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Mizuno D, Kawahara M, Konoha-Mizuno K, Hama R, Ogawara T. The Role of Zinc in the Development of Vascular Dementia and Parkinson's Disease and the Potential of Carnosine as Their Therapeutic Agent. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1296. [PMID: 38927502 PMCID: PMC11201809 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic zinc ions (Zn2+) play an important role in the development of vascular dementia (VD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this article, we reviewed the current comprehension of the Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity that leads to the pathogenesis of these neuronal diseases. Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity was investigated by using immortalised hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7 cells). This cell line is useful for the development of a rapid and convenient screening system for investigating Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. GT1-7 cells were also used to search for substances that prevent Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. Among the tested substances was a protective substance in the extract of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), and we determined its structure to be like carnosine (β-alanylhistidine). Carnosine may be a therapeutic drug for VD and PD. Furthermore, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms that involve the role of carnosine as an endogenous protector and its protective effect against Zn2+-induced cytotoxicity and discussed the prospects for the future therapeutic applications of this dipeptide for neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Mizuno
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi 990-9585, Yamagata, Japan; (K.K.-M.); (R.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi 202-8585, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Keiko Konoha-Mizuno
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi 990-9585, Yamagata, Japan; (K.K.-M.); (R.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Ryoji Hama
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi 990-9585, Yamagata, Japan; (K.K.-M.); (R.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Terumasa Ogawara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi 990-9585, Yamagata, Japan; (K.K.-M.); (R.H.); (T.O.)
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Guerra MJ, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson´s disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:22. [PMID: 38622720 PMCID: PMC11017622 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was classically considered a circulating hormonal system that regulates blood pressure. However, different tissues and organs, including the brain, have a local paracrine RAS. Mutual regulation between the dopaminergic system and RAS has been observed in several tissues. Dysregulation of these interactions leads to renal and cardiovascular diseases, as well as progression of dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a major brain center of dopamine/angiotensin interaction such as the nigrostriatal system. A decrease in the dopaminergic function induces upregulation of the angiotensin type-1 (AT1) receptor activity, leading to recovery of dopamine levels. However, AT1 receptor overactivity in dopaminergic neurons and microglial cells upregulates the cellular NADPH-oxidase-superoxide axis and Ca2+ release, which mediate several key events in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein aggregation, involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. An intraneuronal antioxidative/anti-inflammatory RAS counteracts the effects of the pro-oxidative AT1 receptor overactivity. Consistent with this, an imbalance in RAS activity towards the pro-oxidative/pro-inflammatory AT1 receptor axis has been observed in the substantia nigra and striatum of several animal models of high vulnerability to dopaminergic degeneration. Interestingly, autoantibodies against angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and AT1 receptors are increased in PD models and PD patients and contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation and nigrostriatal pro-inflammatory RAS upregulation. Therapeutic strategies addressed to the modulation of brain RAS, by AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and/or activation of the antioxidative axis (AT2, Mas receptors), may be neuroprotective for individuals with a high risk of developing PD or in prodromal stages of PD to reduce progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Labandeira-Garcia
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Maria J Guerra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson´S Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Networking Research Center On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Saeki N, Tamano H, Takeuchi A, Katahira M, Nishio R, Tamura H, Takeda A. Heated Leaf Extract of Coriandrum sativum L. Protects Nigral Dopaminergic Degeneration in Rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:455-459. [PMID: 35922685 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander), which is an annual herb of the Apiaceae family, has been traditionally used as a remedy. Here we tested whether heated extract of coriander leaf protects nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration after exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). After injection of 6-OHDA into the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), dopaminergic degeneration, which was determined by tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, was rescued by co-injection of CaEDTA, an extracellular Zn2+ chelator, suggesting that extracellular Zn2+ influx is involved in neurodegeneration. Both intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation determined by ZnAF-2 fluorescence and dopaminergic degeneration in the SNpc induced by 6-OHDA were rescued by co-injection of 0.25% coriander extract, which also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the SNpc determined by aminophenyl fluorescein fluorescence. The present study suggests that coriander leaf extract protects nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation. It is likely that the nutraceutical property of coriander leaf extract contributes to the protection via