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Tosta A, Fonseca AS, Messeder D, Ferreira ST, Lourenco MV, Pandolfo P. Effects of Gestational Exercise on Nociception, BDNF, and Irisin Levels in an Animal Model of ADHD. Neuroscience 2024; 543:37-48. [PMID: 38401710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal cognitive and sensorial properties have been reported in patients with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD patients exhibit impaired dopaminergic signaling and plasticity in brain areas related to cognitive and sensory processing. The spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR), in comparison to the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY), is the most used genetic animal model to study ADHD. Brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF), critical for midbrain and hippocampal dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation, is reduced in both ADHD subjects and SHR. Physical exercise (e.g. swimming) promotes neuroplasticity and improves cognition by increasing BDNF and irisin. Here we investigate the effects of gestational swimming on sensorial and behavioral phenotypes, striatal dopaminergic parameters, and hippocampal FNDC5/irisin and BDNF levels observed in WKY and SHR. Gestational swimming improved nociception in SHR rats (p = 0.006) and increased hippocampal BDNF levels (p = 0.02) in a sex-dependent manner in adolescent offspring. Sex differences were observed in hippocampal FNDC5/irisin levels (p = 0.002), with females presenting lower levels than males. Our results contribute to the notion that swimming during pregnancy is a promising alternative to improve ADHD phenotypes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Tosta
- Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ariene S Fonseca
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Messeder
- Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Sérgio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil; Program of Biomedical Sciences: Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil.
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Skalidou S, Anestis A, Bakolas N, Tsoulfa G, Papadimitriou K. Swimming Activity Alleviates the Symptoms of Attention: Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a Case Report. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1999. [PMID: 37510440 PMCID: PMC10379488 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11141999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Sport and physical activity have been shown to play a major role in the development of cognition, memory, selective attention, and motor reaction time, especially among adolescents with ADHD. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a swimming exercise program on the symptoms of ADHD in an adult with a diagnosis since childhood. The training intervention was performed for eight weeks, and the results demonstrated that the swimming-learning program significantly alleviated the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, as measured by the psychometric indices used in the study. Further studies are needed to establish and understand the association between physical activities and improved mental performance in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaragda Skalidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Anestis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Division of Technology and Sciences, The American College of Thessaloniki, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Tsoulfa
- Division of Technology and Sciences, The American College of Thessaloniki, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of East London, Metropolitan College of Thessaloniki, 54624 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bates AT, Tse-Agha L, Agha A, Nunez JJ, Boyda HN, Jones AA, Barr AM, Honer WG, Vila-Rodriguez F. Reduction in Substance-Related Composite Harm Scores Through Street Soccer. Cureus 2023; 15:e39650. [PMID: 37388606 PMCID: PMC10306313 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Street soccer makes the sport accessible to people affected by homelessness or precarious housing. There is overwhelming evidence that exercise improves physical and mental health. In addition, sport facilitates positive peer pressure that leads to beneficial life changes. Method To examine participants' accounts of the effects of street soccer in a sample of socially disadvantaged players from Western Canada, we collected 73 cross-sectional self-reports of life changes via a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on social, mental, and physical health, including substance use. This allowed the calculation of a modified composite harm score. Results Participants reported improved physical (46% of participants) and mental (43% of participants) health, reduced cigarette (50% of smokers), alcohol (45% of users), cannabis (42% of users), and other non-prescribed drug use, increased number of friends (88% of participants), improved housing (60% of participants), increased income (19% of participants), increased community medical supports (40% of participants), and decreased conflicts with police (47% of those with prior recent conflict). Perceived reductions in substance use were supported by significant changes in composite harm score. Conclusion Street soccer appears to promote improved physical, mental, and social health among people affected by homelessness or precarious housing, with reduction in substance use likely to be a key factor. This work builds upon past qualitative research showing the benefits of street soccer and supports future research which may help elucidate the mechanisms by which street soccer has beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Bates
- Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
- Psychiatry, BC Cancer, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | - Arun Agha
- Palliative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, CAN
| | - John-Jose Nunez
- Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Heidi N Boyda
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Andrea A Jones
- Neurology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - William G Honer
- Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
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Anguera JA, Rowe MA, Volponi JJ, Elkurdi M, Jurigova B, Simon AJ, Anguera-Singla R, Gallen CL, Gazzaley A, Marco EJ. Enhancing attention in children using an integrated cognitive-physical videogame: A pilot study. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:65. [PMID: 37046040 PMCID: PMC10097690 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inattention can negatively impact several aspects of a child's life, including at home and school. Cognitive and physical interventions are two promising non-pharmaceutical approaches used to enhance attention abilities, with combined approaches often being marketed to teachers, therapists, and parents typically without research validation. Here, we assessed the feasibility of incorporating an integrated, cognitive-physical, closed-loop video game (body-brain trainer or 'BBT') as an after-school program, and also evaluated if there were attention benefits following its use. Twenty-two children (7-12 years of age) with a range of attention abilities were recruited to participate in this proof of concept, single-arm, longitudinal study (24 sessions over 8 weeks, ~30 min/day). We interrogated attention abilities through a parent survey of their child's behaviors, in addition to objective performance-based and neural measures of attention. Here we observed 95% compliance as well as, significant improvements on the parent-based reports of inattention and on cognitive tests and neural measures of attention that were comparable in scale to previous work. Exploratory measures of other cognitive control abilities and physical fitness also showed similar improvement, with exploratory evaluation of retained benefits on the primary attention-related outcomes being present 1-year later. Lastly, there was no correlation between the baseline parent-rated inattention score and the improvement on the primary task-based measures of attention, suggesting that intervention-based benefits were not solely attained by those who stood the most to gain. These pilot findings warrant future research to replicate and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Anguera
- Neuroscape Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - M A Rowe
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Cortica Healthcare, San Rafael, USA
| | - J J Volponi
- Neuroscape Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - M Elkurdi
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Cortica Healthcare, San Rafael, USA
| | - B Jurigova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - A J Simon
- Neuroscape Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - R Anguera-Singla
- Neuroscape Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - C L Gallen
- Neuroscape Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - A Gazzaley
- Neuroscape Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - E J Marco
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Cortica Healthcare, San Rafael, USA
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Integrated cognitive and physical fitness training enhances attention abilities in older adults. NPJ AGING 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 36042247 PMCID: PMC9427998 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-022-00093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preserving attention abilities is of great concern to older adults who are motivated to maintain their quality of life. Both cognitive and physical fitness interventions have been utilized in intervention studies to assess maintenance and enhancement of attention abilities in seniors, and a coupling of these approaches is a compelling strategy to buttress both cognitive and physical health in a time- and resource-effective manner. With this perspective, we created a closed-loop, motion-capture video game (Body-Brain Trainer: BBT) that adapts a player’s cognitive and physical demands in an integrated approach, thus creating a personalized and cohesive experience across both domains. Older adults who engaged in two months of BBT improved on both physical fitness (measures of blood pressure and balance) and attention (behavioral and neural metrics of attention on a continuous performance task) outcome measures beyond that of an expectancy matched, active, placebo control group, with maintenance of improved attention performance evidenced 1 year later. Following training, the BBT group’s improvement on the attention outcome measure exceeded performance levels attained by an untrained group of 20-year olds, and showed age-equilibration of a neural signature of attention shown to decline with age: midline frontal theta power. These findings highlight the potential benefits of an integrated, cognitive-physical, closed-loop training platform as a powerful tool for both cognitive and physical enhancement in older adults.
