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Duan M, Xu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 38637850 PMCID: PMC11025216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, both in the healthy state and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Although primary injury after stroke is certainly important, the limited therapeutic efficacy, poor neurological prognosis and high mortality have led researchers to realize that secondary injury and damage may also play important roles in influencing long-term neurological prognosis and mortality and that the neuroinflammatory process in secondary injury is one of the most important influences on disease progression. Here, we summarize the interactions of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune system after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in particular, how the central nervous system activates and recruits peripheral immune components, and we review recent advances in corresponding therapeutic approaches and clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of the role of the peripheral immune system in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanshu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Di Martino E, Rayasam A, Vexler ZS. Brain Maturation as a Fundamental Factor in Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:69-86. [PMID: 36705821 PMCID: PMC10796425 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Injuries in the developing brain cause significant long-term neurological deficits. Emerging clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of neonatal and childhood stroke share similar mechanisms that regulate brain damage, but also have distinct molecular signatures and cellular pathways. The focus of this review is on two different diseases-neonatal and childhood stroke-with emphasis on similarities and distinctions identified thus far in rodent models of these diseases. This includes the susceptibility of distinct cell types to brain injury with particular emphasis on the role of resident and peripheral immune populations in modulating stroke outcome. Furthermore, we discuss some of the most recent and relevant findings in relation to the immune-neurovascular crosstalk and how the influence of inflammatory mediators is dependent on specific brain maturation stages. Finally, we comment on the current state of treatments geared toward inducing neuroprotection and promoting brain repair after injury and highlight that future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for stroke should be age-specific and consider gender differences in order to achieve optimal translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Martino
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA.
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Mallard C, Ferriero DM, Vexler ZS. Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Experimental Perinatal and Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2024; 55:506-518. [PMID: 38252757 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.043399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Emerging clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of arterial ischemic stroke in the adult, neonates, and children share similar mechanisms that regulate brain damage but also have distinct molecular signatures and involved cellular pathways due to the maturational stage of the central nervous system and the immune system at the time of the insult. In this review, we discuss similarities and differences identified thus far in rodent models of 2 different diseases-neonatal (perinatal) and childhood arterial ischemic stroke. In particular, we review acquired knowledge of the role of resident and peripheral immune populations in modulating outcomes in models of perinatal and childhood arterial ischemic stroke and the most recent and relevant findings in relation to the immune-neurovascular crosstalk, and how the influence of inflammatory mediators is dependent on specific brain maturation stages. Finally, we discuss the current state of treatments geared toward age-appropriate therapies that signal via the immune-neurovascular interaction and consider sex differences to achieve successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M.)
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA (D.M.F.)
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA (D.M.F., Z.S.V.)
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA (D.M.F., Z.S.V.)
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Zeng J, Gao W, Tang Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Yin J, Su X, Zhang M, Kang E, Tian Y, Ni B, He W. Hypoxia-sensitive cells trigger NK cell activation via the KLF4-ASH1L-ICAM-1 axis, contributing to impairment in the rat epididymis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113442. [PMID: 37952156 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is a global health problem especially prevalent in high-altitude regions. The epididymis is essential for sperm maturation, but the influence of environmental cues on its reshaping remains poorly understood. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to track the cellular profiles of epidydimal cells in rats raised under normoxia or extended hypoxia. The results show that hypoxia impairs epididymal function, evident in reduced epithelial cells, compromised blood-epididymis barrier integrity, and increased natural killer cells. Through combined analysis of gene-regulatory networks and cell-cell interaction maps, we identify epididymal hypoxia-sensitive cells that communicate with natural killer (NK) cells via increased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) driven by KLF4 recruitment of the histone methyltransferase ASL1L to the Icam1 promoter. Taken together, our study offers a detailed blueprint of epididymal changes during hypoxia and defines a KLF4-ALSH1L-ICAM-1 axis contributing to NK cell activation, yielding a potential treatment targeting hypoxia-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Zeng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwu Gao
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army (PLA), and Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High-Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Su
- Hepatological Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High-Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enchuan Kang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army (PLA), and Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High-Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei He
- Reproductive Medical Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Li S, Wan L, Sun J, Yan W, Wang J, Gao X, Ren C, Hao L. New Insights into Mechanisms of Ferroptosis Associated with Immune Infiltration in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. Cells 2022; 11:3778. [PMID: 36497037 PMCID: PMC9736049 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) remain unclear. METHOD Four microarray datasets were collected from the GEO database (three mRNA datasets GSE23317, GSE144456, and GSE112137, and one miRNA microarray dataset GSE184939). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify modules of HIBD-related genes. The ferroptosis-related genes were extracted from FerrDb, of which closely correlated to HIBD were obtained after the intersection with existing HIBD's DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, as well as protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were subsequently conducted. Cytoscape was used to identify central genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed by the CIBERSORT algorithm. RESULT Fifty-six ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FRDEGs) were screened, mainly related to ferroptosis, autophagy, hypoxia response, metabolic pathways, and immune inflammation. The seven optimal hub FRDEGs were obtained by intersecting with key modules of WGCNA. Then, the expression levels of the seven optimal hub FRDEGs were validated in the GSE144456 and GSE112137 datasets, and the ferroptosis-related mRNA-miRNA network was established. In addition, this study revealed immune cell infiltration in the HIBD cerebral cortex and the interaction between immune cells. Moreover, notably, specific FRDEGs were strongly positively correlated with immune function. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of ferroptosis is intricate and closely related to neonatal HIBD. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis-related gene therapy and immunotherapy may have therapeutic prospects for neonatal HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Li Wan
