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Kressel H, Matsakas A. Current Research on Vitamin D Supplementation against Sarcopenia: A Review of Clinical Trials. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:843-856. [PMID: 37557905 DOI: 10.1055/a-2116-9240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in skeletal muscle function and metabolism. The aim of this review was A) to discuss the clinical evidence of vitamin D supplementation either alone or combined with other strategies in the prevention of sarcopenia in non-sarcopenic individuals and B) to critically discuss the clinical evidence on the effect of vitamin D combined with other strategies on muscle strength, mass and function in sarcopenic individuals without vitamin D deficiency. Sparse clinical data on non-sarcopenic individuals indicate that vitamin D alone has a subtle beneficial effect on knee extensor strength at doses 880-1600 IU/day without improving handgrip strength or muscle mass. When co-administered with other supplements such as protein, mixed effects appear to prevent the decline of muscle mass, possibly delaying the onset of sarcopenia in non-sarcopenic individuals, at doses of 800-1,000 IU/day over 6-12 weeks. In sarcopenic individuals, vitamin D 100-1,000 IU/day co-supplementation with protein results in increased handgrip strength between 9.8-40.5%. However, there is no strong clinical evidence that vitamin D dosage correlates with changes in muscle strength or mass. Potential sources of discrepancy among studies are discussed. Future studies with appropriate experimental design are essential to dissect the net effect of vitamin D on sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Kressel
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Potcovaru CG, Filip PV, Neagu OM, Diaconu LS, Salmen T, Cinteză D, Pantea Stoian A, Bobirca F, Berteanu M, Pop C. Diagnostic Criteria and Prognostic Relevance of Sarcopenia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4713. [PMID: 37510827 PMCID: PMC10381373 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is a syndrome characteristic in elderly patients and is also associated with a significant proportion of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this case, it can lead to a worse prognosis of the disease and a decreased quality of life. STUDY AIM This study aims to identify the best ways to diagnose sarcopenia in patients with IBD, establish its impact on the course of the disease, and find preventive methods to counteract the effects of sarcopenia in the outcome of patients with IBD and, therefore, minimize disabilities and increase the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review with the Prospero registration number CRD42023398886 was performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases, evaluating all original articles published in the last 10 years (clinical trials and randomized control trials) that describe sarcopenia and IBD in the human adult population. RESULTS From the 16 articles that were included, 5 articles defined sarcopenia by the skeletal muscle index (SMI) and reported data regarding its correlation with body composition: BMI; visceral fat (VF); subcutaneous fat (SC); and VF/SC index. Other articles evaluated the link between sarcopenia and the total psoas muscle area, thigh circumference, calf circumference, subjective global assessment, hand grip strength, and appendicular SMI, alongside inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and C-reactive protein, level of disability, malnutrition, frailty, resistance training alone and in combination with whey protein, and infliximab treatment. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS There is a great heterogeneity regarding the assessment criteria and methods used to diagnose sarcopenia due to the variability of population characteristics, both anthropometric and socio-cultural, alongside the high variability in the cut-offs. Therefore, any method which identifies sarcopenia in IBD patients, thus enabling intervention, may provide good results for patient quality of life and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petruța Violeta Filip
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana-Maria Neagu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Sorina Diaconu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor Salmen
- Doctoral School of "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Cinteză
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Bobirca
- Dr I. Cantacuzino Clinical Hospital General Surgery Discipline, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Berteanu
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050451 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University Emergency Hospital Elias, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Pop
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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A Review of Rehabilitation Benefits of Exercise Training Combined with Nutrition Supplement for Improving Protein Synthesis and Skeletal Muscle Strength in Patients with Cerebral Stroke. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234995. [PMID: 36501025 PMCID: PMC9740942 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is one of the main causes of chronic disability, and it affects the function of daily life, so it is increasingly important to actively rehabilitate patients' physical functions. The research confirmed that the nutrition supplement strategy is helpful to improve the effect of sports rehabilitation adaptation and sports performance. The patients with chronic strokes (whose strokes occur for more than 6 months) have special nutritional needs while actively carrying out rehabilitation exercises, but there are still few studies to discuss at present. Therefore, this paper will take exercise rehabilitation to promote muscle strength and improve muscle protein synthesis as the main axis and, through integrating existing scientific evidence, discuss the special needs of chronic stroke patients in rehabilitation exercise intervention and nutrition supplement one by one. At the same time, we further evaluated the physiological mechanism of nutrition intervention to promote training adaptation and compared the effects of various nutrition supplement strategies on stroke rehabilitation. Literature review pointed out that immediately supplementing protein nutrition (such as whey protein or soybean protein) after resistance exercise or endurance exercise can promote the efficiency of muscle protein synthesis and produce additive benefits, thereby improving the quality of muscle tissue. Recent animal research results show that probiotics can prevent the risk factors of neural function degradation and promote the benefits of sports rehabilitation. At the same time, natural polyphenols (such as catechin or resveratrol) or vitamins can also reduce the oxidative stress injury caused by animal stroke and promote the proliferation of neural tissue. In view of the fact that animal research results still make up the majority of issues related to the role of nutrition supplements in promoting nerve repair and protection, and the true benefits still need to be confirmed by subsequent human studies. This paper suggests that the future research direction should be the supplement of natural antioxidants, probiotics, compound nutritional supplements, and integrated human clinical research.
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Zhao J, Huang Y, Yu X. Effects of nutritional supplement and resistance training for sarcopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30386. [PMID: 36042627 PMCID: PMC9410600 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional supplementation and resistance training are broadly recommended as part of the treatment of sarcopenia, but studies that have evaluated interventions in inflammatory bowel disease patients with sarcopenia are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutritional supplementation and resistance training for improving height-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM/H2) and medical indices in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of forty-five participants was performed at Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University in Shanghai from September 2020 to June 2021. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive whey protein (10 g/d) or placebo (10 g/d) for 8 weeks while completing a resistance training program (3 times a week). Data such as ASM/H2 and other medical indices were collected at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks of intervention. RESULTS Fifteen participants were allocated to the resistance training and whey protein (RT+WP) group, and thirteen participants were allocated to the resistance training and placebo (RT+placebo) group. The ASM/H2 significantly increased in the RT+WP group after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention, and the ASM/H2 of the RT+WP group was significantly higher than that of the RT+placebo group after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention (F = 1.092, P = .035). Both interventions significantly increased albumin (F = 7.214, P = .003). Hemoglobin and creatinine significantly increased in the RT+WP group (F = 3.592, P = .035; F = 3.922, P = .033, respectively). In addition, a significant group × time interaction was not observed for body mass index, 5-time chair stand test time, 3-metre walk speed, grip strength, waist circumference, hip circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Nutritional supplementation may be effective in improving sarcopenia, as well as many other physiological indicators during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Yu, 221 Yan’an West Road, Jing’an District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China (e-mail: )
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Pinheiro MB, Oliveira JS, Baldwin JN, Hassett L, Costa N, Gilchrist H, Wang B, Kwok W, Albuquerque BS, Pivotto LR, Carvalho-Silva APMC, Sharma S, Gilbert S, Bauman A, Bull FC, Willumsen J, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Impact of physical activity programs and services for older adults: a rapid review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:87. [PMID: 35836187 PMCID: PMC9284866 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of which physical activity programs are most effective for older adults in different sub-populations and contexts is limited. The objectives of this rapid review were to: 1) Overview evidence evaluating physical activity programs/services for older adults; and 2) Describe impact on physical activity, falls, intrinsic capacity (physical domain), functional ability (physical, social, and cognitive/emotional domains), and quality of life. Methods We conducted a rapid review of primary studies from 350 systematic reviews identified in a previous scoping review (March 2021: PEDro, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database). For Objective 1, we included intervention studies investigating physical activity programs/services in adults ≥ 60 years. Of these, we included good quality (≥ 6/10 PEDro scale) randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with ≥ 50 participants per group in Objective 2. Results Objective 1: Of the 1421 intervention studies identified from 8267 records, 79% were RCTs, 87% were in high income countries and 39% were good quality. Objective 2: We identified 87 large, good quality RCTs (26,861 participants). Overall activity promotion, structured exercise and recreation/sport had positive impacts (≥ 50% between-group comparisons positive) across all outcome domains. For overall activity promotion (21 intervention groups), greatest impacts were on physical activity (100% positive) and social outcomes (83% positive). Structured exercise (61 intervention groups) had particularly strong impacts on falls (91% positive), intrinsic capacity (67% positive) and physical functioning (77% positive). Recreation/sport (24 intervention groups) had particularly strong impacts on cognitive/emotional functioning (88% positive). Multicomponent exercise (39 intervention groups) had strong impacts across all outcomes, particularly physical activity (95% positive), falls (90% positive) and physical functioning (81% positive). Results for different populations and settings are presented. Conclusion Evidence supporting physical activity for older adults is positive. We outline which activity types are most effective in different populations and settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-022-01318-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina B Pinheiro
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Juliana S Oliveira
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer N Baldwin
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leanne Hassett
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathalia Costa
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heidi Gilchrist
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belinda Wang
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wing Kwok
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruna S Albuquerque
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luiza R Pivotto
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ana Paula M C Carvalho-Silva
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sweekriti Sharma
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven Gilbert
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Physical Activity, Nutrition and Obesity, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona C Bull
- Physical Activity Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Division of Universal Health Coverage and Healthier Populations, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juana Willumsen
- Physical Activity Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Division of Universal Health Coverage and Healthier Populations, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Sherrington
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Physical Activity, Nutrition and Obesity, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Tiedemann
