left lobule IX and the right parietal lobe, were both associated with cognitive decline in AD. Disrupted FC between left crus II and right thalamus, as well as between left lobule IX and right parietal lobe, was associated with attention deficit among subjects with MCI. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cortico-cerebellar FC in MCI and AD patients was significantly disrupted with different distributions, particularly in the default mode networks (DMN) and fronto-parietal networks (FPN) region. Increased activity within the fronto-parietal areas of MCI patients indicated a possible compensatory role for the cerebellum in cognitive impairment. Therefore, alterations in the cortico-cerebellar FC represent a novel approach for early diagnosis and a potential therapeutic target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenying Ma
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingping Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Jung JY, Kang CK. Investigation on the Effect of Oral Breathing on Cognitive Activity Using Functional Brain Imaging. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060645. [PMID: 34072444 PMCID: PMC8228257 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral breathing directly affects behavioral performance and dental health. Various relationships between oral breathing and periodontal disease have been well-described. However, the effect of oral breathing on cognitive performance remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral breathing on cognitive function using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-two healthy participants (mean age, 22.27 ± 1.42 years) performed a two-back (2B) working memory fMRI task using a 3T MRI scanner while breathing through their oral or nasal passage. Functional activity analysis was performed using a statistical parametric mapping software package. One-sample group analyses were performed in 2B > Rest contrast. Functional connectivity analysis was conducted using MATLAB-based imaging software. Mixed ANOVA analysis was performed. The results showed more brain activation and connection during nasal breathing than during oral breathing. For Nasal > Oral contrast, various functional connections are known to have a significant relationship with working memory, including the left cerebellum, left and right inferior parietal gyrus. This can be significant evidence to demonstrate that oral breathing is an inappropriate method for intellectual activity using brain imaging techniques. Therefore, this study suggests that changing various habits related to oral breathing is important for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Jung
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Chang-Ki Kang
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-820-4110
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22
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Zhang Y, Liao J, Li Q, Zhang X, Liu L, Yan J, Zhang D, Yan H, Yue W. Altered Resting-State Brain Activity in Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Compared With Non-psychiatric Controls: Commonalities and Distinctions Across Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:681701. [PMID: 34093290 PMCID: PMC8176119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.681701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: Schizophrenia (SCZ) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are classified as two chronic psychiatric disorders with high comorbidity rate and shared clinical symptoms. Abnormal spontaneous brain activity within the cortical-striatal neural circuits has been observed in both disorders. However, it is unclear if the common or distinct neural abnormalities underlie the neurobiological substrates in the resting state. Methods: Resting-state fMRI data were collected from 88 patients with SCZ, 58 patients with OCD, and 72 healthy control subjects. First, we examined differences in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) among three groups. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis with the brain region that showed different ALFF as the seed was then conducted to identify the changes in brain networks. Finally, we examined the correlation between the altered activities and clinical symptoms. Results: Both the patients with SCZ and OCD showed increased ALFF in the right hippocampus and decreased ALFF in the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). SCZ patients exhibited increased ALFF in the left caudate [voxel-level family-wise error (FWE) P < 0.05] and decreased rsFC between the left caudate and right cerebellum, which correlated with positive symptoms. The left caudate showed increased rsFC with the right thalamus and bilateral supplementary motor complex (SMC) in OCD patients (cluster-level FWE P < 0.05). Conclusions: The hippocampus and PCC are common regions presenting abnormal local spontaneous neuronal activities in both SCZ and OCD, while the abnormality of the striatum can reflect the differences. Increased ALFF in the striatum and symptom-related weakened rsFC between the caudate and cerebellum showed SCZ specificity. Enhanced rsFC between the caudate and SMC may be a key characteristic in OCD. Our research shows the similarities and differences between the two diseases from the perspective of resting-state fMRI, which provides clues to understand the disease and find methods for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyanan Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmin Liao
