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Godos J, Micek A, Currenti W, Franchi C, Poli A, Battino M, Dolci A, Ricci C, Ungvari Z, Grosso G. Fish consumption, cognitive impairment and dementia: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:171. [PMID: 39162889 PMCID: PMC11335789 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is projected to affect a preponderant proportion of the aging population. Lifelong dietary habits have been hypothesized to play a role in preventing cognitive decline. Among the most studied dietary components, fish consumptionhas been extensively studied for its potential effects on the human brain. AIMS To perform a meta-analysis of observational studies exploring the association between fish intake and cognitive impairment/decline and all types of dementia. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was performed to identify observational studies providing quantitative data on fish consumption and outcomes of interest. Random effects models for meta-analyses using only extreme exposure categories, subgroup analyses, and dose-response analyses were performed to estimate cumulative risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The meta-analysis comprised 35 studies. Individuals reporting the highest vs. the lowest fish consumption were associated with a lower likelihood of cognitive impairment/decline (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.90, I2 = 61.1%), dementia (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.93, I2 = 38.7%), and Alzheimer's disease (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.96, I2 = 20.3%). The dose-response relation revealed a significantly decreased risk of cognitive impairment/decline and all cognitive outcomes across higher levels of fish intake up to 30% for 150 g/d (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.95). The results of this relation based on APOE ε4 allele status was mixed based on the outcome investigated. CONCLUSIONS Current findings suggest fish consumption is associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment/decline in a dose-response manner, while for dementia and Alzheimer's disease there is a need for further studies to improve the strength of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Human Nutrition and Mediterranean Foods (NUTREA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Micek
- Statistical Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, 31-501, Poland
| | - Walter Currenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlotta Franchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacoepidemiology and Human Nutrition, Department of Health Policy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, 20156, Italy
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health (IIPH), Milan, 20124, Italy
| | - Andrea Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy (NFI), Milan, 20124, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, Santander, 39011, Spain
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alberto Dolci
- Sustainable Development Department, Bolton Food SpA, Milan, 20124, Italy
| | - Cristian Ricci
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Public Health, Doctoral College, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Center for Human Nutrition and Mediterranean Foods (NUTREA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Ospina-Quiroga JL, Coronas-Lozano C, García-Moreno PJ, Guadix EM, Almécija-Rodríguez MDC, Pérez-Gálvez R. Use of olive and sunflower protein hydrolysates for the physical and oxidative stabilization of fish oil-in-water emulsions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5541-5552. [PMID: 38362946 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive and sunflower seeds are by-products generated in large amounts by the plant oil industry. The technological and biological properties of plant-based substrates, especially protein hydrolysates, have increased their use as functional ingredients for food matrices. The present study evaluates the physical and oxidative stabilities of 50 g kg-1 fish oil-in-water emulsions where protein hydrolysates from olive and sunflower seeds were incorporated at 20 g kg-1 protein as natural emulsifiers. The goal was to investigate the effect of protein source (i.e. olive and sunflower seeds), enzyme (i.e. subtilisin and trypsin) and degree of hydrolysis (5%, 8% and 11%) on the ability of the hydrolysate to stabilize the emulsion and retard lipid oxidation over a 7-day storage period. RESULTS The plant protein hydrolysates displayed different emulsifying and antioxidant capacities when incorporated into the fish oil-in-water emulsions. The hydrolysates with degrees of hydrolysis (DH) of 5%, especially those from sunflower seed meal, provided higher physical stability, regardless of the enzymatic treatment. For example, the average D [2, 3] values for the emulsions containing sunflower subtilisin hydrolysates at DH 5% only slightly increased from 1.21 ± 0.02 μm (day 0) to 2.01 ± 0.04 μm (day 7). Moreover, the emulsions stabilized with sunflower or olive seed hydrolysates at DH 5% were stable against lipid oxidation throughout the storage experiment, with no significant variation in the oxidation indices between days 0 and 4. CONCLUSION The results of the present study support the use of sunflower seed hydrolysates at DH 5% as natural emulsifiers for fish oil-in-water emulsions, providing both physical and chemical stability against lipid oxidation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raúl Pérez-Gálvez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hamilton HL, Kinscherf NA, Balmer G, Bresque M, Salamat SM, Vargas MR, Pehar M. FABP7 drives an inflammatory response in human astrocytes and is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2024; 46:1607-1625. [PMID: 37688656 PMCID: PMC10828232 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques, and neuroinflammation. In partnership with microglial cells, astrocytes are key players in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) belongs to a family of conserved proteins that regulate lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation. FABP7 expression is largely restricted to astrocytes and radial glia-like cells in the adult central nervous system. We observed that treatment of primary hippocampal astrocyte cultures with amyloid β fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35) induces FABP7 upregulation. In addition, FABP7 expression is upregulated in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, a widely used AD mouse model. Co-immunostaining with specific astrocyte markers revealed increased FABP7 expression in astrocytes. Moreover, astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques displayed increased FABP7 staining when compared to non-plaque-associated astrocytes. A similar result was obtained in the brain of AD patients. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing analysis of human astrocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (i-astrocytes) overexpressing FABP7 identified 500 transcripts with at least a 2-fold change in expression. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis identified (i) positive regulation of cytokine production and (ii) inflammatory response as the top two statistically significant overrepresented biological processes. We confirmed that wild-type FABP7 overexpression induces an NF-κB-driven inflammatory response in human i-astrocytes. On the other hand, the expression of a ligand-binding impaired mutant FABP7 did not induce NF-κB activation. Together, our results suggest that the upregulation of FABP7 in astrocytes could contribute to the neuroinflammation observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haylee L Hamilton
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K6/447, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Noah A Kinscherf
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K6/447, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Garrett Balmer
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariana Bresque
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shahriar M Salamat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcelo R Vargas
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariana Pehar
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K6/447, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Talebi S, Asoudeh F, Naeini F, Sadeghi E, Travica N, Mohammadi H. Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1131-1143. [PMID: 36647769 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Current findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory. OBJECTIVE The current meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between intake of dietary animal protein sources and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically until October 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Prospective cohort studies exploring the association between consumption of animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases in the general population were included. Among 10 571 identified studies, 33 prospective cohort studies met the eligibility criteria. DATA ANALYSIS Dietary fish consumption was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (RR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.57-0.97), dementia (RR = 0.84; 95%CI, 0.75-0.93), and cognitive impairment (RR = 0.85; 95%CI, 0.81-0.95). The risk of developing Parkinson's disease was significantly higher among those in the highest vs the lowest intake categories of total dairy (RR = 1.49; 95%CI, 1.06-2.10) and milk (RR = 1.40; 95%CI, 1.13-1.73). Moreover, dietary intake of total dairy (RR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.80-0.99), total meat (RR = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.57-0.90), and poultry (RR = 0.82; 95%CI, 0.68-0.99) was significantly associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment. A linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200-g increase in total daily dairy intake was associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson's disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, there was a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia. CONCLUSION Dairy consumption is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, but a higher intake of fish may be associated with lower risk of neurodegenerative disease. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021281887.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Talebi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Asoudeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Research Consultation Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation; the Food & Mood Centre; and Barwon Health; Deakin University School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Effect of Edible Oils: A Review on Cell Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030869. [PMID: 36986730 PMCID: PMC10056871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of edible oils is a significant part of the dietary pattern in the developed and developing world. Marine and vegetable oils are assumed to be part of a healthy food pattern, especially if one takes into account their potential role in protecting against inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and minor bioactive compounds. Exploring the potential effect of edible fats and oils on health and chronic diseases is an emerging field worldwide. This study reviews the current knowledge of the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo effect of edible oils in contact with various cell types and aims to demonstrate which nutritional and bioactive components of a variety of edible oils present biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, antitumor activity, anti-angiogenic activity, and antioxidant activity. Through this review, a wide variety of cell interactions with edible oils and their potential to counteract oxidative stress in pathological conditions are presented as well. Moreover, the gaps in current knowledge are also highlighted, and future perspectives on edible oils and their health benefits and potential to counteract a wide variety of diseases through possible molecular mechanisms are also discussed.