- Institute for Epidemic Disease Control, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jingfei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhengding People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Weichen Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Changjun Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Ling Hao
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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Jia J. Exploration on neurobiological mechanisms of the central–peripheral–central closed-loop rehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:982881. [PMID: 36119128 PMCID: PMC9479450 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.982881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral interventions for brain injury rehabilitation have been widely employed. However, as patients’ requirements and expectations for stroke rehabilitation have gradually increased, the limitations of simple central intervention or peripheral intervention in the rehabilitation application of stroke patients’ function have gradually emerged. Studies have suggested that central intervention promotes the activation of functional brain regions and improves neural plasticity, whereas peripheral intervention enhances the positive feedback and input of sensory and motor control modes to the central nervous system, thereby promoting the remodeling of brain function. Based on the model of a central–peripheral–central (CPC) closed loop, the integration of center and peripheral interventions was effectively completed to form “closed-loop” information feedback, which could be applied to specific brain areas or function-related brain regions of patients. Notably, the closed loop can also be extended to central and peripheral immune systems as well as central and peripheral organs such as the brain–gut axis and lung–brain axis. In this review article, the model of CPC closed-loop rehabilitation and the potential neuroimmunological mechanisms of a closed-loop approach will be discussed. Further, we highlight critical questions about the neuroimmunological aspects of the closed-loop technique that merit future research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Regional Medical Center, Fujian, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Jia,
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Levison SW, Rocha-Ferreira E, Kim BH, Hagberg H, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Dobrowolski R. Mechanisms of Tertiary Neurodegeneration after Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. PEDIATRIC MEDICINE (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2022; 5:28. [PMID: 37601279 PMCID: PMC10438849 DOI: 10.21037/pm-20-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy linked to hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) which is regarded as the most important neurological problem of the newborn, can lead to a spectrum of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment and learning difficulties. There have been numerous reviews that have focused on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal H-I; however, a topic that is less often considered is the extent to which the injury might worsen over time, which is the focus of this review. Similarly, there have been numerous reviews that have focused on mechanisms that contribute to the acute or subacute injury; however, there is a tertiary phase of recovery that can be defined by cellular and molecular changes that occur many weeks and months after brain injury and this topic has not been the focus of any review for over a decade. Therefore, in this article we review both the clinical and pre-clinical data that show that tertiary neurodegeneration is a significant contributor to the final outcome, especially after mild to moderate injuries. We discuss the contributing roles of apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, protein homeostasis, inflammation, microgliosis and astrogliosis. We also review the limited number of studies that have shown that significant neuroprotection and preservation of neurological function can be achieved administering drugs during the period of tertiary neurodegeneration. As the tertiary phase of neurodegeneration is a stage when interventions are eminently feasible, it is our hope that this review will stimulate a new focus on this stage of recovery towards the goal of producing new treatment options for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian H. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
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Brégère C, Schwendele B, Radanovic B, Guzman R. Microglia and Stem-Cell Mediated Neuroprotection after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:474-522. [PMID: 34382141 PMCID: PMC8930888 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy (HIE) refers to a brain injury in term infants that can lead to death or lifelong neurological deficits such as cerebral palsy (CP). The pathogenesis of this disease involves multiple cellular and molecular events, notably a neuroinflammatory response driven partly by microglia, the brain resident macrophages. Treatment options are currently very limited, but stem cell (SC) therapy holds promise, as beneficial outcomes are reported in animal studies and to a lesser degree in human trials. Among putative mechanisms of action, immunomodulation is considered a major contributor to SC associated benefits. The goal of this review is to examine whether microglia is a cellular target of SC-mediated immunomodulation and whether the recruitment of microglia is linked to brain repair. We will first provide an overview on microglial activation in the rodent model of neonatal HI, and highlight its sensitivity to developmental age. Two complementary questions are then addressed: (i) do immune-related treatments impact microglia and provide neuroprotection, (ii) does stem cell treatment modulates microglia? Finally, the immune-related findings in patients enrolled in SC based clinical trials are discussed. Our review points to an impact of SCs on the microglial phenotype, but heterogeneity in experimental designs and methodological limitations hamper our understanding of a potential contribution of microglia to SC associated benefits. Thorough analyses of the microglial phenotype are warranted to better address the relevance of the neuroimmune crosstalk in brain repair and improve or advance the development of SC protocols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Brégère
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Schwendele
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boris Radanovic
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Plinia trunciflora Extract Administration Prevents HI-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, Behavioral Impairments, and Tissue Damage in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020395. [PMID: 35057576 PMCID: PMC8779767 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of redox homeostasis and neuroinflammation are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of brain hypoxia–ischemia (HI); medicinal plants have been studied as a therapeutic strategy, generally associated with the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of the Plinia trunciflora fruit extract (PTE) in neonatal rats submitted to experimental HI. The HI insult provoked a marked increase in the lipoperoxidation levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, accompanied by a decrease in the brain concentration of glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, PTE was able to prevent most of the HI-induced pro-oxidant effects. It was also observed that HI increased the levels of interleukin-1β in the hippocampus, and that PTE-treatment prevented this effect. Furthermore, PTE was able to prevent neuronal loss and astrocyte reactivity induced by HI, as demonstrated by NeuN and GFAP staining, respectively. PTE also attenuated the anxiety-like behavior and prevented the spatial memory impairment caused by HI. Finally, PTE prevented neural tissue loss in the brain hemisphere, the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and the striatum ipsilateral to the HI. Taken together our results provide good evidence that the PTE extract has the potential to be investigated as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of brain insult caused by neonatal hypoxia–ischemia.
