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Stewart CF, McGoldrick P, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Atreya CD, Maclean M. Microbial reduction of prebagged human plasma using 405 nm light and its effects on coagulation factors. AMB Express 2024; 14:66. [PMID: 38842656 PMCID: PMC11156813 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination is the most prevalent infectious complication of blood transfusion in the developed world. To mitigate this, several ultraviolet light-based pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), some of which require photo-chemicals, have been developed to minimize infection transmission. Relative to UV light, visible 405-nm light is safer and has shown potential to be developed as a PRT for the in situ treatment of ex vivo human plasma and platelet concentrates, without the need for photo-chemicals. This study investigates the effect of 405-nm light on human plasma, with focus on the compatibility of antimicrobial light doses with essential plasma clotting factors. To determine an effective antimicrobial dose that is compatible with plasma, prebagged human plasma (up to 300 mL) was seeded with common microbial contaminants and treated with increasing doses of 405-nm light (16 mW cm-2; ≤ 403 J cm-2). Post-exposure plasma protein integrity was investigated using an AOPP assay, in vitro coagulation tests, and ELISA-based measurement of fibrinogen and Protein S. Microbial contamination in 300 mL prebagged human plasma was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) after exposure to ≤ 288 J cm-2, with microbial loads reduced by > 96.2%. This dose did not significantly affect the plasma protein quality parameters tested (P > 0.05). Increased doses (≥ 345 J cm-2) resulted in a 4.3% increase in clot times with no statistically significant change in protein activity or levels. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the effective microbicidal 405 light dose shows little to no negative effect on plasma quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Preston McGoldrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Hygiene requirements for cleaning and disinfection of surfaces: recommendation of the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2024; 19:Doc13. [PMID: 38655122 PMCID: PMC11035912 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This recommendation of the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) addresses not only hospitals, but also outpatient health care facilities and compiles current evidence. The following criteria are the basis for the indications for cleaning and disinfection: Infectious bioburden and tenacity of potential pathogens on surfaces and their transmission routes, influence of disinfecting surface cleaning on the rate of nosocomial infections, interruption of cross infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms, and outbreak control by disinfecting cleaning within bundles. The criteria for the selection of disinfectants are determined by the requirements for effectiveness, the efficacy spectrum, the compatibility for humans and the environment, as well as the risk potential for the development of tolerance and resistance. Detailed instructions on the organization and implementation of cleaning and disinfection measures, including structural and equipment requirements, serve as the basis for their implementation. Since the agents for surface disinfection and disinfecting surface cleaning have been classified as biocides in Europe since 2013, the regulatory consequences are explained. As possible addition to surface disinfection, probiotic cleaning, is pointed out. In an informative appendix (only in German), the pathogen characteristics for their acquisition of surfaces, such as tenacity, infectious dose and biofilm formation, and the toxicological and ecotoxicological characteristics of microbicidal agents as the basis for their selection are explained, and methods for the evaluation of the resulting quality of cleaning or disinfecting surface cleaning are presented.
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Sinclair LG, Ilieva Z, Morris G, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Viricidal Efficacy of a 405-nm Environmental Decontamination System for Inactivation of Bacteriophage Phi6: Surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1493-1500. [PMID: 36872097 PMCID: PMC10952546 DOI: 10.1111/php.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly transmittable nature of SARS-CoV-2 has increased the necessity for novel strategies to safely decontaminate public areas. This study investigates the efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light environmental decontamination system for the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Bacteriophage phi6 was exposed to increasing doses of low irradiance (~0.5 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light while suspended in SM buffer and artificial human saliva at low (~103-4 PFU mL-1 ) and high (~107-8 PFU mL-1 ) seeding densities, to determine system efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation and establish the influence of biologically relevant suspension media on viral susceptibility. Complete/near-complete (≥99.4%) inactivation was demonstrated in all cases, with significantly enhanced reductions observed in biologically relevant media (P < 0.05). Doses of 43.2 and 172.8 J cm-2 were required to achieve ~3 log10 reductions at low density, and 97.2 and 259.2 J cm-2 achieved ~6 log10 reductions at high density, in saliva and SM buffer, respectively: 2.6-4 times less dose was required when suspended in saliva compared to SM buffer. Comparative exposure to higher irradiance (~50 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light indicated that, on a per unit dose basis, 0.5 mW cm-2 treatments were capable of achieving up to 5.8 greater log10 reductions with up to 28-fold greater germicidal efficiency than that of 50 mW cm-2 treatments. These findings establish the efficacy of low irradiance 405-nm light systems for inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and demonstrate the significant enhancement in susceptibility when suspended in saliva, which is a major vector in COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G. Sinclair
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Georgina Morris
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - John G. Anderson
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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Bernardy C, Malley J. Impacts of Surface Characteristics and Dew Point on the Blue-Light (BL 405) Inactivation of Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2638. [PMID: 38004651 PMCID: PMC10673487 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), healthcare associated infections (HAIs), and the recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused the photoinactivation industry to explore alternative wavelengths. Blue light (BL405) has gained significant interest as it is much less harmful to the skin and eyes than traditional germicidal wavelengths; therefore, in theory, it can be used continuously with human exposure. At present, the viricidal effects of BL405 are largely unknown as the literature predominately addresses bacterial disinfection performed with this wavelength. This work provides novel findings to the industry, reporting on the virucidal effects of BL405 on surfaces. This research utilizes three surfaces: ceramic, PTFE, and stainless steel. The efficacy of BL405 inactivation varied by surface type, which was due to surface characteristics, such as the contact angle, porosity, zeta potential, and reflectivity. Additionally, the effect of the dew point on BL405 inactivation efficacy was determined. This research is the first to study the effects of the dew point on the virucidal effectiveness of BL405 surface inactivation. The effects of the dew point were significant for all surfaces and the control experiments. The high-dew-point conditions (18 °C) yielded higher levels of BL405 inactivation and viral degradation for the experiments and controls, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Malley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
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Sun J, Dahiya N, Schmitt T, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Beger RD, Atreya CD. Metabolomics evaluation of the photochemical impact of violet-blue light (405 nm) on ex vivo platelet concentrates. Metabolomics 2023; 19:88. [PMID: 37855954 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbicidal violet-blue light in the visible spectrum (405 nm) has been under evaluation for pathogen inactivation in ex vivo human plasma and platelets (PLTs) stored in plasma. Results to date have demonstrated that several blood-borne infectious disease-causing pathogens can be successfully reduced to significantly low levels in the light-treated plasma and PLTs. METHOD In order to evaluate whether the microbicidal 405 nm light is safe for the treatment of PLT concentrates for pathogen inactivation, LC/MS-based metabolomics analyses were performed to evaluate the overall impact of 405 nm violet-blue light treatment on ex vivo PLT concentrates suspended in plasma and on plasma itself, and to identify metabolome changes in intra-platelet and extra-cellular medium (i.e., plasma). RESULTS The metabolomics data identified that platelet activating factors (PAFs), agonists and prostaglandins, which can influence PLT basic functions such as integrity, activation, and aggregation potential were unaltered, suggesting that 405 nm light illumination is safe regarding PLT basic functions. Distinct increases in hydroxyl fatty acids and aldehydes, as well as decreases in antioxidant metabolites indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated at high levels after only one hour of exposure to 405 nm light. Distinctly changed endogenous photosensitizer metabolites after 1 h of light exposure provided good evidence that 405 nm light was an effective microbicide acting through ROS mechanism and no external additive photosensitizers were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Sun