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Novak JR, Ellis FK. A framework for incorporating physical activity in treatment: Competencies, guidelines, and implications for family therapists. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:523-542. [PMID: 34480488 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity can have a profound impact on the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of our clients' lives, and can even boost and sustain therapy outcomes. And yet, family therapists may not be trained or educated in the importance of physical activity nor how to assess, educate, and collaborate with health professionals to incorporate physical activity in treatment. As the evidence grows on the connection between physical activity and biopsychosocial functioning and more family therapists enter medical and healthcare settings, a framework for physical activity competencies is needed. As such, the purpose of this conceptual and empirical review paper is to (a) review the important brain-boosting benefits of physical activity for mental, cognitive, and social health, (b) provide a framework for the domains for family therapists for incorporating exercise in assessment and treatment, and finally, (c) outline recommendations for practice, education and supervision, and research for family therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh R Novak
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Faith K Ellis
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Champ RE, Adamou M, Tolchard B. The impact of psychological theory on the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults: A scoping review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261247. [PMID: 34932573 PMCID: PMC8691636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological theory and interpretation of research are key elements influencing clinical treatment development and design in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Research-based treatment recommendations primarily support Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), an extension of the cognitive behavioural theory, which promotes a deficit-focused characterisation of ADHD and prioritises symptom reduction and cognitive control of self-regulation as treatment outcomes. A wide variety of approaches have developed to improve ADHD outcomes in adults, and this review aimed to map the theoretical foundations of treatment design to understand their impact. A scoping review and analysis were performed on 221 documents to compare the theoretical influences in research, treatment approach, and theoretical citations. Results showed that despite variation in the application, current treatments characterise ADHD from a single paradigm of cognitive behavioural theory. A single theoretical perspective is limiting research for effective treatments for ADHD to address ongoing issues such as accommodating context variability and heterogeneity. Research into alternative theoretical characterisations of ADHD is recommended to provide treatment design opportunities to better understand and address symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Champ
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Adamou
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Tolchard
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teeside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Yaneva M, Darlenski R. The link between atopic dermatitis and asthma- immunological imbalance and beyond. Asthma Res Pract 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 34911576 PMCID: PMC8672460 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-021-00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic diseases are multifactorial chronic disturbances which may evolve one into another and have overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms. Atopic dermatitis is in most cases the first step towards the development of the atopic march and represents a major socio-economic burden in the industrialized countries. The treatment of atopic diseases is often long-lasting and in some cases with lower effectiveness than expected. In order to prevent the development of the atopic march, the links between the atopic diseases have to be understood. The aim of this review is to present some major points outlining the link between atopic dermatitis and asthma, through a research in the medical literature from recent years. Stratifying patient populations according to the clinical phenotype of their disease and according to specific measurable values (biomarkers) can help to establish the main etiopathogenetic mechanisms of the disease in these populations. This will add predictive value for the evolution of the disease, and will allow the use and research of more targeted therapy in order to stop this evolution and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Yaneva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Acibadem City Clinic, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Razvigor Darlenski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Acibadem City Clinic, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Section of Dermatovenereology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Bozinovic K, McLamb F, O'Connell K, Olander N, Feng Z, Haagensen S, Bozinovic G. U.S. national, regional, and state-specific socioeconomic factors correlate with child and adolescent ADHD diagnoses pre-COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22008. [PMID: 34759326 PMCID: PMC8580963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most diagnosed emerging neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is a growing health crisis in the United States. Due to the potential increase in ADHD severity during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed recent national and two state-specific ADHD data distribution among U.S. children and adolescents by investigating a broad range of socioeconomic status (SES) factors. Child and adolescent ADHD diagnosis and treatment data were parent-reported via National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). The nationwide childhood prevalence of ADHD is 8.7%, and 62.1% of diagnosed children are taking medication. Louisiana (15.7%) has the highest percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD and California (5.6%) has the lowest, followed by Nevada (5.9%). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA, n = 51,939) examining 30 factors highlights four areas of interest at the national and state level: race/ethnicity, financial status, family structure, and neighborhood characteristics. Positive correlations between ADHD diagnosis and unsafe school, unsafe neighborhood, and economic hardship are evident nationally and statewide, while the association between a lack of ADHD diagnosis and higher urban neighborhood amenities are evident nationally, but not in two opposing outlier states-Louisiana or Nevada. National and state-specific hierarchical analyses demonstrate significant correlations between the various SES factors and ADHD outcomes. Since the national analysis does not account for the demographic heterogeneity within regions or individual states, the U.S. should rely on comprehensive, county-specific, near real-time data reporting to effectively model and mitigate the ADHD epidemic and similar national health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesten Bozinovic
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
- University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Flannery McLamb
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
- University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Katherine O'Connell
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
- University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Natalie Olander
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
- University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zuying Feng
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Sora Haagensen
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
- University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Goran Bozinovic
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gillman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Investigating the Relationship Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Obligatory Exercise and Exercise Addiction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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MacLean L, Prabhakar D. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sports: A Lifespan Perspective. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2021; 44:419-430. [PMID: 34372998 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity is a major health problem. This paper discusses ADHD across the life span and looks at the impact of debilitating symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in athletes. Psychosocial interventions, with or without psychopharmacology including stimulants and nonstimulants, are discussed to help athletes achieve their highest level of symptom abatement and functioning. The age of the patient, the sport played, the athlete's overall health, and the regulations of the sport-governing body play a role in determining the most appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa MacLean
- Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, 1C, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Deepak Prabhakar
- Sheppard Pratt, 6501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
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Nejati V. Balance-based Attentive Rehabilitation of Attention Networks (BARAN) improves executive functions and ameliorates behavioral symptoms in children with ADHD. Complement Ther Med 2021; 60:102759. [PMID: 34252575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Balance as a motor activity requires integrating different sensory information to maintain the center of gravity above the base of support through proper motor strategies in the light of cognitive processing. METHODS In the present study, twenty-nine children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were recruited in a random clinical trial design in two intervention and active control groups. The N-Back, Wisconsin Card Sorting, Go/No-Go tasks, and Conners' Teacher and Parent Rating Scales were performed in baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up sessions. The intervention group received balance-based attentive rehabilitation of attention (BARAN), and the active control group received aerobic exercise and running in 12-15 sessions. RESULTS BARAN improves working memory (P < .05), cognitive flexibility (P < .01), and inhibitory control (P < .05) and ameliorates ADHD symptoms at home (P < .01) and school (P < .05). CONCLUSION Dual-balance and cognitive tasks improve executive functions and ameliorate symptoms in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Po box: 1983969411, Iran.