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Physical Activity, Nutrition and Obesity, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Kirwan RP, Mazidi M, Rodríguez García C, Lane KE, Jafari A, Butler T, Perez de Heredia F, Davies IG. Protein interventions augment the effect of resistance exercise on appendicular lean mass and handgrip strength in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:897-913. [PMID: 34673936 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased protein intake is suggested as a strategy to slow or reverse the loss of muscle mass and strength observed in sarcopenia, but results from studies that directly tested this possibility have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We assessed the evidence on the effects of whole protein supplementation or higher-protein diets, without the use of amino acids or supplements known to stimulate hypertrophy, alone or in combination with resistance exercise (RE) interventions, on lean body mass (LBM) and strength in older adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases from January 1990 to July 2021. Randomized controlled trials that assessed the effects of protein supplementation and/or higher-protein dietary interventions in older adults (mean age ≥50 y) on total LBM, appendicular lean mass (ALM), and handgrip (HG) and knee extension (KE) strength were included. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were identified. In pooled analysis, compared with lower protein controls, protein supplementation did not have a significant positive effect on total LBM [weighted mean difference in change (WMD): 0.34; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.89; I2 = 90.01%], ALM (WMD: 0.4; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.81; I2 = 90.38%), HG strength (WMD: 0.69; 95% CI: -0.69, 2.06; I2 = 94.52%), or KE strength (WMD: 1.88; 95% CI: -0.6, 4.35; I2 = 95.35%). However, in interventions that used also RE, statistically significant positive effects of protein were observed for ALM (WMD: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.03, 1.05; I2 = 89.76%) and HG (WMD: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.12, 3.30; I2 = 88.71%). Meta-regression revealed no significant association between age, per-meal protein dose, duration, and baseline protein intake with change in any outcome. Subgroup analysis revealed the statistically significant effects on ALM occurred only in sarcopenic/frail populations (WMD: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.51, 1.25; I2 = 79.0%). Most studies (n = 22) had some risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS In older adults performing RE, increased protein intake leads to greater ALM and HG strength compared with lower protein controls. Without RE, protein has no additional benefit on changes in total LBM, ALM, or HG strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Kirwan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carmen Rodríguez García
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Katie E Lane
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tom Butler
- School of Applied Health and Social Care and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Fatima Perez de Heredia
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:958-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arias-Casais N, Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan J, Rodrigues Perracini M, Park E, Van den Block L, Sumi Y, Sadana R, Banerjee A, Han ZA. What long-term care interventions have been published between 2010 and 2020? Results of a WHO scoping review identifying long-term care interventions for older people around the world. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054492. [PMID: 35105637 PMCID: PMC8808408 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The global population is rapidly ageing. To tackle the increasing prevalence of older adults' chronic conditions, loss of intrinsic capacity and functional ability, long-term care interventions are required. The study aim was to identify long-term care interventions reported in scientific literature from 2010 to 2020 and categorise them in relation to WHO's public health framework of healthy ageing. DESIGN Scoping review conducted on PubMed, CINHAL, Cochrane and Google Advanced targeting studies reporting on long-term care interventions for older and frail adults. An internal validated Excel matrix was used for charting.Setting nursing homes, assisted care homes, long-term care facilities, home, residential houses for the elderly and at the community. INCLUSION CRITERIA Studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1 January 2010 to 1 February 2020 on implemented interventions with outcome measures provided in the settings mentioned above for subjects older than 60 years old in English, Spanish, German, Portuguese or French. RESULTS 305 studies were included. Fifty clustered interventions were identified and organised into four WHO Healthy Ageing domains and 20 subdomains. All interventions delved from high-income settings; no interventions from low-resource settings were identified. The most frequently reported interventions were multimodal exercise (n=68 reports, person-centred assessment and care plan development (n=22), case management for continuum care (n=16), multicomponent interventions (n=15), psychoeducational interventions for caregivers (n=13) and interventions mitigating cognitive decline (n=13). CONCLUSION The identified interventions are diverse overarching multiple settings and areas seeking to prevent, treat and improve loss of functional ability and intrinsic capacity. Interventions from low-resource settings were not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Arias-Casais
- ATLANTES Global Observatory for Palliative Care, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Eunok Park
- College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lieve Van den Block
- Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yuka Sumi
- Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ritu Sadana
- Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anshu Banerjee
- Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zee-A Han
- Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mathewson SL, Azevedo PS, Gordon AL, Phillips BE, Greig CA. Overcoming protein-energy malnutrition in older adults in the residential care setting: A narrative review of causes and interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101401. [PMID: 34237434 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition, in particular protein-energy malnutrition, is a highly prevalent condition in older adults, and is associated with low muscle mass and function, and increased prevalence of physical frailty. Malnutrition is often exacerbated in the residential care setting due to factors including lack of dentition and appetite, and increased prevalence of dementia and dysphagia. This review aims to provide an overview of the available literature in older adults in the residential care setting regarding the following: links between sarcopenia, frailty, and malnutrition (in particular, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)), recognition and diagnosis of malnutrition, factors contributing to PEM, and the effectiveness of different forms of protein supplementation (in particular, oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and protein-fortified foods (PFF)) to target PEM. This review found a lack of consensus on effective malnutrition diagnostic tools and lack of universal requirement for malnutrition screening in the residential care setting, making identifying and treating malnutrition in this population a challenge. When assessing the use of protein supplementation in the residential care setting, the two primary forms of supplementation were ONS and PFF. There is evidence that ONS and PFF increase protein and energy intakes in residential care setting, yet compliance with supplementation and their impact on functional status is unclear and conflicting. Further research comparing the use of ONS and PFF is needed to fully determine feasibility and efficacy of protein supplementation in the residential care setting.
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10
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Yeh SW, Lin LF, Chen HC, Huang LK, Hu CJ, Tam KW, Kuan YC, Hong CH. High-intensity functional exercise in older adults with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2020; 35:169-181. [PMID: 33040592 DOI: 10.1177/0269215520961637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of high-intensity functional exercise among older adults with dementia. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, we collected articles published before August 2020 from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to evaluate the effect of high-intensity functional exercise on older adults with dementia. Primary outcomes included improvements in balance function and gait performance (speed, cadence, and stride length). The secondary outcomes included lower limb strength, activities of daily living, psychiatric well-being, depression, and cognition. Furthermore, we performed subgroup analysis with two high-intensity functional exercise programs: the Umeå program and Hauer's program. RESULTS We identified 15 articles describing six trials including older adults with dementia undergoing high-intensity functional exercise or control activity. The meta-analysis indicated that high-intensity functional exercise, both in Hauer's program and in the Umeå program, significantly improved balance function (pooled standardized mean difference 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.83). Hauer's program significantly improved gait speed, cadence, stride length, and lower limb strength. Beneficial effects on speed, cadence, and lower limb strength were retained for several months. The Umeå program facilitated activities of daily living and psychiatric well-being, with effects on activities of daily living lasting several months. In the only eligible trial, no effects on cognition were observed. Adverse effects of high-intensity functional exercise were minimal to none. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity functional exercise is generally safe and is recommended for older individuals with mild or moderate dementia to provide benefits in motor performance and daily functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Yeh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Li-Fong Lin
- School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei.,Center for Evidence-Based Health Care, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Li-Kai Huang
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Dementia Center and Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Dementia Center and Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Ka-Wai Tam
- Center for Evidence-Based Health Care, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City.,Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Yi-Chun Kuan
- Center for Evidence-Based Health Care, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City.,Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Dementia Center and Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University
| | - Chien-Hsiung Hong
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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11
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Granic A, Hurst C, Dismore L, Aspray T, Stevenson E, Witham MD, Sayer AA, Robinson S. Milk for Skeletal Muscle Health and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:695-714. [PMID: 32546988 PMCID: PMC7247608 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s245595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle aging manifests as a decline in muscle quantity and quality that accelerates with aging, increasing the risk of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle strength and mass, and contributes to adverse health outcomes in older adults. Intervention studies have shown that sarcopenia may be treated by higher protein intake in combination with resistance exercise (RE). In comparison, less is known about the role of whole protein-containing foods in preventing or treating sarcopenia. Liquid milk contains multiple nutrients and bioactive components that may be beneficial for muscle, including proteins for muscle anabolism that, alone or with RE, may have myoprotective properties. However, there is a lack of evidence about the role of milk and its effects on muscle aging. This narrative review considers evidence from three observational and eight intervention studies that used milk or fortified milk, with or without exercise, as an intervention to promote muscle health and function in older adults (aged 50–99 years). The observational studies showed no association between higher habitual milk consumption and muscle-related outcomes. The results of intervention studies using fortified milk in relation to elements of sarcopenia were also negative, with further inconclusive results from the studies using a combination of (fortified) milk and exercise. Although milk contains nutrients that may be myoprotective, current evidence does not show beneficial effects of milk on muscle health in older adults. This could be due to high habitual protein intakes (>1.0 g/kg BW/d) in study participants, differences in the type of milk (low-fat vs whole) and timing of milk consumption, length of interventions, as well as differences in the sarcopenia status of participants in trials. Adequately powered intervention studies of individuals likely to benefit are needed to test the effectiveness of a whole food approach, including milk, for healthy muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Hurst
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lorelle Dismore
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Research and Development, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Terry Aspray
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Musculoskeletal Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sian Robinson
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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12
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The prevalence of sarcopenia risk and associated factors in patients aged 65-79 years living in a district of Izmir province of Turkey. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 66:10-16. [PMID: 32318669 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2020.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia risk and associated factors in a community-dwelling elderly population in a district of Izmir province of Turkey. Patients and methods This cross-sectional study used a cluster sampling method to define sarcopenia risk and associated factors in population aged 65-79 years in Balcova district and a total of 254 participants (114 males, 140 females; mean age 70.0 years; range 65 to 79 years) were included between October 2014 and December 2014. The dependent variables were low gait speed (LGS), low grip strength (LGrS), having both LGS and LGrS, sarcopenia risk according to the European Group on Sarcopenia for Older People (EWGSOP) algorithm. The independent variables were socio-demographic and socio-economic variables, health-related behavioral factors, and health status variables. The gait speed was measured on a four-meter length with a stopwatch. The grip strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer. The logistic regression models were used to identify associated risk factors for sarcopenia. Results The prevalence of LGS was found to be 45.0%, LGrS to be 49.8%, having both LGS and LGrS to be 30.1%, and sarcopenia risk according to EWGSOP to be 64.8%. The main associated factors of having any sarcopenia risk were increasing age and having a sedentary lifestyle or being underactive. Conclusion Our study results show that sarcopenia risk is high in a community-dwelling elderly population living in Balcova district of Izmir province of Turkey. Physical activity levels of elderly should be increased to decrease this high burden.