reducing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Saeki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Haruna Tamano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Azusa Takeuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Misa Katahira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nishio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Haruna Tamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Nishio R, Morioka H, Takeuchi A, Saeki N, Furuhata R, Katahira M, Chinenn T, Tamura H, Tamano H, Takeda A. Intracellular hydrogen peroxide produced by 6-hydroxydopamine is a trigger for nigral dopaminergic degeneration of rats via rapid influx of extracellular Zn 2. Neurotoxicology 2021; 89:1-8. [PMID: 34958835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism and significance of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Zn2+ toxicity, which is involved in neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of rats, we postulated that intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by 6-OHDA is a trigger for intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation in the SNpc. Intracellular H2O2 level elevated by 6-OHDA in the SNpc was completely inhibited by co-injection of GBR 13069 dihydrochloride (GBR), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, suggesting that 6-OHDA taken up through dopamine transporters produces H2O2 in the intercellular compartment of dopaminergic neurons. When the SNpc was perfused with H2O2, glutamate accumulated in the extracellular compartment and the accumulation was inhibited in the presence of N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA), a blocker of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels. In addition to 6-OHDA, H2O2 also induced intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation via AMPA receptor activation followed by nigral dopaminergic degeneration. Furthermore, 6-OHDA-induced nigral dopaminergic degeneration was completely inhibited by co-injection of either HYDROP, an intracellular H2O2 scavenger or GBR into the SNpc. The present study indicates that H2O2 is produced by 6-OHDA taken up through dopamine transporters in the SNpc, is retrogradely transported to presynaptic glutamatergic terminals, activates TRPM2 channels, accumulates glutamate in the extracellular compartment, and induces intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation via AMPA receptor activation, resulting in nigral dopaminergic degeneration prior to movement disorder. It is likely that intracellular H2O2, but not extracellular H2O2, is a key trigger for nigral dopaminergic degeneration via intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Nishio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Morioka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Azusa Takeuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nana Saeki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Furuhata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Misa Katahira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takato Chinenn
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Haruna Tamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Haruna Tamano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Valenzuela R, Costa-Besada MA, Villar-Cheda B, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The intracellular renin-angiotensin system: Friend or foe. Some light from the dopaminergic neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101919. [PMID: 33039415 PMCID: PMC7543790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest hormone systems in vertebrate phylogeny. RAS was initially related to regulation of blood pressure and sodium and water homeostasis. However, local or paracrine RAS were later identified in many tissues, including brain, and play a major role in their physiology and pathophysiology. In addition, a major component, ACE2, is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Overactivation of tissue RAS leads several oxidative stress and inflammatory processes involved in aging-related degenerative changes. In addition, a third level of RAS, the intracellular or intracrine RAS (iRAS), with still unclear functions, has been observed. The possible interaction between the intracellular and extracellular RAS, and particularly the possible deleterious or beneficial effects of the iRAS activation are controversial. The dopaminergic system is particularly interesting to investigate the RAS as important functional interactions between dopamine and RAS have been observed in the brain and several peripheral tissues. Our recent observations in mitochondria and nucleus of dopaminergic neurons may clarify the role of the iRAS. This may be important for the developing of new therapeutic strategies, since the effects on both extracellular and intracellular RAS must be taken into account, and perhaps better understanding of COVID-19 cell mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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The role of KATP channel blockade and activation in the protection against neurodegeneration in the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2020; 257:118070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Atsushi T, Tamano H. New insight into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis from reactive oxygen species-mediated extracellular Zn 2+ influx. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126545. [PMID: 32438294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, which is caused by selective loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress induced by the auto-oxidation of dopamine has been implicated as a key cause of the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. METHODS To understand the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, the PD pathogenesis is reviewed focused on paraquat (PQ) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD in rats. RESULTS Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced by PQ and 6-OHDA, are retrogradely transported to presynaptic glutamatergic neuron terminals. ROS activate presynaptic transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) cation channels and induce extracellular glutamate accumulation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), followed by age-related intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation. Loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons is accelerated by age-related intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation in the SNpc of rat PD models. The intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation in nigral dopaminergic neurons is linked with the rapid influx of extracellular Zn2+ via postsynaptic AMPA receptor activation, suggesting that PQ- and 6-OHDA-induced pathogenesis is linked with age-related intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation in the SNpc. Postsynaptic TRPM2 channels may be also involved in intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation in the SNpc. CONCLUSION A novel mechanism of nigral dopaminergic degeneration, in which ROS induce rapid intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation, figures out the PD pathogenesis induced by PQ and 6-OHDA in rats. This review deals with new insight into PD pathogenesis from ROS-mediated extracellular Zn2+ influx and its proposed defense strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeda Atsushi
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Haruna Tamano
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Extracellular Zn 2+ Influx into Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons Plays a Key Role for Pathogenesis of 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:435-443. [PMID: 29705946 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disease characterized by a selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The exact cause of the neuronal loss remains unclear. Here, we report a unique mechanism of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration, in which extracellular Zn2+ influx plays a key role for PD pathogenesis induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats. 6-OHDA rapidly increased intracellular Zn2+ only in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of brain slices and this increase was blocked in the presence of CaEDTA, an extracellular Zn2+ chelator, and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist, indicating that 6-OHDA rapidly increases extracellular Zn2+ influx via AMPA receptor activation in the SNpc. Extracellular Zn2+ concentration was decreased under in vivo SNpc perfusion with 6-OHDA and this decrease was blocked by co-perfusion with CNQX, supporting 6-OHDA-induced Zn2+ influx via AMPA receptor activation in the SNpc. Interestingly, both 6-OHDA-induced loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and turning behavior to apomorphine were ameliorated by co-injection of intracellular Zn2+ chelators, i.e., ZnAF-2DA and N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN). Co-injection of TPEN into the SNpc blocked 6-OHDA-induced increase in intracellular Zn2+ but not in intracellular Ca2+. These results suggest that the rapid influx of extracellular Zn2+ into dopaminergic neurons via AMPA receptor activation in the SNpc induces nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration, resulting in 6-OHDA-induced PD in rats.
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Fonseca-Fonseca LA, Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Sánchez JR, Guerra MW, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Verdecia-Reyes Y, Hernádez RD, Menezes-Filho NJ, Costa TCS, de Santana WA, Oliveira JL, Segura-Aguilar J, da Silva VDA, Costa SL. KM-34, a Novel Antioxidant Compound, Protects against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Mitochondrial Damage and Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2018; 36:279-291. [PMID: 29294239 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease is not completely understood and is believed to be multifactorial. Neuronal disorders associated to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are widely considered major consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the synthetic arylidenmalonate derivative 5-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (KM-34), in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Pretreatment (2 h) with KM-34 (1 and 10 μM) markedly attenuated 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. KM-34 also inhibited H2O2 generation, mitochondrial swelling, and membrane potential dissipation after 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial damage. In vivo, KM-34 treatment (1 and 2 mg/Kg) reduced percentage of asymmetry (cylinder test) and increased the vertical exploration (open field) with respect to untreated injured animals; KM-34 also reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein overexpression and increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell number, both in substantia nigra pars compacta. These results demonstrate that KM-34 present biological effects associated to mitoprotection and neuroprotection in vitro, moreover, glial response and neuroprotection in SNpc in vivo. We suggest that KM-34 could be a putative neuroprotective agent for inhibiting the progressive neurodegenerative disease associated to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arturo Fonseca-Fonseca
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanier Nuñez-Figueredo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Jeney Ramírez Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Maylin Wong Guerra
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Estael Ochoa-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana (Zapata s/n entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, Vedado, Plaza de la Revolución, CP 10400, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Yamila Verdecia-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana (Zapata s/n entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, Vedado, Plaza de la Revolución, CP 10400, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - René Delgado Hernádez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Noelio J Menezes-Filho
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 41100-100, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Silva Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 41100-100, Brazil
| | - Wagno Alcântara de Santana
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 41100-100, Brazil
| | - Joana L Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 41100-100, Brazil
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 41100-100, Brazil
| | - Silva Lima Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP 41100-100, Brazil.