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Do Athletes Have More of a Cognitive Profile with ADHD Criteria than Non-Athletes? Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9050061. [PMID: 34064644 PMCID: PMC8151350 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the possibility that athletes have more parallel ADHD symptoms than non-athletes. High-level youth sport athletes were compared with non-athletes in leisure time (i.e., sport) and in the school in ADHD symptoms. Athletes and students were evaluated by a trained psychotherapist using Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) on activities at school and during activities in leisure/sports time. They also filled in the Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (AQ) as a self-report assessment. Results showed significant differences in ASRS-scores for athletes in school and in their sport, with high scores in school and low scores in sport. No differences were found in AQ between the groups. The findings indicate that many athletes might display a cognitive profile of parallel of ADHD criteria. Future research needs to further investigate potential benefits of the cognitive profile in athletes and how they handle different contexts including sport and school settings.
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Childhood exercise as medicine: Extracurricular sport diminishes subsequent ADHD symptoms. Prev Med 2020; 141:106256. [PMID: 33002520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracurricular sport has been a valued educational investment to promote both physical and mental health in children and adolescents. Few longitudinal studies have tested whether extracurricular sport is associated with inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Using a prospective-longitudinal birth cohort of 758 girls and 733 boys, we examined the prospective relationship between consistent middle childhood participation in extracurricular sport and subsequent ADHD symptoms. We hypothesized that engaging in extracurricular sport will promote reductions in symptoms. As a predictor, mothers reported on whether the child participated in sport or organized physical activities with a coach/instructor at ages 6, 7, 8, and 10 years. Developmental trajectories of the sport predictor, from ages 6 to 10 years, were generated using longitudinal latent class analysis. At age 12 years, sixth grade teachers reported on child ADHD symptom outcomes observed in the school setting over the last 6 months. ADHD symptoms were linearly regressed on trajectories of participation in organized sport in boys and girls, while controlling for pre-existing child and family characteristics. For girls, consistent participation in organized sport significantly predicted lower subsequent ADHD symptoms, compared with girls with low-inconsistent participation (unstandardized B = 0.07, p ≤ .05, 95% CI, 0.01-0.14). Early sustained middle childhood involvement in organized sport seems beneficial for the subsequent behavioral development of girls but no associations were found for boys. Middle childhood participation in structured venues that demand physical skill and effort with a coach or instructor may thus represent a valuable policy strategy to promote this aspect of behavioral development for girls.
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15
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Silva LAD, Doyenart R, Henrique Salvan P, Rodrigues W, Felipe Lopes J, Gomes K, Thirupathi A, Pinho RAD, Silveira PC. Swimming training improves mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:584-592. [PMID: 31081373 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1612041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of swimming-learning program of mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thirty-three children of both sexes between 11 and 14 years were randomized into trained group (n = 18) and untrained group (n = 15). The training was performed for 8 weeks. Then, before and after 48 h of training period of both groups were submitted to find the mental health, cognition, motor coordination test, and physical fitness. Our results demonstrate that the aquatic exercise program significantly improved the depression parameters (p = 0.048), stress (p = 0.039), cognitive flexibility (p = 0.042) and selective attention (p = 0.047). In relation to motor coordination and physical fitness, the results showed significant improvements in the coordination of lower limbs laterality (p = 0.05), flexibility (p = 0.049), and abdominal resistance (p = 0.037). Taken together, the results suggest that swimming-learning program significantly improved the mental health, cognition, and motor coordination in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Acordi Da Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Doyenart
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Salvan
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Welber Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Lopes
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Karen Gomes
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ricardo Aurino De Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná , Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Silveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopathology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study is to examine whether children aged 7 to 11 years with very well-characterized ADHD, recruited from the community, have a similar number of healthy lifestyle behaviors as compared with typically developing children from the same community. Method: Parents of children with (n = 184) and without (n = 104) ADHD completed a lifestyle questionnaire asking about water intake, sweetened beverage consumption, multivitamin/supplement use, reading, screen time, physical activity, and sleep. A lifestyle index was formed from these seven domains (0-7), and multivariable ordered logistic regression was used to examine the association of ADHD status and total healthy lifestyle behaviors. Results: Children with ADHD were almost twice as likely to have fewer healthy behaviors, even after adjustment for age, sex, intelligence quotient (IQ), ADHD medication use, household income, and four comorbid psychiatric disorders (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval] = 1.95 [1.16, 3.30], p = .01). Conclusion: Future research is needed to assess the effects of a combined lifestyle intervention in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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17
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Durgut E, Orengul AC, Algun ZC. Comparison of the effects of treadmill and vibration training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2020; 47:121-131. [PMID: 32741784 DOI: 10.3233/nre-203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of treadmill training (TT) and whole body vibration training (WBVT) on attention, severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and impairment of executive function behaviors, and quality of life in children with ADHD. METHODS Thirty children (7-11 years of age) with ADHD were randomly assigned to either the 'TT' group or the 'WBVT in addition to TT' group (TT + WBVT). Both groups received TT for 8 weeks (3 days/week). The TT + WBWT group also received WBVT for 15 minutes. Stroop Test TBAG form, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), Conners' Rating Scale (CRS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) were applied at baseline and after 8 weeks of training. RESULTS All assessment results significantly improved in both groups at the end of the program compared to baseline values (p < 0,05). There were significant differences between groups regarding improvements in CTRS-R/L and BRIEF-Teacher form in favor of the TT + WBVT group. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that exercise training including TT and WBVT might be used in the treatment of ADHD but further research is required to provide evidence of the effectiveness of the whole body vibration training in the management of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Durgut
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Cahid Orengul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z Candan Algun
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Jackson GM, Nixon E, Jackson SR. Tic frequency and behavioural measures of cognitive control are improved in individuals with Tourette syndrome by aerobic exercise training. Cortex 2020; 129:188-198. [PMID: 32492517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous observations of improvements in cognition in typically developing children following moderate to vigorous exercise (e.g., Budde, Voelcker-Rehage, Pietrabyk-Kendziorra, Ribeiro, & Tidow, 2008; Hillman et al., 2009) have led to increased interest in the potential benefits of exercise for children with neurodevelopmental disorders, involving difficulties in self-regulation (e.g., Halperin & Healey, 2011; Archer & Kostrzewa, 2012). Using a within-sample design, the current study looked at the beneficial effects of non-aerobic movement training (Tai Chi), compared to aerobic movement training (Kick Boxing), on behavioural measures of cognitive control and clinical measures of tic severity in a group of young people with Tourette Syndrome (TS). We demonstrate that Kick Boxing, but not Tai Chi, led to a significant enhancement in cognitive control task performance. Furthermore, while tic frequency (tics per minute) was reduced during both types of exercise, this reduction was significantly greater, and sustained for longer, following Kick Boxing. Importantly, the magnitude of the increase in cognitive control following Kick Boxing predicted the degree of reduction in tic frequency. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise may be a useful intervention for improving self-regulation of tics in young people with TS, probably through enhancements in associated cognitive control circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Jackson
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Elena Nixon
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK.