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Pasini E, Comini L, Dioguardi FS, Grossetti F, Olivares A, Zanelli E, Aquilani R, Scalvini S. Hypoalbuminemia as a marker of protein metabolism disarrangement in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Minerva Med 2020; 111:226-238. [PMID: 32166926 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite therapeutic advances, chronic heart failure (CHF)-related mortality and hospitalization is still unacceptably high. Evidence shows that muscular wasting, sarcopenia, cachexia are independent predictors of mortality and morbidity in CHF and are signs of protein metabolism disarrangement (PMD), which involve all body proteins including circulating one. We postulate that circulating human serum albumin (HSA) could be a marker of PMD and catabolic low-grade inflammation (LGI) in CHF patients. METHODS One hundred sixty-six stable CHF patients (73% males), with optimized therapy referred to cardiac rehabilitation, were retrospectively divided into three groups based on their HSA concentration: ≥3.5 g/dL (normal value), 3.2-3.49 g/dL (low value); ≤3.19 g/dL (severe value). Hematochemical analyses (including circulating proteins and inflammatory markers) and body mass composition (by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis) were collected and compared. Correlations and multivariate regression were performed. RESULTS Despite being overweight (BMI=27 kg/m2), 75% of patients had reduced HSA (<3.5 g/dL) with suspectable sarcopenia, and 35% of all patients had remarkably lower albumin concentrations (<3.19 g/dL). Hypoalbuminemic patients were disable, older, with reduced muscular proteins, bilirubin and hemoglobin, increased extracellular water and LGI (P<0.01). HSA correlated with all of these parameters (all: P<0.01). Age, LGI, BMI, free-fat Mass, and bilirubin were independent predictors of HSA concentration. All these findings were male-dependent. CONCLUSIONS HSA could be considered a simple marker of PMD and LGI in CHF patients. Evaluation of PMD and gender differences should be considered in new CHF clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evasio Pasini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Institute of Lumezzane, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Brescia, Italy -
| | - Laura Comini
- Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Direction of the Institute of Lumezzane, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Adriana Olivares
- Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Direction of the Institute of Lumezzane, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanelli
- Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Institute of Lumezzane, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Aquilani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Scalvini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Institute of Lumezzane, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Liao CD, Chen HC, Huang SW, Liou TH. The Role of Muscle Mass Gain Following Protein Supplementation Plus Exercise Therapy in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Frailty Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1713. [PMID: 31349606 PMCID: PMC6723070 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and frailty are associated with a high risk of lean mass (LM) loss, which leads to physical disability and can be effectively alleviated by protein supplementation (PS) and muscle strengthening exercise (MSE). In this study, the associations between LM gain and PS + MSE efficacy (measured using physical outcomes) in elderly patients with a high risk of sarcopenia or frailty were identified. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the efficacy of PS + MSE in elderly patients with sarcopenia or frailty. The included RCTs were analyzed using meta-analysis and risk of bias assessment. We finally included 19 RCTs in this meta-analysis with a median (range/total) Physiotherapy Evidence Database score of 7/10 (5-9/10). The PS + MSE group exhibited significant improvements in the whole-body LM (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.66; p < 0.00001), appendicular LM (SMD = 0.35; p < 0.00001), leg strength (SMD = 0.65; p < 0.00001), and walking capability (SMD = 0.33; p = 0.0006). Meta-regression analyses showed that changes in appendicular LM were significantly associated with the effect sizes of leg strength (β = 0.08; p = 0.003) and walking capability (β = 0.17; p = 0.04), respectively. Our findings suggest that LM gain after PS + MSE significantly contributes to the efficacy of the intervention in terms of muscle strength and physical mobility in elderly patients with a high risk of sarcopenia or frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Center for Evidence-Based Health Care, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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15
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Liao CD, Lee PH, Hsiao DJ, Huang SW, Tsauo JY, Chen HC, Liou TH. Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Intervention on Frailty Indices, Body Composition, and Physical Function in Frail Older Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1916. [PMID: 30518122 PMCID: PMC6315527 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging poses a high risk of lean mass loss, which can be effectively improved through resistance exercise training (RET), or multicomponent exercise training (MET) as well as nutrition supplementation, such as protein supplementation (PS). This study investigated the effects of PS plus exercise training on frail older individuals. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported the efficacy of PS combined with RET or MET in frail older individuals. The included RCTs were analyzed through a meta-analysis and risk-of-bias assessment. We finally included 22 RCTs in the meta-analysis, with a mean (range/total) Physiotherapy Evidence Database score of 6.7 (4⁻9/10). PS plus exercise training significantly improved the frailty status (odds ratio = 2.77; p = 0.006), lean mass (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.52; p < 0.00001), leg strength (SMD = 0.37; p < 0.00001), and walking speed (SMD = 0.32; p = 0.002). Subgroup analyses revealed that PS plus MET exert significant effects on frailty indices, whereas PS plus RET further improves lean mass. Our findings suggest that PS plus RET as well as MET is effective in improving frailty status, lean mass, muscle strength, and physical mobility in frail older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Pi-Hsia Lee
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan.
| | - Dun-Jen Hsiao
- School and Graduate Institute of Nutrition Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33371, Taiwan.
| | - Jau-Yih Tsauo
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
- Center for Evidence-Based Health Care, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
- Obesity Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan.
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16
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Wright J, Baldwin C. Oral nutritional support with or without exercise in the management of malnutrition in nutritionally vulnerable older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1879-1891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Effects of Resistance Training of Peripheral Muscles Versus Respiratory Muscles in Older Adults With Sarcopenia Who are Institutionalized: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2018; 26:637-646. [PMID: 29431561 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2017-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the effects of two resistance training programs in peripheral and respiratory musculature on muscle mass and strength and physical performance and identifies the appropriate muscle mass parameter for assessing the intervention effects. Thirty-seven institutionalized older Spanish adults with sarcopenia were analyzed: control group (n = 17), respiratory muscle training group (n = 9), and peripheral muscle training group (n = 11). Measured outcomes were appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM/height2, ASM/weight, and ASM/BMI), isometric knee extension, arm flexion and handgrip strength, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and gait speed pre- and postintervention. Trained groups participated in a 12-week program and improved in maximum static inspiratory pressure, maximum static expiratory pressure, knee extension, and arm flexion (p < .05), whereas nonsignificant changes were found in gait speed and ASM indexes pre- and postintervention in the three groups. In conclusion, resistance training improved skeletal muscle strength in the studied population, and any ASM index was found to be appropriate for detecting changes after physical interventions.
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18
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ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:10-47. [PMID: 30005900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition and dehydration are widespread in older people, and obesity is an increasing problem. In clinical practice, it is often unclear which strategies are suitable and effective in counteracting these key health threats. AIM To provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical nutrition and hydration in older persons in order to prevent and/or treat malnutrition and dehydration. Further, to address whether weight-reducing interventions are appropriate for overweight or obese older persons. METHODS This guideline was developed according to the standard operating procedure for ESPEN guidelines and consensus papers. A systematic literature search for systematic reviews and primary studies was performed based on 33 clinical questions in PICO format. Existing evidence was graded according to the SIGN grading system. Recommendations were developed and agreed in a multistage consensus process. RESULTS We provide eighty-two evidence-based recommendations for nutritional care in older persons, covering four main topics: Basic questions and general principles, recommendations for older persons with malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition, recommendations for older patients with specific diseases, and recommendations to prevent, identify and treat dehydration. Overall, we recommend that all older persons shall routinely be screened for malnutrition in order to identify an existing risk early. Oral nutrition can be supported by nursing interventions, education, nutritional counseling, food modification and oral nutritional supplements. Enteral nutrition should be initiated if oral, and parenteral if enteral nutrition is insufficient or impossible and the general prognosis is altogether favorable. Dietary restrictions should generally be avoided, and weight-reducing diets shall only be considered in obese older persons with weight-related health problems and combined with physical exercise. All older persons should be considered to be at risk of low-intake dehydration and encouraged to consume adequate amounts of drinks. Generally, interventions shall be individualized, comprehensive and part of a multimodal and multidisciplinary team approach. CONCLUSION A range of effective interventions is available to support adequate nutrition and hydration in older persons in order to maintain or improve nutritional status and improve clinical course and quality of life. These interventions should be implemented in clinical practice and routinely used.