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Costa-Besada MA, Valenzuela R, Garrido-Gil P, Villar-Cheda B, Parga JA, Lanciego JL, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Paracrine and Intracrine Angiotensin 1-7/Mas Receptor Axis in the Substantia Nigra of Rodents, Monkeys, and Humans. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5847-5867. [PMID: 29086247 PMCID: PMC7102204 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the classical hormonal (tissue-to-tissue) renin-angiotensin system (RAS), there are a paracrine (cell-to-cell) and an intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) RAS. A local paracrine brain RAS has been associated with several brain disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Classically, angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main RAS effector peptide and acts through two major receptors: Ang II type 1 and 2 (AT1 and AT2) receptors. It has been shown that enhanced activation of the Ang II/AT1 axis exacerbates dopaminergic cell death. Several new components of the RAS have more recently been discovered. However, the role of new Ang 1-7/Mas receptor RAS component was not investigated in the brain and particularly in the dopaminergic system. In the present study, we observed Mas receptor labeling in dopaminergic neurons and glial cells in rat mesencephalic primary cultures; substantia nigra of rats, monkeys, and humans; and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from healthy controls and sporadic PD patients. The present data support a neuroprotective role of the Ang 1-7/Mas receptor axis in the dopaminergic system. We observed that this axis is downregulated with aging, which may contribute to the aging-related vulnerability to neurodegeneration. We have also identified an intracellular Ang 1-7/Mas axis that modulates mitochondrial and nuclear levels of superoxide. The present data suggest that nuclear RAS receptors regulate the adequate balance between the detrimental and the protective arms of the cell RAS. The results further support that the brain RAS should be taken into account for the design of new therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Parga
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Lanciego
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Division, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Baluchnejadmojarad T, Rabiee N, Zabihnejad S, Roghani M. Ellagic acid exerts protective effect in intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson’s disease: Possible involvement of ERβ/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Brain Res 2017; 1662:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Valenzuela R, Costa-Besada MA, Guerra MJ. Menopause and Parkinson's disease. Interaction between estrogens and brain renin-angiotensin system in dopaminergic degeneration. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:44-59. [PMID: 27693730 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of menopausal hormonal therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) have not yet been clarified, and it is controversial whether there is a critical period for neuroprotection. Studies in animal models and clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that estrogens induce dopaminergic neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest that inhibition of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) mediates the effects of estrogens in PD models. In the substantia nigra, ovariectomy induces a decrease in levels of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) and increases angiotensin activity, NADPH-oxidase activity and expression of neuroinflammatory markers, which are regulated by estrogen replacement therapy. There is a critical period for the neuroprotective effect of estrogen replacement therapy, and local ER-α and RAS play a major role. Astrocytes play a major role in ER-α-induced regulation of local RAS, but neurons and microglia are also involved. Interestingly, treatment with angiotensin receptor antagonists after the critical period induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria J Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
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13
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Nanegrungsunk D, Apaijai N, Yarana C, Sripetchwandee J, Limpastan K, Watcharasaksilp W, Vaniyapong T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Bevacizumab is superior to Temozolomide in causing mitochondrial dysfunction in human brain tumors. Neurol Res 2016; 38:285-93. [PMID: 27078710 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2015.1114233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current chemotherapy treatments available for treating high-grade brain tumors, Temozolomide (TMZ) or Bevacizumab (BEV), not only have specific anti-tumor mechanisms, but also have an effect on mitochondria. However, effects of both drugs on mitochondria isolated from human brain tumors have not been thoroughly investigated. This study determined the direct effects of TMZ and BEV as well as the neurotoxic condition (calcium overload), on the function of mitochondria and compared these effects on mitochondria isolated from low- and high-grade human brain tumors. METHODS Mitochondria were isolated from either low- or high-grade human primary brain tumors. Calcium overload conditions (100 or 200 μM), TMZ (300 μM), and BEV (2 mg/mL) were applied to isolated mitochondria from low- and high-grade brain tumors. Following the treatment, mitochondrial function, including reactive oxygen species production, membrane potential changes, and swelling, were determined. The mitochondrial morphology was also examined. RESULTS In calcium overload conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction was only found to have occurred in low-grade tumors. In TMZ and BEV treatment, BEV, rather than TMZ, caused greater membrane depolarization and mitochondrial swelling in both grades of brain tumors. CONCLUSIONS TMZ and BEV can directly cause the dysfunction of mitochondria isolated from human brain tumors. However, BEV has a greater ability to disturb mitochondrial function in mitochondria isolated from human brain tumors than either TMZ or calcium overload conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danop Nanegrungsunk
- a Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- b Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Chontida Yarana
- b Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Jirapas Sripetchwandee
- b Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Limpastan
- c Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Wanarak Watcharasaksilp
- c Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Tanat Vaniyapong
- c Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- b Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- b Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,d Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Dentistry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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14