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Sammons T, Gair K, Silverman RG, Shanks S. Assessing the Impact of High Photon Energy Wavelengths on the Treatment of Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:6672019. [PMID: 37829623 PMCID: PMC10567292 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6672019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of low-level laser therapy with high photon energy wavelengths, green and violet, for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain was examined in the first-ever clinical trial of its kind. Participants (n = 43) underwent a single 13-minute laser session. The primary measure of effectiveness was the change in initial visual analog pain (VAS) scores observed three minutes posttreatment. The success of a participant was defined in advance as a reduction of ≥30% in VAS scores, while the success of the study was predetermined as achieving a 65 ± 5% success rate among individual participants. Results demonstrated subjects' VAS pain scores decreased from 71.79 to 34.02 (p < 0.0001), while most participants in the study (81.4%) achieved a ≥30% decrease in pain scores. The findings from this clinical investigation provided substantial support for the first Food and Drug Administration clearance (K221987) for the combined application of green and violet lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirk Gair
- Clinical Study Site, Laser Chiropractic, West Covina, CA, USA
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Sinclair LG, Dougall LR, Ilieva Z, McKenzie K, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Laboratory evaluation of the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy of a low-irradiance visible 405-nm light system for surface-simulated decontamination. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 13:1-15. [PMID: 37363345 PMCID: PMC10264887 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-023-00761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Lighting systems which use visible light blended with antimicrobial 405-nm violet-blue light have recently been developed for safe continuous decontamination of occupied healthcare environments. This paper characterises the optical output and antibacterial efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light system designed for environmental decontamination applications, under controlled laboratory conditions. Methods In the current study, the irradiance output of a ceiling-mounted 405-nm light source was profiled within a 3×3×2 m (18 m3) test area; with values ranging from 0.001-2.016 mWcm-2. To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of the light source for environmental surface decontamination, irradiance levels within this range (0.021-1 mWcm-2) at various angular (Δ ϴ=0-51.3) and linear (∆s=1.6-2.56 m) displacements from the source were used to generate inactivation kinetics, using the model organism, Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, twelve bacterial species were surface-seeded and light-exposed at a fixed displacement below the source (1.5 m; 0.5 mWcm-2) to demonstrate broad-spectrum efficacy at heights typical of high touch surfaces within occupied settings. Results Results demonstrate that significant (P≤0.05) inactivation was successfully achieved at all irradiance values investigated, with spatial positioning from the source affecting inactivation, with greater times required for inactivation as irradiance decreased. Complete/near-complete (≥93.28%) inactivation of all bacteria was achieved following exposure to 0.5 mWcm-2 within exposure times realistic of those utilised practically for whole-room decontamination (2-16 h). Conclusion This study provides fundamental evidence of the efficacy, and energy efficiency, of low irradiance 405-nm light for bacterial inactivation within a controlled laboratory setting, further justifying its benefits for practical infection control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G Sinclair
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura R Dougall
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen McKenzie
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Jana S, Heaven MR, Dahiya N, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Alayash AI, Atreya C. Antimicrobial 405 nm violet-blue light treatment of ex vivo human platelets leads to mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and potential alteration of Phospho-proteome. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 241:112672. [PMID: 36871490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Continued efforts to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) through blood and blood components led to the development of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation technologies known as pathogen reduction technologies (PRT) to enhance blood safety. While these PRTs demonstrate germicidal efficiency, it is generally accepted that these photoinactivation techniques have limitations as they employ treatment conditions shown to compromise the quality of the blood components. During ex vivo storage, platelets having mitochondria for energy production suffer most from the consequences of UV irradiation. Recently, application of visible violet-blue light in the 400-470 nm wavelength range has been identified as a relatively more compatible alternative to UV light. Hence, in this report, we evaluated 405 nm light-treated platelets to assess alterations in energy utilization by measuring different mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters, glycolytic flux, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we employed untargeted data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry to characterize platelet proteomic differences in protein regulation after the light treatment. Overall, our analyses demonstrate that ex vivo treatment of human platelets with antimicrobial 405 nm violet-blue light leads to mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming to survive the treatment, and alters a fraction of platelet proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirsendu Jana
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Michael R Heaven
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Scott MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Chintamani Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Kvam E, Davis B, Benner K. Comparative Assessment of Pulsed and Continuous LED UV-A Lighting for Disinfection of Contaminated Surfaces. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1747. [PMID: 36362902 PMCID: PMC9696731 DOI: 10.3390/life12111747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The germicidal efficacy of LED UV-A lighting has scarcely been compared in continuous and pulsed modes for contaminated surfaces. Herein, we compare the disinfection properties of pulsed versus continuous lighting at equal irradiances using a 365 nm LED device that replicates the doses of occupied-space continuous disinfection UV-A products. Representative organisms evaluated in this study included human-infectious enveloped and non-enveloped viruses (lentivirus and adeno-associated virus, respectively), a bacterial endospore (Bacillus atrophaeus), and a resilient gram-positive bacterium (Enterococcus faecalis). Nominal UV-A irradiances were tested at or below the UL standard limit for continuous human exposure (maximum irradiance of 10 W/m2). We observed photoinactivation properties that varied by organism type, with bacteria and enveloped virus being more susceptible to UV-A than non-enveloped virus and spores. Overall, we conclude that continuous-mode UV-A lighting is better suited for occupied-space disinfection than pulsing UV-A at equivalent low irradiances, and we draw comparisons to other studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kvam
- GE Research, One Research Circle, K1 5D29, Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA
| | - Brian Davis
- GE Research, One Research Circle, K1 5D29, Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA
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Anforderungen an die Hygiene bei der Reinigung und Desinfektion von Flächen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2022; 65:1074-1115. [PMID: 36173419 PMCID: PMC9521013 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-022-03576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Sadraeian M, Zhang L, Aavani F, Biazar E, Jin D. Viral inactivation by light. ELIGHT 2022; 2:18. [PMID: 36187558 PMCID: PMC9510523 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, viral infections are one of the greatest challenges for medical sciences and human society. While antiviral compounds and chemical inactivation remain inadequate, physical approaches based on irradiation provide new potentials for prevention and treatment of viral infections, without the risk of drug resistance and other unwanted side effects. Light across the electromagnetic spectrum can inactivate the virions using ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. This review highlights the anti-viral utility of radiant methods from the aspects of ionizing radiation, including high energy ultraviolet, gamma ray, X-ray, and neutron, and non-ionizing photo-inactivation, including lasers and blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadraeian
- Present Address: Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Le Zhang
- Present Address: Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Farzaneh Aavani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Dayong Jin
- Present Address: Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
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Haridas D, Atreya CD. The microbicidal potential of visible blue light in clinical medicine and public health. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:905606. [PMID: 35935800 PMCID: PMC9353137 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.905606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible blue light of wavelengths in the 400–470 nm range has been observed to have microbicidal properties. A widely accepted hypothesis for the mechanism of microbial inactivation by visible blue light is that the light causes photoexcitation of either endogenous (present within the microbe) or, exogenous (present in the biological medium surrounding the microbe) photosensitizers such as porphyrins and flavins, which leads to the release of reactive oxygen species that subsequently manifests microbicidal activity. Some of the factors that have been observed to be associated with enhanced microbicidal action include increased duration of exposure, and either pre- or co-treatment with quinine hydrochloride. In case of bacteria, repetitive exposure to the blue light shows no significant evidence of resistance development. Additionally, visible blue light has exhibited the ability to inactivate fungal and viral pathogens and, multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as bacterial biofilms. Visible blue light has demonstrated efficacy in eliminating foodborne pathogens found on food surfaces and exposed surfaces in the food processing environment as well as in the decontamination of surfaces in the clinical environment to minimize the spread of nosocomial infections. We conclude from reviewing existing literature on the application of the blue light in clinical medicine and public health settings that this microbicidal light is emerging as a safer alternative to conventional ultraviolet light-based technologies in multiple settings. However, further comprehensive studies and thorough understanding of the mechanism of microbicidal action of this light in different scenarios is warranted to determine its place in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Haridas
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chintamani D. Atreya
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Division of Blood Components and Devices, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Chintamani D. Atreya,
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Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070778. [PMID: 35890023 PMCID: PMC9320750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in ensuring the safety of the blood supply, there is continued risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) from newly emerging or re-emerging infections. Globally, several pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) for blood safety have been in development as an alternative to traditional treatment methods. Despite broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, some of the approved ultraviolet (UV) light-based PRTs, understandably due to UV light-associated toxicities, fall short in preserving the full functional spectrum of the treated blood components. As a safer alternative to the UV-based microbicidal technologies, investigations into the use of violet-blue light in the region of 405 nm have been on the rise as these wavelengths do not impair the treated product at doses that demonstrate microbicidal activity. Recently, we have demonstrated that a 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 was sufficient for reducing bacteria and the parasite in plasma and platelets suspended in plasma while preserving the quality of the treated blood product stored for transfusion. Drawn from the previous experience, here we evaluated the virucidal potential of 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 on an important blood-borne enveloped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), in human plasma. Both test plasma (HIV-1 spiked and treated with various doses of 405 nm light) and control plasma (HIV-1 spiked, but not treated with the light) samples were cultured with HIV-1 permissive H9 cell line for up to 21 days to estimate the viral titers. Quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen (HIV-1 p24) levels reflective of HIV-1 titers were measured for each light dose to assess virus infectivity. Our results demonstrate that a 405 nm light dose of 270 J/cm2 is also capable of 4–5 log HIV-1 reduction in plasma under the conditions tested. Overall, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that 405 nm violet-blue light successfully inactivates HIV-1 present in human plasma, thereby demonstrating its potential towards being an effective PRT for this blood component safety.
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Kim DK, Shin M, Kim HS, Kang DH. Inactivation efficacy of combination treatment of blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and riboflavin to control E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium in apple juice. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Yu X, Zheng P, Zou Y, Ye Z, Wei T, Lin J, Guo L, Yuk HG, Zheng Q. A review on recent advances in LED-based non-thermal technique for food safety: current applications and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7692-7707. [PMID: 35369810 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2049201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is an eco-friendly light source with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Recent studies have extensively been conducted to evaluate its efficacy in microbiological safety and the potential as a preservation method to extend the shelf-life of foods. This review aims to present the latest update of recent studies on the basics (physical, biochemical and mechanical basics) and antimicrobial activity of LEDs, as well as its application in the food industry. The highlight will be focused on the effects of LEDs on different types (bacteria, yeast/molds, viruses) and forms (planktonic cells, biofilms, endospores, fungal toxin) of microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of LEDs on various food matrices was also evaluated, together with further analysis on the food-related factors that lead to the differences in LEDs efficiency. Besides, the applications of LEDs on the food-related conditions, packaged food, and equipment that could enhance LEDs efficiency were discussed to explore the future trends of LEDs technology in the food industry. Overall, the present review provides important insights for future research and the application of LEDs in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Yu
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wei
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Lin
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Qianwang Zheng
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is driving the search for new antiviral techniques. Bacteria and fungi are known to be inactivated not only by ultraviolet radiation but also by visible light. Several studies have recently appeared on this subject, in which viruses were mainly irradiated in media. However, it is an open question to what extent the applied media, and especially their riboflavin concentration, can influence the results. A literature search identified appropriate virus photoinactivation publications and, where possible, viral light susceptibility was quantitatively determined in terms of average log-reduction doses. Sensitivities of enveloped viruses were plotted against assumed riboflavin concentrations. Viruses appear to be sensitive to visible (violet/blue) light. The median log-reduction doses of all virus experiments performed in liquids is 58 J/cm2. For the non-enveloped, enveloped and coronaviruses only, they were 222, 29 and 19 J/cm2, respectively. Data are scarce, but it appears that (among other things) the riboflavin concentration in the medium has an influence on the log-reduction doses. Experiments with DMEM, with its 0.4 mg/L riboflavin, have so far produced results with the greatest viral susceptibilities. It should be critically evaluated whether the currently published virus sensitivities are really only intrinsic properties of the virus, or whether the medium played a significant role. In future experiments, irradiation should be carried out in solutions with the lowest possible riboflavin concentration.