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19
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Gade J, Pedersen RJ, Beck AM. Effect of Protein or Essential Amino Acid Supplementation During Prolonged Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review. Rehabil Process Outcome 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1179572718765760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, sarcopenia, burdens many older adults, making identification of strategies on how to counteract it very relevant—especially to health care providers working in rehabilitation. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effect of protein or essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation during prolonged resistance exercise training (RT) in older adults. No known stimulants of muscle protein synthesis, or ingredients with an effect on muscle strength/physical function, were allowed with the supplementation, differentiating this systematic review from others. Data sources and methods: In January 2017, 4 electronic databases and reference lists were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of protein or EAA supplementation during RT in older adults (mean age >60 years) on outcomes of body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Results Sixteen studies (1107 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Methodologic differences between the studies disallowed a meta-analysis. Of the 16 studies, 6 found significant effects on body composition (3 studies), muscle strength (3 studies), and physical performance (2 studies) measures. Conclusions The evidence is weak and inconsistent, as benefit of protein or EAA supplementation during RT in older adults is only shown in some studies. The findings indicate that frail/sarcopenic older adults might benefit more than healthy older adults. Further research is needed to allow an interpretation on the importance of study population and design. Trial registration: PROSPERO, Reg. no.: CRD42017063808. Registered April 14, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Gade
- Dietetic and Nutritional Research Unit, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Rie Johanne Pedersen
- Dietetic and Nutritional Research Unit, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Beck
- Dietetic and Nutritional Research Unit, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
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20
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Dewansingh P, Melse-Boonstra A, Krijnen WP, van der Schans CP, Jager-Wittenaar H, van den Heuvel EG. Supplemental protein from dairy products increases body weight and vitamin D improves physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res 2018; 49:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Thomas DK, Quinn MA, Saunders DH, Greig CA. Protein Supplementation Does Not Significantly Augment the Effects of Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 17:959.e1-9. [PMID: 27670605 PMCID: PMC5065619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Physical activity and nutritional supplementation interventions may be used to ameliorate age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Previous reviews have demonstrated the beneficial effects of resistance exercise training (RET) combined with protein or essential amino acids (EAA) in younger populations. Whether or not older adults also benefit is unclear. The aim of this review was to determine whether regular dietary supplementation with protein/EAA during a RET regimen augments the effects of RET on skeletal muscle in older adults. Methods A literature search was conducted in August 2015 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL Plus to identify all controlled trials using a RET regimen with and without protein/EAA supplementation. Outcome variables included muscle strength, muscle size, functional ability, and body composition. Results Fifteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria, including 917 participants with a mean age of 77.4 years. Studies involving both healthy participants and those described as frail or sarcopenic were included. Overall, results indicated that protein supplementation did not significantly augment the effects of RET on any of the specified outcomes. Exceptions included some measures of muscle strength (3 studies) and body composition (2 studies). Meta-analyses were conducted but were limited because of methodologic differences between studies, and results were inconclusive. Conclusions Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials reveal that protein/EAA supplementation does not significantly augment the effects of progressive RET in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Thomas
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Marcus A Quinn
- School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David H Saunders
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Greig
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Nyman SR, Adamczewska N, Howlett N. Systematic review of behaviour change techniques to promote participation in physical activity among people with dementia. Br J Health Psychol 2017; 23:148-170. [PMID: 28980370 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence for the potential promise of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to increase physical activity among people with dementia (PWD). METHODS PsychINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched 01/01/2000-01/12/2016. Randomized controlled/quasi-randomized trials were included if they recruited people diagnosed/suspected to have dementia, used at least one BCT in the intervention arm, and had at least one follow-up measure of physical activity/adherence. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool, and BCTs were coded using Michie et al., 2013, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81. taxonomy. Intervention findings were narratively synthesized as either 'very promising', 'quite promising', or 'non-promising', and BCTs were judged as having potential promise if they featured in at least twice as many very/quite promising than non-promising interventions (as per Gardner et al., 2016, Health Psychology Review, 10, 89). RESULTS Nineteen articles from nine trials reported physical activity findings on behavioural outcomes (two very promising, one quite promising, and two non-promising) or intervention adherence (one quite promising and four non-promising). Thirteen BCTs were used across the interventions. While no BCT had potential promise to increase intervention adherence, three BCTs had potential promise for improving physical activity behaviour outcomes: goal setting (behaviour), social support (unspecified), and using a credible source. CONCLUSIONS Three BCTs have potential promise for use in future interventions to increase physical activity among PWD. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? While physical activity is a key lifestyle factor to enhance and maintain health and wellbeing amongst the general population, adults rarely participate in sufficient levels to obtain these benefits. Systematic reviews suggest that specific behaviour change techniques can increase physical activity, although one review suggested that self-regulatory techniques may be counterproductive when promoting physical activity among older people. Until now, no systematic review has been conducted to assess which behaviour change techniques may be associated with greater participation in physical activity among people with dementia. What does this study add? Interventions showed mixed promise for increasing physical activity and little effect on participant adherence. Goal setting (behaviour), social support (unspecified), and using a credible source are promising approaches. No technique showed promise for increasing adherence to physical activity interventions among people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Nyman
- Department of Psychology and Ageing & Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Natalia Adamczewska
- Department of Psychology and Ageing & Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Neil Howlett
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Beaudart C, Dawson A, Shaw SC, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Binkley N, Reginster JY, Chapurlat R, Chan DC, Bruyère O, Rizzoli R, Cooper C, Dennison EM. Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:1817-1833. [PMID: 28251287 PMCID: PMC5457808 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This systematic review summarizes the effect of combined exercise and nutrition intervention on muscle mass and muscle function. A total of 37 RCTs were identified. Results indicate that physical exercise has a positive impact on muscle mass and muscle function in subjects aged 65 years and older. However, any interactive effect of dietary supplementation appears to be limited. INTRODUCTION In 2013, Denison et al. conducted a systematic review including 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to explore the effect of combined exercise and nutrition intervention to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, or physical performance in older people. They concluded that further studies were needed to provide evidence upon which public health and clinical recommendations could be based. The purpose of the present work was to update the prior systematic review and include studies published up to October 2015. METHODS Using the electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE, we identified RCTs which assessed the combined effect of exercise training and nutritional supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass, or physical performance in subjects aged 60 years and over. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. RESULTS The search strategy identified 21 additional RCTs giving a total of 37 RCTs. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of protocols for physical exercise and dietary supplementation (proteins, essential amino acids, creatine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbuthyrate, vitamin D, multi-nutrients, or other). In 79% of the studies (27/34 RCTs), muscle mass increased with exercise but an additional effect of nutrition was only found in 8 RCTs (23.5%). Muscle strength increased in 82.8% of the studies (29/35 RCTs) following exercise intervention, and dietary supplementation showed additional benefits in only a small number of studies (8/35 RCTS, 22.8%). Finally, the majority of studies showed an increase of physical performance following exercise intervention (26/28 RCTs, 92.8%) but interaction with nutrition supplementation was only found in 14.3% of these studies (4/28 RCTs). CONCLUSION Physical exercise has a positive impact on muscle mass and muscle function in healthy subjects aged 60 years and older. The biggest effect of exercise intervention, of any type, has been seen on physical performance (gait speed, chair rising test, balance, SPPB test, etc.). We observed huge variations in regard to the dietary supplementation protocols. Based on the included studies, mainly performed on well-nourished subjects, the interactive effect of dietary supplementation on muscle function appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beaudart
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Dawson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S C Shaw
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - N C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J A Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute for Health and Aging, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Binkley
- University of Wisconsin Osteoporosis Clinical Center and Research Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Y Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - R Chapurlat
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Hôpital E Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - D C Chan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Superintendent's Office, National Taiwan University Hospital Chu-Tong Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - O Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - R Rizzoli
- Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - E M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Tieland M, Franssen R, Dullemeijer C, van Dronkelaar C, Kyung Kim H, Ispoglou T, Zhu K, Prince RL, van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. The Impact of Dietary Protein or Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Strength in Elderly People: Individual Participant Data and Meta-Analysis of RCT's. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:994-1001. [PMID: 29083440 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing protein or amino acid intake has been promoted as a promising strategy to increase muscle mass and strength in elderly people, however, long-term intervention studies show inconsistent findings. Therefore, we aim to determine the impact of protein or amino acid supplementation compared to placebo on muscle mass and strength in older adults by combining the results from published trials in a meta-analysis and pooled individual participant data analysis. DESIGN We searched Medline and Cochrane databases and performed a meta-analysis on eight available trials on the effect of protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in older adults. Furthermore, we pooled individual data of six of these randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. The main outcomes were change in lean body mass and change in muscle strength for both the meta-analysis and the pooled analysis. RESULTS The meta-analysis of eight studies (n=557) showed no significant positive effects of protein or amino acid supplementation on lean body mass (mean difference: 0.014 kg: 95% CI -0.152; 0.18), leg press strength (mean difference: 2.26 kg: 95% CI -0.56; 5.08), leg extension strength (mean difference: 0.75 kg: 95% CI: -1.96, 3.47) or handgrip strength (mean difference: -0.002 kg: 95% CI -0.182; 0.179). Likewise, the pooled analysis showed no significant difference between protein and placebo treatment on lean body mass (n=412: p=0.78), leg press strength (n=121: p=0.50), leg extension strength (n=121: p=0.16) and handgrip strength (n=318: p=0.37). CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence to suggest that protein or amino acid supplementation without concomitant nutritional or exercise interventions increases muscle mass or strength in predominantly healthy elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tieland
- Prof. Lisette C.P.G.M. de Groot, PhD, Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen (the Netherlands), Telephone: +31 317 482577, E-mail:
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Fielding RA, Travison TG, Kirn DR, Koochek A, Reid KF, von Berens Å, Zhu H, Folta SC, Sacheck JM, Nelson ME, Liu CK, Åberg AC, Nydahl M, Lilja M, Gustafsson T, Cederholm T. Effect of Structured Physical Activity and Nutritional Supplementation on Physical Function in Mobility-Limited Older Adults: Results from the VIVE2 Randomized Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:936-942. [PMID: 29083433 PMCID: PMC6751564 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interactions between nutritional supplementation and physical activity on changes in physical function among older adults remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of nutritional supplementation plus structured physical activity on 400M walk capacity in mobility-limited older adults across two sites (Boston, USA and Stockholm, Sweden). DESIGN All subjects participated in a physical activity program (3x/week for 24 weeks), involving walking, strength, balance, and flexibility exercises. Subjects were randomized to a daily nutritional supplement (150kcal, 20g whey protein, 800 IU vitamin D) or placebo (30kcal, non-nutritive). SETTING Participants were recruited from urban communities at 2 field centers in Boston MA USA and Stockholm SWE. PARTICIPANTS Mobility-limited (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ≤9) and vitamin D insufficient (serum 25(OH) D 9 - 24 ng/ml) older adults were recruited for this study. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcome was gait speed assessed by the 400M walk. RESULTS 149 subjects were randomized into the study (mean age=77.5±5.4; female=46.3%; mean SPPB= 7.9±1.2; mean 25(OH)D=18.7±6.4 ng/ml). Adherence across supplement and placebo groups was similar (86% and 88%, respectively), and was also similar across groups for the physical activity intervention (75% and 72%, respectively). Both groups demonstrated an improvement in gait speed with no significant difference between those who received the nutritional supplement compared to the placebo (0.071 and 0.108 m/s, respectively (p=0.06)). Similar effects in physical function were observed using the SPPB. Serum 25(OH)D increased in supplemented group compared to placebo 7.4 ng/ml versus 1.3 ng/ml respectively. CONCLUSION Results suggest improved gait speed following physical activity program with no further improvement with added nutritional supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Fielding
- Roger A. Fielding, Ph.D., Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA. Phone: (617) 556-3016
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Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, Martone AM, Picca A, Ortolani E, Savera G, Salini S, Ramaschi M, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Animal-Derived Protein Consumption Is Associated with Muscle Mass and Strength in Community-Dwellers: Results from the Milan EXPO Survey. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:1050-1056. [PMID: 29083447 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Behavioral factors, including protein intake, influence the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between animal-derived protein intake and muscle mass and function in a large sample of unselected community-dwellers. MATERIAL AND METHODS The VIP (Very Important Protein) study, conducted during Expo 2015 in Milan, was a population survey aimed at assessing major health metrics in a population outside of the research setting, with a special focus on the relation between animal-derived protein intake and muscle mass and function. A brief questionnaire exploring lifestyle habits, dietary preferences and the consumption of selected foods was administered. Muscle mass was estimated by calf circumference (CC) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) of the dominant side. Muscle strength of upper and lower extremities was assessed through handgrip strength testing and repeated chair stand test, respectively. RESULTS The mean age of the 1,853 participants was 50.3 years (standard deviation: 15.7; range: 18-98 years), of whom 959 (51.7%) were women. Participants in the highest tertile of protein consumption showed better performance at both the handgrip strength (p <0.001) and chair stand tests than those in the lowest tertile (p <0.01). The same results were found for CC (p <0.001) and MAMC (p <0.001). Participants with high protein intake and engaged in regular physical activity showed the higher scores in all the assessed domains. CONCLUSIONS The results of the VIP survey suggest an association between animal-derived protein intake and muscle mass and strength across ages. Our findings also indicate a synergistic effect of animal-derived protein intake and physical activity on muscle-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Landi
- Francesco Landi, MD, PhD - Center for Geriatric Medicine [CEMI), Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy. Phone: +39 (06) 3388546, Fax: +39 (06) 3051-911, e-mail:
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Baldwin C, Kimber KL, Gibbs M, Weekes CE. Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 12:CD009840. [PMID: 27996085 PMCID: PMC6463805 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009840.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supportive interventions such as serving meals in a dining room environment or the use of assistants to feed patients are frequently recommended for the management of nutritionally vulnerable groups. Such interventions are included in many policy and guideline documents and have implications for staff time but may incur additional costs, yet there appears to be a lack of evidence for their efficacy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults. SEARCH METHODS We identified publications from comprehensive searches of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science databases, scrutiny of the reference lists of included trials and related systematic reviews and handsearching the abstracts of relevant meetings. The date of the last search for all databases was 31 March 2013. Additional searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP were undertaken to September 2016. The date of the last search for these databases was 14 September 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of supportive interventions given with the aim of enhancing dietary intake in nutritionally vulnerable adults compared with usual care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors and for the final search, the editor, selected trials from titles and abstracts and independently assessed eligibility of selected trials. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias, as well as evaluating overall quality of the evidence utilising the GRADE instrument, and then agreed as they entered data into the review. The likelihood of clinical heterogeneity amongst trials was judged to be high as trials were in populations with widely different clinical backgrounds, conducted in different healthcare settings and despite some grouping of similar interventions, involved interventions that varied considerably. We were only able, therefore, to conduct meta-analyses for the outcome measures, 'all-cause mortality', 'hospitalisation' and 'nutritional status (weight change)'. MAIN RESULTS Forty-one trials (10,681 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Trials were grouped according to similar interventions (changes to organisation of nutritional care (N = 13; 3456 participants), changes to the feeding environment (N = 5; 351 participants), modification of meal profile or pattern (N = 12; 649 participants), additional supplementation of meals (N = 10; 6022 participants) and home meal delivery systems (N = 1; 203 participants). Follow-up ranged from 'duration of hospital stay' to 12 months.The overall quality of evidence was moderate to very low, with the majority of trials judged to be at an unclear risk of bias in several risk of bias domains. The risk ratio (RR) for all-cause mortality was 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.92); P = 0.004; 12 trials; 6683 participants; moderate-quality evidence. This translates into 26 (95% CI 9 to 41) fewer cases of death per 1000 participants in favour of supportive interventions. The RR for number of participants with any medical complication ranged from 1.42 in favour of control compared with 0.59 in favour of supportive interventions (very low-quality evidence). Only five trials (4451 participants) investigated health-related quality of life showing no substantial differences between intervention and comparator groups. Information on patient satisfaction was unreliable. The effects of supportive interventions versus comparators on hospitalisation showed a mean difference (MD) of -0.5 days (95% CI -2.6 to 1.6); P = 0.65; 5 trials; 667 participants; very low-quality evidence. Only three of 41 included trials (4108 participants; very low-quality evidence) reported on adverse events, describing intolerance to the supplement (diarrhoea, vomiting; 5/34 participants) and discontinuation of oral nutritional supplements because of refusal or dislike of taste (567/2017 participants). Meta-analysis across 17 trials with adequate data on weight change revealed an overall improvement in weight in favour of supportive interventions versus control: MD 0.6 kg (95% CI 0.21 to 1.02); 2024 participants; moderate-quality evidence. A total of 27 trials investigated nutritional intake with a majority of trials not finding marked differences in energy intake between intervention and comparator groups. Only three trials (1152 participants) reported some data on economic costs but did not use accepted health economic methods (very low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of moderate to very low quality to suggest that supportive interventions to improve nutritional care results in minimal weight gain. Most of the evidence for the lower risk of all-cause mortality for supportive interventions comes from hospital-based trials and more research is needed to confirm this effect. There is very low-quality evidence regarding adverse effects; therefore whilst some of these interventions are advocated at a national level clinicians should recognise the lack of clear evidence to support their role. This review highlights the importance of assessing patient-important outcomes in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baldwin