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Peripheral immune cells and perinatal brain injury: a double-edged sword? Pediatr Res 2022; 91:392-403. [PMID: 34750522 PMCID: PMC8816729 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is the leading cause of neurological mortality and morbidity in childhood ranging from motor and cognitive impairment to behavioural and neuropsychiatric disorders. Various noxious stimuli, including perinatal inflammation, chronic and acute hypoxia, hyperoxia, stress and drug exposure contribute to the pathogenesis. Among a variety of pathological phenomena, the unique developing immune system plays an important role in the understanding of mechanisms of injury to the immature brain. Neuroinflammation following a perinatal insult largely contributes to evolution of damage to resident brain cells, but may also be beneficial for repair activities. The present review will focus on the role of peripheral immune cells and discuss processes involved in neuroinflammation under two frequent perinatal conditions, systemic infection/inflammation associated with encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) and hypoxia/ischaemia in the context of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and stroke at term. Different immune cell subsets in perinatal brain injury including their infiltration routes will be reviewed and critical aspects such as sex differences and maturational stage will be discussed. Interactions with existing regenerative therapies such as stem cells and also potentials to develop novel immunomodulatory targets are considered. IMPACT: Comprehensive summary of current knowledge on the role of different immune cell subsets in perinatal brain injury including discussion of critical aspects to be considered for development of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Xing Z, Zhen T, Jie F, Jie Y, Shiqi L, Kaiyi Z, Zhicui O, Mingyan H. Early Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition improves immune dysfunction in the hippocampus after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:142-151. [PMID: 34975308 PMCID: PMC8692118 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.66494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is implicated in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that TLR4 mediates brain damage after hypoxic ischemia (HI) by inducing abnormal neuroimmune responses, including activation of immune cells and expression disorder of immune factors, while early inhibition of TLR4 can alleviate the neuroimmune dysfunction. Method: Postnatal day 7 rats were randomized into control, HI, and HI+TAK-242 (TAK-242) groups. The HIBD model was developed using the Rice-Vannucci method (the left side was the ipsilateral side of HI). TAK-242 (0.5 mg/kg) was given to rat pups in the TAK-242 group at 30 min before modeling. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were used to determine the TLR4 expression; the number of Iba-1+, GFAP+, CD161+, MPO+, and CD3+ cells; ICAM-1 and C3a expression; and interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region. Result: Significantly increased TLR4 expression was observed in the left hippocampus, and was alleviated by TAK-242. The significant increases in Iba-1+, MPO+, and CD161+ cells at 24 h and 7 days after HI and in GFAP+ and CD3+ T cells at 7 days after HI were also counteracted by TAK-242, but no significant differences were observed among groups at 24 h after HI. ICAM-1 expression increased 24 h after HI, while C3a expression decreased; TAK-242 also alleviated these changes. TNF-α and IL-1β expression increased, while IL-10 expression decreased at 24 h and 7 days after HI; TAK-242 counteracted the increased TNF-α and IL-1β expression at 24 h and the changes in IL-1β and IL-10 at 7 days, but induced no significant differences in IL-10 expression at 24 h and TNF-α expression at 7 days. Conclusion: Early TLR4 inhibition can alleviate hippocampal immune dysfunction after neonatal HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Xing
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - Tang Zhen
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi, 541001 China.,Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013 China
| | - Fan Jie
- Department of Neonatology, East Hospital of Shaoyang Central Hospital, Shaoyang, Hunan, 422000 China
| | - Yu Jie
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - Liu Shiqi
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - Zhu Kaiyi
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - OuYang Zhicui
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi, 541001 China
| | - Hei Mingyan
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
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12
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Guo L, Zhu L. Multiple Roles of Peripheral Immune System in Modulating Ischemia/Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:752465. [PMID: 34881289 PMCID: PMC8645603 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.752465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given combined efforts of neuroscience and immunology, increasing evidence has revealed the critical roles of the immune system in regulating homeostasis and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia have long been considered as the only immune cell type in parenchyma, while at the interface between CNS and the peripheral (meninges, choroid plexus, and perivascular space), embryonically originated border-associated macrophages (BAMs) and multiple surveilling leukocytes capable of migrating into and out of the brain have been identified to function in the healthy brain. Hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation is the key pathological procedure that can be detected in healthy people at high altitude or in various neurodegenerative diseases, during which a very thin line between a beneficial response of the peripheral immune system in maintaining brain homeostasis and a pathological role in exacerbating neuroinflammation has been revealed. Here, we are going to focus on the role of the peripheral immune system and its crosstalk with CNS in the healthy brain and especially in hypobaric or ischemic hypoxia-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Nanhua, Hengyang, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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Melo AM, Taher NAB, Doherty DG, Molloy EJ. The role of lymphocytes in neonatal encephalopathy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100380. [PMID: 34755125 PMCID: PMC8560973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy is a syndrome characterised by abnormal neurological function often caused by a hypoxic insult during childbirth. Triggers such as hypoxia-ischaemia result in the release of cytokines and chemokines inducing the infiltration of neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, T cells and innate T cells into the brain. However, the role of these cells in the development of the brain injury is poorly understood. We review the mechanisms by which lymphocytes contribute to brain damage in NE. NK, T and innate T cells release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to the neurodegeneration in the secondary and tertiary phase of injury, whereas B cells and regulatory T cells produce IL-10 protecting the brain in NE. Targeting lymphocytes may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of NE in terms of management of inflammation and brain damage, particularly in the tertiary or persistent phases.
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Key Words
- Blood-brain barrier, BBB
- Hypoxia-ischaemia encephalopathy, HIE
- Hypoxia-ischaemia, HI
- Hypoxic-ischaemia
- Immune response
- Lymphocytes
- Neonatal encephalopathy
- Neonatal encephalopathy, NE
- Regulatory T cells, Tregs
- T cell receptors, TCRs
- T helper, Th
- Therapeutic hypothermia, TH
- White Matter Injury, WMI
- activating transcription factor-6, ATF6
- central nervous system, CNS
- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF
- interleukin, IL
- major histocompatibility complex, MHC
- natural killer, NK cells
- tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanty M. Melo
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nawal AB. Taher
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J. Molloy