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Zhong R, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Huo Y, Huang Y, Cheng W, Liang P. Integrated lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanism of large yellow croaker roe phospholipids on lipid metabolism in normal-diet mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:12852-12869. [PMID: 36444685 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker roe phospholipids (LYCRPLs) could regulate the accumulation of triglycerides and blood lipid levels. However, there exists little research on the mechanism of LYCRPLs on lipid metabolism in normal-diet mice. In this work, the mice on a normal diet were given low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose LYCRPLs by intragastric administration for 6 weeks. At the same time, the physiological and biochemical indicators of the mice were determined, and the histomorphological observation of the liver and epididymal fat was carried out. In addition, we examined the gene expression and lipid metabolites in the liver of mice using transcriptomic and lipidomic and performed a correlation analysis. The results showed that LYCRPLs regulated the lipid metabolism of normal-diet mice by affecting the expression of the glycerolipid metabolism pathway, insulin resistance pathway, and cholesterol metabolism pathway. This study not only elucidated the main pathway by which LYCRPLs regulate lipid metabolism, but also laid a foundation for exploring LYCRPLs as functional food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Zhong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Huadan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuming Huo
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjian Cheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Peng Liang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
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7
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Fish consumption and the risk of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114889. [PMID: 36257206 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports some health benefits of nutrients in fish, but evidence from comprehensive investigation of fish consumption and the risk of dementia is limited. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to investigate this association. Papers relevant to our study published by 2021 were searched using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases. Pooled relative risks (RRs) of the association between fish consumption and dementia risk were calculated using a random-effects model. Seven prospective cohort studies with a total of 30,638 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, people with high fish consumption had a significantly lower risk of dementia compared to those with low fish consumption. In addition, the dose-response meta-analysis also supported the inverse association. The inverse association tended to be stronger in studies conducted in Asia. The findings of the meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies provide quantitative evidence for an inverse association between fish consumption and the risk of dementia. Further research on consumption of specific types of fish with respect to the risk of dementia are needed to provide more informative recommendations to the public.
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Nazarian A, Loiko E, Yassine HN, Finch CE, Kulminski AM. APOE alleles modulate associations of plasma metabolites with variants from multiple genes on chromosome 19q13.3. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1023493. [PMID: 36389057 PMCID: PMC9650319 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1023493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles differentially impact various complex diseases and traits. We examined whether these alleles modulated associations of 94 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harbored by 26 genes in 19q13.3 region with 217 plasma metabolites using Framingham Heart Study data. The analyses were performed in the E2 (ε2ε2 or ε2ε3 genotype), E3 (ε3ε3 genotype), and E4 (ε3ε4 or ε4ε4 genotype) groups separately. We identified 31, 17, and 22 polymorphism-metabolite associations in the E2, E3, and E4 groups, respectively, at a false discovery rate P FDR < 0.05. These entailed 51 and 19 associations with 20 lipid and 12 polar analytes. Contrasting the effect sizes between the analyzed groups showed 20 associations with group-specific effects at Bonferroni-adjusted P < 7.14E-04. Three associations with glutamic acid or dimethylglycine had significantly larger effects in the E2 than E3 group and 12 associations with triacylglycerol 56:5, lysophosphatidylethanolamines 16:0, 18:0, 20:4, or phosphatidylcholine 38:6 had significantly larger effects in the E2 than E4 group. Two associations with isocitrate or propionate and three associations with phosphatidylcholines 32:0, 32:1, or 34:0 had significantly larger effects in the E4 than E3 group. Nine of 70 SNP-metabolite associations identified in either E2, E3, or E4 groups attained P FDR < 0.05 in the pooled sample of these groups. However, none of them were among the 20 group-specific associations. Consistent with the evolutionary history of the APOE alleles, plasma metabolites showed higher APOE-cluster-related variations in the E4 than E2 and E3 groups. Pathway enrichment mainly highlighted lipids and amino acids metabolism and citrate cycle, which can be differentially impacted by the APOE alleles. These novel findings expand insights into the genetic heterogeneity of plasma metabolites and highlight the importance of the APOE-allele-stratified genetic analyses of the APOE-related diseases and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nazarian
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elena Loiko
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hussein N. Yassine
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexander M. Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Cui J, Cao J, Zeng S, Ge J, Li P, Li C. Comprehensive evaluation of lipidomics profiles in golden threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus) and its by-products using UHPLC-Q-exactive Orbitrap-MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Li JR, Yu Y, Meng FX, Yu J, Luo BY, Gao J. The relationship between a fish-rich diet and poststroke cognitive impairment: A cross-sectional study with a follow-up in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29234. [PMID: 35758350 PMCID: PMC9276365 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether a fish-rich diet is positively associated with cognitive function after stroke remains unclear; thus, the present study investigated the relationship between them.The present study was part of a prospective multicenter study, in which 920 individuals (609 males, mean age, 62.78 ± 11.79 years) were included from November 2013 to December 2015. The cognitive function of the patients was evaluated, and the diagnosis of poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) was made during their stay in the hospital. A subgroup of 439 patients from a single center was followed up for 4 to 6 years and was reassessed for cognitive function.According to the diagnostic criteria, the PSCI prevalence was lower in the fish-rich diet group (P < .05). After adjusting for demographic and clinical variables by logistic regression, patients with a habit of consuming a fish-rich diet had a lower risk of developing PSCI than patients without a fish-rich diet (odds ratio [OR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46-0.95). When MMSE score was considered the cognitive function outcome variable, the long-term cognitive function of the fish-rich diet group was better (28 [26-30] vs 27 [25-29], P < .01), but the statistical results were not significant after correcting for the related confounding factors (β: 0.13; 95% CI: -0.99-1.25; P = .82).There was a negative relationship between consuming a fish-rich diet and the prevalence of PSCI, and there was no statistically significant difference in the relationship of a fish-rich diet on long-term cognitive function after stroke, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rui Li
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ben-Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hangzhou Mingzhou Brain Rehabilitation Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Sala-Vila A, Satizabal CL, Tintle N, Melo van Lent D, Vasan RS, Beiser AS, Seshadri S, Harris WS. Red Blood Cell DHA Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Incident Alzheimer's Disease and All-Cause Dementia: Framingham Offspring Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:2408. [PMID: 35745137 PMCID: PMC9228504 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) might help prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). Red blood cell (RBC) status of DHA is an objective measure of long-term dietary DHA intake. In this prospective observational study conducted within the Framingham Offspring Cohort (1490 dementia-free participants aged ≥65 years old), we examined the association of RBC DHA with incident AD, testing for an interaction with APOE-ε4 carriership. During the follow-up (median, 7.2 years), 131 cases of AD were documented. In fully adjusted models, risk for incident AD in the highest RBC DHA quintile (Q5) was 49% lower compared with the lowest quintile (Q1) (Hazard ratio [HR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27, 0.96). An increase in RBC DHA from Q1 to Q5 was predicted to provide an estimated 4.7 additional years of life free of AD. We observed an interaction DHA × APOE-ε4 carriership for AD. Borderline statistical significance for a lower risk of AD was observed per standard deviation increase in RBC DHA (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.00, p = 0.053) in APOE-ε4 carriers, but not in non-carriers (HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11, p = 0.240). These findings add to the increasing body of literature suggesting a robust association worth exploring dietary DHA as one strategy to prevent or delay AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Sala-Vila
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA; (N.T.); (W.S.H.)