- King's College LondonDiabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, School of MedicineFranklin Wilkins Building150 Stamford StreetLondonUKSE1 9NH
| | - Katherine L Kimber
- School of Medicine, King's College LondonDiabetes & Nutritional Sciences DivisionFranklin Wilkin’s Building, Stamford StreetLondonUKSE1 9NH
| | - Michelle Gibbs
- King's College LondonDiabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, School of MedicineFranklin Wilkins Building150 Stamford StreetLondonUKSE1 9NH
| | - Christine Elizabeth Weekes
- Guy's & St Thomas NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of Nutrition & DieteticsLambeth Palace RoadLondonUKSE1 7EH
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Miyazaki R, Takeshima T, Kotani K. Exercise Intervention for Anti-Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older People. J Clin Med Res 2016; 8:848-853. [PMID: 27829949 PMCID: PMC5087623 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2767w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related health problem in general communities. Effective exercise programs against sarcopenia remain necessary for community-dwelling older people. In order to summarize the available knowledge on this subject, we collected English articles from a MEDLINE/Pubmed database examining the effects of exercise interventions on sarcopenia-related outcome measures in community-dwelling older people. When nine articles, including eight randomized controlled trials, were reviewed, most studies demonstrated significant improvements in some outcome measures. Indeed, a significant improvement in the muscle mass in one study, muscle strength in two studies and physical performance in two studies was reported among five studies using exercise (E) alone. A significant improvement in the muscle mass in two studies, muscle strength in one study and physical performance in two studies was also reported among four studies using exercise plus nutritional supplementation (EN). Notably, the EN studies appeared to have less extensive exercise interventions than the E studies. One EN study further exhibited significant improvements in all outcome measures. Collectively, exercise could be used as anti-sarcopenic strategies and nutritional interventions when combined with exercise might play a compensated or perhaps a comprehensive role among community-dwelling older people. Limited studies exist and more studies are required for the optimum programs in the community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyazaki
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Taro Takeshima
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Nutritional intervention as part of functional rehabilitation in older people with reduced functional ability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29:733-745. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bunn DK, Abdelhamid A, Copley M, Cowap V, Dickinson A, Howe A, Killett A, Poland F, Potter JF, Richardson K, Smithard D, Fox C, Hooper L. Effectiveness of interventions to indirectly support food and drink intake in people with dementia: Eating and Drinking Well IN dementiA (EDWINA) systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:89. [PMID: 27142469 PMCID: PMC4855348 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risks and prevalence of malnutrition and dehydration are high in older people but even higher in older people with dementia. In the EDWINA (Eating and Drinking Well IN dementiA) systematic review we aimed to assess effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve, maintain or facilitate food/drink intake indirectly, through food service or dining environment modification, education, exercise or behavioural interventions in people with cognitive impairment or dementia (across all settings, levels of care and support, types and degrees of dementia). Methods We comprehensively searched Medline and twelve further databases, plus bibliographies, for intervention studies with ≥3 cognitively impaired adult participants (any type/stage). The review was conducted with service user input in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration’s guidelines. We duplicated assessment of inclusion, data extraction, and validity assessment, tabulating data. Meta-analysis (statistical pooling) was not appropriate so data were tabulated and synthesised narratively. Results We included 56 interventions (reported in 51 studies). Studies were small and there were no clearly effective, or clearly ineffective, interventions. Promising interventions included: eating meals with care-givers, family style meals, soothing mealtime music, constantly accessible snacks and longer mealtimes, education and support for formal and informal care-givers, spaced retrieval and Montessori activities, facilitated breakfast clubs, multisensory exercise and multicomponent interventions. Conclusions We found no definitive evidence on effectiveness, or lack of effectiveness, of specific interventions but studies were small and short term. A variety of promising indirect interventions need to be tested in large, high-quality RCTs, and may be approaches that people with dementia and their formal or informal care-givers would wish to try. Trial registration The systematic review protocol was registered (CRD42014007611) and is published, with the full MEDLINE search strategy, on Prospero (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014007611). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0256-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane K Bunn
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Asmaa Abdelhamid
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Present address: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 5-11 Theobalds Road, London, WC1X 8SH, UK
| | - Maddie Copley
- Age UK Norfolk, 300 St Faith's Road, Old Catton, Norwich, NR6 7BJ, UK
| | - Vicky Cowap
- NorseCare, Lancaster House, 16 Central Avenue, St Andrew's Business Park, Norwich, NR7 0HR, UK
| | - Angela Dickinson
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Amanda Howe
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anne Killett
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - John F Potter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Kate Richardson
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - David Smithard
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Hellesdon Hospital, Drayton High Road, Norwich, NR6 5BE, UK
| | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Yoshimura Y, Uchida K, Jeong S, Yamaga M. Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Muscle Mass and Activities of Daily Living in Elderly Rehabilitation Patients with Decreased Muscle Mass: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:185-91. [PMID: 26812515 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of nutritional intervention with resistance training on skeletal muscle mass in elderly patients with disabilities in a convalescent rehabilitation setting. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ID: UMIN000006238). SETTING A rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS 39 elderly patients with decreased skeletal muscle mass in an inpatient convalescence rehabilitation unit. INTERVENTIONS A combination of resistance training plus nutritional supplementation (R/N group) or resistance training alone (R group). The training and supplementation were conducted essentially from the patient's admission to discharge (2-6 months). OUTCOME MEASURES The patients were evaluated at the time of admission and at the end of the intervention for skeletal muscle mass (calf circumference [CC] as a primary outcome, and arm circumference [AC]), hand grip strength (HG), Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA®-SF) score, serum albumin level (Alb), body mass index (BMI), and activities of daily living (ADL) as represented by the Barthel Index (BI) score. RESULTS Significant treatment effects were seen for CC, AC, BI, Alb in the R/N group compared to the R group. A mean treatment effect of 3.2 (95%CI: 2.0-4.4) was seen in CC, 1.4 (95%CI: 0.8-2.1) was seen in AC, 11.2 (95%CI: 0.5-21.8) was seen in BI, 0.3 (95%CI: 0.1-0.5) was seen in Alb. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that nutritional intervention added to resistance training during convalescent rehabilitation may improve skeletal muscle mass and activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshimura
- Yoshihiro Yoshimura, Kumamoto Rehabilitation Hospital, Dept. of Rehabilitation Medicine, 760 Magate, Kikuyo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1106, Japan,
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Abdelhamid A, Bunn D, Copley M, Cowap V, Dickinson A, Gray L, Howe A, Killett A, Lee J, Li F, Poland F, Potter J, Richardson K, Smithard D, Fox C, Hooper L. Effectiveness of interventions to directly support food and drink intake in people with dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 26801619 PMCID: PMC4722767 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating and drinking difficulties are recognised sources of ill health in people with dementia. In the EDWINA (Eating and Drinking Well IN dementiA) systematic review we aimed to assess effectiveness of interventions to directly improve, maintain or facilitate oral food and drink intake, nutrition and hydration status, in people with cognitive impairment or dementia (across all settings, levels of care and support, types and degrees of dementia). Interventions included oral nutrition supplementation, food modification, dysphagia management, eating assistance and supporting the social element of eating and drinking. METHODS We comprehensively searched 13 databases for relevant intervention studies. The review was conducted with service user input in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration's guidelines. We duplicated assessment of inclusion, data extraction, and validity assessment, tabulating data, carrying out random effects meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. RESULTS Forty-three controlled interventions were included, disappointingly none were judged at low risk of bias. Oral nutritional supplementation studies suggested small positive short term but unclear long term effects on nutritional status. Food modification or dysphagia management studies were smaller and of low quality, providing little evidence of an improved nutritional status. Eating assistance studies provided inconsistent evidence, but studies with a strong social element around eating/drinking, although small and of low quality provided consistent suggestion of improvements in aspects of quality of life. There were few data to address stakeholders' questions. CONCLUSIONS We found no definitive evidence on effectiveness, or lack of effectiveness, of specific interventions but studies were small and short term. People with cognitive impairment and their carers have to tackle eating problems despite this lack of evidence, so promising interventions are listed. The need remains for high quality trials tailored for people with cognitive impairment assessing robust outcomes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION The systematic review protocol was registered (CRD42014007611) and is published, with the full MEDLINE search strategy, on Prospero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Abdelhamid
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- Present address: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 5-11 Theobalds Road, London, WC1X 8SH, UK.
| | - Diane Bunn
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Maddie Copley
- Age UK Norfolk, 300 St Faith's Road, Old Catton, Norwich, NR6 7BJ, UK.
| | - Vicky Cowap
- NorseCare, Lancaster House 16 Central Avenue St Andrew's Business Park, Norwich, NR7 0HR, UK.
| | - Angela Dickinson
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Lucy Gray
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Amanda Howe
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Anne Killett
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Jin Lee
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Francesca Li
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Fiona Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - John Potter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
| | - Kate Richardson
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
| | - David Smithard
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Hellesdon Hospital, Drayton High Road, Norwich, NR6 5BE, UK.
| | - Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Shakeel S, Newhouse I, Malik A, Heckman G. Identifying Feasible Physical Activity Programs for Long-Term Care Homes in the Ontario Context. Can Geriatr J 2015; 18:73-104. [PMID: 26180563 PMCID: PMC4487739 DOI: 10.5770/cgj.18.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structured exercise programs for frail institutionalized seniors have shown improvement in physical, functional, and psychological health of this population. However, the ‘feasibility’ of implementation of such programs in real settings is seldom discussed. The purpose of this systematic review was to gauge feasibility of exercise and falls prevention programs from the perspective of long-term care homes in Ontario, given the recent changes in funding for publically funded physiotherapy services. Method Six electronic databases were searched by two independent researchers for randomized controlled trials that targeted long-term care residents and included exercise as an independent component of the intervention. Results A total of 39 studies were included in this review. A majority of these interventions were led by physiotherapist(s), carried out three times per week for 30–45 minutes per session. However, a few group-based interventions that were led by long-term care staff, volunteers, or trained non-exercise specialists were identified that also required minimal equipment. Conclusion This systematic review has identified ‘feasible’ physical activity and falls prevention programs that required minimal investment in staff and equipment, and demonstrated positive outcomes. Implementation of such programs represents cost-effective means of providing long-term care residents with meaningful gains in physical, psychological, and social health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Shakeel
- Department of Surgery, Saint Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON
| | - Ian Newhouse
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON
| | - Ali Malik
- Research Institute for Aging and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
| | - George Heckman
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON
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Denison HJ, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Robinson SM. Prevention and optimal management of sarcopenia: a review of combined exercise and nutrition interventions to improve muscle outcomes in older people. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:859-69. [PMID: 25999704 PMCID: PMC4435046 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s55842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing recognition of sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, has highlighted the need to understand more about its etiology. Declines in muscle mass and strength are expected aspects of aging, but there is significant variability between individuals in rates of loss. Although some of these differences can be explained by fixed factors, such as sex, much of the remaining variation is unexplained. This has led to increasing interest in the influence of adult lifestyle, particularly in the effects of modifiable factors such as physical activity and diet, and in identifying intervention opportunities both to prevent and manage sarcopenia. A number of trials have examined the separate effects of increased exercise or dietary supplementation on muscle mass and physical performance of older adults, but less is known about the extent to which benefits of exercise training could be enhanced when these interventions are combined. In a comprehensive review of the literature, we consider 17 studies of older adults (≥65 years) in which combined nutrition and exercise interventions were used to increase muscle strength and/or mass, and achieve improvements in physical performance. The studies were diverse in terms of the participants included (nutritional status, degree of physical frailty), supplementation strategies (differences in nutrients, doses), exercise training (type, frequency), as well as design (duration, setting). The main message is that enhanced benefits of exercise training, when combined with dietary supplementation, have been shown in some trials – indicating potential for future interventions, but that existing evidence is inconsistent. Further studies are needed, particularly of exercise training combined with dietary strategies that increase intakes of a range of nutrients, as well as bioactive non-nutrients, to provide the evidence on which public health and clinical recommendations can be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J Denison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK ; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK ; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sian M Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK ; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Buhl SF, Andersen AL, Andersen JR, Andersen O, Jensen JEB, Rasmussen AML, Pedersen MM, Damkjær L, Gilkes H, Petersen J. The effect of protein intake and resistance training on muscle mass in acutely ill old medical patients - A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2015; 35:59-66. [PMID: 25796103 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Stress metabolism is associated with accelerated loss of muscle that has large consequences for the old medical patient. The aim of this study was to investigate if an intervention combining protein and resistance training was more effective in counteracting loss of muscle than standard care. Secondary outcomes were changes in muscle strength, functional ability and body weight. METHODS 29 acutely admitted old (>65 years) patients were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 14) or to standard care (n = 15). The Intervention Group received 1.7 g protein/kg/day during admission and a daily protein supplement (18.8 g protein) and resistance training 3 times per week the 12 weeks following discharge. Muscle mass was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Muscle strength was assessed by Hand Grip Strength and Chair Stand Test. Functional ability was assessed by the de Morton Mobility Index, the Functional Recovery Score and the New Mobility Score. Changes in outcomes from time of admission to three-months after discharge were analysed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS The intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant effect of the intervention on lean mass (unadjusted: β-coefficient = -1.28 P = 0.32, adjusted for gender: β-coefficient = -0.02 P = 0.99, adjusted for baseline lean mass: β-coefficient = -0.31 P = 0.80). The de Morton Mobility Index significantly increased in the Control Group (β-coefficient = -11.43 CI: 0.72-22.13, P = 0.04). No other differences were found. CONCLUSION No significant effect on muscle mass was observed in this group of acutely ill old medical patients. High compliance was achieved with the dietary intervention, but resistance training was challenging. Clinical trials identifier NCT02077491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussi F Buhl
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre (056), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Aino L Andersen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre (056), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens R Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Nutrition Unit 5711, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Ove Andersen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre (056), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik B Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology (541), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Mette M Pedersen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre (056), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lars Damkjær
- Department of Rehabilitation, Municipality of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gilkes
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre (056), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Janne Petersen
- Optimed, Clinical Research Centre (056), Amager Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the new international definitions of sarcopenia. RECENT FINDINGS New international definitions of sarcopenia have been evaluated and shown to be predictive of poor outcomes in older persons. SUMMARY There is now international agreement that the definition for sarcopenia should include not only muscle mass, but also some measure of muscle function, such as walking speed or distance or grip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Cederholm
- aDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University bDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden cDivisions of Geriatric Medicine and Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Beaupre LA, Binder EF, Cameron ID, Jones CA, Orwig D, Sherrington C, Magaziner J. Maximising functional recovery following hip fracture in frail seniors. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013; 27:771-88. [PMID: 24836335 PMCID: PMC4610717 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses factors affecting recovery following hip fracture in frail older people as well as interventions associated with improved functional recovery. Prefracture function, cognitive status, co-morbidities, depression, nutrition and social support impact recovery and may interact to affect post-fracture outcome. There is mounting evidence that exercise is beneficial following hip fracture with higher-intensity/duration programmes showing more promising outcomes. Pharmacologic management for osteoporosis has benefits in preventing further fractures, and interest is growing in pharmacologic treatments for post-fracture loss of muscle mass and strength. A growing body of evidence suggests that sub-populations - those with cognitive impairment, residing in nursing homes or males - also benefit from rehabilitation after hip fracture. Optimal post-fracture care may entail the use of multiple interventions; however, more work is needed to determine optimal exercise components, duration and intensity as well as exploring the impact of multimodal interventions that combine exercise, pharmacology, nutrition and other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Beaupre
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 2-50 Corbett Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada.
| | - Ellen F Binder
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 4488 Forest Park Blvd, Suite 201, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | - Ian D Cameron
- Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, PO Box 6, Ryde, NSW 1680, Australia.
| | - C Allyson Jones
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 2-50 Corbett Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada.
| | - Denise Orwig
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Suite 200, 660 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21030, USA.
| | - Cathie Sherrington
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jay Magaziner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Suite 200, 660 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21030, USA.