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght & Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Neonatology & National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Hasegawa Y, Uchikawa H, Kajiwara S, Morioka M. Central sympathetic nerve activation in subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2021; 160:34-50. [PMID: 34525222 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening condition, and although its two main complications-cerebral vasospasm (CVS)/delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and early brain injury (EBI)-have been widely studied, prognosis has not improved over time. The sympathetic nerve (SN) system is important for the regulation of cardiovascular function and is closely associated with cerebral vessels and the regulation of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular function; thus, excessive SN activation leads to a rapid breakdown of homeostasis in the brain. In the hyperacute phase, patients with SAH can experience possibly lethal conditions that are thought to be associated with SN activation (catecholamine surge)-related arrhythmia, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and irreversible injury to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Although the role of the SN system in SAH has long been investigated and considerable evidence has been collected, the exact pathophysiology remains undetermined, mainly because the relationships between the SN system and SAH are complicated, and many SN-modulating factors are involved. Thus, research concerning these relationships needs to explore novel findings that correlate with the relevant concepts based on past reliable evidence. Here, we explore the role of the central SN (CSN) system in SAH pathophysiology and provide a comprehensive review of the functional CSN network; brain injury in hyperacute phase involving the CSN system; pathophysiological overlap between the CSN system and the two major SAH complications, CVS/DCI and EBI; CSN-modulating factors; and SAH-related extracerebral organ injury. Further studies are warranted to determine the specific roles of the CSN system in the brain injuries associated with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uchikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sosho Kajiwara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Morioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Rayasam A, Fukuzaki Y, Vexler ZS. Microglia-leucocyte axis in cerebral ischaemia and inflammation in the developing brain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13674. [PMID: 33991400 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is reliant on the proper function of numerous intricately orchestrated mechanisms that mature independently, including constant communication between the CNS and the peripheral immune system. This review summarizes experimental knowledge of how cerebral ischaemia in infants and children alters physiological communication between leucocytes, brain immune cells, microglia and the neurovascular unit (NVU)-the "microglia-leucocyte axis"-and contributes to acute and long-term brain injury. We outline physiological development of CNS barriers in relation to microglial and leucocyte maturation and the plethora of mechanisms by which microglia and peripheral leucocytes communicate during postnatal period, including receptor-mediated and intracellular inflammatory signalling, lipids, soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We focus on the "microglia-leucocyte axis" in rodent models of most common ischaemic brain diseases in the at-term infants, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and focal arterial stroke and discuss commonalities and distinctions of immune-neurovascular mechanisms in neonatal and childhood stroke compared to stroke in adults. Given that hypoxic and ischaemic brain damage involve Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, we discuss the modulatory role of viral and bacterial TLR2/3/4-mediated infection in HIE, perinatal and childhood stroke. Furthermore, we provide perspective of the dynamics and contribution of the axis in cerebral ischaemia depending on the CNS maturational stage at the time of insult, and modulation independently and in consort by individual axis components and in a sex dependent ways. Improved understanding on how to modify crosstalk between microglia and leucocytes will aid in developing age-appropriate therapies for infants and children who suffered cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Yumi Fukuzaki
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Zinaida S. Vexler
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
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16
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Zhou Q, Niño DF, Yamaguchi Y, Wang S, Fulton WB, Jia H, Lu P, Prindle T, Pamies D, Morris M, Chen LL, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis induces T lymphocyte-mediated injury in the developing mammalian brain. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/575/eaay6621. [PMID: 33408187 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) causes acute intestinal necrosis in premature infants and is associated with severe neurological impairment. In NEC, Toll-like receptor 4 is activated in the intestinal epithelium, and NEC-associated brain injury is characterized by microglial activation and white matter loss through mechanisms that remain unclear. We now show that the brains of mice and humans with NEC contained CD4+ T lymphocytes that were required for the development of brain injury. Inhibition of T lymphocyte influx into the brains of neonatal mice with NEC reduced inflammation and prevented myelin loss. Adoptive intracerebroventricular delivery of gut T lymphocytes from mice with NEC into Rag1 -/- recipient mice lacking CD4+ T cells resulted in brain injury. Brain organoids derived from mice with or without NEC and from human neuronal progenitor cells revealed that IFN-γ release by CD4+ T lymphocytes induced microglial activation and myelin loss in the organoids. IFN-γ knockdown in CD4+ T cells derived from mice with NEC abrogated the induction of NEC-associated brain injury after adoptive transfer to naïve Rag1 -/- recipient mice. T cell receptor sequencing revealed that NEC mouse brain-derived T lymphocytes shared homology with gut T lymphocytes from NEC mice. Intraperitoneal injection of NEC gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocytes into naïve Rag1 -/- recipient mice induced brain injury, suggesting that gut-derived T lymphocytes could mediate neuroinflammation in NEC. These findings indicate that NEC-associated brain injury may be induced by gut-derived IFN-γ-releasing CD4+ T cells, suggesting that early management of intestinal inflammation in children with NEC could improve neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Zhou
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diego F Niño
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanxia Wang
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B Fulton
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Meaghan Morris
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liam L Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Wang H, Liu D, Song P, Jiang F, Chi X, Zhang T. Exposure to hypoxia causes stress erythropoiesis and downregulates immune response genes in spleen of mice. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:413. [PMID: 34090336 PMCID: PMC8178839 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ and the main site where stress erythropoiesis occurs. It is known that hypoxia triggers the expansion of erythroid progenitors; however, its effects on splenic gene expression are still unclear. Here, we examined splenic global gene expression patterns by time-series RNA-seq after exposing mice to hypoxia for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 13 days. RESULTS Morphological analysis showed that on the 3rd day there was a significant increase in the spleen index and in the proliferation of erythroid progenitors. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the overall expression of genes decreased with increased hypoxic exposure. Compared with the control group, 1380, 3430, 4396, 3026, and 1636 genes were differentially expressed on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 13, respectively. Clustering analysis of the intersection of differentially expressed genes pointed to 739 genes, 628 of which were upregulated, and GO analysis revealed a significant enrichment for cell proliferation. Enriched GO terms of downregulated genes were associated with immune cell activation. Expression of Gata1, Tal1 and Klf1 was significantly altered during stress erythropoiesis. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in the immune response was inhibited, and NK cells decreased. CONCLUSIONS The spleen of mice conquer hypoxia exposure in two ways. Stress erythropoiesis regulated by three transcription factors and genes in immune response were downregulated. These findings expand our knowledge of splenic transcriptional changes during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daoxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangwen Chi
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.
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18
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Taher NAB, Kelly LA, Al-Harbi AI, O'Dea MI, Zareen Z, Ryan E, Molloy EJ, Doherty DG. Altered distributions and functions of natural killer T cells and γδ T cells in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy, in school-age children at follow-up, and in children with cerebral palsy. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 356:577597. [PMID: 33964735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We enumerated conventional and innate lymphocyte populations in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy (NE), school-age children post-NE, children with cerebral palsy and age-matched controls. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate alterations in circulating T, B and natural killer cell numbers. Invariant natural killer T cell and Vδ2+ γδ T cell numbers and frequencies were strikingly higher in neonates with NE, children post-NE and children with cerebral palsy compared to age-matched controls, whereas mucosal-associated invariant T cells and Vδ1 T cells were depleted from children with cerebral palsy. Upon stimulation ex vivo, T cells, natural killer cells and Vδ2 T cells from neonates with NE more readily produced inflammatory cytokines than their counterparts from healthy neonates, suggesting that they were previously primed or activated. Thus, innate and conventional lymphocytes are numerically and functionally altered in neonates with NE and these changes may persist into school-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal A B Taher