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Castel JC, Suess SL. Pulsed blue light, saliva and curcumin significantly inactivate human coronavirus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 227:112378. [PMID: 35085988 PMCID: PMC8713422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivates as much as 52.3% of human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, and one of the major strains of viruses responsible for the annual epidemic of the common cold. Since curcumin and saliva are similarly antiviral and curcumin acts as blue light photosensitizer, we used Qubit fluorometry and WarmStart RT-LAMP assays to study the effect of combining 405 nm, 410 nm, 425 nm or 450 nm wavelengths of PBL with curcumin, saliva or a combination of curcumin and saliva against human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43. The results showed that PBL, curcumin and saliva independently and collectively inactivate HCoV-OC43. Without saliva or curcumin supplementation 21.6 J/cm2 PBL reduced HCoV-OC43 RNA concentration a maximum of 32.8% (log10 = 2.13). Saliva supplementation alone inactivated the virus, reducing its RNA concentration by 61% (log10 = 2.23); with irradiation the reduction was as much as 79.1%. Curcumin supplementation alone decreased viral RNA 71.1%, and a maximum of 87.8% with irradiation. The combination of saliva and curcumin reduced viral RNA to 83.1% and decreased the RNA up to 90.2% with irradiation. The reduced levels could not be detected with qPCR. These findings show that PBL in the range of 405 nm to 450 nm wavelength is antiviral against human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, a surrogate of the COVID-19 virus. Further, it shows that with curcumin as a photosensitizer, it is possible to photodynamically inactivate the virus beyond qPCR detectable level using PBL. Since HCoV-OC43 is of the same beta coronavirus family as SARS-CoV-2, has the same genomic size, and is often used as its surrogate, these findings heighten the prospect of similarly inactivating novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; James Hope University, Lagos, Nigeria; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Violet V Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Samantha L Suess
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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SHIRAI AKIHIRO, YASUTOMO YUKO, KANNO YUKA. Effects of Violet-Blue Light-Emitting Diode on Controlling Bacterial Contamination in Boiled Young Sardine. Biocontrol Sci 2022; 27:9-19. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.27.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AKIHIRO SHIRAI
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - YU-KO YASUTOMO
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - YUKA KANNO
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University
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19
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Stewart CF, Tomb RM, Ralston HJ, Armstrong J, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Atreya CD, Maclean M. Violet-blue 405-nm Light-based Photoinactivation for Pathogen Reduction of Human Plasma Provides Broad Antibacterial Efficacy Without Visible Degradation of Plasma Proteins. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:504-512. [PMID: 34935147 DOI: 10.1111/php.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In transfusion medicine, bacterial contamination can occur in ex vivo stored blood plasma, and there are continued efforts to improve blood safety and reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. Visible 405-nm violet-blue light has demonstrated potential for in situ pathogen reduction in ex vivo stored plasma and platelet concentrates. This study investigates the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy and compatibility potential of 405-nm light for treatment of blood plasma. Human plasma seeded with bacteria at a range of densities (101 -103 , 104 -106 , 107 -108 CFU mL-1 ) was exposed to 360 J cm-2 405-nm light (1 h at 0.1 W cm-2 ), with this fixed dose selected based on the initial analysis of inactivation kinetics. One-dimensional protein mobility analysis and measurement of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) was conducted to evaluate compatibility of the antimicrobial dose with plasma proteins and, identify upper levels at which protein degradation can be detected. Broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy was observed with a fixed treatment of 360 J cm-2 , with 98.9-100% inactivation achieved across all seeding densities for all organisms, except E. coli, which achieved 95.1-100% inactivation. At this dose (360 J cm-2 ), no signs of protein degradation occurred. Overall, 405-nm light shows promise for broad-spectrum bacterial inactivation in blood plasma, while preserving plasma protein integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rachael M Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather J Ralston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jack Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Terrosi C, Anichini G, Docquier JD, Gori Savellini G, Gandolfo C, Pavone FS, Cusi MG. Efficient Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and Other RNA or DNA Viruses with Blue LED Light. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121590. [PMID: 34959545 PMCID: PMC8708627 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue LED light has proven to have a powerful bacteria-killing ability; however, little is known about its mechanism of virucidal activity. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of blue light on different respiratory viruses, such as adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2. The exposure of samples to a blue LED light with a wavelength of 420 nm (i.e., in the visible range) at 20 mW/cm2 of irradiance for 15 min appeared optimal and resulted in the complete inactivation of the viral load. These results were similar for all the three viruses, demonstrating that both enveloped and naked viruses could be efficiently inactivated with blue LED light, regardless of the presence of envelope and of the viral genome nature (DNA or RNA). Moreover, we provided some explanations to the mechanisms by which the blue LED light could exert its antiviral activity. The development of such safe and low-cost light-based devices appears to be of fundamental utility for limiting viral spread and for sanitizing small environments, objects and surfaces, especially in the pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Terrosi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (G.A.); (J.D.D.); (G.G.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Gabriele Anichini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (G.A.); (J.D.D.); (G.G.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Jean Denis Docquier
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (G.A.); (J.D.D.); (G.G.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (G.A.); (J.D.D.); (G.G.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (G.A.); (J.D.D.); (G.G.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.T.); (G.A.); (J.D.D.); (G.G.S.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-233871; Fax: +39-0577-233870
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21
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The role of UV and blue light in photo-eradication of microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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22
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Stasko N, Kocher JF, Annas A, Henson I, Seitz TS, Miller JM, Arwood L, Roberts RC, Womble TM, Keller EG, Emerson S, Bergmann M, Sheesley ANY, Strong RJ, Hurst BL, Emerson D, Tarbet EB, Bradrick SS, Cockrell AS. Visible blue light inhibits infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at doses that are well-tolerated by human respiratory tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20595. [PMID: 34663881 PMCID: PMC8523529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of safe, visible wavelengths of light can be an effective, pathogen-agnostic, countermeasure that would expand the current portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 intervention strategies beyond the conventional approaches of vaccine, antibody, and antiviral therapeutics. Employing custom biological light units, that incorporate optically engineered light-emitting diode (LED) arrays, we harnessed monochromatic wavelengths of light for uniform delivery across biological surfaces. We demonstrated that primary 3D human tracheal/bronchial-derived epithelial tissues tolerated high doses of a narrow spectral band of visible light centered at a peak wavelength of 425 nm. We extended these studies to Vero E6 cells to understand how light may influence the viability of a mammalian cell line conventionally used for assaying SARS-CoV-2. The exposure of single-cell monolayers of Vero E6 cells to similar doses of 425 nm blue light resulted in viabilities that were dependent on dose and cell density. Doses of 425 nm blue light that are well-tolerated by Vero E6 cells also inhibited infection and replication of cell-associated SARS-CoV-2 by > 99% 24 h post-infection after a single five-minute light exposure. Moreover, the 425 nm blue light inactivated cell-free betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 up to 99.99% in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, clinically applicable doses of 425 nm blue light dramatically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in primary human 3D tracheal/bronchial tissue. Safe doses of visible light should be considered part of the strategic portfolio for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic countermeasures to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stasko
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Jacob F Kocher
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Abigail Annas
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ibrahim Henson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Theresa S Seitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Joy M Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Leslee Arwood
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Rachel C Roberts
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Thomas M Womble
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Emily G Keller
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Soren Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Michael Bergmann
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ashley N Y Sheesley
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Rebecca J Strong
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - David Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Adam S Cockrell
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA.