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Mabandla MV, Nyoka M, Daniels WMU. Early use of oleanolic acid provides protection against 6-hydroxydopamine induced dopamine neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2015; 1622:64-71. [PMID: 26111646 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid is a triterpenoid that has been shown to possess antioxidant properties. In this study we investigated the effects of oleanolic acid in a parkinsonian rat model. Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions were carried out on postnatal day (PND) 60 in 4 groups viz. (1) Rats that started oleanolic acid treatment 7 days prior to lesion. (2) Rats not treated with oleanolic acid. (3) Rats that started oleanolic acid treatment 1 day post-lesion. (4) Rats treated with oleanolic acid 7 days post-lesion. The degree of forelimb impairment was assessed using limb use asymmetry and forelimb akinesia tests. Neurochemical changes were assessed using a Dopamine ELISA kit and mitochondrial apoptosis was measured using a mitochondrial apoptosis detection kit. In this study, animals injected with 6-OHDA displayed forelimb use asymmetry that was ameliorated by treatment with oleanolic acid 7 days pre- and 1 day post-lesion. In the cylinder test, rats injected with 6-OHDA favored using the forelimb ipsilateral (unimpaired) to the lesioned hemisphere while rats treated with oleanolic acid used the forelimb contralateral (impaired) to the lesioned hemisphere significantly more. Rats treated with oleanolic acid 7 days pre- and 1 day post-lesion had more dopamine in the striatum than the non-treated or the 7 days after lesion rats. Similarly, 6-OHDA-induced membrane depolarization was decreased in rats that received oleanolic acid treatment pre- or immediately post-lesion. This suggests that early treatment with oleanolic acid protects dopamine neurons from the toxic effects of 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa V Mabandla
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mpumelelo Nyoka
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Willie M U Daniels
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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15
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Da-bu-yin-wan and qian-zheng-san to neuroprotect the mouse model of Parkinson's disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:729195. [PMID: 25610480 PMCID: PMC4290155 DOI: 10.1155/2014/729195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Da-Bu-Yin-Wan (DBYW) and Qian-Zheng-San (QZS), two classic traditional Chinese medicinal formulas, were clinically employed to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous studies demonstrated neuroprotective effects of them on mitochondrial function in PD mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The purpose of this research was to investigate their possible mechanisms in the light of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channels. The neuroprotective effect of DBYW and QZS on dopamine (DA) neurons in substantia nigra (SN) in the MPTP-induced PD mice was investigated by behavioral test (pole test) and immunohistochemistry. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level in the midbrain tissue was detected by firefly luciferase method. MitoKATP channel subunits SUR1 and Kir6.2 mRNA and protein expressions were tested by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot. It was observed that DBYW and/or QZS served to ameliorate MPTP-induced behavioral impairment and prevent the loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons, as well as increase ATP level in the midbrain tissue and downregulate SUR1 expression at mRNA and protein levels with no marked influence on Kir6.2. We concluded that DBYW and QZS exhibit neuroprotective effects probably through the regulation of ATP level and mitoKATP channel subunit expressions.
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16
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Labandeira-García JL, Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Valenzuela R, Borrajo A, Rodríguez-Perez AI. Brain renin-angiotensin system and dopaminergic cell vulnerability. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:67. [PMID: 25071471 PMCID: PMC4086395 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was classically considered as a circulating system that regulates blood pressure, many tissues are now known to have a local RAS. Angiotensin, via type 1 receptors, is a major activator of the NADPH-oxidase complex, which mediates several key events in oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory processes involved in the pathogenesis of major aging-related diseases. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of RAS components in the basal ganglia, and particularly in the nigrostriatal system. In the nigrostriatal system, RAS hyperactivation, via NADPH-oxidase complex activation, exacerbates OS and the microglial inflammatory response and contributes to progression of dopaminergic degeneration, which is inhibited by angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Several factors may induce an increase in RAS activity in the dopaminergic system. A decrease in dopaminergic activity induces compensatory upregulation of local RAS function in both dopaminergic neurons and glia. In addition to its role as an essential neurotransmitter, dopamine may also modulate microglial inflammatory responses and neuronal OS via RAS. Important counterregulatory interactions between angiotensin and dopamine have also been observed in several peripheral tissues. Neurotoxins and proinflammatory factors may also act on astrocytes to induce an increase in RAS activity, either independently of or before the loss of dopamine. Consistent with a major role of RAS in dopaminergic vulnerability, increased RAS activity has been observed in the nigra of animal models of aging, menopause and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which also showed higher dopaminergic vulnerability. Manipulation of the brain RAS may constitute an effective neuroprotective strategy against dopaminergic vulnerability and progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-García
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Borrajo
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has recently seen substantial progress, including the molecular identification of some of the channels. An integrative approach using genetics, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and cell biology to clarify the roles of these channels has thus become possible. It is by now clear that many of these channels are important for energy supply by the mitochondria and have a major impact on the fate of the entire cell as well. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the electrophysiological properties, molecular identity, and pathophysiological functions of the mitochondrial ion channels studied so far and to highlight possible therapeutic perspectives based on current information.