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder (2018RU006), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Gatti D, Vecchi T, Mazzoni G. Cerebellum and semantic memory: A TMS study using the DRM paradigm. Cortex 2020; 135:78-91. [PMID: 33360762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been linked to motor functions, but recent evidence suggest that it is also involved in a wide range of cognitive processes. Given the uniformity of cerebellar cortex microstructure, it has been proposed that the same computational process might underlie cerebellar involvement in both motor and cognitive functions. Within motor functions, the cerebellum it is involved in procedural memory and associative learning. Here, we hypothesized that the cerebellum may participate to semantic memory as well. To test whether the cerebellum is causally involved in semantic memory, we carried out two experiments in which participants performed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM) while online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over the right cerebellum or over a control site. In Experiment 1, cerebellar TMS selectively affected participants' discriminability for critical lures without affecting participants' discriminability for unrelated words and in Experiment 2 we found that the higher was the semantic association between new and studied words, the higher was the memory impairment caused by the TMS. These results indicate that the right cerebellum is causally involved in semantic memory and provide evidence consistent with theories that proposed the existence of a unified cerebellar function within motor and cognitive domains, as well with recent perspectives about cerebellar involvement in semantic memory and predictive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mazzoni
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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24
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Farah R, Coalson RS, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL, Horowitz-Kraus T. Children Use Regions in the Visual Processing and Executive Function Networks during a Subsequent Memory Reading Task. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:5180-5189. [PMID: 30927366 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory encoding is a critical process for memory function, which is foundational for cognitive functioning including reading, and has been extensively studied using subsequent memory tasks. Research in adults using such tasks indicates the participation of visual and cognitive-control systems in remembered versus forgotten words. However, given the known developmental trajectories of these systems, the functional neuroanatomy of memory encoding in children may be different than in adults. We examined brain activation for silent word reading and checkerboard viewing during an event-related reading task in 8-12 year-old children. Results indicate greater activation for checkerboard viewing than lexical processing in early visual regions, as well as for lexical processing versus checkerboard viewing in regions in left sensorimotor mouth, cingulo-opercular and dorsal-attention networks. Greater activation for remembered than forgotten words was observed in bilateral visual system and left lateralized regions within the ventral- and dorsal-attention, cingulo-opercular and fronto-parietal networks. These findings suggest a relatively mature reliance on the cognitive-control system, but greater reliance on the visual system in children when viewing words subsequently remembered. The location of regions with greater activity for remembered words reinforces the involvement of the attention and cognitive-control systems in subsequent memory in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Farah
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.,Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Steven E Petersen
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.,Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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25
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D'Mello AM, Centanni TM, Gabrieli JDE, Christodoulou JA. Cerebellar contributions to rapid semantic processing in reading. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 208:104828. [PMID: 32688288 PMCID: PMC7501994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anila M D'Mello
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, 46-4033 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Tracy M Centanni
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, 46-4033 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, 2800 South University Drive, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, 46-4033 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Education, 14 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Joanna A Christodoulou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, 46-4033 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MGH Institute of Health Professions, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 36 First Avenue, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Education, 14 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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26
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Kostorz K, Flanagin VL, Glasauer S. Synchronization between instructor and observer when learning a complex bimanual skill. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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27
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Seese RR. Working Memory Impairments in Cerebellar Disorders of Childhood. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 107:16-23. [PMID: 32276741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a crucial center for motor control and integration. Increasing evidence supports the notion that the cerebellum is also involved in nonmotor functions. Along these lines, multiple cerebellar disorders of childhood and adulthood are associated with behavioral and cognitive symptoms, including impairments in memory. One form of memory commonly affected in cerebellar disorders is working memory, which uses attention to manipulate information that is immediately available to execute cognitive tasks. This article reviews the literature illustrating that working memory impairments are frequently observed in acquired, congenital, and genetic/developmental cerebellar disorders of childhood. Functional neuroimaging studies demonstrate that working memory tasks engage many posterior regions of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Thus, the cerebellum acts as one important node in the working memory circuit, and when the cerebellum is involved in childhood disorders, deficits in working memory commonly occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Seese