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19
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Rundell MB, Rundell KW. Teen with Psychiatric Diagnoses Improves After Eliminating Medications and Initiating Endurance Sports Training. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:6-7. [PMID: 31913916 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Buadze A, Friedl N, Schleifer R, Young S, Schneeberger A, Liebrenz M. Perceptions and Attitudes of Correctional Staff Toward ADHD-A Challenging Disorder in Everyday Prison Life. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:600005. [PMID: 33633596 PMCID: PMC7901975 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with risk-taking behaviors, poor self-control, and interpersonal difficulties. Affected individuals have an increased probability of involvement with the criminal justice system, contributing to a higher rate of arrest, and imprisonment compared with the general population; they are also inadequately treated once sentenced. Because prison staff play a central role in the identification of inmates with mental disorders, they could well be key to improving provision of care. There is however little knowledge of the conceptions, perceptions, and attitudes of prison staff toward ADHD. Such information could help to identify starting points for awareness training and further implementation of specific ADHD treatment. To bridge this gap, we undertook a study based on a qualitatively-driven mixed methods design, combining qualitative data collection in the form of narrative interviews with 19 prison staff from a Swiss correctional facility with quantitative data collection in the form of a survey that included the Attitudes toward Prisoners scale. The interviews were analyzed with QSR NVIVO 11 and a qualitative content analysis approach was used to evaluate findings. Prison staff were generally aware of ADHD and its symptomology, believing it to a be "real," but "fashionable" disorder and favoring hereditary-genetic or biological explanatory models for its development. They viewed inmates with ADHD rather negatively, as complicating correctional efforts, and perceived them as sticking out, as tying up more resources and as frequently being involved in confrontations. Our findings suggest that difficulties in pragmatic aspects of communication and language comprehension may be perceived "as not listening or following instructions," creating additional tensions. Consequently, inmates with ADHD are more often exposed to disciplinary sanctions, such as solitary confinement-an intervention deemed "necessary" by staff. Therefore, staff training on ADHD might need to cover evidence on adverse effects. Non-pharmacological interventions for treatment were preferred and considered to be highly efficacious. Skepticism toward pharmacological treatment prevailed, even when benefits from stimulant medication were described. Interestingly, this skepticism was not the result of negative experiences with the misuse and diversion of stimulants. Acceptance of multimodal treatment among prison staff may require customized strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Friedl
- Hospital of Psychiatry Münsingen, Münsingen, Switzerland
| | - Roman Schleifer
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Andres Schneeberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatrische Dienste Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Kirkland AE, Holton KF. Measuring Treatment Response in Pharmacological and Lifestyle Interventions Using Electroencephalography in ADHD: A Review. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; 50:256-266. [PMID: 30626211 DOI: 10.1177/1550059418817966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity with associations to short- and long-term aversive life events. The exact etiology of the disorder is still unknown. ADHD is heterogeneous in symptomology and a single consistent, reliable biomarker has not been found. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as a potential way to differentiate those with ADHD from typically developing controls; however, the data on the diagnostic utility of this approach have been variable. Quantitative EEG has been employed in prognostic ways to assess differences in baseline spectral power profiles and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment effects on electrocortical activity within the ADHD population. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature investigating the degree of normalization of resting-state EEG profiles in individuals with ADHD through various interventions, including stimulant and nonstimulant medication, exercise, and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kirkland
- 1 Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- 2 Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,3 Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Ball NJ, Mercado E, Orduña I. Enriched Environments as a Potential Treatment for Developmental Disorders: A Critical Assessment. Front Psychol 2019; 10:466. [PMID: 30894830 PMCID: PMC6414413 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of enriched environments have been established through a long history of research. Enrichment of the living conditions of captive animals in the form of larger cages, sensory stimulating objects, and opportunities for social interaction and physical exercise, has been shown to reduce emotional reactivity, ameliorate abnormal behaviors, and enhance cognitive functioning. Recently, environmental enrichment research has been extended to humans, in part due to growing interest in its potential therapeutic benefits for children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This paper reviews the history of enriched environment research and the use of enriched environments as a developmental intervention in studies of both NDD animal models and children. We argue that while environmental enrichment may sometimes benefit children with NDDs, several methodological factors need to be more closely considered before the efficacy of this approach can be adequately evaluated, including: (i) operationally defining and standardizing enriched environment treatments across studies; (ii) use of control groups and better control over potentially confounding variables; and (iii) a comprehensive theoretical framework capable of predicting when and how environmental enrichment will alter the trajectory of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Ball
- Neural and Cognitive Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eduardo Mercado
- Neural and Cognitive Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Itzel Orduña
- Department of School and Counseling Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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23
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Neudecker C, Mewes N, Reimers AK, Woll A. Exercise Interventions in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:307-324. [PMID: 25964449 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715584053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise has attracted attention as a potential helpful intervention in children with ADHD. Effects are emphasized on cognition, social-emotional, and motor development. METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ERIC to analyze the efficacy of different types of exercise interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD. Seven studies examining the acute and 14 studies examining the long-term effects were included. RESULTS The largest effects were reported for mixed exercise programs on ADHD symptomatology and fine motor precision. However, because of the large differences in the study designs, the comparability is limited. CONCLUSION At this time, no evidence-based recommendation can be formulated regarding frequency, intensity, or duration of exercise. Nevertheless, some first trends regarding the effects of certain types of exercise can be identified. When focusing on long-term health benefits in children and adolescents with ADHD, qualitative exercise characteristics might play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne K Reimers
- 1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
- 2 University of Konstanz, Germany
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24
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Rassovsky Y, Alfassi T. Attention Improves During Physical Exercise in Individuals With ADHD. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2747. [PMID: 30687193 PMCID: PMC6333702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of physical exercise on attentional processes in individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), compared to healthy controls. Unlike previous studies typically comparing performance on baseline measures with post-exercise performance, this study examined the effects of physical exercise on attention while participants were engaged in a continuous performance task. Fourteen individuals diagnosed with ADHD (71% females, mean age = 24.8) and 17 controls (76% females, mean age = 22.6) completed the Conners Continuous Auditory Test of Attention (CATA). All participants completed the test twice, at baseline in a sitting position and while walking on the treadmill at a speed of 5 km/h. The order of administration was counterbalanced for each group. A 2 × 2 ANOVA with repeated measures detected a group by activity interaction on several measures of the CATA. Specifically, compared to baseline, the ADHD group demonstrated faster reaction times during physical exercise (25.4 ms faster) and decreased omission errors (1.5% better), whereas controls showed the opposite pattern (15.9 ms slower and 0.88% worse, respectively). Importantly, the ADHD group’s overall relatively lower performance on these measures was only evident in the resting condition, attaining scores similar to controls during exercise. These results suggest a possibly hypoactive attentional system in ADHD that could potentially be enhanced by arousal through engagement in physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Rassovsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tali Alfassi
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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25