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18
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Akay C, Cooper M, Odeleye A, Jensen BK, White MG, Vassoler F, Gannon PJ, Mankowski J, Dorsey JL, Buch AM, Cross SA, Cook DR, Peña MM, Andersen ES, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Lindl KA, Zink MC, Clements J, Pierce RC, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Antiretroviral drugs induce oxidative stress and neuronal damage in the central nervous system. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:39-53. [PMID: 24420448 PMCID: PMC3928514 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), characterized by a wide spectrum of behavioral, cognitive, and motor dysfunctions, continues to affect approximately 50 % of HIV(+) patients despite the success of combination antiretroviral drug therapy (cART) in the periphery. Of note, potential toxicity of antiretroviral drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) remains remarkably underexplored and may contribute to the persistence of HAND in the cART era. Previous studies have shown antiretrovirals (ARVs) to be neurotoxic in the peripheral nervous system in vivo and in peripheral neurons in vitro. Alterations in lipid and protein metabolism, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress all play a role in peripheral ARV neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that ARVs also induce cellular stresses in the CNS, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and contributing to the changing clinical and pathological picture seen in HIV-positive patients in the cART era. In this report, we show that ARVs are neurotoxic in the CNS in both pigtail macaques and rats in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro, ARVs lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately induction of neuronal damage and death. Whereas ARVs alone caused some activation of the endogenous antioxidant response in vitro, augmentation of this response by a fumaric acid ester, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), blocked ARV-induced ROS generation, and neuronal damage/death. These findings implicate oxidative stress as a contributor to the underlying mechanisms of ARV-induced neurotoxicity and will provide an access point for adjunctive therapies to complement ARV therapy and reduce neurotoxicity in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Akay
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Michael Cooper
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Akinleye Odeleye
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Brigid K. Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Michael G. White
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Fair Vassoler
- Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patrick J. Gannon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Joseph Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jamie L. Dorsey
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alison M. Buch
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Cross
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Denise R. Cook
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Michelle-Marie Peña
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - Emily S. Andersen
- Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Kathryn A. Lindl
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
| | - M. Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janice Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - R. Christopher Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Dennis L. Kolson
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Rm 312 Levy Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 USA
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19
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Dominguez-Meijide A, Valenzuela R, Villar-Cheda B, Rodríguez-Perez AI. Dopamine-angiotensin interactions in the basal ganglia and their relevance for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1337-42. [PMID: 23925977 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin systems are known to act in many tissues, for example, the blood vessel wall or kidney, where a close interaction between angiotensin and dopamine has been demonstrated. Regulatory interactions between the dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems have recently been described in the substantia nigra and striatum. In animal models, dopamine depletion induces compensatory overactivation of the local renin-angiotensin system, which primes microglial responses and neuron vulnerability by activating NADPH-oxidase. Hyperactivation of the local renin-angiotensin system exacerbates the inflammatory microglial response, oxidative stress, and dopaminergic degeneration, all of which are inhibited by angiotensin receptor blockers and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzymes. In this review we provide evidence suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system may play an important role in dopamine's mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress changes in Parkinson's disease. We suggest that manipulating brain angiotensin may constitute an effective neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Villa M, Muñoz P, Ahumada-Castro U, Paris I, Jiménez A, Martínez I, Sevilla F, Segura-Aguilar J. One-electron reduction of 6-hydroxydopamine quinone is essential in 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:94-101. [PMID: 23385626 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydamine has widely been used as neurotoxin in preclinical studies related on the neurodegenerative process of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease based on its ability to be neurotoxic as a consequence of free radical formation during its auto-oxidation to topaminequinone. We report that 50-µM 6-hydroxydopamine is not neurotoxic in RCSN-3 cells derived from substantia nigra incubated during 24 h contrasting with a significant sixfold increase in cell death (16 ± 2 %; P < 0.001) was observed in RCSN-3NQ7 cells expressing a siRNA against DT-diaphorase that silence the enzyme expression. To observe a significant cell death in RCSN-3 cells induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (24 ± 1 %; P < 0.01), we have to increase the concentration to 250 μm while a 45 ± 2 % cell death (P < 0.001) was observed at this concentration in RCSN-3NQ7 cells. The cell death induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in RCSN-3NQ7 cells was accompanied with a (i) significant increase in oxygen consumption (P < 0.01), (ii) depletion of reduced glutathione and (iii) a significant decrease in ATP level (P < 0.05) in comparison with RCSN-3 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that one-electron reduction of 6-hydroxydopamine quinone seems to be the main reaction responsible for 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxic effects in dopaminergic neurons and DT-diaphorase seems to play an important neuroprotective role by preventing one-electron reduction of topaminequinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Villa