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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28
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Rezaee Z, Dutta A. Lobule‐Specific Dosage Considerations for Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation During Healthy Aging: A Computational Modeling Study Using Age‐Specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging Templates. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:341-365. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
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29
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Washington SD, Rayhan RU, Garner R, Provenzano D, Zajur K, Addiego FM, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JN. Exercise alters cerebellar and cortical activity related to working memory in phenotypes of Gulf War Illness. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcz039. [PMID: 32025659 PMCID: PMC6989731 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness affects 25–32% of veterans from the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War. Post-exertional malaise with cognitive dysfunction, pain and fatigue following physical and/or mental effort is a defining feature of Gulf War Illness. We modelled post-exertional malaise by assessing changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T during an N-Back working memory task performed prior to a submaximal bicycle stress test and after an identical stress test 24 h later. Serial trends in postural changes in heart rate between supine and standing defined three subgroups of veterans with Gulf War Illness: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (GWI-POTS, 15%, n = 11), Stress Test Associated Reversible Tachycardia (GWI-START, 31%, n = 23) and Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception (GWI-STOPP, no postural tachycardia, 54%, n = 46). Before exercise, there were no differences in blood oxygenation level-dependent activity during the N-Back task between control (n = 31), GWI-START, GWI-STOPP and GWI-POTS subgroups. Exercise had no effects on blood oxygenation level-dependent activation in controls. GWI-START had post-exertional deactivation of cerebellar dentate nucleus and vermis regions associated with working memory. GWI-STOPP had significant activation of the anterior supplementary motor area that may be a component of the anterior salience network. There was a trend for deactivation of the vermis in GWI-POTS after exercise. These patterns of cognitive dysfunction were apparent in Gulf War Illness only after the exercise stressor. Mechanisms linking the autonomic dysfunction of Stress Test Associated Reversible Tachycardia and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome to cerebellar activation, and Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception to cortical sensorimotor alterations, remain unclear but may open new opportunities for understanding, diagnosing and treating Gulf War Illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Washington
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rakib U Rayhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Richard Garner
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Destie Provenzano
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kristina Zajur
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - John W VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - James N Baraniuk
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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30
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Ashida R, Cerminara NL, Edwards RJ, Apps R, Brooks JCW. Sensorimotor, language, and working memory representation within the human cerebellum. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4732-4747. [PMID: 31361075 PMCID: PMC6865458 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in a wide range of behaviours. A key organisational principle from animal studies is that somatotopically corresponding sensory input and motor output reside in the same cerebellar cortical areas. However, compelling evidence for a similar arrangement in humans and whether it extends to cognitive functions is lacking. To address this, we applied cerebellar optimised whole‐brain functional MRI in 20 healthy subjects. To assess spatial overlap within the sensorimotor and cognitive domains, we recorded activity to a sensory stimulus (vibrotactile) and a motor task; the Sternberg verbal working memory (VWM) task; and a verb generation paradigm. Consistent with animal data, sensory and motor activity overlapped with a somatotopic arrangement in ipsilateral areas of the anterior and posterior cerebellum. During the maintenance phase of the Sternberg task, a positive linear relationship between VWM load and activity was observed in right Lobule VI, extending into Crus I bilaterally. Articulatory movement gave rise to bilateral activity in medial Lobule VI. A conjunction of two independent language tasks localised activity during verb generation in right Lobule VI‐Crus I, which overlapped with activity during VWM. These results demonstrate spatial compartmentalisation of sensorimotor and cognitive function in the human cerebellum, with each area involved in more than one aspect of a given behaviour, consistent with an integrative function. Sensorimotor localisation was uniform across individuals, but the representation of cognitive tasks was more variable, highlighting the importance of individual scans for mapping higher order functions within the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ashida
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Neurosurgery Department, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol Trust, Bristol, UK.,Neurosurgery Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Nadia L Cerminara
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard J Edwards
- Neurosurgery Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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31