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Huang CJ, Huang CW, Hung CL, Tsai YJ, Chang YK, Wu CT, Hung TM. Effects of Acute Exercise on Resting EEG in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:993-1002. [PMID: 29872997 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This two stage study examined the effects of acute exercise on resting electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The first stage compared the neural oscillatory patterns of children with and without ADHD. Resting EEGs were recorded under an open-eyes condition from 24 boys with ADHD and 28 matched controls. The second stage of the study employed a randomized cross-over trial design. The 24 boys with ADHD engaged in a 30-min intervention that consisted of either running on a treadmill or watching a video on alternative days, with resting EEGs recorded before and after treatment. The first stage found that children with ADHD exhibited significantly higher theta/beta ratios over the midline electrodes sites than controls. The second stage further indicated that children with ADHD displayed smaller theta/beta ratios following the exercise condition compared with the video-watching condition. This finding suggests that acute exercise normalizes arousal and alertness of children with ADHD, as reflected in resting EEG readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, 101, Sec. 2, Zhongcheng Rd., 111, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Department of Physical Education & Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Rd., 106, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., 106, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jung Tsai
- Department of Physical Education & Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Rd., 106, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, 250, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Township, 333, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Ting Wu
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of South Carolina, Upstate, 800 University Way, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education & Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Rd., 106, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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26
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Paller A, Jaworski JC, Simpson EL, Boguniewicz M, Russell JJ, Block JK, Tofte S, Dunn JD, Feldman SR, Clark AR, Schwartz G, Eichenfield LF. Major Comorbidities of Atopic Dermatitis: Beyond Allergic Disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:821-838. [PMID: 30168085 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of atopic dermatitis reach beyond the skin and past childhood. Patients with atopic dermatitis are at risk of developing allergic comorbidities, but less is known about the associations between atopic dermatitis and non-allergic conditions. Understanding these non-allergic comorbidities has the potential to improve patient outcomes and to help mitigate the cost and burdens associated with these conditions. Atopic dermatitis is associated with cutaneous bacterial infections, more severe forms/courses of cutaneous viral infections, and extra-cutaneous infections. Atopic dermatitis is also associated with several mental health comorbidities particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and depression. Data are largely inconsistent for specific cancers, but atopic dermatitis appears to protect against malignancy overall; severe long-term atopic dermatitis is associated with adult lymphomas. Atopic dermatitis may also be associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease, particularly alopecia areata and gastrointestinal immune-mediated disorders. Although the causative mechanisms underlying these associations are poorly understood, treating physicians should be aware of associations in seeking to alleviate the burden for patients with atopic dermatitis.
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27
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Fritz K, O’Connor PJ. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Leisure Time Physical Activity are Low in Young Men with Elevated Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. EXERCISE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.26644/em.2018.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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28
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Huang CJ, Huang CW, Tsai YJ, Tsai CL, Chang YK, Hung TM. A Preliminary Examination of Aerobic Exercise Effects on Resting EEG in Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:898-903. [PMID: 25359761 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714554611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study attempted to determine whether the effects of physical exercise were reflected in the resting electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern of ADHD children. METHOD Thirty-two ADHD children were assigned to either an exercise group or a control group. The exercise group participated in a water aerobics program for 8 weeks, whereas no intervention was administered to the control group. Resting EEGs were recorded under open-eyes condition before and after the intervention. Data from eligible participants, 15 from the exercise group (11 boys and 4 girls, 7.93 ± 1.02 years) and 14 from the control group (14 boys, 8.27 ± 1.04 years), were further analyzed. RESULTS While controlling for the baseline resting EEG, separate ANCOVAs indicated that the exercise group showed smaller theta/alpha ratios over the frontal and central brain sites after the intervention compared with the control group. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that aerobic exercise may enhance the cognitive functions of children with ADHD, as reflected in resting EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Wen Huang
- 2 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jung Tsai
- 2 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Yu-Kai Chang
- 4 National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- 2 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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29
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Callahan BL, Bierstone D, Stuss DT, Black SE. Adult ADHD: Risk Factor for Dementia or Phenotypic Mimic? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:260. [PMID: 28824421 PMCID: PMC5540971 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has historically been considered a disorder of childhood and adolescence. However, it is now recognized that ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood in up to 60% of individuals. Some of the cognitive symptoms that characterize ADHD (inability to provide sustained attention or mental effort, difficulty organizing or multi-tasking, forgetfulness) may closely resemble symptoms of prodromal dementia, also often referred to as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), particularly in patients over age 50. In addition to the overlap in cognitive symptoms, adults with ADHD and those with MCI may also share a number of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, including sleep disturbances, depression, and anxiety. As a result, both syndromes may be difficult to distinguish clinically in older patients, particularly those who present to memory clinics with subjective cognitive complaints and fear the onset of a neurodegenerative process: is it ADHD, MCI, or both? Currently, it is unclear whether ADHD is associated with incipient dementia or is being misdiagnosed as MCI due to symptom overlap, as there exist data supporting either possibility. Here, we aim to elucidate this issue by outlining three hypothetical ways in which ADHD and MCI might relate to each other, providing an overview of the evidence relevant to each hypothesis, and delineating areas for future research. This is a question of considerable importance, with implications for improved diagnostic specificity of early dementia, improved accuracy of disease prevalence estimates, and better identification of individuals for targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy L Callahan
- Department of Psychology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain InstituteCalgary, AB, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Bierstone
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreToronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald T Stuss
- Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute and University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreToronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute and University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership in Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreToronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Tsai ML, Kozłowska A, Li YS, Shen WL, Huang ACW. Social factors affect motor and anxiety behaviors in the animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders: A housing-style factor. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:290-300. [PMID: 28501734 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines whether housing style (e.g., single housing, same-strain-grouped housing, and different-strain-grouped housing) and rat strain (e.g., spontaneous hypertension rats [SHR] and Wistar-Kyoto rats [WKY]) mediate motor function and anxiety behavior in the open field task. From week 4 through week 10 following birth, the rats were measured 30min for locomotor activity and anxiety once per week in the open field task. The SHR rats exhibited hyperactivity in total distance traveled and movement time to form the animal model of ADHD. The SHR rats spent more time inside the square and crossed the inside-outside line more often than the WKY rats, indicating the SHR rats exhibited less anxiety behavior. The different-strain-grouped housing style (but neither the same-strain-grouped housing style nor the single housing style) decreased total distance traveled and facilitated anxiety behavior. The motor function was negatively correlated with anxiety behavior for SHR rats but not for WKY rats. Housing styles had a negative correlation between motor function and anxiety behavior. The present findings provide some insights regarding how social factors (such as housing style) affect motor function and anxiety behavior related to ADHD in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Li Tsai
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Shen