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Rodriguez-Pallares J, Parga JA, Joglar B, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels enhance angiotensin-induced oxidative damage and dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Relevance for aging-associated susceptibility to Parkinson's disease. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:863-880. [PMID: 21713375 PMCID: PMC3682060 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that renin-angiotensin system overactivation is involved in the aging process in several tissues as well as in longevity and aging-related degenerative diseases by increasing oxidative damage and inflammation. We have recently shown that angiotensin II enhances dopaminergic degeneration by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammation, and that there is an aging-related increase in angiotensin II activity in the substantia nigra in rats, which may constitute a major factor in the increased risk of Parkinson's disease with aging. The mechanisms involved in the above mentioned effects and particularly a potential angiotensin-mitochondria interaction have not been clarified. The present study revealed that activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels [mitoK(ATP)] may play a major role in the angiotensin II-induced effects on aging and neurodegeneration. Inhibition of mitoK(ATP) channels with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid inhibited the increase in dopaminergic cell death induced by angiotensin II, as well as the increase in superoxide/superoxide-derived reactive oxygen species levels and the angiotensin II-induced decrease in the mitochondrial inner membrane potential in cultured dopaminergic neurons. The present study provides data for considering brain renin-angiotensin system and mitoK(ATP) channels as potential targets for protective therapy in aging-associated diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Andres Parga
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Belen Joglar
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Guerra
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Labandeira-Garcia
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Involvement of microglial RhoA/Rho-Kinase pathway activation in the dopaminergic neuron death. Role of angiotensin via angiotensin type 1 receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Garrido-Gil P, Joglar B, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Involvement of PPAR-γ in the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition: effects of the receptor antagonist telmisartan and receptor deletion in a mouse MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:38. [PMID: 22356806 PMCID: PMC3298706 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have shown that angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonists such as candesartan inhibit the microglial inflammatory response and dopaminergic cell loss in animal models of Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of AT1 blockers in the brain have not been clarified. A number of studies have reported that AT1 blockers activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ). PPAR-γ activation inhibits inflammation, and may be responsible for neuroprotective effects, independently of AT1 blocking actions. METHODS We have investigated whether oral treatment with telmisartan (the most potent PPAR-γ activator among AT1 blockers) provides neuroprotection against dopaminergic cell death and neuroinflammation, and the possible role of PPAR-γ activation in any such neuroprotection. We used a mouse model of parkinsonism induced by the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and co-administration of the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 to study the role of PPAR-γ activation. In addition, we used AT1a-null mice lesioned with MPTP to study whether deletion of AT1 in the absence of any pharmacological effect of AT1 blockers provides neuroprotection, and investigated whether PPAR-γ activation may also be involved in any such effect of AT1 deletion by co-administration of the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662. RESULTS We observed that telmisartan protects mouse dopaminergic neurons and inhibits the microglial response induced by administration of MPTP. The protective effects of telmisartan on dopaminergic cell death and microglial activation were inhibited by co-administration of GW9662. Dopaminergic cell death and microglial activation were significantly lower in AT1a-null mice treated with MPTP than in mice not subjected to AT1a deletion. Interestingly, the protective effects of AT1 deletion were also inhibited by co-administration of GW9662. CONCLUSION The results suggest that telmisartan provides effective neuroprotection against dopaminergic cell death and that the neuroprotective effect is mediated by PPAR-γ activation. However, the results in AT1-deficient mice show that blockage of AT1, unrelated to the pharmacological properties of AT1 blockers, also protects against dopaminergic cell death and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the results show that PPAR-γ activation is involved in the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of AT1 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Parga JA, Rodríguez-Pallares J, Joglar B, Diaz-Ruiz C, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Effect of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels on generation of dopaminergic neurons from neurospheres of mesencephalic precursors. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:3247-59. [PMID: 21046630 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species signaling has been suggested to regulate stem cell development. In the present study, we treated neurospheres of rat mesencephalic precursors with inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel blockers during the proliferation and/or the differentiation periods to study the effects on generation of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment with low doses (100 or 250 μM) of the NADPH inhibitor apocynin during the proliferation period increased the generation of dopaminergic neurons. However, higher doses (1 mM) were necessary during the differentiation period to induce the same effect. Treatment with general (glibenclamide) or mitochondrial (5-hydroxydecanoate) KATP channel blockers during the proliferation and differentiation periods increased the number of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, neither increased proliferation rate nor apoptosis had a major role in the observed increase in generation of dopaminergic neurons, which suggests that the redox state is able to regulate differentiation of precursors into dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Parga