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lynne A Kelly
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alhanouf I Al-Harbi
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary I O'Dea
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Paediatrics, Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght & Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; Paediatrics, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zunera Zareen
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer Ryan
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Paediatrics, Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght & Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Paediatrics, Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght & Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; Paediatrics, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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Ophelders DR, Gussenhoven R, Klein L, Jellema RK, Westerlaken RJ, Hütten MC, Vermeulen J, Wassink G, Gunn AJ, Wolfs TG. Preterm Brain Injury, Antenatal Triggers, and Therapeutics: Timing Is Key. Cells 2020; 9:E1871. [PMID: 32785181 PMCID: PMC7464163 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With a worldwide incidence of 15 million cases, preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity, and concomitant social and economic burden Preterm infants are predisposed to life-long neurological disorders due to the immaturity of the brain. The risks are inversely proportional to maturity at birth. In the majority of extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks' gestation), perinatal brain injury is associated with exposure to multiple inflammatory perinatal triggers that include antenatal infection (i.e., chorioamnionitis), hypoxia-ischemia, and various postnatal injurious triggers (i.e., oxidative stress, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability). These perinatal insults cause a self-perpetuating cascade of peripheral and cerebral inflammation that plays a critical role in the etiology of diffuse white and grey matter injuries that underlies a spectrum of connectivity deficits in survivors from extremely preterm birth. This review focuses on chorioamnionitis and hypoxia-ischemia, which are two important antenatal risk factors for preterm brain injury, and highlights the latest insights on its pathophysiology, potential treatment, and future perspectives to narrow the translational gap between preclinical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan R.M.G. Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Gussenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reint K. Jellema
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Rob J.J. Westerlaken
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias C. Hütten
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (G.W.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (G.W.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Tim G.A.M. Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Gamdzyk M, Doycheva DM, Araujo C, Ocak U, Luo Y, Tang J, Zhang JH. cGAS/STING Pathway Activation Contributes to Delayed Neurodegeneration in Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Rat Model: Possible Involvement of LINE-1. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2600-2619. [PMID: 32253733 PMCID: PMC7260114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
cGAS is a sensor of cytosolic DNA and responds equally to exogenous and endogenous DNA. After recognition of cytosolic dsDNA or ssDNA, cGAS synthesizes the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP, which then binds to and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING plays an essential role in responding to pathogenic DNA and self-DNA in the context of autoimmunity. In pathologic conditions, such as stroke or hypoxia-ischemia (HI), DNA can gain access into the cytoplasm of the cell and leak from the dying cells into the extracellular environment, which potentially activates cGAS/STING. Recent in vivo studies of myocardial ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and liver damage models suggest that activation of cGAS/STING is not only a side-effect of the injury, but it can also actively contribute to cell death and apoptosis. We found, for the first time, that cGAS/STING pathway becomes activated between 24 and 48 h after HI in a 10-day-old rat model. Silencing STING with siRNA resulted in decreased infarction area, reduced cortical neurodegeneration, and improved neurobehavior at 48 h, suggesting that STING can contribute to injury progression after HI. STING colocalized with lysosomal marker LAMP-1 and blocking STING reduced the expression of cathepsin B and decreased the expression of Bax and caspase 3 cleavage. We observed similar protective effects after intranasal treatment with cGAS inhibitor RU.521, which were reversed by administration of STING agonist 2'3'-cGAMP. Additionally, we showed that long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon, a potential upstream activator of cGAS/STING pathway was induced at 48 h after HI, which was evidenced by increased expression of ORF1p and ORF2p proteins and increased LINE-1 DNA content in the cytosol. Blocking LINE-1 with the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) stavudine reduced infarction area, neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex, and reduced the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase 3. Thus, our results identify the cGAS/STING pathway as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit delayed neuronal death after HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Camila Araujo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 16310, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yujie Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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21
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Zera KA, Buckwalter MS. The Local and Peripheral Immune Responses to Stroke: Implications for Therapeutic Development. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:414-435. [PMID: 32193840 PMCID: PMC7283378 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to stroke is an exciting target for future stroke therapies. Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and clot removal (mechanical or pharmacological) to achieve tissue reperfusion is the only therapy currently approved for patient use. Due to a short therapeutic window and incomplete effectiveness, however, many patients are left with infarcted tissue that stimulates inflammation. Although this is critical to promote repair, it can also damage surrounding healthy brain tissue. In addition, acute immunodepression and subsequent infections are common and are associated with worse patient outcomes. Thus, the acute immune response is a major focus of researchers attempting to identify ways to amplify its benefits and suppress its negative effects to improve short-term recovery of patients. Here we review what is known about this powerful process. This includes the role of brain resident cells such as microglia, peripherally activated cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, and activated endothelium. The role of systemic immune activation and subsequent immunodepression in the days after stroke is also discussed, as is the chronic immune responses and its effects on cognitive function. The biphasic role of inflammation, as well as complex timelines of cell production, differentiation, and trafficking, suggests that the relationship between the acute and chronic phases of stroke recovery is complex. Gaining a more complete understanding of this intricate process by which inflammation is initiated, propagated, and terminated may potentially lead to therapeutics that can treat a larger population of stroke patients than what is currently available. The immune response plays a critical role in patient recovery in both the acute and chronic phases after stroke. In patients, the immune response can be beneficial by promoting repair and recovery, and also detrimental by propagating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of immune activation following stroke in order to successfully design therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Zera