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Shahar S, Kamaruddin NS, Badrasawi M, Sakian NIM, Abd Manaf Z, Yassin Z, Joseph L. Effectiveness of exercise and protein supplementation intervention on body composition, functional fitness, and oxidative stress among elderly Malays with sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:1365-75. [PMID: 24143082 PMCID: PMC3797615 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s46826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized as muscle loss that occurs with aging, is a major health problem in an aging population, due to its implications on mobility, quality of life, and fall risk. Protein supplementation could improve the physical fitness by increasing protein anabolism, and exercise has a documented evidence of positive effect on functional status among the elderly. However, the combined effect of both protein supplementation and exercise has not been investigated among sarcopenic elderly in the Asian population. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise intervention and protein supplementation either alone or in combination for 12 weeks, on body composition, functional fitness, and oxidative stress among elderly Malays with sarcopenia. Sixty five sarcopenic elderly Malays aged 60–74 years were assigned to the control group, exercise group (ExG), protein supplementation group (PrG), or the combination of exercise and protein supplementation group. A significant interaction effect between body weight and body mass index (BMI) was observed, with the PrG (−2.1% body weight, −1.8% BMI) showing the highest reductions. Further, there was a decrease in % body fat (−4.5%) and an increase in fat-free mass (kg) (+5.7%) in the ExG after 12 weeks (P < 0.05). The highest increments in lower and upper body strength were observed in the PrG (73.2%) and ExG (47.6%), respectively. In addition, the ExG showed a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and both interventions did not alter either lipid or protein oxidation. In conclusion, the exercise program was found to improve muscle strength and body composition, while protein supplementation reduced body weight and increased upper body strength, among sarcopenic elderly in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Shahar
- Dietetic Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur
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Bijlsma AY, Pasma JH, Lambers D, Stijntjes M, Blauw GJ, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Muscle strength rather than muscle mass is associated with standing balance in elderly outpatients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14:493-8. [PMID: 23540951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessment of the association of muscle characteristics with standing balance is of special interest, as muscles are a target for potential intervention (ie, by strength training). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Geriatric outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS The study included 197 community-dwelling elderly outpatients (78 men, 119 women; mean age 82 years). MEASUREMENTS Muscle characteristics included handgrip and knee extension strength, appendicular lean mass divided by height squared (ALM/height(2)), and lean mass as percentage of body mass. Two aspects of standing balance were assessed: the ability to maintain balance, and the quality of balance measured by Center of Pressure (CoP) movement during 10 seconds of side-by-side, semitandem, and tandem stance, with both eyes open and eyes closed. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for age, and additionally for height, body mass, cognitive function, and multimorbidity. RESULTS Handgrip and knee extension strength, adjusted for age, were positively related to the ability to maintain balance with eyes open in side-by-side (P = .011; P = .043), semitandem (P = .005; P = .021), and tandem stance (P = .012; P = .014), and with eyes closed in side-by-side (P = .004; P = .004) and semitandem stance (not significant; P = .046). Additional adjustments affected the results only slightly. ALM/height(2) and lean mass percentage were not associated with the ability to maintain standing balance, except for an association between ALM/height(2) and tandem stance with eyes open (P = .033) that disappeared after additional adjustments. Muscle characteristics were not associated with CoP movement. CONCLUSION Muscle strength rather than muscle mass was positively associated with the ability to maintain standing balance in elderly outpatients. Assessment of CoP movement was not of additional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Y Bijlsma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Crocker T, Forster A, Young J, Brown L, Ozer S, Smith J, Green J, Hardy J, Burns E, Glidewell E, Greenwood DC. Physical rehabilitation for older people in long-term care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD004294. [PMID: 23450551 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004294.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide population is progressively ageing, with an expected increase in morbidity and demand for long-term care. Physical rehabilitation is beneficial in older people, but relatively little is known about effects on long-term care residents. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2009. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of rehabilitation interventions directed at maintaining, or improving, physical function for older people in long-term care through the review of randomised and cluster randomised controlled trials. SEARCH METHODS We searched the trials registers of the following Cochrane entities: the Stroke Group (May 2012), the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (April 2012), and the Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field (April 2012). In addition, we searched 20 relevant electronic databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, 2009, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to December 2009), EMBASE (1980 to December 2009), CINAHL (1982 to December 2009), AMED (1985 to December 2009), and PsycINFO (1967 to December 2009). We also searched trials and research registers and conference proceedings; checked reference lists; and contacted authors, researchers, and other relevant Cochrane entities. We updated our searches of electronic databases in 2011 and listed relevant studies as awaiting assessment. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised studies comparing a rehabilitation intervention designed to maintain or improve physical function with either no intervention or an alternative intervention in older people (over 60 years) who have permanent long-term care residency. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. The primary outcome was function in activities of daily living. Secondary outcomes included exercise tolerance, strength, flexibility, balance, perceived health status, mood, cognitive status, fear of falling, and economic analyses. We investigated adverse effects, including death, morbidity, and other events. We synthesised estimates of the primary outcome with the mean difference; mortality data, with the risk ratio; and secondary outcomes, using vote-counting. MAIN RESULTS We included 67 trials, involving 6300 participants. Fifty-one trials reported the primary outcome, a measure of activities of daily living. The estimated effects of physical rehabilitation at the end of the intervention were an improvement in Barthel Index (0 to 100) scores of six points (95% confidence interval (CI) 2 to 11, P = 0.008, seven studies), Functional Independence Measure (0 to 126) scores of five points (95% CI -2 to 12, P = 0.1, four studies), Rivermead Mobility Index (0 to 15) scores of 0.7 points (95% CI 0.04 to 1.3, P = 0.04, three studies), Timed Up and Go test of five seconds (95% CI -9 to 0, P = 0.05, seven studies), and walking speed of 0.03 m/s (95% CI -0.01 to 0.07, P = 0.1, nine studies). Synthesis of secondary outcomes suggested there is a beneficial effect on strength, flexibility, and balance, and possibly on mood, although the size of any such effect is unknown. There was insufficient evidence of the effect on other secondary outcomes. Based on 25 studies (3721 participants), rehabilitation does not increase risk of mortality in this population (risk ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.13). However, it is possible bias has resulted in overestimation of the positive effects of physical rehabilitation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Physical rehabilitation for long-term care residents may be effective, reducing disability with few adverse events, but effects appear quite small and may not be applicable to all residents. There is insufficient evidence to reach conclusions about improvement sustainability, cost-effectiveness, or which interventions are most appropriate. Future large-scale trials are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Crocker
- Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,Bradford, UK
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Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Iniesta R, Gil-Guerrero L. Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplementation on Muscle Mass in Treatment of Sarcopenia in Old Age: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Offord EA, Karagounis LG, Vidal K, Fielding R, Meydani S, Penninger JM. Nutrition and the biology of human ageing: bone health and osteoporosis / sarcopenia / immune deficiency. J Nutr Health Aging 2013; 17:712-6. [PMID: 24097029 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Offord
- J.M. Penninger, IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria. E-mail:
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Perspective: Dietary protein needs of elderly people: protein supplementation as an effective strategy to counteract sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 14:67-9. [PMID: 23131547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Morley JE. Do Frail Older Persons Need More Protein? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 13:667-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tieland M, van de Rest O, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Mensink M, van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. Protein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 13:720-6. [PMID: 22889730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein supplementation has been proposed as an effective dietary strategy to increase skeletal muscle mass and improve physical performance in frail elderly people. Our objective was to assess the impact of 24 weeks of dietary protein supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in frail elderly people. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A total of 65 frail elderly subjects were included and randomly allocated to either daily protein or placebo supplementation (15 g protein at breakfast and lunch). MEASUREMENTS Skeletal muscle mass (DXA), muscle fiber size (muscle biopsy), strength (1-RM), and physical performance (SPPB) were assessed at baseline, and after 12 and 24 weeks of dietary intervention. RESULTS Skeletal muscle mass did not change in the protein- (from 45.8 ± 1.7 to 45.8 ± 1.7 kg) or placebo-supplemented group (from 46.7 ± 1.7 to 46.6 ± 1.7 kg) following 24 weeks of intervention (P > .05). In accordance, type I and II muscle fiber size did not change over time (P > .05). Muscle strength increased significantly in both groups (P < .01), with leg extension strength tending to increase to a greater extent in the protein (57 ± 5 to 68 ± 5 kg) compared with the placebo group (57 ± 5 to 63 ± 5 kg) (treatment × time interaction effect: P = .059). Physical performance improved significantly from 8.9 ± 0.6 to 10.0 ± 0.6 points in the protein group and did not change in the placebo group (from 7.8 ± 0.6 to 7.9 ± 0.6 points) (treatment × time interaction effect: P = .02). CONCLUSION Dietary protein supplementation improves physical performance, but does not increase skeletal muscle mass in frail elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tieland
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Jyväkorpi SK, Puranen T, Suominen M. Effect of high-intensity exercise and protein supplementation on muscle mass in ADL dependent older people with and without malnutrition--a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:736. [PMID: 23076518 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Verdijk LB, van de Rest O, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 13:713-9. [PMID: 22770932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein supplementation has been proposed as an effective dietary strategy to augment the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in elderly people. Our objective was to assess the impact of protein supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and physical performance during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly men and women. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2 arms in parallel among 62 frail elderly subjects (78 ± 1 year). These elderly subjects participated in a progressive resistance-type exercise training program (2 sessions per week for 24 weeks) during which they were supplemented twice daily with either protein (2 * 15 g) or a placebo. MEASUREMENTS Lean body mass (DXA), strength (1-RM), and physical performance (SPPB) were assessed at baseline, and after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention. RESULTS Lean body mass increased from 47.2 kg (95% CI, 43.5-50.9) to 48.5 kg (95% CI, 44.8-52.1) in the protein group and did not change in the placebo group (from 45.7 kg, 95% CI, 42.1-49.2 to 45.4 kg, 95% CI, 41.8-48.9) following the intervention (P value for treatment × time interaction = .006). Strength and physical performance improved significantly in both groups (P = .000) with no interaction effect of dietary protein supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged resistance-type exercise training represents an effective strategy to improve strength and physical performance in frail elderly people. Dietary protein supplementation is required to allow muscle mass gain during exercise training in frail elderly people. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01110369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tieland
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Alemán-Mateo H, Macías L, Esparza-Romero J, Astiazaran-García H, Blancas AL. Physiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein-rich food. Clin Interv Aging 2012; 7:225-34. [PMID: 22866000 PMCID: PMC3410682 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s32356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is strongly associated with an inadequate intake of dietary protein. Dietary protein supplementation boosts muscle-protein synthesis and increases muscle mass in the elderly. This study tested whether adding a protein-rich food, ricotta cheese, to the habitual diet increased total appendicular skeletal muscle mass and strength in elderly people. METHODS Participants (n = 40), were sarcopenic elderly men and women over 60 years of age. Two comparison groups were formed at random and followed for 3 months: the intervention group received 210 g/day of ricotta cheese plus the habitual diet, while the control group followed the habitual diet with no additional intervention. Total appendicular skeletal muscle (TASM) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, while strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer at baseline and after the intervention period. The primary outcomes were the percentage of relative change in TASM and strength. RESULTS The percentage of relative change in TASM was not significant between the groups after the intervention period. Muscle strength improved in the intervention group, but showed only a tendency towards significance (P = 0.06). Secondary analysis showed that the men in the intervention group gained 270 g in TASM compared to those in the control group, and improved their fasting insulin levels (P = 0.05), muscle strength, lean body mass in the arms, and body weight variables. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that a nutritional intervention using a high-quality protein food, specifically ricotta cheese, in order to increase the amount of protein intake might not be regarded as fully promising in elderly men and women with sarcopenia. However, the gender effects on muscle strength, lean tissue in the arms, homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance, and body weight detected in this study suggest that additional research is needed on elderly male subjects with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliodoro Alemán-Mateo
- Coordinación de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC, Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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Letter to the editor. J Nutr Health Aging 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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