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier ABM, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:3-26. [PMID: 27400928 PMCID: PMC5281644 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
As attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed developmental disorders in childhood, effective yet safe treatment options are highly important. Recent research introduced physical exercise as a potential treatment option, particularly for children with ADHD. The aim of this review was to systematically analyze potential acute and chronic effects of cardio and non-cardio exercise on a broad range of functions in children with ADHD and to explore this in adults as well. Literature on physical exercise in patients with ADHD was systematically reviewed based on categorizations for exercise type (cardio versus non-cardio), effect type (acute versus chronic), and outcome measure (cognitive, behavioral/socio-emotional, and physical/(neuro)physiological). Furthermore, the methodological quality of the reviewed papers was addressed. Cardio exercise seems acutely beneficial regarding various executive functions (e.g., impulsivity), response time and several physical measures. Beneficial chronic effects of cardio exercise were found on various functions as well, including executive functions, attention and behavior. The acute and chronic effects of non-cardio exercise remain more questionable but seem predominantly positive too. Research provides evidence that physical exercise represents a promising alternative or additional treatment option for patients with ADHD. Acute and chronic beneficial effects of especially cardio exercise were reported with regard to several cognitive, behavioral, and socio-emotional functions. Although physical exercise may therefore represent an effective treatment option that could be combined with other treatment approaches of ADHD, more well-controlled studies on this topic, in both children and adults, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Den Heijer
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne Groen
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anselm B M Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus W Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätssraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Strøm V, Fønhus MS, Ekeland E, Jamtvedt G. Physical exercise for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in children and adolescents. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010670.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Strøm
- Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services; Primary Health Care Unit; Pilestredet Park 7 Oslo Norway 0130
| | - Marita S Fønhus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Department for Evidence Synthesis; Pilestredet Park 7 Oslo Norway N-0130
| | | | - Gro Jamtvedt
- Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services; Department for Evidence Synthesis; PO Box 7004, St. Olavs Plass Oslo Norway N-0130
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Parker J, Martyn-St James M, Green MA, Lewis-Hanna L, Dias R, Morris B, Shibib S, Chalhoub N. Physical activity for improving the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012107.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Parker
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service; Centenary House 55 Albert Terrace Road Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S6 3BR
| | - Marrissa Martyn-St James
- University of Sheffield; School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR); Regent Court, 30 Regent Street Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S1 4DA
| | - Mark A Green
- University of Sheffield; School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR); Regent Court, 30 Regent Street Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S1 4DA
| | - Lourence Lewis-Hanna
- South West Yorkshire NHS Foundation Trust; Barnsley Child and Adolescent Unit; New Street Health Centre Barnsley South Yorkshire UK S701LP
| | - Ryan Dias
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service; Centenary House 55 Albert Terrace Road Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S6 3BR
| | - Bronwen Morris
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service; Centenary House 55 Albert Terrace Road Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S6 3BR
| | - Shatha Shibib
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service; Centenary House 55 Albert Terrace Road Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S6 3BR
| | - Nevyne Chalhoub
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service; Centenary House 55 Albert Terrace Road Sheffield South Yorkshire UK S6 3BR
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Lee YC, Yang HJ, Chen VCH, Lee WT, Teng MJ, Lin CH, Gossop M. Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 51-52:160-172. [PMID: 26829402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent developmental disorder that seriously and negatively impacts a child's health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, no meta-analysis has been conducted to examine the magnitude of impact, domains affected and factors moderating the impact. This review included nine studies that compared HRQOL of children or adolescents with ADHD with those with typical development using both child self-reports and parent proxy-reports. Seven among nine studies were meta-analytically synthesized to examine the degree of impact of ADHD on children and adolescents, parent-child discrepancy, and the moderators. The results indicate that ADHD impact a child's or adolescent's HRQOL negatively with a moderate effect in physical and a severe effect in psychosocial (i.e., emotional, social, and school) domains. Parental ratings of overall HRQOL in children or adolescents with ADHD were not significantly different from child's ratings when compared with typically developing children and adolescents. Age was negatively associated with all domains of HRQOL in children and adolescents with ADHD both by parent- and child-ratings, and the strongest effect was found in parental ratings of child's emotional HRQOL, with a moderate correlation. This meta-analysis suggests that HRQOL may be assessed in children and adolescents with ADHD both by parent proxy- and child self-reports, and that interventions may be planned accordingly. Future meta-analysis may explore how measures of HRQOL and other factors including child, parental, familiar and school characteristics influence the impact of ADHD and the parent-child agreement in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-chen Lee
- School of Occupational Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Occupational Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy Room, Sing Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Teng
- School of Occupational Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hui Lin
- School of Occupational Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Occupational Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Michael Gossop
- King's College London, Institute of Psychyatry, London, UK
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Ziereis S, Jansen P. Correlation of Motor Abilities and Executive Functions in Children With ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 5:138-48. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2015.1038746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, a large number of selective neurotoxins were discovered and developed, making it possible to animal-model a broad range of human neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this paper, we highlight those neurotoxins that are most commonly used as neuroteratologic agents, to either produce lifelong destruction of neurons of a particular phenotype, or a group of neurons linked by a specific class of transporter proteins (i.e., dopamine transporter) or body of receptors for a specific neurotransmitter (i.e., NMDA class of glutamate receptors). Actions of a range of neurotoxins are described: 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 6-hydroxydopa, DSP-4, MPTP, methamphetamine, IgG-saporin, domoate, NMDA receptor antagonists, and valproate. Their neuroteratologic features are outlined, as well as those of nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and that of stress. The value of each of these neurotoxins in animal modeling of human neurologic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed in terms of the respective value as well as limitations of the derived animal model. Neuroteratologic agents have proven to be of immense importance for understanding how associated neural systems in human neural disorders may be better targeted by new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 430 50, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Richard M Kostrzewa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70577, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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Cerrillo-Urbina AJ, García-Hermoso A, Sánchez-López M, Pardo-Guijarro MJ, Santos Gómez JL, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:779-88. [PMID: 25988743 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of exercise interventions on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, anxiety and cognitive functions in children and adolescents. METHOD Five databases covering the period up to November 2014 (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCO [E-journal, CINAHL, SportDiscus] and The Cochrane Library) were searched. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane tool of bias. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and the heterogeneity of the studies was estimated using Cochran's Q-statistic. RESULTS Eight randomized controlled trials (n = 249) satisfied the inclusion criteria. The studies were grouped according to the intervention programme: aerobic and yoga exercise. The meta-analysis suggests that aerobic exercise had a moderate to large effect on core symptoms such as attention (SMD = 0.84), hyperactivity (SMD = 0.56) and impulsivity (SMD = 0.56) and related symptoms such as anxiety (SMD = 0.66), executive function (SMD = 0.58) and social disorders (SMD = 0.59) in children with ADHD. Yoga exercise suggests an improvement in the core symptoms of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The main cumulative evidence indicates that short-term aerobic exercise, based on several aerobic intervention formats, seems to be effective for mitigating symptoms such as attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, anxiety, executive function and social disorders in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cerrillo-Urbina