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lushchak VI. Adaptive response to oxidative stress: Bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:175-90. [PMID: 20959147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced and eliminated by living organisms normally maintaining ROS at certain steady-state levels. Under some circumstances, the balance between ROS generation and elimination is disturbed leading to enhanced ROS level called "oxidative stress". The primary goal of this review is to characterize two principal mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress - regulation of membrane permeability and antioxidant potential. The ancillary goals of this work are to describe up to date knowledge on the regulation of the previously mentioned mechanisms and to identify areas of prospective research and emerging directions in investigation of adaptation to oxidative stress. The ubiquity for challenges leading to oxidative stress development calls for identification of common mechanisms. They are cysteine residues and [Fe,S]-clusters of specific regulatory proteins. The latter mechanism is realized via SoxR bacterial protein, whereas the former mechanism is involved in operation of bacterial OxyR regulon, yeast H(2)O(2)-stimulon, plant NPR1/TGA and Rap2.4a systems, and animal Keap1/Nrf2, NF-κB and AP-1, and others. Although hundreds of studies have been carried out in the field with different taxa, the comparative analysis of adaptive response is quite incomplete and therefore, this work aims to cover a plethora of phylogenetic groups to delineate common mechanisms. In addition, this article raises some questions to be elucidated and points out future directions of this research. The comparative approach is used to shed light on fundamental principles and mechanisms of regulation of antioxidant systems. The idea is to provide starting points from which we can develop novel tools and hypothesis to facilitate meaningful investigations in the physiology and biochemistry of organismic response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76025, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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Abstract
Six different xanthophyll cycles have been described in photosynthetic organisms. All of them protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage caused by light-induced oxidative stress. Overexcitation conditions lead, in the chloroplast, to the over-reduction of the NADP pool and production of superoxide, which can subsequently be metabolized to hydrogen peroxide or a hydroxyl radical, other reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, overexcitation of photosystems leads to an increased lifetime of the chlorophyll excited state, increasing the probability of chlorophyll triplet formation which reacts with triplet oxygen forming single oxygen, another ROS. The products of the light-dependent phase of xanthophyll cycles play an important role in the protection against oxidative stress generated not only by an excess of light but also by other ROS-generating factors such as drought, chilling, heat, senescence, or salinity stress. Four, mainly hypothetical, mechanisms explaining the protective role of xanthophyll cycles in oxidative stress are presented. One of them is the direct quenching of overexcitation by products of the light phase of xanthophyll cycles and three others are based on the indirect participation of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the process of photoprotection. They include: (1) indirect quenching of overexcitation by aggregation-dependent light-harvesting complexes (LHCII) quenching; (2) light-driven mechanisms in LHCII; and (3) a model based on charge transfer quenching between Chl a and Zx. Moreover, results of the studies on the antioxidant properties of xanthophyll cycle pigments in model systems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Latowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryFaculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Kuczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryFaculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Department of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryFaculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Steece-Collier K, Paumier K, Daley BF, Gombash S, Madhavan L, Mandybur GT, Lipton JW, Terpstra BT, Sortwell CE. Stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is neuroprotective following significant nigral dopamine neuron loss. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:105-15. [PMID: 20307668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is efficacious in treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of STN-DBS on the progression of PD is unknown. Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated that STN-DBS can attenuate the degeneration of a relatively intact nigrostriatal system from dopamine (DA)-depleting neurotoxins. The present study examined whether STN-DBS can provide neuroprotection in the face of prior significant nigral DA neuron loss similar to PD patients at the time of diagnosis. STN-DBS between 2 and 4 weeks after intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) provided significant sparing of DA neurons in the SN of rats. This effect was not due to inadvertent lesioning of the STN and was dependent upon proper electrode placement. Since STN-DBS appears to have significant neuroprotective properties, initiation of STN-DBS earlier in the course of PD may provide added neuroprotective benefits in addition to its ability to provide symptomatic relief.
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