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78299, USA; (C.L.S.); (D.M.v.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nathan Tintle
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA; (N.T.); (W.S.H.)
- Department of Statistics, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA 51250, USA
| | - Debora Melo van Lent
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78299, USA; (C.L.S.); (D.M.v.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Alexa S. Beiser
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78299, USA; (C.L.S.); (D.M.v.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - William S. Harris
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA; (N.T.); (W.S.H.)
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57069, USA
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12
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Zhou Y, Xie Z, Zhang Z, Yang J, Chen M, Chen F, Ma Y, Chen C, Peng Q, Zou L, Gao J, Xu Y, Kuang Y, Zhu M, You D, Yu J, Wang K. Plasma metabolites changes in male heroin addicts during acute and protracted withdrawal. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18669-18688. [PMID: 34282053 PMCID: PMC8351709 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heroin addiction and withdrawal have been associated with an increased risk for infectious diseases and psychological complications. However, the changes of metabolites in heroin addicts during withdrawal remain largely unknown. METHODS A total of 50 participants including 20 heroin addicts with acute abstinence stage, 15 with protracted abstinence stage and 15 healthy controls, were recruited. We performed metabolic profiling of plasma samples based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to explore the potential biomarkers and mechanisms of heroin withdrawal. RESULTS Among the metabolites analyzed, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, n-6 docosapentaenoic acid), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan), and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (oxoglutaric acid, isocitric acid) were significantly reduced during acute heroin withdrawal. Although majority of the metabolite changes could recover after months of withdrawal, the levels of alpha-aminobutyric acid, alloisoleucine, ketoleucine, and oxalic acid do not recover. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the plasma metabolites undergo tremendous changes during heroin withdrawal. Through metabolomic analysis, we have identified links between a framework of metabolic perturbations and withdrawal stages in heroin addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiqing Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengrong Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingyan Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianyuan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yiqun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Dingyun You
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
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13
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Basak S, Mallick R, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2021; 13:2061. [PMID: 34208549 PMCID: PMC8234848 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500 007, India;
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Białecka-Dębek A, Granda D, Pietruszka B. The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the prevention
of cognitive impairment in the elderly. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable and progressive biological process that leads to irreversible physiological
and functional changes, also in the nervous system. Cognitive decline occurring with age can
significantly affect the quality of life of older people. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is necessary
for the proper functioning of the nervous system; it can affect its action directly through its
impact on neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, but also indirectly by affecting the functioning
of the cardiovascular system or anti-inflammatory effect. Literature analysis shows that good
nutritional status of n-3 fatty acids, determined on the basis of their level in blood plasma or
erythrocytes, is associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline in selected cognitive domains,
as well as a lower risk of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, although studies are also available
where the above relationship has not been confirmed. Apart from this, studies on DHA and
EPA diet intake, as well as in the form of dietary supplements, show their beneficial effects in
the context of cognitive functioning and the risk of dementia. Also, the results of intervention
studies, although not explicit, suggest that high doses of DHA and EPA in the form of dietary
supplements may slow down the process of deteriorating the cognitive functioning of the elderly within selected domains. Based on the review of the literature, it can be concluded
that DHA and EPA play an essential role in the prevention of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Białecka-Dębek
- Katedra Żywienia Człowieka, Instytut Nauk o Żywieniu Człowieka, Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
| | - Dominika Granda
- Katedra Żywienia Człowieka, Instytut Nauk o Żywieniu Człowieka, Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
| | - Barbara Pietruszka
- Katedra Żywienia Człowieka, Instytut Nauk o Żywieniu Człowieka, Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
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15
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Malik A, Ramadan A, Vemuri B, Siddiq W, Amangurbanova M, Ali A, Welty FK. ω-3 Ethyl ester results in better cognitive function at 12 and 30 months than control in cognitively healthy subjects with coronary artery disease: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1168-1176. [PMID: 33675344 PMCID: PMC8243604 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids have shown benefit in cognitively impaired subjects, but the effect on cognitively healthy older subjects is unclear. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine if long-term, high-dose ω-3 ethyl esters, EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3), prevent deterioration of cognitive function in cognitively healthy older adults. METHODS A total of 285 subjects with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) on statin treatment were randomly assigned to 3.36 g EPA and DHA or none (control) for 30 mo. Cognitive function was assessed in all 285 subjects at baseline and in 268 and 250 subjects who returned at 12- and 30-mo follow-up, respectively, with neuropsychological testing as a prespecified secondary outcome. A completer's analysis, along with a sensitivity analysis carrying forward the last observation, was performed. RESULTS Over the 30-mo period, subjects randomly assigned to EPA and DHA had significantly better scores than control for verbal fluency, language, and memory (mean: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.25, 1.91; P = 0.011) and 2 tests of visual-motor coordination (mean: -2.95; 95% CI: -5.33, -0.57; P = 0.015 and mean: -9.44; 95% CI: -18.60, -0.30; P = 0.043, respectively). The better scores for EPA and DHA were due to an improvement at 12 mo compared with baseline in verbal fluency, language, and memory (P = 0.047) and 2 tests of visual-motor coordination (P = 0.033 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas control had no change. Post hoc analyses indicated no difference by age, sex, or diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS Cognitively healthy older adults with stable CAD randomly assigned to high-dose EPA and DHA had improved cognitive function over a 30-mo period compared with control. These findings may be especially important for CAD patients because CAD is a risk factor for cognitive decline.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01624727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Malik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Amira Ramadan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Bhavya Vemuri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Wardah Siddiq
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Maral Amangurbanova
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Aamir Ali
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
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16
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Efficacy of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) on Impulsive Behaviours and Aggressiveness in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020620. [PMID: 33435512 PMCID: PMC7826871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is the focus of increasing interest to investigate the effects of long-chain n-3 and long-chain n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs; LC n-6 PUFAs) on psychiatric symptoms in a transdiagnostic perspective. There is some evidence that low levels of LC n-3 PUFAs and a higher ratio of LC n-6 to LC n-3 PUFAs in plasma and blood cells are associated with aggressive and impulsive behaviours. Therefore, implementation of LC n-3 PUFAs may produce positive effects on hostility, aggression, and impulsivity in both psychiatric and non-psychiatric samples across different stages of life. A possible mechanism of action of LC n-3 PUFAs in conditions characterized by a high level of impulsivity and aggression is due to the effect of these compounds on the serotonin system and membrane stability. Studies that evaluated the effects of LC n-3 PUFAs on impulsivity and aggressiveness indicated that addition of rather low doses of these agents to antipsychotic treatment might reduce agitation and violent behaviours in psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, and impulsive control and conduct disorders. The present review is aimed at examining and discussing available data from recent trials on this topic.