- Social and Health Care Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | | | - M Sánchez-López
- Social and Health Care Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Pardo-Guijarro
- Social and Health Care Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - V Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Social and Health Care Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
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Sánchez-López M, Pardo-Guijarro MJ, Del Campo DGD, Silva P, Martínez-Andrés M, Gulías-González R, Díez-Fernández A, Franquelo-Morales P, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Physical activity intervention (Movi-Kids) on improving academic achievement and adiposity in preschoolers with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:456. [PMID: 26458986 PMCID: PMC4603580 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevention of obesity and improvement of academic achievement in children are concerns of industrialized societies. Obesity has been associated with psychological disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, whose prevalence has been estimated at 6.8 % in Spanish children and adolescents. It is known that physical activity is positively related to academic achievement and negatively related to the risk of obesity in children. However, studies to test the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving academic achievement in preschool children are scarce and have some weaknesses that threaten their validity. Moreover, very few studies have examined their effectiveness in improving symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This paper outlines a two-year multidimensional preschool intervention (Movi-Kids) aimed at preventing obesity and improving academic achievement in children with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHODS/DESIGN Twenty-one schools from Ciudad Real and Cuenca, Spain, were randomized to intervention and control groups. In the first academic year, children in the third grade of preschool and the first grade of primary school in the intervention group received the Movi-Kids intervention. In the second academic year, schools were crossed over to the other group. The intervention included children, parents and teachers, and the school environment, and consisted of: (i) three hour-long sessions of recreational non-competitive physical activity after school, weekly, (ii) educational materials for parents and teachers addressing sedentary lifestyle risks and (iii) playground modifications to promote physical activity during breaks. Primary outcome measures of this study were academic achievement (intelligence, cognition, memory, attention and perception), assessed by the Battery of General and Differential Aptitudes, and adiposity measures (body mass index, waist circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and body fat percentage). Secondary outcome measures were: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder risk, motor skills, health-related quality of life and sleep quality. These variables will all be measured in both groups at baseline and at the end of the first and second academic years. DISCUSSION It seems reasonable that an intervention to promote physical activity based on playground games will be useful for simultaneously improving academic achievement and controlling obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01971827 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairena Sánchez-López
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Melchor Cano, C/ Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071, Cuenca, Spain. .,Faculty of Education, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Pardo-Guijarro
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Melchor Cano, C/ Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071, Cuenca, Spain. .,Faculty of Education, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.
| | | | - Pedro Silva
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Martínez-Andrés
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Melchor Cano, C/ Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071, Cuenca, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Díez-Fernández
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Melchor Cano, C/ Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071, Cuenca, Spain. .,Faculty of Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain.
| | | | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Centre, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Melchor Cano, C/ Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071, Cuenca, Spain. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.
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Razani N, Hilton JF, Halpern-Felsher BL, Okumura MJ, Morrell HE, Yen IH. Neighborhood Characteristics and ADHD: Results of a National Study. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:731-40. [PMID: 25028386 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714542002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association of neighborhood social and physical characteristics with ADHD, accounting for individual and family factors. METHOD The 2007 National Survey of Child Health, a nationally representative data set, was used (N = 64,076). Three neighborhood scales were generated: social support, amenities, and disorder. Logistic and ordinal logistic regressions were conducted to examine the association of these scales with ADHD diagnosis and severity while adjusting for individual and family characteristics. RESULTS Eight percent had a child with ADHD: 47% described as mild, 40% moderate, and 13% severe. In adjusted models, lower neighborhood support was associated with increased ADHD diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66 [1.05, 2.63]) and severity (OR = 3.74 [1.71, 8.15]); neighborhood amenities or disorder were not significantly associated. Poor parental mental health was associated with ADHD prevalence and severity. CONCLUSION Neighborhood social support is a potential area of intervention for children with ADHD and their caregivers. Research challenges and opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene H Yen
- University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM. Physical Exercise Alleviates Health Defects, Symptoms, and Biomarkers in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:268-80. [PMID: 26174041 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are characterized by symptom profiles consisting of positive and negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, and a plethora of genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic biomarkers. Assorted animal models of these disorders and clinical neurodevelopmental indicators have implicated neurodegeneration as an element in the underlying pathophysiology. Physical exercise or activity regimes--whether aerobic, resistance, or endurance--ameliorate regional brain and functional deficits not only in affected individuals but also in animal models of the disorder. Cognitive deficits, often linked to regional deficits, were alleviated by exercise, as were quality-of-life, independent of disorder staging and risk level. Apoptotic processes intricate to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia were likewise attenuated by physical exercise. There is also evidence of manifest benefits endowed by physical exercise in preserving telomere length and integrity. Not least, exercise improves overall health and quality-of-life. The notion of scaffolding as the outcome of physical exercise implies the "buttressing" of regional network circuits, neurocognitive domains, anti-inflammatory defenses, maintenance of telomeric integrity, and neuro-reparative and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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41
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Brains and Brawn: Complex Motor Activities to Maximize Cognitive Enhancement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-015-9323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E. Sommer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3486CX, The Netherlands; tel: +31887556365, fax: +31887556543, e-mail:
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Focus upon Aberrant N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Systems. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 29:295-311. [PMID: 26718589 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology persists in an obscure manner with complex interactions between symptoms, staging, interventions, genes, and environments. Only on the basis of increasing incidence of the disorder, the need for understanding is greater than ever. The notion of an imbalance between central inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters is considered to exert an essential role. In this chapter, we first review how the default mode network functions and dysfunction in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. We also present and briefly review some of the animal models used to examine the neurobiological aspects of ADHD. There is much evidence indicating that compounds/interventions that antagonize/block glutamic acid receptors and/or block the glutamate signal during the "brain growth spurt" or in the adult animal may induce functional and biomarker deficits. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that animals treated with glutamate blockers at the period of the "brain growth spurt" fail to perform the exploratory activity, observed invariably with control mice, that is associated with introduction to a novel environment (the test cages). Later, when the control animals show less locomotor and rearing activity, i.e., interest in the test cages, the MK-801, ketamine and ethanol treated mice showed successively greater levels of locomotion and rearing (interest), i.e., they fail to "habituate" effectively, implying a cognitive dysfunction. These disturbances of glutamate signaling during a critical period of brain development may contribute to the ADHD pathophysiology. As a final addition, we have briefly identified new research venues in the interaction between ADHD, molecular studies, and personality research.