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Univeristy School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Wang Y, Zhang JH, Sheng J, Shao A. Immunoreactive Cells After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2781. [PMID: 31849964 PMCID: PMC6902047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. As immune cells migrate and infiltrate across the blood-brain barrier into the ischemic region, a cascade of cellular and molecular biological reactions occur, involving migrated immune cells, resident glial cells, and the vascular endothelium. These events regulate infarction evolution and thus influence the outcome of ischemic stroke. Most immune cells exert dual effects on cerebral ischemia, and some crucial cells may become central targets in ischemic stroke treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Liu W, Huang J, Doycheva D, Gamdzyk M, Tang J, Zhang JH. RvD1binding with FPR2 attenuates inflammation via Rac1/NOX2 pathway after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112982. [PMID: 31247196 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathological development after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Resolvin D1 (RvD1), an agonist of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in many diseases. The objective of this study was to explore the protective role of RvD1 through reducing inflammation after HI and to study the contribution of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) pathways in RvD1-mediated protection. Rat pups (10-day old) were subjected to HI or sham surgery. RvD1 was administrated by intraperitoneal injection 1 h after HI. FPR2 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) and Rac1 activation CRISPR were administered prior to RvD1 treatment to elucidate the possible mechanisms. Time course expression of FPR2 by Western blot and RvD1 by ELISA were conducted at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post HI. Infarction area, short-term neurological deficits, immunofluorescent staining and Western blot were conducted at 24 h post HI. Long-term neurological behaviors were evaluated at 4 weeks post HI. Endogenous expression levels of RvD1 decreased in time dependent manner while the expression of FPR2 increased after HI, peaking at 24 h post HI. Activation of FPR2, with RvD1, reduced percent infarction area, and alleviated short- and long-term neurological deficits. Administration of RvD1 attenuated inflammation after HI, while, either inhibition of FPR2 with siRNA or activation of Rac1 with CRISPR reversed those effects. Our results showed that RvD1 attenuated neuroinflammation through FPR2, which then interacted with Rac1/NOX2 signaling pathway, thereby reducing infarction area and alleviating neurological deficits after HI in neonatal rat pups. RvD1 may be a potential therapeutic approach to reduce inflammation after HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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24
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Wang Z, He D, Zeng YY, Zhu L, Yang C, Lu YJ, Huang JQ, Cheng XY, Huang XH, Tan XJ. The spleen may be an important target of stem cell therapy for stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:20. [PMID: 30700305 PMCID: PMC6352449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, the second leading cause of death behind heart disease and is a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. Currently, systemic immunomodulatory therapy based on intravenous cells is attracting attention. The immune response to acute stroke is a major factor in cerebral ischaemia (CI) pathobiology and outcomes. Over the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischaemic stroke has gained considerable attention in stroke research. The changes in the spleen after stroke are mainly reflected in morphology, immune cells and cytokines, and these changes are closely related to the stroke outcomes. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation, release of central nervous system (CNS) antigens and chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions have been documented to be essential for efficient brain-spleen cross-talk after stroke. In various experimental models, human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCBs), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs), neural stem cells (NSCs) and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) have been shown to reduce the neurological damage caused by stroke. The different effects of these cell types on the interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN), and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in the spleen after stroke may promote the development of new cell therapy targets and strategies. The spleen will become a potential target of various stem cell therapies for stroke represented by MAPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Da He
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Ya-Yue Zeng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Yong-Juan Lu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Tan
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
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25
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NK cells in cerebral ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:547-554. [PMID: 30399590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital cell type in immune system and infiltrating cells in ischemic brain, NK cells can bridge the crosstalk between immune system and nervous system in stroke setting. The mechanism of action of NK cells is complicated, involving direct and indirect actions. NK cells are closely associated with poststroke inflammation, immunodepression and infections. The excessive inflammatory response in ischemic brain is one of the important causes for aggravating cerebral ischemic injury. Besides the inflammation induced by ischemia itself, thrombolytic drug tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration could also induce deteriorative inflammation, which is unfavorable for stroke control and recovery. Regulating NK cells may has the potential to modulate the immune response, limiting the development of ischemic damage and getting better outcome. In addition, post-stroke immunosuppression may lead to infections which contribute to higher severity and mortality of ischemic stroke (IS). Targeting NK cells may help to find novel pathways for IS therapy, which can both ameliorate the infarction itself, but also reduce the infectious complications. NK cells may also link IS and related diseases, suggesting NK cells can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for IS prevention and treatment.
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26
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Lee GA, Lin TN, Chen CY, Mau SY, Huang WZ, Kao YC, Ma RY, Liao NS. Interleukin 15 blockade protects the brain from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:562-570. [PMID: 29959050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is followed by a complex interplay between the brain and the immune system in which ischemia-reperfusion leads to a detrimental inflammatory response that causes brain injury. In the brain, IL-15 is expressed by astrocytes, neurons and microglia. Previous study showed that ischemia-reperfusion induces expression of IL-15 by astrocytes. Transgenic over-expression of IL-15 in astrocytes aggravates ischemia-reperfusion brain damage by increasing the levels and promoting the effector functions of CD8+ T and NK cells. Treatment of neonatal rats with IL-15 neutralizing antibody before hypoxia-ischemia induction reduces the infarct volume. However, as stroke-induced inflammatory responses differ between neonate and adult brain, the effects of IL-15 blockade on the injury and immune response arising from stroke in adult animals has remained unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of post-ischemia/reperfusion IL-15 blockade on the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in adult mice. Using a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model, we compared infarct size and the infiltrating immune cells in the brain of wild type (WT) mice and Il15-/- mice lacking NK and memory CD8+ T cells. We also evaluated the effects of IL-15 neutralizing antibody treatment on brain infarct volume, motor function, and the status of brain-infiltrating immune cells in WT mice. Il15-/- mice show a smaller infarct volume and lower numbers of activated brain-infiltrating NK, CD8+ T, and CD4+ T cells compared to WT mice after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Post-ischemia/reperfusion IL-15 blockade reduces infarct size and improves motor and locomotor activity. Furthermore, IL-15 blockade reduces the effector function of NK, CD8+ T, and CD4+ T cells in the ischemia-reperfusion brain of WT mice. Ablation of IL-15 responses after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion ameliorates brain injury in adult mice. Therefore, targeting IL-15 is a potential effective therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Mau
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Zhen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Kao
- Translational Imaging Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Ma
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Yang L, Liu Y, Lv W, Wang P, Wang B, Xue J, Zhang L. Expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15-kDa protein, cyclooxygenase (COX) 1, COX-2, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1, and prostaglandin E synthase in the spleen during early pregnancy in sheep. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1540-1548. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
| | - Wan Lv
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
| | - Pengda Wang
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
| | - Jie Xue
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
| | - Leying Zhang
- Department of Animal Science; College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering; Hebei University of Engineering; Handan China
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28