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Rathnasinghe R, Jangra S, Miorin L, Schotsaert M, Yahnke C, Garcίa-Sastre A. The virucidal effects of 405 nm visible light on SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19470. [PMID: 34593848 PMCID: PMC8484654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The germicidal potential of specific wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum is an area of growing interest. While ultra-violet (UV) based technologies have shown satisfactory virucidal potential, the photo-toxicity in humans coupled with UV associated polymer degradation limit their use in occupied spaces. Alternatively, longer wavelengths with less irradiation energy such as visible light (405 nm) have largely been explored in the context of bactericidal and fungicidal applications. Such studies indicated that 405 nm mediated inactivation is caused by the absorbance of porphyrins within the organism creating reactive oxygen species which result in free radical damage to its DNA and disruption of cellular functions. The virucidal potential of visible-light based technologies has been largely unexplored and speculated to be ineffective given the lack of porphyrins in viruses. The current study demonstrated increased susceptibility of lipid-enveloped respiratory pathogens of importance such as SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent of COVID-19) and influenza A virus to 405 nm, visible light in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers thereby indicating a potential alternative porphyrin-independent mechanism of visible light mediated viral inactivation. These results were obtained using less than expected irradiance levels which are considered safe for humans and commercially achievable. Our results support further exploration of the use of visible light technology for the application of continuous decontamination in occupied areas within hospitals and/or infectious disease laboratories, specifically for the inactivation of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Adolfo Garcίa-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Mokili JL. Pulsed blue light inactivates two strains of human coronavirus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 222:112282. [PMID: 34404018 PMCID: PMC8349404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that blue light has the potential to inactivate viruses. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 405 nm, 410 nm, 425 nm and 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) on human alpha coronavirus HCoV-229 E and human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43, using Qubit fluorometry and RT-LAMP to quantitate the amount of nucleic acid in irradiated and control samples. Like SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are single stranded RNA viruses transmitted by air and direct contact; they have similar genomic sizes as SARS-CoV-2, and are used as surrogates for SARS-CoV-2. Irradiation was carried out either at 32.4 J cm-2 using 3 mW cm-2 irradiance or at 130 J cm-2 using 12 mW cm-2 irradiance. Results: (1) At each wavelength tested, PBL was antiviral against both coronaviruses. (2) 405 nm light gave the best result, yielding 52.3% (2.37 log10) inactivation against HCoV-OC43 (p < .0001), and a significant 1.46 log 10 (44%) inactivation of HCoV-229E (p < .01). HCoV-OC43, which like SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus, was more susceptible to PBL irradiation than alpha coronavirus HCoV-229E. The latter finding suggests that PBL is potentially antiviral against multiple coronavirus strains, and that, while its potency may vary from one virus to another, it seems more antiviral against beta coronaviruses, such as HCoV-OC43. (3) Further, the antiviral effect of PBL was better at a higher irradiance than a lower irradiance, and this indicates that with further refinement, a protocol capable of yielding 100% inactivation of viruses is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Violet V Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John L Mokili
- Viral Information Institute, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Gardner A, Ghosh S, Dunowska M, Brightwell G. Virucidal Efficacy of Blue LED and Far-UVC Light Disinfection against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus as a Model for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:1436. [PMID: 34452302 PMCID: PMC8402852 DOI: 10.3390/v13081436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurs through respiratory droplets passed directly from person to person or indirectly through fomites, such as common use surfaces or objects. The aim of this study was to determine the virucidal efficacy of blue LED (405 nm) and far-UVC (222 nm) light in comparison to standard UVC (254 nm) irradiation for the inactivation of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) on different matrices as a model for SARS-CoV-2. Wet or dried FIPV on stainless steel, plastic, or paper discs, in the presence or absence of artificial saliva, were exposed to various wavelengths of light for different time periods (1-90 min). Dual activity of blue LED and far-UVC lights were virucidal for most wet and dried FIPV within 4 to 16 min on all matrices. Individual action of blue LED and far-UVC lights were virucidal for wet FIPV but required longer irradiation times (8-90 min) to reach a 4-log reduction. In comparison, LED (265 nm) and germicidal UVC (254 nm) were virucidal on almost all matrices for both wet and dried FIPV within 1 min exposure. UVC was more effective for the disinfection of surfaces as compared to blue LED and far-UVC individually or together. However, dual action of blue LED and far-UVC was virucidal. This combination of lights could be used as a safer alternative to traditional UVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gardner
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Corner University Ave and Library Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; (S.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; (S.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Corner University Ave and Library Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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26
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Vatter P, Hoenes K, Hessling M. Blue light inactivation of the enveloped RNA virus Phi6. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:187. [PMID: 34001258 PMCID: PMC8128082 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultraviolet radiation is known for its antimicrobial properties but unfortunately, it could also harm humans. Currently, disinfection techniques against SARS-CoV-2 are being sought that can be applied on air and surfaces and which do not pose a relevant thread to humans. In this study, the bacteriophage phi6, which like SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus, is irradiated with visible blue light at a wavelength of 455 nm. RESULTS For the first time worldwide, the antiviral properties of blue light around 455 nm can be demonstrated. With a dose of 7200 J/cm2, the concentration of this enveloped RNA virus can be successfully reduced by more than three orders of magnitude. The inactivation mechanism is still unknown, but the sensitivity ratio of phi6 towards blue and violet light hints towards an involvement of photosensitizers of the host cells. Own studies on coronaviruses cannot be executed, but the results support speculations about blue-susceptibility of coronaviruses, which might allow to employ blue light for infection prevention or even therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vatter
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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27
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Ahmed H, Maunula L, Korhonen J. Reduction of Norovirus in Foods by Nonthermal Treatments: A Review. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2053-2073. [PMID: 32649759 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human noroviruses are enteric pathogens that cause a substantial proportion of acute gastroenteritis cases worldwide regardless of background variables such as age, ethnicity, and gender. Although person-to-person contact is the general route of transmission, foodborne infections are also common. Thorough cooking eliminates noroviruses, but several food products such as berries, leafy vegetables, and mollusks undergo only limited heat treatment, if any, before consumption. Novel applications of nonthermal processing technologies are currently being vigorously researched because they can be used to inactivate pathogens and extend product shelf life with limited effects on nutrient content and perceived quality. These technologies, adopted from several industrial fields, include some methods already approved for food processing that have been applied in the food industry for years. However, a majority of the research has been conducted with bacteria and simple matrixes or surfaces. This review focuses on elimination of norovirus in food matrixes by use of nonthermal technologies in four categories: high hydrostatic pressure, light, irradiation, and cold atmospheric plasma. We discuss the properties of noroviruses, principles and inactivation mechanisms of select technologies, and main findings of relevant studies. We also provide an overview of the current status of the research and propose future directions for related work. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-3970 [H.A.])