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Huang CW, Huang CJ, Hung CL, Shih CH, Hung TM. Physical Fitness and Resting EEG in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by a deviant pattern of brain oscillations during resting state, particularly elevated theta power and increased theta/alpha and theta/beta ratios that are related to cognitive functioning. Physical fitness has been found beneficial to cognitive performance in a wide age population. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in children with ADHD. EEG was recorded during eyes-open resting for 28 children (23 boys and 5 girls, 8.66 ± 1.10 years) with ADHD, and a battery of physical fitness assessments including flexibility, muscular endurance, power, and agility tests were administered. The results indicated that ADHD children with higher power fitness exhibited a smaller theta/alpha ratio than those with lower power fitness. These findings suggest that power fitness may be associated with improved attentional self-control in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hao Shih
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, ROC
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Cho HS, Baek DJ, Baek SS. Effect of exercise on hyperactivity, impulsivity and dopamine D2 receptor expression in the substantia nigra and striatum of spontaneous hypertensive rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:379-84. [PMID: 25671205 PMCID: PMC4322029 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable, chronic, neurobehavioral disorder that is characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. It is commonly believed that the symptoms of ADHD are closely associated with hypo-function of the dopamine system. Dopamine D2 receptor activation decreases the excitability of dopamine neurons, as well as the release of dopamine. Physical exercise is known to improve structural and functional impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders. We investigated the therapeutic effect of exercise on ADHD. [Methods] Open field task and elevated-plus maze task were used in the evaluation of hyperactivity and impulsivity, respectively. Dopamine D2 receptor expression in the substantia nigra and striatum were evaluated by western blotting. [Results] The present results indicated that ADHD rats showed hyperactivity and impulsivity. Dopamine D2 receptor expression in the substantia nigra and striatum were increased in ADHD rats. Exercise alleviated hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD rats. Furthermore, dopamine D2 receptor expression in ADHD rats was also decreased by exercise. [Conclusion] We thus showed that exercise effectively alleviates ADHD-induced symptoms through enhancing dopamine D2 expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sam Cho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jung Baek
- Department of Sport & Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Baek
- Department of Sport & Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
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Garcia D, Archer T. Positive affect and age as predictors of exercise compliance. PeerJ 2014; 2:e694. [PMID: 25548730 PMCID: PMC4273932 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is linked to individuals whose affect profiles are invariably positive and it induces anti-apoptotic and anti-excitotoxic effects, buttressing blood–brain barrier intactness in both healthy individuals and those suffering from disorders accompanying overweight and obesity. In this regard, exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic, non-invasive intervention that incorporates different regimes, whether dynamic or static, endurance, or resistance. In this brief report we present a self-reported study carried out on an adolescent and adult population (N = 280, 144 males and 136 females), which indicated that the propensity and compliance for exercise, measured as the “Archer ratio”, was predicted by a positive affect. This association is discussed from the perspective of health, well-being, affect dimensions, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden
| | - Trevor Archer
- Network for Empowerment and Well-Being , Sweden ; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Berger NAA, Müller A, Brähler E, Philipsen A, de Zwaan M. Association of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with symptoms of excessive exercising in an adult general population sample. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:250. [PMID: 25214027 PMCID: PMC4172949 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies suggest that physical activity can alleviate symptoms of ADHD in children. In adults there are currently insufficient data available on this subject. Interestingly, ADHD and forms of excessive exercising have both been shown to occur more frequently in adult athletes. The aim of the present study was to empirically investigate the association of ADHD and excessive exercising in the adult general population. METHODS For diagnosis of adult and childhood ADHD a large representative sample of the German general population (n = 1,615) completed a retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD and a self-report assessment of adult ADHD. Excessive exercising as well as putative mediating variables such as eating related psychopathology, depression, and anxiety were assessed using standardized self-rating instruments. RESULTS Individuals with childhood only ADHD had a significantly higher frequency of excessive exercising (9.0%) than individuals without ADHD (2.7%). Excessive exercising was significantly associated with childhood only ADHD compared to no ADHD with an odds ratio of 3.239 even after controlling for socio-demographic variables, BMI, eating related and general psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that excessive exercising is significantly overrepresented in individuals in which ADHD symptoms in childhood have not persisted into adulthood. We thus hypothesize that a subgroup of individuals might suppress ADHD symptoms by excessive sporting activities. Although in healthy adults physical activity has been associated with immediate and long term improvements in cognitive functioning, studies empirically investigating associations between the effects of physical activity and adult ADHD are rare. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential role of physical activity in the treatment of ADHD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas AA Berger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany ,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Nazeer A, Mansour M, Gross KA. ADHD and adolescent athletes. Front Public Health 2014; 2:46. [PMID: 24987666 PMCID: PMC4060024 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the child and adolescent population. It is characterized by impairment in attention/concentration, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, all of which can impact performance of athletes. ADHD treatment within the athletic population is a unique challenge. The research in this field has been relatively limited. The National Collegiate Athletic Association and International Olympic Committee both regulate the use of psychostimulants for treatment of ADHD due to their performance-enhancing effects. In this article, authors have discussed the screening methods, pharmacological treatment, side effects, and behavioral approaches for the treatment of ADHD in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Nazeer
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine , Kalamazoo, MI , USA
| | - Miriam Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine , Kalamazoo, MI , USA
| | - Kathleen A Gross
- Clinical Research, Department of Psychiatry, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine , Kalamazoo, MI , USA
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Nixon E, Glazebrook C, Hollis C, Jackson GM. Reduced Tic Symptomatology in Tourette Syndrome After an Acute Bout of Exercise: An Observational Study. Behav Modif 2014; 38:235-63. [PMID: 24778432 DOI: 10.1177/0145445514532127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In light of descriptive accounts of attenuating effects of physical activity on tics, we used an experimental design to assess the impact of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on tic expression in young people (N = 18) with Tourette Syndrome (TS). We compared video-based tic frequency estimates obtained during an exercise session with tic rates obtained during pre-exercise (baseline) and post-exercise interview-based sessions. Results showed significantly reduced tic rates during the exercise session compared with baseline, suggesting that acute exercise has an attenuating effect on tics. Tic rates also remained reduced relative to baseline during the post-exercise session, likely reflecting a sustained effect of exercise on tic reduction. Parallel to the observed tic attenuation, exercise also had a beneficial impact on self-reported anxiety and mood levels. The present findings provide novel empirical evidence for the beneficial effect of exercise on TS symptomatology bearing important research and clinical implications.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in the general population, and many individuals with this condition participate in sports activity at all competition levels. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Related studies were selected through literature searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases for the years 1991 to 2011. Key search terms were ADD, ADHD, sports, athletes, athletics, guidelines, NCAA, WADA, IOC, college, concussion, diagnosis, management, treatment, evaluation, return-to-play, pharmacotherapy, adult, adolescent, student, screening, injury, risk, neuropsychiatry, TBI, traumatic brain injury, and epidemiology. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS ADHD usually has an early onset, with delayed diagnosis in some patients due to heterogeneous presentations. Suspected cases can be evaluated with available diagnostic tools and confirmed clinically. Athletes with ADHD may participate at all competition levels. CONCLUSION Athletes with ADHD are able to participate at all competition levels by following published guidelines and requirements. Exercise benefits many athletes with ADHD. The relationship between ADHD and concussion syndromes is currently under investigation.
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