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Herz J, Köster C, Crasmöller M, Abberger H, Hansen W, Felderhoff-Müser U, Bendix I. Peripheral T Cell Depletion by FTY720 Exacerbates Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1696. [PMID: 30127782 PMCID: PMC6087766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic injury to the developing brain remains a major cause of significant long-term morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence from neonatal brain injury models suggests a detrimental role for peripheral lymphocytes. The immunomodulatory substance FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist, was shown to reduce adult ischemia-induced neurodegeneration through its lymphopenic mode of action. In the present study, we hypothesized that FTY720 promotes neuroprotection by reducing peripheral lymphocytes and their infiltration into the injured neonatal brain. Term-born equivalent postnatal day 9 C57BL/6 mice were exposed to hypoxia ischemia (HI) followed by a single injection of 1 mg/kg FTY720 or vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride). Brain injury, microglia, and endothelial activation were assessed 7 days post HI using histology and western blot. Peripheral and cerebral leukocyte subsets were analyzed by multichannel flow cytometry. Whether FTY720s’ effects could be attributed to its lymphopenic mode of action was determined in T cell-depleted mice. In contrast to our hypothesis, FTY720 exacerbated HI-induced neuropathology including loss of gray and white matter structures. While microglia and endothelial activation remained unchanged, FTY720 induced a strong and sustained depletion of peripheral T cells resulting in significantly reduced cerebral infiltration of CD4 T cells. CD4 T cell subset analysis revealed that circulating regulatory and effector T cells counts were similarly decreased after FTY720 treatment. However, since neonatal HI per se induces a selective infiltration of Foxp3 positive regulatory T cells compared to Foxp3 negative effector T cells effects of FTY720 on cerebral regulatory T cell infiltration were more pronounced than on effector T cells. Reductions in T lymphocytes, and particularly regulatory T cells coincided with an increased infiltration of innate immune cells, mainly neutrophils and inflammatory macrophages. Importantly anti-CD3-mediated T cell depletion resulted in a similar exacerbation of brain injury, which was not further enhanced by an additional FTY720 treatment. In summary, peripheral T cell depletion by FTY720 resulted in increased infiltration of innate immune cells concomitant to reduced T cell infiltration and exacerbation HI-induced brain injury. This study indicates that neonatal T cells may promote endogenous neuroprotection in the term-born equivalent hypoxic-ischemic brain potentially providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herz
- Department of Pediatrics 1, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Köster
- Department of Pediatrics 1, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marius Crasmöller
- Department of Pediatrics 1, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanna Abberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics 1, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Bendix
- Department of Pediatrics 1, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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29
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Odorcyk FK, Kolling J, Sanches EF, Wyse ATS, Netto CA. Experimental neonatal hypoxia ischemia causes long lasting changes of oxidative stress parameters in the hippocampus and the spleen. J Perinat Med 2018; 46:433-439. [PMID: 28841577 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2017-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns. The mechanisms involved in its progression start immediately and persist for several days. Oxidative stress and inflammation are determinant factors of the severity of the final lesion. The spleen plays a major part in the inflammatory response to HI. This study assessed the temporal progression of HI-induced alterations in oxidative stress parameters in the hippocampus, the most affected brain structure, and in the spleen. HI was induced in Wistar rat pups in post-natal day 7. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activity of the anti oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and catalase were assessed 24 h, 96 h and 38 days post-HI. Interestingly, both structures showed a similar pattern, with few alterations in the production of ROS species up to 96 h often combined with an increased activity of the anti oxidant enzymes. However, 38 days after the injury, ROS were at the highest in both structures, coupled with a decrease in the activity of the enzymes. Altogether, present results suggest that HI causes long lasting alterations in the hippocampus as well as in the spleen, suggesting a possible target for delayed treatments for HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Post-graduation Program of Neurosciences, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto das Ciências da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 anexo 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Tel./Fax: 0055-051 33085568
| | - Janaína Kolling
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Post-graduation Program of Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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30
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Mays RW, Savitz SI. Intravenous Cellular Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1058-1065. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.018287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Mays
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Athersys, Inc, (R.W.M.)
| | - Sean I. Savitz
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, UTHealth, Houston, TX (S.I.S.)
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31
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Lu T, Zhang Y, Xu N, McBride DW, Tang J, Zhang JH. Biliverdin reductase-A attenuated GMH-induced inflammatory response in the spleen by inhibiting toll-like receptor-4 through eNOS/NO pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:118. [PMID: 29678206 PMCID: PMC5910618 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a common neurologic event with high morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Spleen has been reported to play a critical role in inflammatory responses by regulating peripheral immune cells which contributes to secondary brain injury. METHODS The current study investigated the mechanistic role of biliverdin reductase-A (BLVRA) in the splenic response and brain damage in neonates following a collagenase GMH model. Neurological outcomes and splenic weights were assessed. Neutrophil production and infiltration were quantitated in the spleen and brain, respectively. Western blot was performed in both splenic and brain tissues to measure protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 and proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS BLVRA treatment alleviated GMH-induced developmental delay and attenuated splenic atrophy at 1 and 3 days after GMH. Quantification analysis showed that spleen-stored peripheral immune cells mobilized into circulation and infiltrated in the brain following GMH, which was abrogated by BLVRA administration, resulting in reduced splenic inflammatory response. Furthermore, we showed that regulation of eNOS/NO signaling by BLVRA stimulation blunted toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signal. The eNOS-generated NO, in part, translocated BLVRA into the nucleus, where BLVRA inhibited TLR4 expression. CONCLUSION We revealed a BLVRA-dependent signaling pathway in modulating the splenic inflammation in response to GMH via the eNOS/NO/TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tai Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ningbo Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Departments of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Chen D, Dixon BJ, Doycheva DM, Li B, Zhang Y, Hu Q, He Y, Guo Z, Nowrangi D, Flores J, Filippov V, Zhang JH, Tang J. IRE1α inhibition decreased TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation through miR-17-5p after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:32. [PMID: 29394934 PMCID: PMC5797348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the control of correct protein folding and protein function which is crucial for cell survival. However, under pathological conditions, such as hypoxia–ischemia (HI), there is an accumulation of unfolded proteins thereby triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) and causing ER stress which is associated with activation of several stress sensor signaling pathways, one of them being the inositol requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α) signaling pathway. The UPR is regarded as a potential contributor to neuronal cell death and inflammation after HI. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether microRNA-17 (miR-17), a potential IRE1α ribonuclease (RNase) substrate, arbitrates downregulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and consequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the immature brain after HI injury and whether inhibition of IRE1α may attenuate inflammation via miR-17/TXNIP regulation. Methods Postnatal day 10 rat pups (n = 287) were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (8% O2). STF-083010, an IRE1α RNase inhibitor, was intranasally delivered at 1 h post-HI or followed by an additional one administration per day for 2 days. MiR-17-5p mimic or anti-miR-17-5p inhibitor was injected intracerebroventricularly at 48 h before HI. Infarct volume and body weight were used to evaluate the short-term effects while brain weight, gross and microscopic brain tissue morphologies, and neurobehavioral tests were conducted for the long-term evaluation. Western blots, immunofluorescence staining, reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were used for mechanism studies. Results Endogenous phosphorylated IRE1α expression was significantly increased after HI. Intranasal administration of STF-083010 alleviated brain injury and improved neurological behavior. MiR-17-5p expression was reduced after HI, and this decrease was attenuated by STF-083010 treatment. MiR-17-5p mimic administration ameliorated TXNIP expression, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-1β production, as well as brain infarct volume. Conversely, anti-miR-17-5p inhibitor reversed IRE1α inhibition-induced decrease in TXNIP expression and inflammasome activation, as well as exacerbated brain injury after HI. Conclusions IRE1a-induced UPR pathway may contribute to inflammatory activation and brain injury following neonatal HI. IRE1a activation, through decay of miR-17-5p, elevated TXNIP expression to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and aggravated brain damage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1077-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Desislava M Doycheva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yue He