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-5353 [L.M.])
| | - Jenni Korhonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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28
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Jankowska KI, Nagarkatti R, Acharyya N, Dahiya N, Stewart CF, Macpherson RW, Wilson MP, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M, Dey N, Debrabant A, Atreya CD. Complete Inactivation of Blood Borne Pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi in Stored Human Platelet Concentrates and Plasma Treated With 405 nm Violet-Blue Light. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:617373. [PMID: 33330577 PMCID: PMC7732587 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.617373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) to inactivate bacteria, viruses and parasites in donated blood components stored for transfusion adds to the existing arsenal toward reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases (TTIDs). We have previously demonstrated that 405 nm violet-blue light effectively reduces blood-borne bacteria in stored human plasma and platelet concentrates. In this report, we investigated the microbicidal effect of 405 nm light on one important bloodborne parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease in humans. Our results demonstrated that a light irradiance at 15 mWcm−2 for 5 h, equivalent to 270 Jcm−2, effectively inactivated T. cruzi by over 9.0 Log10, in plasma and platelets that were evaluated by a MK2 cell infectivity assay. Giemsa stained T. cruzi infected MK2 cells showed that the light-treated parasites in plasma and platelets were deficient in infecting MK2 cells and did not differentiate further into intracellular amastigotes unlike the untreated parasites. The light-treated and untreated parasite samples were then evaluated for any residual infectivity by injecting the treated parasites into Swiss Webster mice, which did not develop infection even after the animals were immunosuppressed, further demonstrating that the light treatment was completely effective for inactivation of the parasite; the light-treated platelets had similar in vitro metabolic and biochemical indices to that of untreated platelets. Overall, these results provide a proof of concept toward developing 405 nm light treatment as a pathogen reduction technology (PRT) to enhance the safety of stored human plasma and platelet concentrates from bloodborne T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rana Nagarkatti
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nirmallya Acharyya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruairidh W Macpherson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Wilson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Dey
- Canary, Inc., Acton, MA, United States
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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29
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Vatter P, Hoenes K, Hessling M. Photoinactivation of the Coronavirus Surrogate phi6 by Visible Light. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:122-125. [PMID: 33128245 DOI: 10.1111/php.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To stop the coronavirus spread, new inactivation approaches are being sought that can also be applied in the presence of humans or even on humans. Here, we investigate the effect of visible violet light with a wavelength of 405 nm on the coronavirus surrogate phi6 in two aqueous solutions that are free of photosensitizers. A dose of 1300 J cm-2 of 405 nm irradiation reduces the phi6 plaque-forming unit concentration by three log-levels. The next step should be similar visible light photoinactivation investigations on coronaviruses, which cannot be performed in our lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vatter
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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30
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Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M. Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 212:111999. [PMID: 32855026 PMCID: PMC7435279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The global dissemination of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has accelerated the need for the implementation of effective antimicrobial strategies to target the causative agent SARS-CoV-2. Light-based technologies have a demonstrable broad range of activity over standard chemotherapeutic antimicrobials and conventional disinfectants, negligible emergence of resistance, and the capability to modulate the host immune response. This perspective article identifies the benefits, challenges, and pitfalls of repurposing light-based strategies to combat the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetano P Sabino
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anthony R Ball
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear, and Energy Research Institute, National Commission for Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L Santos
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA; Department of Chemistry Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - George P Tegos
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA; Micromoria LLC, Marlborough, USA
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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31
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Hadi J, Dunowska M, Wu S, Brightwell G. Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2: A Review on Light-Based Inactivation of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E737. [PMID: 32911671 PMCID: PMC7558314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Coronaviridae. In this review, we summarize the literature on light-based (UV, blue, and red lights) sanitization methods for the inactivation of ssRNA viruses in different matrixes (air, liquid, and solid). The rate of inactivation of ssRNA viruses in liquid was higher than in air, whereas inactivation on solid surfaces varied with the type of surface. The efficacy of light-based inactivation was reduced by the presence of absorptive materials. Several technologies can be used to deliver light, including mercury lamp (conventional UV), excimer lamp (UV), pulsed-light, and light-emitting diode (LED). Pulsed-light technologies could inactivate viruses more quickly than conventional UV-C lamps. Large-scale use of germicidal LED is dependent on future improvements in their energy efficiency. Blue light possesses virucidal potential in the presence of exogenous photosensitizers, although femtosecond laser (ultrashort pulses) can be used to circumvent the need for photosensitizers. Red light can be combined with methylene blue for application in medical settings, especially for sanitization of blood products. Future modelling studies are required to establish clearer parameters for assessing susceptibility of viruses to light-based inactivation. There is considerable scope for improvement in the current germicidal light-based technologies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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32
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Enhancement of Contact Lens Disinfection by Combining Disinfectant with Visible Light Irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176422. [PMID: 32899295 PMCID: PMC7504152 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple use contact lenses have to be disinfected overnight to reduce the risk of infections. However, several studies demonstrated that not only microorganisms are affected by the disinfectants, but also ocular epithelial cells, which come into contact via residuals at reinsertion of the lens. Visible light has been demonstrated to achieve an inactivation effect on several bacterial and fungal species. Combinations with other disinfection methods often showed better results compared to separately applied methods. We therefore investigated contact lens disinfection solutions combined with 405 nm irradiation, with the intention to reduce the disinfectant concentration of ReNu Multiplus, OptiFree Express or AOSept while maintaining adequate disinfection results due to combination benefits. Pseudomonads, staphylococci and E. coli were studied with disk diffusion assay, colony forming unit (cfu) determination and growth delay. A log reduction of 4.49 was achieved for P. fluorescens in 2 h for 40% ReNu Multiplus combined with an irradiation intensity of 20 mW/cm2 at 405 nm. For AOSept the combination effect was so strong that 5% of AOSept in combination with light exhibited the same result as 100% AOSept alone. Combination of disinfectants with visible violet light is therefore considered a promising approach, as a reduction of potentially toxic ingredients can be achieved.