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Marvel CL, Morgan OP, Kronemer SI. How the motor system integrates with working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:184-194. [PMID: 31039359 PMCID: PMC6604620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Working memory is vital for basic functions in everyday life. During working memory, one holds a finite amount of information in mind until it is no longer required or when resources to maintain this information are depleted. Convergence of neuroimaging data indicates that working memory is supported by the motor system, and in particular, by regions that are involved in motor planning and preparation, in the absence of overt movement. These "secondary motor" regions are physically located between primary motor and non-motor regions, within the frontal lobe, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, creating a functionally organized gradient. The contribution of secondary motor regions to working memory may be to generate internal motor traces that reinforce the representation of information held in mind. The primary aim of this review is to elucidate motor-cognitive interactions through the lens of working memory using the Sternberg paradigm as a model and to suggest origins of the motor-cognitive interface. In addition, we discuss the implications of the motor-cognitive relationship for clinical groups with motor network deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie L Marvel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Owen P Morgan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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32
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Rezaee Z, Dutta A. Cerebellar Lobules Optimal Stimulation (CLOS): A Computational Pipeline to Optimize Cerebellar Lobule-Specific Electric Field Distribution. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:266. [PMID: 31031578 PMCID: PMC6473058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) is challenging due to the complexity of the cerebellar structure which is reflected by the well-known variability in ctDCS effects. Therefore, our objective is to present a freely available computational modeling pipeline for cerebellar lobules' optimal stimulation (CLOS). METHODS CLOS can optimize lobule-specific electric field distribution following finite element analysis (FEA) using freely available computational modeling pipelines. We modeled published ctDCS montages with 5 cm × 5 cm anode placed 3 cm lateral to inion, and the same sized cathode was placed on the: (1) contralateral supra-orbital area (called Manto montage), and (2) buccinators muscle (called Celnik montage). Also, a published (3) 4×1 HD-ctDCS electrode montage was modeled. We also investigated the effects of the subject-specific head model versus Colin 27 average head model on lobule-specific electric field distribution. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of lobules, montage, and head model on the electric field distribution. The differences in lobule-specific electric field distribution across different freely available computational pipelines were also evaluated using subject-specific head model. We also presented an application of our computational pipeline to optimize a ctDCS electrode montage to deliver peak electric field at the cerebellar lobules VII-IX related to ankle function. RESULTS Eta-squared effect size after three-way ANOVA for electric field strength was 0.05 for lobule, 0.00 for montage, 0.04 for the head model, 0.01 for lobule∗montage interaction, 0.01 for lobule∗ head model interaction, and 0.00 for montage∗head model interaction. The electric field strength of both the Celnik and the Manto montages affected the lobules Crus I/II, VIIb, VIII, and IX of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere where Manto montage had a spillover to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. The 4×1 HD-ctDCS montage primarily affected the lobules Crus I/II of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere. All three published ctDCS montages were found to be not optimal for ankle function (lobules VII-IX), so we presented a novel HD-ctDCS electrode montage. DISCUSSION Our freely available CLOS pipeline can be leveraged to optimize electromagnetic stimulation to target cerebellar lobules related to different cognitive and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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33
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Is there an "antisocial" cerebellum? Evidence from disorders other than autism characterized by abnormal social behaviours. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:1-8. [PMID: 30153496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a hindbrain structure which involvement in functions not related to motor control and planning is being increasingly recognized in the last decades. Studies on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have reported cerebellar involvement on these conditions characterized by social deficits and repetitive motor behavior patterns. Although such an involvement hints at a possible cerebellar participation in the social domain, the fact that ASD patients present both social and motor deficits impedes drawing any firm conclusion regarding cerebellar involvement in pathological social behaviours, probably influenced by the classical view of the cerebellum as a purely "motor" brain structure. Here, we suggest the cerebellum can be a key node for the production and control of normal and particularly aberrant social behaviours, as indicated by its involvement in other neuropsychiatric disorders which main symptom is deregulated social behaviour. Therefore, in this work, we briefly review cerebellar involvement in social behavior in rodent models, followed by discussing the findings linking the cerebellum to those other psychiatric conditions characterized by defective social behaviours. Finally, possible commonalities between the studies and putative underlying impaired functions will be discussed and experimental approaches both in patients and experimental animals will also be proposed, aimed at stimulating research on the role of the cerebellum in social behaviours and disorders characterized by social impairments, which, if successful, will definitely help reinforcing the proposed cerebellar involvement in the social domain.