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17
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Cisbani G, Bazinet RP. The role of peripheral fatty acids as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and brain inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102205. [PMID: 33271431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. A wide range of techniques have been proposed to facilitate early diagnosis of AD, including biomarkers from the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Although phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta are amongst the most promising biomarkers of AD, other peripheral biomarkers have been identified and in this review we synthesize the current knowledge on circulating fatty acids. Fatty acids are involved in different biological process including neurotransmission and inflammation. Interestingly, some fatty acids appear to be modulated during disease progression, including long chain saturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid . However, discrepant results have been reported in the literature and there is the need for further validation and method standardization. Nonetheless, our literature review suggests that fatty acid analyses could potentially provide a valuable source of data to further inform the pathology and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
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18
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Hammouda S, Ghzaiel I, Khamlaoui W, Hammami S, Mhenni SY, Samet S, Hammami M, Zarrouk A. Genetic variants in FADS1 and ELOVL2 increase level of arachidonic acid and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Tunisian population. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 160:102159. [PMID: 32682282 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are closely related to various physiological conditions. In several age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) altered PUFAs metabolism has been reported. However, the mechanism behind PUFAs impairment and AD developpement remains unclear. In humans, PUFAs biosynthesis requires delta-5 desaturase (D5D), delta-6 desaturase (D6D) and elongase 2 activities; which are encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-like 2 (ELOVL2) genes, respectively. In the present work, we aim to assess whether genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL2 genes influence plasma and erythrocyte PUFA composition and AD risk. A case-control study was carried out in 113 AD patients and 161 healthy controls.Rs174556, rs174617, and rs3756963 of FADS1, FADS2, and ELOVL2 genes, respectively were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. PUFA levels were quantified using Gas Chromatography. Genotype distributions of rs174556 (FADS1) and rs3756963 (ELOVL2) were different between case and control groups. The genotype TT of rs174556 and rs3756963 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) increases significantly the risk of AD in our population. PUFA analysis showed higher plasma and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) level in patients with AD, whereas only plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly decreased in AD patients. The indexes AA/Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and C24:4n-6/Adrenic acid (AdA) were both higher in the AD group. Interestingly, patients with TT genotype of rs174556 presented higher AA level and AA/DGLA index in both plasma and erythrocyte. In addition, higher AA and AA/DGLA index were observed in erythrocyte of TT genotype ofrs3756963 carrier's patients. Along with, positive correlation between AA/DGLA index, age or Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)/ Linoleic acid (LA) index was seen in erythrocyte and /or plasma of AD patients. After adjustment for confounding factors, the genotype TT of rs174556, erythrocyte AA and AA/DGLA index were found to be predictive risk factors for AD while plasma DHA was found associated with lower AD risk. Both rs174556 and rs3756963 influence AD risk in the Tunisian population and they are likely associated with high AA level. The combination of the two variants increases further the susceptibility to AD. We suggest that FADS1 and ELOVL2 variants could likely regulate the efficiency of AA biosynthesis which could be at the origin of inflammatory derivate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souha Hammouda
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wided Khamlaoui
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Hammami
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Internal Medicine Bourguiba Monastir, Geriatric unit, Monastir Tunisia
| | | | - Slim Samet
- Department of neurology, Regional hospital of Kairouan. Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia; Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Sousse. Tunisia.
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19
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Emerging Therapeutic Promise of Ketogenic Diet to Attenuate Neuropathological Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4961-4977. [PMID: 32820459 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial and chronic neurodegenerative disorder that interferes with memory, thinking, and behavior. The consumption of dietary fat has been considered a vital factor for AD as this disease is related to blood-brain barrier function and cholesterol signaling. The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE4) is a primary genetic risk factor that encodes one of many proteins accountable for the transport of cholesterol and it is deemed as the leading cholesterol transport proteins in the brain. In case of AD development, the causative factor is the high level of serum/plasma cholesterol. However, this statement is arguable and, in the meantime, the levels of brain cholesterol in individuals with AD are extremely inconstant and levels of cholesterol in the brain and serum/plasma of AD individuals do not reflect cholesterol as a risk factor. In fact, APOE4 is neither fundamental nor sufficient for the advancement of AD; it just acts as a synergistic and increases the danger of AD. Another noticeable characteristic of AD is area-specific decreases in the metabolism of brain glucose. It has been found that the brain cells cannot efficiently metabolize fats; hence, they totally rely upon glucose as a vitality substrate. Thus, suppression of glucose metabolism can possess an intense effect on brain actions. Hypometabolism is frequently found in AD and has quite recently achieved impressive consideration as a plausible target for interfering in the progression of the disease. One promising approach is to keep up the normal supply of glucose to the brain with ketone bodies from the ketogenic diet signifies a potential therapeutic agent for AD. Therefore, this review represents the role of ketogenic diets to combat AD pathogenesis by considering the influence of APOE.
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20
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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21
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Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) include α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 ω-3), stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 ω-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3). In the past few decades, many epidemiological studies have been conducted on the myriad health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs. In this review, we summarized the structural features, properties, dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of omega-3 PUFAs and their effects on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, visual and neurological development, and maternal and child health. Even though many health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs have been reported in the literature, there are also some controversies about their efficacy and certain benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Priyatharini Ambigaipalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada;