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33
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Maclean M, Gelderman MP, Kulkarni S, Tomb RM, Stewart CF, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Atreya CD. Non-ionizing 405 nm Light as a Potential Bactericidal Technology for Platelet Safety: Evaluation of in vitro Bacterial Inactivation and in vivo Platelet Recovery in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:331. [PMID: 32010702 PMCID: PMC6974518 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of ex vivo stored platelets is a cause of transfusion-transmitted infection. Violet-blue 405 nm light has recently demonstrated efficacy in reducing the bacterial burden in blood plasma, and its operational benefits such as non-ionizing nature, penetrability, and non-requirement for photosensitizing agents, provide a unique opportunity to develop this treatment for in situ treatment of ex vivo stored platelets as a tool for bacterial reduction. Sealed bags of platelet concentrates, seeded with low-level Staphylococcus aureus contamination, were 405 nm light-treated (3–10 mWcm−2) up to 8 h. Antimicrobial efficacy and dose efficiency was evaluated by quantification of the post-treatment surviving bacterial contamination levels. Platelets treated with 10 mWcm−2 for 8 h were further evaluated for survival and recovery in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Significant inactivation of bacteria in platelet concentrates was achieved using all irradiance levels, with 99.6–100% inactivation achieved by 8 h (P < 0.05). Analysis of applied dose demonstrated that lower irradiance levels generally resulted in significant decontamination at lower doses: 180 Jcm−2/10 mWcm−2 (P = 0.008) compared to 43.2 Jcm−2/3 mWcm−2 (P = 0.002). Additionally, the recovery of light-treated platelets, compared to non-treated platelets, in the murine model showed no significant differences (P = >0.05). This report paves the way for further comprehensive studies to test 405 nm light treatment as a bactericidal technology for stored platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Monique P Gelderman
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sandhya Kulkarni
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rachael M Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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34
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Lu M, Dai T, Hu S, Zhang Q, Bhayana B, Wang L, Wu MX. Antimicrobial blue light for decontamination of platelets during storage. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960021. [PMID: 31407467 PMCID: PMC7083650 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Platelet (PLT) storage is currently limited to 5 days in clinics in the United States, in part, due to an increasing risk for microbial contamination over time. In light of well-documented antimicrobial activity of blue light (405-470 nm), we investigated potentials to decontaminate microbes during PLT storage by antimicrobial blue light (aBL). We found that PLTs produced no detectable levels of porphyrins or their derivatives, the chromophores that specifically absorb blue light, in marked contrast to microbes that generated porphyrins abundantly. The difference formed a basis with which aBL selectively inactivated contaminated microbes prior to and during the storage, without incurring any harm to PLTs. In accordance with this, when contamination with representative microbes was simulated in PLT concentrates supplemented with 65% of PLT additive solution in a standard storage bag, all "contaminated" microbes tested were completely inactivated after exposure of the bag to 405 nm aBL at 75 J/cm2 only once. While killing microbes efficiently, this dose of aBL irradiation exerted no adverse effects on the viability, activation or aggregation of PLTs ex vivo and could be used repeatedly during PLT storage. PLT survival in vivo was also unaltered by aBL irradiation after infusion of aBL-irradiated mouse PLTs into mice. The study provides proof-of-concept evidence for a potential of aBL to decontaminate PLTs during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - TianHong Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - SiSi Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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35
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Horton L, Torres AE, Narla S, Lyons AB, Kohli I, Gelfand JM, Ozog DM, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW. Spectrum of virucidal activity from ultraviolet to infrared radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1262-1270. [PMID: 32812619 PMCID: PMC8047562 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a demand for safe and highly effective decontamination techniques for both personal protective equipment (PPE) and hospital and operating rooms. The gradual lifting of lockdown restrictions warrants the expansion of these measures into the outpatient arena. Ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation has well-known germicidal properties and is among the most frequently reported decontamination techniques used today. However, there is evidence that wavelengths beyond the traditional 254 nm UVC - namely far UVC (222 nm), ultraviolet B, ultraviolet A, visible light, and infrared radiation - have germicidal properties as well. This review will cover current literature regarding the germicidal effects of wavelengths ranging from UVC through the infrared waveband with an emphasis on their activity against viruses, and their potential applicability in the healthcare setting for general decontamination during an infectious outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Horton
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Angeli Eloise Torres
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Shanthi Narla
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Alexis B. Lyons
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA ,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Joel M. Gelfand
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David M. Ozog
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Iltefat H. Hamzavi
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Henry W. Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI USA
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36
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Atreya C, Glynn S, Busch M, Kleinman S, Snyder E, Rutter S, AuBuchon J, Flegel W, Reeve D, Devine D, Cohn C, Custer B, Goodrich R, Benjamin RJ, Razatos A, Cancelas J, Wagner S, Maclean M, Gelderman M, Cap A, Ness P. Proceedings of the Food and Drug Administration public workshop on pathogen reduction technologies for blood safety 2018 (Commentary, p. 3026). Transfusion 2019; 59:3002-3025. [PMID: 31144334 PMCID: PMC6726584 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chintamani Atreya
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchOffice of Blood Research and ReviewSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Simone Glynn
- National Heart Lung and Blood InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Edward Snyder
- Blood BankYale‐New Haven HospitalNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Sara Rutter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - James AuBuchon
- Department of PathologyDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNew Hampshire
| | - Willy Flegel
- Department of Transfusion MedicineNIH Clinical CenterBethesdaMaryland
| | - David Reeve
- Blood ComponentsAmerican Red CrossRockvilleMaryland
| | - Dana Devine
- Department of Lab Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical CenterMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Claudia Cohn
- Department of Lab Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical CenterMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Brian Custer
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Raymond Goodrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | | | | | - Jose Cancelas