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34
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Deverett B, Koay SA, Oostland M, Wang SSH. Cerebellar involvement in an evidence-accumulation decision-making task. eLife 2018; 7:36781. [PMID: 30102151 PMCID: PMC6105309 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To make successful evidence-based decisions, the brain must rapidly and accurately transform sensory inputs into specific goal-directed behaviors. Most experimental work on this subject has focused on forebrain mechanisms. Using a novel evidence-accumulation task for mice, we performed recording and perturbation studies of crus I of the lateral posterior cerebellum, which communicates bidirectionally with numerous forebrain regions. Cerebellar inactivation led to a reduction in the fraction of correct trials. Using two-photon fluorescence imaging of calcium, we found that Purkinje cell somatic activity contained choice/evidence-related information. Decision errors were represented by dendritic calcium spikes, which in other contexts are known to drive cerebellar plasticity. We propose that cerebellar circuitry may contribute to computations that support accurate performance in this perceptual decision-making task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Deverett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, United States
| | - Sue Ann Koay
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Marlies Oostland
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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35
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Executive dysfunction in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neurol 2018; 265:1563-1572. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Zhang F, Li J, Na S, Wu J, Yang Z, Xie X, Wan Y, Li K, Yue J. The Involvement of PPARs in the Selective Regulation of Brain CYP2D by Growth Hormone. Neuroscience 2018; 379:115-125. [PMID: 29555426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain CYP2D is responsible for the synthesis of endogenous neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. This study is to investigate the effects of cerebral CYP2D on mouse behavior and the mechanism whereby growth hormone regulates brain CYP2D. The inhibition of cerebellar CYP2D significantly affected the spatial learning and exploratory behavior of mice. CYP2D expression was lower in the brain in GHR-/- mice than that in WT mice; however, hepatic CYP2D levels were similar. Brain PPARα expression in male GHR-/- mice were markedly higher than those in WT mice, while brain PPARγ levels were decreased or unchanged in different regions. However, both hepatic PPARα and PPARγ in male GHR-/- mice were markedly higher than those in WT mice. Pulsatile GH decreased the PPARα mRNA level and increased the mRNA levels of CYP2D6 and PPARγ in SH-SY5Y cells. A luciferase assay showed that PPARγ activated the CYP2D6 gene promoter while PPARα inhibited its function. Pulsatile GH decreased the binding of PPARα to the CYP2D6 promoter by 40% and promoted the binding of PPARγ to the CYP2D6 promoter by approximately 60%. The male GH secretory pattern altered PPAR expression and the binding of PPARs to the CYP2D promoter, leading to the elevation of brain CYP2D in a tissue-specific manner. Growth hormone may alter the learning and memory functions in patients receiving GH replacement therapy via brain CYP2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shufang Na
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheqiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianfei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ke Li
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan 430060, China.