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Medeiros Melo D, Ferreira Roseno T, Barros WM, de Faria RAPG, de Souza Paglarini C, Bitencourt Faria P, Mariotto S, de Souza XR. Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of Five species of pacu-pevas from the pantanal region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fabricio MF, Valente P, Záchia Ayub MA. Oleaginous yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii shows fermentative metabolism of sugars in the biosynthesis of ethanol and converts raw glycerol and cheese whey permeate into polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2895. [PMID: 31425639 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied the biotechnological potential of the recently isolated yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii BI281A to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and ethanol, comparing products yields using glucose, raw glycerol from biodiesel synthesis, or whey permeate as substrates. The yeast metabolism was evaluated for different C/N ratios (100:1 and 50:1). Results found that M. guilliermondii BI281A was able to assimilate all tested substrates, and the most efficient conversion obtained was observed using raw glycerol as carbon source (C/N ratio 50:1), concerning biomass formation (5.67 g·L-1 ) and lipid production (1.04 g·L-1 ), representing 18% of dry cell weight. Bioreactors experiments under pH and aeration-controlled conditions were conducted. Obtained fatty acids were composed of ~67% of unsaturated fatty acids, distributed as palmitoleic acid (C16:1 , 9.4%), oleic acid (C18:1 , 47.2%), linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6 , 9.6%), and linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3 , 1.3%). Showing fermentative metabolism, which is unusual for oleaginous yeasts, M. guilliermondii produced 13.7 g·L-1 of ethanol (yields of 0.27) when growing on glucose medium. These results suggest the promising use of this uncommonly studied yeast to produce unsaturated fatty acids and ethanol using cheap agro-industrial residues as substrates in bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fensterseifer Fabricio
- Biotechnology Laboratory (BiotecLab) of Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Valente
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Záchia Ayub
- Biotechnology Laboratory (BiotecLab) of Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Assessment of diets containing curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, docosahexaenoic acid and α-lipoic acid on amyloid load and inflammation in a male transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Are combinations more effective? Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:505-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Alsumari SR, AlNouri DM, El-Sayed MMA, El-Din MFS, Arzoo S. The sociodemographic characteristics and dietary and blood plasma fatty acid profiles of elderly Saudi women with Alzheimer disease. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:77. [PMID: 30927917 PMCID: PMC6441169 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, and due to various physiological and psychological factors the patients are at risk of nutritional insufficiencies. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary fatty acid intake and its effect on plasma fatty acids in elderly Saudi women and to compare the differences in their food and plasma fatty acid profile on the basis of their residence. Methods A total of 76 elderly women (50–100 years) were recruited through a random sampling method. A structured proforma was designed to gather information related to their age, income, dietary habits, and presence of any disease and awareness of AD. A 24-h dietary recall method for 3 days and food frequency questionnaire, concentrating on fish consumption and consumption of foods rich in ω-3 fatty acids, which was planned by dietitians, was used for dietary assessment. The gathered data were then analyzed using food processor software. The blood samples were collected to determine plasma fatty acids. Results The mean age of women diagnosed with AD was more than 75 years, and the prevalence of illiteracy was higher among AD subjects. As compared to the AD group, the concentration of LA and total ω-6 was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the control group from both recruitment sites [National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh (NGH) and Social Welfare Homes for the Elderly (SWH)]. Similarly, the concentrations of EPA, DHA, and ω-3 were also slightly higher in the control group at both sites, but the difference between the control and AD subjects was only significant (p ≤ 0.05) in subjects from NGH. We found no significant difference in the ω-6/ ω-3 ratio between groups. Also, no significant difference was found in the mean level of the plasma fatty acid when comparing the control and AD groups. The concentration of DHA in controls only and AA, EPA and ω-6 in both control and AD were significant (although weakly) correlated with their respective dietary intakes. No correlations were found between the intake of 18 C precursors (LA and ALA) and plasma levels of their long chain derivatives (AA, EPA, and DHA). Education, income, overall health status and the concentration of various fatty acids from food was higher and better in subjects from SWH than NGH. The lower plasma level indicates lower impaired systemic availability of several nutrients. Conclusion We found that dietary intervention might play a role in the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Rashed Alsumari
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11495, P.O. 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doha Mustafa AlNouri
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11495, P.O. 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mervat Mohamed Ali El-Sayed
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11495, P.O. 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Fekry Serag El-Din
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11495, P.O. 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Shaista Arzoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11495, P.O. 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Włodarek D. Role of Ketogenic Diets in Neurodegenerative Diseases (Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010169. [PMID: 30650523 PMCID: PMC6356942 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review was to assess the effectiveness of ketogenic diets on the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. The ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate and fat-rich diet. Its implementation has a fasting-like effect, which brings the body into a state of ketosis. The ketogenic diet has, for almost 100 years, been used in the therapy of drug-resistant epilepsy, but current studies indicate possible neuroprotective effects. Thus far, only a few studies have evaluated the role of the ketogenic diet in the prevention of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Single studies with human participants have demonstrated a reduction of disease symptoms after application. The application of the ketogenic diet to elderly people, however, raises certain concerns. Persons with neurodegenerative diseases are at risk of malnutrition, while food intake reduction is associated with disease symptoms. In turn, the ketogenic diet leads to a reduced appetite; it is not attractive from an organoleptic point of view, and may be accompanied by side effects of the gastrointestinal system. All this may lead to further lowering of consumed food portions by elderly persons with neurodegenerative diseases and, in consequence, to further reduction in the supply of nutrients provided by the diet. Neither data on the long-term application of the ketogenic diet in patients with neurodegenerative disease or data on its effects on disease symptoms are available. Further research is needed to evaluate the suitability of the ketogenic diet in the therapy of AD- or PD-affected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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The effect of APOE genotype on Alzheimer's disease risk is influenced by sex and docosahexaenoic acid status. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:209-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Function among Older Community-Dwelling Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081088. [PMID: 30110945 PMCID: PMC6116163 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet may be an important modifiable risk factor for maintenance of cognitive health in later life. This study aimed at examining associations between common dietary indices and dietary patterns defined by factor analysis and cognitive function in older community-dwelling adults. Dietary information for 1499 participants from the Rancho Bernardo Study was collected in 1988–1992 and used to calculate the alternate Mediterranean diet score, Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010 score and factor scores derived from factor analysis of nutrients. Global cognitive function, executive function, verbal fluency and episodic memory were assessed at approximate four-year intervals from 1988–2016. Linear mixed models were used to examine associations between dietary patterns and cognitive trajectories. Estimates for the highest vs. lowest tertile in models adjusting for age, sex, education, energy intake, lifestyle variables and retest effect showed greater adherence to the Mediterranean score was associated with better baseline global cognitive function (β (95% CI) = 0.33 (0.11, 0.55)). The AHEI-2010 score was not significantly associated with cognitive performance. Higher loading on a plant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/vitamin E factor was associated with better baseline global cognitive function and executive function (β = 0.22 (0.02, 0.42) and β = −7.85 (−13.20, −2.47)). A sugar/low protein factor was associated with poorer baseline cognitive function across multiple domains. Dietary patterns were not associated with cognitive decline over time. Adherence to a healthy diet with foods high in PUFA and vitamin E and a low sugar to protein ratio, as typified by a Mediterranean diet, may be beneficial for cognitive health in late life.