- Hoxworth Blood CenterUniversity of Cincinnati HealthCincinnatiOhio
| | | | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowScotland
| | - Monique Gelderman
- Department of HematologyCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Andrew Cap
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical ResearchSan AntonioTexas
| | - Paul Ness
- Blood BankJohns Hopkins HospitalBaltimoreMaryland
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37
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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38
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Halstead FD, Ahmed Z, Bishop JRB, Oppenheim BA. The potential of visible blue light (405 nm) as a novel decontamination strategy for carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:14. [PMID: 30675341 PMCID: PMC6335786 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) pose a considerable threat to modern medicine. New treatment options and methods to limit spread need to be investigated. Blue light (BL) is intrinsically antimicrobial, and we have previously demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects on biofilms of a panel of isolates, including two CPEs. This study was performed to assess the antibacterial activity of 405 nm BL against a panel of CPE isolates (four encoding blaNDM, three blaKPC, two blaOXA-48, and three encoding both NDM and OXA-48 carbapenemases). Methods In vitro experiments were conducted on 72 h old biofilms of CPEs which were exposed to 60 mW/cm2 of BL. Changes to biofilm seeding were assessed by measuring the optical density of treated and untreated biofilms. Results Twelve bacterial clinical isolates (comprising eight Klebsiella pnemoniae, one K. oxytoca, and three Escherichia coli) were tested. BL was delivered for 5, 15 and 30 min, achieving doses of 162, 54, and 108 J/cm2, respectively. All of the CPEs were susceptible to BL treatment, with increasing reductions in seeding with increasing durations of exposure. At 30 min, reductions in biofilm seeding of ≥80% were observed for 11 of the 12 isolates, compared to five of 12 after 15 min. CPE_8180 was less susceptible than the rest, with a maximum reduction in seeding of 66% at 30 min. Conclusions BL is effective at reducing the seeding of mature CPE biofilms in vitro, and offers great promise as a topical decontamination/treatment agent for both clinical and environmental applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13756-019-0470-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenella D Halstead
- 1NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK.,2Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahra Ahmed
- 1NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK.,2Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan R B Bishop
- 1NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beryl A Oppenheim
- 1NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, B15 2GW, Birmingham, UK
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39
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Tomb RM, White TA, Coia JE, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Review of the Comparative Susceptibility of Microbial Species to Photoinactivation Using 380-480 nm Violet-Blue Light. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:445-458. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Tracy A. White
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - John E. Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Glasgow Royal Infirmary; Glasgow UK
| | - John G. Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
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40
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Murray CK, Hamblin MR, Hooper DC, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of pathogenic microbes: State of the art. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 33-35:1-22. [PMID: 29145971 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As an innovative non-antibiotic approach, antimicrobial blue light in the spectrum of 400-470nm has demonstrated its intrinsic antimicrobial properties resulting from the presence of endogenous photosensitizing chromophores in pathogenic microbes and, subsequently, its promise as a counteracter of antibiotic resistance. Since we published our last review of antimicrobial blue light in 2012, there have been a substantial number of new studies reported in this area. Here we provide an updated overview of the findings from the new studies over the past 5 years, including the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light inactivation of different microbes, its mechanism of action, synergism of antimicrobial blue light with other angents, its effect on host cells and tissues, the potential development of resistance to antimicrobial blue light by microbes, and a novel interstitial delivery approach of antimicrobial blue light. The potential new applications of antimicrobial blue light are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Center, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Digital Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Clinton K Murray
- Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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41
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Tomb RM, Maclean M, Coia JE, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Assessment of the potential for resistance to antimicrobial violet-blue light in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:100. [PMID: 29046782 PMCID: PMC5639585 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial violet-blue light in the region of 405 nm is emerging as an alternative technology for hospital decontamination and clinical treatment. The mechanism of action is the excitation of endogenous porphyrins within exposed microorganisms, resulting in ROS generation, oxidative damage and cell death. Although resistance to 405 nm light is not thought likely, little evidence has been published to support this. This study was designed to establish if there is potential for tolerance development, using the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus as the model organism. METHODS The first stage of this study investigated the potential for S. aureus to develop tolerance to high-intensity 405 nm light if pre-cultured in low-level stress violet-blue light (≤1 mW/cm2) conditions. Secondly, the potential for tolerance development in bacteria subjected to repeated sub-lethal exposure was compared by carrying out 15 cycles of exposure to high-intensity 405 nm light, using a sub-lethal dose of 108 J/cm2. Inactivation kinetics and antibiotic susceptibility were also compared. RESULTS When cultured in low-level violet-blue light conditions, S. aureus required a greater dose of high-intensity 405 nm light for complete inactivation, however this did not increase with multiple (3) low-stress cultivations. Repeated sub-lethal exposures indicated no evidence of bacterial tolerance to 405 nm light. After 15 sub-lethal exposures 1.2 and 1.4 log10 reductions were achieved for MSSA and MRSA respectively, which were not significantly different to the initial 1.3 log10 reductions achieved (P = 0.242 & 0.116, respectively). Antibiotic susceptibility was unaffected, with the maximum change in zone of inhibition being ± 2 mm. CONCLUSIONS Repeated sub-lethal exposure of non-proliferating S. aureus populations did not affect the susceptibility of the organism to 405 nm light, nor to antibiotics. Culture in low-level violet-blue light prior to 405 nm light exposure may increase oxidative stress responses in S. aureus, however, inactivation still occurs and results demonstrate that this is unlikely to be a selective process. These results demonstrate that tolerance from repeated exposure is unlikely to occur, and further supports the potential development of 405 nm light for clinical decontamination and treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John E Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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