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37
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Orlov ND, O'Daly O, Tracy DK, Daniju Y, Hodsoll J, Valdearenas L, Rothwell J, Shergill SS. Stimulating thought: a functional MRI study of transcranial direct current stimulation in schizophrenia. Brain 2017; 140:2490-2497. [PMID: 29050384 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia typically suffer a range of cognitive deficits, including prominent deficits in working memory and executive function. These difficulties are strongly predictive of functional outcomes, but there is a paucity of effective therapeutic interventions targeting these deficits. Transcranial direct current stimulation is a novel neuromodulatory technique with emerging evidence of potential pro-cognitive effects; however, there is limited understanding of its mechanism. This was a double-blind randomized sham controlled pilot study of transcranial direct current stimulation on a working memory (n-back) and executive function (Stroop) task in 28 individuals with schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Study participants received 30 min of real or sham transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left frontal cortex. The 'real' and 'sham' groups did not differ in online working memory task performance, but the transcranial direct current stimulation group demonstrated significant improvement in performance at 24 h post-transcranial direct current stimulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation was associated with increased activation in the medial frontal cortex beneath the anode; showing a positive correlation with consolidated working memory performance 24 h post-stimulation. There was reduced activation in the left cerebellum in the transcranial direct current stimulation group, with no change in the middle frontal gyrus or parietal cortices. Improved performance on the executive function task was associated with reduced activity in the anterior cingulate cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulated functional activation in local task-related regions, and in more distal nodes in the network. Transcranial direct current stimulation offers a potential novel approach to altering frontal cortical activity and exerting pro-cognitive effects in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasza D Orlov
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,University of Roehampton, London SW15 5PU
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Derek K Tracy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,Oxleas National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
| | - Yusuf Daniju
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,University of Roehampton, London SW15 5PU
| | - John Hodsoll
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lorena Valdearenas
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John Rothwell
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Sukhi S Shergill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
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38
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Diwadkar VA, Re M, Cecchetto F, Garzitto M, Piccin S, Bonivento C, Maieron M, D'Agostini S, Balestrieri M, Brambilla P. Attempts at memory control induce dysfunctional brain activation profiles in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An exploratory fMRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 266:42-52. [PMID: 28599173 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of aversive memories through memory control has historically been proposed as a central psychological defense mechanism. Inability to suppress memories is considered a central psychological trait in several psychiatric disorders, including Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Yet, few studies have attempted the focused identification of dysfunctional brain activation profiles when patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorders attempt memory control. Using a well-characterized behavioral paradigm we studied brain activation profiles in a group of adult GAD patients and well-matched healthy controls (HC). Participants learned word-association pairs before imaging. During fMRI when presented with one word of the pair, they were instructed to either suppress memory of, or retrieve the paired word. Subsequent behavioral testing indicated both GAD and HC were able to engage in the task, but attempts at memory control (suppression or retrieval) during fMRI revealed vastly different activation profiles. GAD were characterized by substantive hypo-activation signatures during both types of memory control, with effects particularly strong during suppression in brain regions including the dorsal anterior cingulate and the ventral prefrontal cortex. Attempts at memory control in GAD fail to engage brain regions to the same extent HC, providing a putative neuronal signature for a well-established psychological characteristic of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Tolan Park Medical Building, Suite 5B, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Detroit, MI 48301, USA
| | - Marta Re
- DISM, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | | | - Marco Garzitto
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Sara Piccin
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