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Vela S, Sainz N, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Solas M, Ramirez MJ. DHA Selectively Protects SAMP-8-Associated Cognitive Deficits Through Inhibition of JNK. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1618-1627. [PMID: 29911253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A potential role of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) has been suggested in memory, learning, and cognitive processes. Therefore, ω-3 PUFAs might be a promising treatment option, albeit controversial, for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the different mechanisms that have been proposed as responsible for the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs, inhibition of JNK stands as a particularly interesting candidate. In the present work, it has been studied whether the administration of two different PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) and a DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (MaR1) is able to reverse cognitive deficits in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model of sporadic AD. The novel object recognition test (NORT) test showed that recognition memory was significantly impaired in SAMP8 mice, as shown by a significantly decreased discrimination index that was reversed by MaR1 and DHA. In the retention phase of the Morris water maze (MWM) task, SAMP8 mice showed memory deficit that only DHA treatment was able to reverse. pJNK levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1 mice, and only DHA treatment was able to significantly reverse these increased pJNK levels. Similar results were found when measuring c-Jun, the main JNK substrate. Consequently to the increases in tau phosphorylation after increased pJNK, it was checked that tau phosphorylation (PHF-1) was increased in SAMP mice, and this effect was reversed after DHA treatment. Altogether, DHA could represent a new approach for the treatment of AD through JNK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Neira Sainz
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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Samieri C, Morris MC, Bennett DA, Berr C, Amouyel P, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Chasman DI, Grodstein F. Fish Intake, Genetic Predisposition to Alzheimer Disease, and Decline in Global Cognition and Memory in 5 Cohorts of Older Persons. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:933-940. [PMID: 29053784 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are a primary source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which may help delay cognitive aging. We pooled participants from the French Three-City study and 4 US cohorts (Nurses' Health Study, Women's Health Study, Chicago Health and Aging Project, and Rush Memory and Aging Project) for whom diet and cognitive data were available (n = 23,688 white persons, aged ≥65 years, 88% female, baseline year range of 1992-1999, and median follow-up range of 3.9-9.1 years) to investigate the relationship of fish intake to cognitive decline and examine interactions with genes related to Alzheimer disease. We estimated cohort-specific associations between fish and change in composite scores of global cognition and episodic memory using linear mixed models, and we pooled results using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. In multivariate analyses, higher fish intake was associated with slower decline in both global cognition and memory (P for trend ≤ 0.031). Consuming ≥4 servings/week versus <1 serving/week of fish was associated with a lower rate of memory decline: 0.018 (95% confidence interval: 0.004, 0.032) standard units, an effect estimate equivalent to that found for 4 years of age. For global cognition, no comparisons of higher versus low fish intake reached statistical significance. In this meta-analysis, higher fish intake was associated with a lower rate of memory decline. We found no evidence of effect modification by genes associated with Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Samieri
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1219, and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martha-Clare Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology and the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Claudine Berr
- Neuropsychiatrie: Recherche Epidémiologique et Clinique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1061, and Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1167, and Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1219, and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1219, and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Baleztena J, Ruiz-Canela M, Sayon-Orea C, Pardo M, Añorbe T, Gost JI, Gomez C, Ilarregui B, Bes-Rastrollo M. Association between cognitive function and supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs and other nutrients in ≥ 75 years old patients: A randomized multicenter study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193568. [PMID: 29579102 PMCID: PMC5868762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A few studies have assessed the association between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and cognitive impairment (CI) in very old adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multinutrient supplementation rich in n-3 PUFA on the cognitive function in an institutionalized ≥75-year-old population without CI or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial was conducted between 2012 and 2013. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and after one year using 4 neuropsychological tests. Nutritional status was assessed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Interaction between Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and nutritional status were analyzed using linear regression models. A total of 99 participants were randomized to receive placebo or pills rich in n-3 PUFA. After 1-year follow-up, both groups decreased their MMSE score (-1.18, SD:0. 53 and -0.82, SD:0. 63, p = 0.67 for the control and the intervention group respectively). The memory subscale of the MMSE showed an improvement (+0.26, SD:0.18) in the intervention group against a worsening in the control group (-0.11, SD: 0.14; p = 0.09 for differences between groups). Patients at intervention group with normal nutritional status (MNA ≥24) showed an improvement in the MMSE (+1.03, p = 0.025 for differences between 1-y and baseline measurements) against a worsening in the group with malnutrition (MNA<24) (-0.4, p = 0.886 for differences between 1-y and baseline; p of interaction p = 0.05). Supplementation with n-3 PUFA did not show an improvement in the global cognitive function in institutionalized elderly people without CI or with MCI. They only suggest an apparent improvement in memory loss if previously they were well nourished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Baleztena
- Centro Residencial Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MBR); (JB)
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra’s Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sayon-Orea
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra’s Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MBR); (JB)
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Association between fish consumption and risk of dementia: a new study from China and a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:1921-1932. [DOI: 10.1017/s136898001800037x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association of fish consumption with risk of dementia and its dose–response relationship, and investigate variations in the association among low-, middle- and high-income countries.DesignA new community-based cross-sectional study and a systematic literature review.SettingsUrban and rural communities in China; population-based studies systematically searched from worldwide literature.SubjectsChinese adults aged ≥60 years in six provinces (n 6981) took part in a household health survey of dementia prevalence and risk factors. In addition, 33 964 participants from eleven published and eligible studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.ResultsIn the new study in China, 326 participants were diagnosed with dementia (4·7 %); those who consumed any amount of fish in the past two years v. those who consumed no fish had reduced risk of dementia (adjusted OR=0·73, 95 % CI 0·64, 0·99), but the dose–response relationship was not statistically significant. The meta-analysis of available data from the literature and the new study showed relative risk (RR) of dementia of 0·80 (95 % CI 0·74, 0·87) for people with fish consumption; the impact was similar among countries with different levels of income. Pooled dose–response data revealed RR (95 % CI) of 0·84 (0·72, 0·98), 0·78 (0·68, 0·90) and 0·77 (0·61, 0·98) in people with low, middle and high consumption of fish, respectively. Corresponding figures for Alzheimer’s disease were 0·88 (0·74, 1·04), 0·79 (0·65, 0·96) and 0·67 (0·58, 0·78), respectively.ConclusionsGreater consumption of fish is associated with a lower risk of dementia. Increasing fish consumption may help prevent dementia worldwide regardless of income level.
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Adherence to Mediterranean diet and subjective cognitive function in men. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 33:223-234. [PMID: 29147948 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Benefits of a Mediterranean diet for cognition have been suggested, but epidemiologic studies have been relatively small and of limited duration. To prospectively assess the association between long-term adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and self-reported subjective cognitive function (SCF). Prospective observational study. The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study, a prospective cohort of 51,529 men, 40-75 years of age when enrolled in 1986, of whom 27,842 were included in the primary analysis. Mediterranean diet (MD) score, computed from the mean of five food frequency questionnaires, assessed every 4 years from 1986 to 2002. Self-reported SCF assessed by a 6-item questionnaire in 2008 and 2012, and validated by association with genetic variants in apolipoprotein-4. Using the average of 2008 and 2012 SCF scores, 38.0% of men were considered to have moderate memory scores and 7.3% were considered to have poor scores. In a multivariate model, compared with men having a MD score in the lowest quintile, those in the highest quintile had a 36% lower odds of a poor SCF score (odds ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.55-0.75; P, trend < 0.001) and a 24% lower odds of a moderate SCF score (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70-0.83; P, trend < 0.001). Both remote and more recent diet contributed to this relation. Associations were only slightly weaker using baseline dietary data and a lag of 22 years. Long-term adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern was strongly related to lower subjective cognitive function. These findings provide further evidence that a healthy dietary pattern may prevent or delay cognitive decline.
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Risk factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review of the evidence. Neurotoxicology 2017; 61:143-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ammann EM, Pottala JV, Robinson JG, Espeland MA, Harris WS. Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids are inversely associated with incident dementia: Secondary analyses of longitudinal data from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:68-75. [PMID: 28651700 PMCID: PMC5564209 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether red blood cell (RBC) docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA+EPA) levels have a protective association with the risk of dementia in older women. METHODS RBC DHA+EPA levels were assessed at baseline, and cognitive status was evaluated annually in a cohort of 6706 women aged ≥65 years who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Cox regression was used to quantify the association between RBC DHA+EPA and the risk of probable dementia, independent of major dementia risk factors. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 9.8 years, 587 incident cases of probable dementia were identified. After adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral risk factors, a one standard deviation increase in DHA+EPA levels was associated with a significantly lower risk of dementia (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.00; p < 0.05). This effect estimate did not meaningfully change after further adjustment for baseline cognitive function and APOE genotype. For women with high DHA+EPA exposure (1SD above mean) compared to low exposure (1SD below mean), the adjusted 15-year absolute risk difference for dementia was 2.1% (95% CI: 0.2%, 4.0%). In secondary analyses, we also observed a protective association with longitudinal change in Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Exam scores, but no significant association with incident MCI, PD/MCI, or baseline 3MS scores. DISCUSSION Higher levels of DHA+EPA may help protect against the development of dementia. Results from prospective randomized controlled trials of DHA+EPA supplementation are needed to help clarify whether this association is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Ammann
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James V Pottala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark A Espeland
- Department of Biostatistical Services, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; OmegaQuant Analytics LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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Lakey-Beitia J, Doens D, Jagadeesh Kumar D, Murillo E, Fernandez PL, Rao KS, Durant-Archibold AA. Anti-amyloid aggregation activity of novel carotenoids: implications for Alzheimer's drug discovery. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:815-822. [PMID: 28553090 PMCID: PMC5440000 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, affecting approximately 33.5 million people worldwide. Aging is the main risk factor associated with AD. Drug discovery based on nutraceutical molecules for prevention and treatment of AD is a growing topic. In this sense, carotenoids are phytochemicals present mainly in fruits and vegetables with reported benefits for human health. In this research, the anti-amyloidogenic activity of three carotenoids, cryptocapsin, cryptocapsin-5,6-epoxide, and zeaxanthin, was assessed. Cryptocapsin showed the highest bioactivity, while cryptocapsin-5,6-epoxide and zeaxanthin exhibited similar activity on anti-aggregation assays. Molecular modeling analysis revealed that the evaluated carotenoids might follow two mechanisms for inhibiting Aβ aggregation: by preventing the formation of the fibril and through disruption of the Aβ aggregates. Our studies provided evidence that cryptocapsin, cryptocapsin-5,6-epoxide, and zeaxanthin have anti-amyloidogenic potential and could be used for prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Deborah Doens
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - D Jagadeesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Enrique Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Patricia L Fernandez
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - K S Rao
- Center for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Armando A Durant-Archibold
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama, Republic of Panama
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Carlson SE, Gajewski BJ, Valentine CJ, Rogers LK, Weiner CP, DeFranco EA, Buhimschi CS. Assessment of DHA on reducing early preterm birth: the ADORE randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:62. [PMID: 28193189 PMCID: PMC5307851 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth contributes to 0.5 million deliveries in the United States (one of eight pregnancies) and poses a huge burden on public health with costs in the billions. Of particular concern is that the rate of earliest preterm birth (<34 weeks) (ePTB), which has decreased little since 1990 and has the greatest impact on the overall infant mortality, resulting in the greatest cost to society. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation provides a potential high yield, low risk strategy to reduce early preterm delivery in the US by up to 75%. We propose a Phase III Clinical Trial (randomized to low or high dose DHA, double-blinded) to examine the efficacy and safety of high dose DHA supplementation to reduce ePTB. We also plan for a secondary pregnancy efficacy analysis to determine if there is a subset of pregnancies most likely to benefit from DHA supplementation. METHODS Between 900 and 1200 pregnant women who are ≥ 18 years old and between 12 and 20 weeks gestation will be recruited from three trial experienced academic medical institutions. Participants will be randomly assigned to two daily capsules of algal oil (totaling 800 mg DHA) or soybean and corn oil (0 mg DHA). Both groups will receive a commercially available prenatal supplement containing 200 mg DHA. Therefore, the experimental group will receive 1000 mg DHA/d and the control group 200 mg DHA/d. We will then employ a novel Bayesian response adaptive randomization design that assigns more subjects to the "winning" group and potentially allows for substantially smaller sample size while providing a stronger conclusion regarding the most effective group. The study has an overall Type I error rate of 5% and a power of 90%. Participants are followed throughout pregnancy and delivery for safety and delivery outcomes. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that DHA will decrease the frequency of ePTB <34 weeks. Reducing ePTB is clinically important as these earliest preterm deliveries carry the highest risk of neonatal morbidity, as well as contribute significant stress for families and post a large societal burden. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02626299 ) on December 8, 2015. Additional summary details may be found in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, MS 4013, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Byron J. Gajewski
- Department of Biostatistics, MS 1026, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Christina J. Valentine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Lynette K. Rogers
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Carl P. Weiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MS 2028, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- Division Maternal Fetal Medicine, Center for the Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Emily A. DeFranco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Catalin S. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, 370 W. 13th Ave., Rm 588, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Moore K, O'Shea M, Hughes CF, Hoey L, Ward M, McNulty H. Current evidence linking nutrition with brain health in ageing. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Moore
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - M. O'Shea
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - C. F. Hughes
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - L. Hoey
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - M. Ward
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - H. McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
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Nishihira J, Tokashiki T, Higashiuesato Y, Willcox DC, Mattek N, Shinto L, Ohya Y, Dodge HH. Associations between Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Cognitive Functions among Community-Dwelling Octogenarians in Okinawa, Japan: The KOCOA Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:857-66. [PMID: 26890763 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have found frequent consumption of fatty fish is protective against cognitive decline. However, the association between circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and cognitive functions among the oldest old is not well known. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between serum PUFA levels and cognitive function among community-dwelling, non-demented elderly aged over 80 years old. METHODS The data came from the Keys to Optimal Cognitive Aging (KOCOA) study; an ongoing cohort of relatively healthy volunteers aged over 80 years old, living in Okinawa, Japan. One hundred eighty five participants (mean age 84.1±3.4 years) assessed in 2011 who were free from frank dementia (defined as Clinical Dementia Rating <1.0) were used for the current cross-sectional study. We examined whether serum omega-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]), arachidonic acid (AA), EPA/AA ratio, DHA/AA ratio, and DHA+EPA are associated with (1) age and (2) global cognitive function (Japanese MMSE) and executive function (Verbal Fluency Letter). Data was analyzed univariately by t-test and multivariately by cumulative logistic regression models controlling for age, gender, years of education, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. RESULTS Serum DHA levels decreased with increasing age (p = 0.04). Higher global cognitive function was associated with higher levels of serum EPA (p = 0.03) and DHA + EPA (p = 0.03) after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum EPA and DHA + EPA levels were independently associated with better scores on global cognitive function among the oldest old, free from dementia. Longitudinal follow-up studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nishihira
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokashiki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Donald Craig Willcox
- Department of Human Welfare, Okinawa International University, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Nora Mattek
- Department of Neurology and Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lynne Shinto
- Department of Neurology and Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yusuke Ohya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko H Dodge
- Department of Neurology and Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology and Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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40
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Yanai H. Effects of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Dementia. J Clin Med Res 2016; 9:1-9. [PMID: 27924168 PMCID: PMC5127208 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2815w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory effects and neuronal protective functions and may benefit prevention of dementia; however, the epidemiological evidence is very limited. Therefore, the literature about the association between n-3 PUFA and dementia was searched, by using Pubmed. In the analyses of observational studies, n-3 PUFA has been reported to be beneficially associated with dementia in 17 studies; however, the beneficial association between n-3 PUFA and dementia was denied by three studies. In the analyses of intervention studies, n-3 PUFA supplementation was beneficially associated with dementia in eight studies; however, five studies reported the negligible effect of n-3 PUFA for dementia. N-3 PUFA may improve Alzheimer’s disease by increasing clearance of amyloid-β peptide, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors, and by anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, patients with mild memory and/or cognitive impairment can be treated by a long-term and higher intake of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0034, Japan.