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Hutton JS, Phelan K, Horowitz-Kraus T, Dudley J, Altaye M, DeWitt T, Holland SK. Story time turbocharger? Child engagement during shared reading and cerebellar activation and connectivity in preschool-age children listening to stories. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177398. [PMID: 28562619 PMCID: PMC5451016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding behavioral and neurobiological evidence affirms benefits of shared (especially parent-child) reading on cognitive development during early childhood. However, the majority of this evidence involves factors under caregiver control, the influence of those intrinsic to the child, such as interest or engagement in reading, largely indirect or unclear. The cerebellum is increasingly recognized as playing a "smoothing" role in higher-level cognitive processing and learning, via feedback loops with language, limbic and association cortices. We utilized functional MRI to explore the relationship between child engagement during a mother-child reading observation and neural activation and connectivity during a story listening task, in a sample of 4-year old girls. Children exhibiting greater interest and engagement in the narrative showed increased activation in right-sided cerebellar association areas during the task, and greater functional connectivity between this activation cluster and language and executive function areas. Our findings suggest a potential cerebellar "boost" mechanism responsive to child engagement level that may contribute to emergent literacy development during early childhood, and synergy between caregiver and child factors during story sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Hutton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kieran Phelan
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Education Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan Dudley
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas DeWitt
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott K. Holland
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Bodranghien FCAA, Langlois Mahe M, Clément S, Manto MU. A Pilot Study on the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Rhythms and Entropy during Self-Paced Finger Movement using the Epoc Helmet. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:201. [PMID: 28503139 PMCID: PMC5408787 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum is emerging as a novel non-invasive tool to modulate the activity of the cerebellar circuitry. In a single blinded study, we applied anodal tDCS (atDCS) of the cerebellum to assess its effects on brain entropy and brain rhythms during self-paced sequential finger movements in a group of healthy volunteers. Although wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) systems cannot compete with traditional clinical/laboratory set-ups in terms of accuracy and channel density, they have now reached a sufficient maturity to envision daily life applications. Therefore, the EEG was recorded with a comfortable and easy to wear 14 channels wireless helmet (Epoc headset; electrode location was based on the 10-20 system). Cerebellar neurostimulation modified brain rhythmicity with a decrease in the delta band (electrode F3 and T8, p < 0.05). By contrast, our study did not show any significant change in entropy ratios and laterality coefficients (LC) after atDCS of the cerebellum in the 14 channels. The cerebellum is heavily connected with the cerebral cortex including the frontal lobes and parietal lobes via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. We propose that the effects of anodal stimulation of the cerebellar cortex upon cerebral cortical rhythms are mediated by this key-pathway. Additional studies using high-density EEG recordings and behavioral correlates are now required to confirm our findings, especially given the limited coverage of Epoc headset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C. A. A. Bodranghien
- Unité d’Etude du Mouvement (UEM-GRIM), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Libre De BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Clément
- Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine (HELB)Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mario U. Manto
- Unité d’Etude du Mouvement (UEM-GRIM), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Libre De BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium
- Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine (HELB)Bruxelles, Belgium
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Long-Term Predictive and Feedback Encoding of Motor Signals in the Simple Spike Discharge of Purkinje Cells. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0036-17. [PMID: 28413823 PMCID: PMC5388669 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0036-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most hypotheses of cerebellar function emphasize a role in real-time control of movements. However, the cerebellum’s use of current information to adjust future movements and its involvement in sequencing, working memory, and attention argues for predicting and maintaining information over extended time windows. The present study examines the time course of Purkinje cell discharge modulation in the monkey (Macaca mulatta) during manual, pseudo-random tracking. Analysis of the simple spike firing from 183 Purkinje cells during tracking reveals modulation up to 2 s before and after kinematics and position error. Modulation significance was assessed against trial shuffled firing, which decoupled simple spike activity from behavior and abolished long-range encoding while preserving data statistics. Position, velocity, and position errors have the most frequent and strongest long-range feedforward and feedback modulations, with less common, weaker long-term correlations for speed and radial error. Position, velocity, and position errors can be decoded from the population simple spike firing with considerable accuracy for even the longest predictive (-2000 to -1500 ms) and feedback (1500 to 2000 ms) epochs. Separate analysis of the simple spike firing in the initial hold period preceding tracking shows similar long-range feedforward encoding of the upcoming movement and in the final hold period feedback encoding of the just completed movement, respectively. Complex spike analysis reveals little long-term modulation with behavior. We conclude that Purkinje cell simple spike discharge includes short- and long-range representations of both upcoming and preceding behavior that could underlie cerebellar involvement in error correction, working memory, and sequencing.