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41
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Hoeijmakers L, Heinen Y, van Dam AM, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Microglial Priming and Alzheimer's Disease: A Possible Role for (Early) Immune Challenges and Epigenetics? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:398. [PMID: 27555812 PMCID: PMC4977314 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis that is, to a large extent, mediated by microglia. Given the tight interaction between the immune system and the brain, peripheral immune challenges can profoundly affect brain function. Indeed, both preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that an aberrant inflammatory response can elicit behavioral impairments and cognitive deficits, especially when the brain is in a vulnerable state, e.g., during early development, as a result of aging, or under disease conditions like AD. However, how exactly peripheral immune challenges affect brain function and whether this is mediated by aberrant microglial functioning remains largely elusive. In this review, we hypothesize that: (1) systemic immune challenges occurring during vulnerable periods of life can increase the propensity to induce later cognitive dysfunction and accelerate AD pathology; and (2) that "priming" of microglial cells is instrumental in mediating this vulnerability. We highlight how microglia can be primed by both neonatal infections as well as by aging, two periods of life during which microglial activity is known to be specifically upregulated. Lasting changes in (the ratios of) specific microglial phenotypes can result in an exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine response to subsequent inflammatory challenges. While the resulting changes in brain function are initially transient, a continued and/or excess release of such pro-inflammatory cytokines can activate various downstream cellular cascades known to be relevant for AD. Finally, we discuss microglial priming and the aberrant microglial response as potential target for treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Heinen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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42
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Al Mamun A, Matsuzaki K, Arai H. Docosahexaenoic acid: one molecule diverse functions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:579-597. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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43
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Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, Weatherford CA, Salem N. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:132-52. [PMID: 27216485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mary E Van Elswyk
- Scientific Affairs, Van Elswyk Consulting, Inc., 10350 Macedonia St., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
| | - M Roberta Higgins
- MEDetect Clinical Information Associates, Inc., PO Box 152, Skippack, PA 19474, USA.
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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44
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D'Ascoli TA, Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Kauhanen J, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. Association between serum long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive performance in elderly men and women: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:970-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Belkouch M, Hachem M, Elgot A, Lo Van A, Picq M, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N. The pleiotropic effects of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid on the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:1-11. [PMID: 27825512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is important for adequate brain development and cognition. DHA is highly concentrated in the brain and plays an essential role in brain functioning. DHA, one of the major constituents in fish fats, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier from blood to the brain. Its critical role was further supported by its reduced levels in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. This agrees with a potential role of DHA in memory, learning and cognitive processes. Since there is yet no cure for dementia such as AD, there is growing interest in the role of DHA-supplemented diet in the prevention of AD pathogenesis. Accordingly, animal, epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies indicated that DHA has neuroprotective effects in a number of neurodegenerative conditions including AD. The beneficial effects of this key omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may depend on the stage of disease progression, other dietary mediators and the apolipoprotein ApoE genotype. Herein, our review investigates, from animal and cell culture studies, the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective potential of DHA with emphasis on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Belkouch
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdeljalil Elgot
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Santé, Unité des Sciences Biomédicales, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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47
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Weiser MJ, Butt CM, Mohajeri MH. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Nutrients 2016; 8:99. [PMID: 26901223 PMCID: PMC4772061 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weiser
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Christopher M Butt
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
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48
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu J, Li Y, Wang J, Jiao J. Intakes of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risks: a dose-response meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:330-40. [PMID: 26718417 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intake of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit cognitive function. However, optimal intake recommendations for protection are unknown. OBJECTIVE We systematically investigated associations between fish and PUFA intake and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risk. DESIGN Studies that reported risk estimates for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cognitive decline, dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), or Parkinson disease (PD) from fish, total PUFAs, total n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs, or at least one n-3 PUFA were included. Study characteristics and outcomes were extracted. The pooled RR was estimated with the use of a random-effects model meta-analysis. A dose-response analysis was conducted with the use of the 2-stage generalized least-squares trend program. RESULTS We included 21 studies (181,580 participants) with 4438 cases identified during follow-up periods (2.1-21 y). A 1-serving/wk increment of dietary fish was associated with lower risks of dementia (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99; P = 0.042, I(2) = 63.4%) and AD (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.95; P = 0.003, I(2) = 74.8%). Pooled RRs of MCI and PD were 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.82; P = 0.733, I(2) = 0%) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.99; P = 0.221, I(2) = 33.7%), respectively, for an 8-g/d increment of PUFA intake. As an important source of marine n-3 PUFAs, a 0.1-g/d increment of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was associated with lower risks of dementia (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.96; P < 0.001, I(2) = 92.7%) and AD (RR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.76; P < 0.001, I(2) = 94.5%). Significant curvilinear relations between fish consumption and risk of AD and between total PUFAs and risk of MCI (both P-nonlinearity < 0.001) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Fishery products are recommended as dietary sources and are associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment. Marine-derived DHA was associated with lower risk of dementia and AD but without a linear dose-response relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Jingnan Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | | | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Muldoon MF, Laderian B, Kuan DCH, Sereika SM, Marsland AL, Manuck SB. Fish oil supplementation does not lower C-reactive protein or interleukin-6 levels in healthy adults. J Intern Med 2016; 279:98-109. [PMID: 26497831 PMCID: PMC5642109 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may prevent a range of chronic conditions through anti-inflammatory actions. However, as clinical trials using these fatty acids for primary prevention are yet unavailable, their putative role in disease prevention rests, in part, on evidence of anti-inflammatory actions in healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE To investigate in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial whether supplementation with a moderate dose of EPA+DHA reduces common biomarkers of chronic, systemic inflammation in healthy individuals. METHODS A total of 261 healthy individuals aged 30-54 years who were free of inflammatory conditions and consumed ≤ 300 mg per day EPA+DHA were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to 18 weeks of either fish oil supplementation providing 1400 mg per day EPA+DHA or matching placebo. Outcome measures were serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6. In a substudy, ex vivo cytokine production was measured. Missing data for CRP and IL-6 were estimated using regression imputation. Data analyses conformed to intention-to-treat principles. RESULTS Participant blinding was verified. Red blood cell EPA+DHA increased by 64% in the active treatment group, but serum CRP and IL-6 were not affected by supplementation (P ≥ 0.20). Findings were consistent with and without imputed values and across subgroups. Similarly, EPA+DHA supplementation did not alter ex vivo production of four pro-inflammatory cytokines (P ≥ 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 1400 mg EPA+DHA did not reduce common markers of systemic inflammation in healthy adults. Whether this or a higher dose affects other measures of inflammation, oxidative stress or immune function warrants examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Muldoon
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - B Laderian
- Department of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D C H Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S M Sereika
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S B Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Early Prevention of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Disease: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:172801. [PMID: 26301243 PMCID: PMC4537710 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Furthermore, AD has provided the most positive indication to support the fact that inflammation contributes to neurodegenerative disease. The exact etiology of AD is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are thought to contribute, such as advancing age, family history, presence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, and poor diet and lifestyle. It is hypothesised that early prevention or management of inflammation could delay the onset or reduce the symptoms of AD. Normal physiological changes to the brain with ageing include depletion of long chain omega-3 fatty acids and brains of AD patients have lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. DHA supplementation can reduce markers of inflammation. This review specifically focusses on the evidence in humans from epidemiological, dietary intervention, and supplementation studies, which supports the role of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention or delay of cognitive decline in AD in its early stages. Longer term trials with long chain omega-3 supplementation in early stage AD are warranted. We also highlight the importance of overall quality and composition of the diet to protect against AD and dementia.
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