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Göbel A, Heldmann M, Sartorius A, Göttlich M, Dirk AL, Brabant G, Münte TF. Mild Thyrotoxicosis Leads to Brain Perfusion Changes: An Arterial Spin Labelling Study. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 27859916 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypo- and hyperthyroidism have effects on brain structure and function, as well as cognitive processes, including memory. However, little is known about the influence of thyroid hormones on brain perfusion and the relationship of such perfusion changes with cognition. The present study aimed to demonstrate the effect of short-term experimental hyperthyroidism on brain perfusion in healthy volunteers and to assess whether perfusion changes, if present, are related to cognitive performance. It is known that an interaction exists between brain perfusion and cerebral oxygen consumption rate and it is considered that neural activation increases cerebral regional perfusion rate in brain areas associated with memory. Measuring cerebral blood flow may therefore represent a proxy for neural activity. Therefore, arterial spin labelling (ASL) measurements were conducted and later analysed to evaluate brain perfusion in 29 healthy men before and after ingesting thyroid hormones for 8 weeks. Psychological tests concerning memory were performed at the same time-points and the results were correlated with the imaging results. In the hyperthyroid condition, perfusion was increased in the posterior cerebellum in regions connected with cerebral networks associated with cognitive control and the visual cortex compared to the euthyroid condition. In addition, these perfusion changes were positively correlated with changes of performance in the German version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Task [AVLT, Verbaler Lern-und-Merkfähigkeits-Test (VLMT)]. Cerebellar perfusion and function therefore appears to be modulated by thyroid hormones, likely because the cerebellum hosts a high number of thyroid hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - A Sartorius
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - A-L Dirk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - G Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - T F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Koppelmans V, Hoogendam YY, Hirsiger S, Mérillat S, Jäncke L, Seidler RD. Regional cerebellar volumetric correlates of manual motor and cognitive function. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1929-1944. [PMID: 27699480 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar volume declines with aging. Few studies have investigated age differences in regional cerebellar volume (RCV) and their association with motor and cognitive function. In 213 healthy older adults, we investigated the association of age with motor skills, cognition and RCV. Subsequently, we studied the association of RCV with motor skills and cognition. RCVs were derived from T1-weighted MRI scans using the automated SUIT segmentation method and clustered using principal component analysis (PCA). Motor skill (manual dexterity, tapping speed, bimanual visuomotor coordination, grip force) and cognition (mental rotation, verbal memory, inhibition, mental flexibility) were assessed. Behavioral measures were clustered into compounds using PCA: left hand motor skill, right hand motor skill, verbal memory and mental flexibility, and mental rotation & inhibition. Volume of the rostral middle frontal gyri (rMFG) and premotor areas (PMA) were related to performance for reference. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and education. Volume of the cerebellar anterior lobe and top of the superior posterior lobe were positively associated with motor skill. Volume of the bottom part of the posterior superior lobe and the inferior posterior lobe was positively associated with cognition. PMA volume was associated with cognition and motor skill and rMFG volume with motor skill. Although these results did not survive FDR correction, their effect sizes suggest that regional cerebellar volume selectively contributes to cognitive and motor skill. Effect sizes of cerebellar associations with performance were similar to those of rMFG/PMA and performance suggesting parallel contributions to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Koppelmans
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 4745D Central Campus Recreation Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yoo Young Hoogendam
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 4745D Central Campus Recreation Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah Hirsiger
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mérillat
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Neuropsychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Special Education, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 4745D Central Campus Recreation Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Joyce AW. Implicit Working Memory: Implications for Assessment and Treatment. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 5:223-34. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1167497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yu W, Krook-Magnuson E. Cognitive Collaborations: Bidirectional Functional Connectivity Between the Cerebellum and the Hippocampus. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:177. [PMID: 26732845 PMCID: PMC4686701 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that the utility of the cerebellum is not limited to motor control. This review focuses on the particularly novel area of hippocampal-cerebellar interactions. Recent work has illustrated that the hippocampus and cerebellum are functionally connected in a bidirectional manner such that the cerebellum can influence hippocampal activity and vice versa. This functional connectivity has important implications for physiology, including spatial navigation and timing-dependent tasks, as well as pathophysiology, including seizures. Moving forward, an improved understanding of the critical biological underpinnings of these cognitive collaborations may improve interventions for neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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