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Derek Nowrangi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Zha A, Vahidy F, Randhawa J, Parsha K, Bui T, Aronowski J, Savitz SI. Association Between Splenic Contraction and the Systemic Inflammatory Response After Acute Ischemic Stroke Varies with Age and Race. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:484-492. [PMID: 29282627 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have demonstrated the deleterious contribution of splenic immunocytes on secondary brain injury after stroke. While previous work has demonstrated splenic contraction (SC) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), no clinical studies have examined the relationship between the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with SC in stroke patients. This is a retrospective analysis of a previous prospective observational study where daily spleen sizes were evaluated in 178 acute stroke patients. Spleen contraction was based on previously established normograms of healthy volunteers from the same study. SC from the first 24 h of stroke onset was evaluated against criteria for SIRS for the first 5 days of admission after AIS. Ninety-one patients had verified AIS without concurrent infection at admission. SIRS was not associated with SC at admission. African-American patients with early SIRS had higher odds of having SC. Older patients with persistent SIRS at 72 h had lower odds of SC. At 48 h, there was significantly higher lymphocytosis and lower neutrophils present in patients with SC. Patients with SIRS at 72 h were more likely to have worse discharge mRS. This study provides evidence for an association among SC and SIRS in African-American patients suggesting that spleen changes could be a biomarker for detecting SIRS in this population. Our data also indicate a counter association between SC and a lack of SIRS in patients older than 75. Further studies are needed to ascertain how age affects this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Zha
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Farhaan Vahidy
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaskaren Randhawa
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kaushik Parsha
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thanh Bui
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology and The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Systemic inflammation combined with neonatal cerebellar haemorrhage aggravates long-term structural and functional outcomes in a mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:257-276. [PMID: 28755859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increased recognition of cerebellar injury in survivors of preterm birth, the neurodevelopmental consequences of isolated cerebellar injury have been largely unexplored and our current understanding of the functional deficits requires further attention in order to translate knowledge to best practices. Preterm infants are exposed to multiple stressors during their postnatal development including perinatal cerebellar haemorrhage (CBH) and postnatal infection, two major risk factors for neurodevelopmental impairments. METHODS We developed a translational mouse model of CBH and/or inflammation to measure the short- and long-term outcomes in cerebellar structure and function. RESULTS Mice exposed to early combined insults of CBH and early inflammatory state (EIS) have a delay in grasping acquisition, neonatal motor deficits and deficient long-term memory. CBH combined with late inflammatory state (LIS) does not induce neonatal motor problems but leads to poor fine motor function and long-term memory deficits at adulthood. Early combined insults result in poor cerebellar growth from postnatal day 15 until adulthood shown by MRI, which are reflected in diminished volumes of cerebellar structures. There are also decreases in volumes of gray matter and hippocampus. Cerebellar microgliosis appears 24h after the combined insults and persists until postnatal day 15 in the cerebellar molecular layer and cerebellar nuclei in association with a disrupted patterning of myelin deposition, a delay of oligodendrocyte maturation and reduced white matter cerebellar volume. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings reveal poor outcomes in developing brains exposed to combined cerebellar perinatal insults in association with cerebellar hypoplasia, persistence of microgliosis and alterations of cerebellar white matter maturation and growth.
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Lai JCY, Rocha-Ferreira E, Ek CJ, Wang X, Hagberg H, Mallard C. Immune responses in perinatal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:210-223. [PMID: 27865947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period has often been described as immune deficient. However, it has become clear that immune responses in the neonate following exposure to microbes or as a result of tissue injury may be substantial and play a role in perinatal brain injury. In this article we will review the immune cell composition under normal physiological conditions in the perinatal period, both in the human and rodent. We will summarize evidence of the inflammatory responses to stimuli and discuss how neonatal immune activation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, may contribute to perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Neuroprotector effect of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth transplanted after traumatic spinal cord injury involves inhibition of early neuronal apoptosis. Brain Res 2017; 1663:95-105. [PMID: 28322752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) transplants have been investigated as a possible treatment strategy for spinal cord injuries (SCI) due to their potential for promoting functional recovery. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of SHED on neuronal death after an experimental model of SCI. METHODS Wistar rats were spinalized using NYU impactor®. Animals were randomly distributed into 4 groups: Control (Naive) or Surgical control, Sham (laminectomy with no SCI); SCI (laminectomy followed by SCI, treated with vehicle); SHED (SCI treated with intraspinal transplantation of 3×105 SHED, 1h after SCI). Functional evaluations and morphological analysis were performed to confirm the spinal injury and the benefit of SHED transplantation on behavior, tissue protection and motor neuron survival. Flow cytometry of neurons, astrocytes, macrophages/microglia and T cells of spinal cord tissue were run at six, twenty-four, forty-eight and seventy-two hours after lesion. Six hours after SCI, ELISA and Western Blot were run to assess pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. The SHED group showed a significant functional improvement in comparison to the SCI animals, as from the first week until the end of the experiment. This behavioral protection was associated with less tissue impairment and greater motor neuron preservation. SHED reduced neuronal loss over time, as well as the overexpression of pro-apoptotic factor TNF-α, while maintained basal levels of the anti-apoptotic BCL-XL six hours after lesion. Data here presented show that SHED transplantation one hour after SCI interferes with the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors and reduces early neuronal apoptosis, what contributes to tissue and motor neuron preservation and hind limbs functional recovery.
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Lee GA, Lai YG, Chen RJ, Liao NS. Interleukin 15 activates Akt to protect astrocytes from oxygen glucose deprivation-induced cell death. Cytokine 2017; 92:68-74. [PMID: 28110119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a pivotal role in neuronal survival under the condition of post-ischemic brain inflammation, but the relevant astrocyte-derived mediators of ischemic brain injury remain to be defined. IL-15 supports survival of multiple lymphocyte lineages in the peripheral immune system, but the role of IL-15 in inflammatory disease of the central nervous system is not well defined. Recent research has shown an increase of IL-15-expressing astrocytes in the ischemic brain. Since astrocytes promote neuron survival under cerebral ischemia by buffering excess extracellular glutamate and producing growth factors, recovery of astrocyte function could be of benefit for stroke therapy. Here, we report that IL-15 is the pro-survival cytokine that prevents astrocyte death from oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced damage. Astrocytes up-regulate expression of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex under OGD, whereas OGD down-regulates the levels of pSTAT5 and pAkt in astrocytes. IL-15 treatment ameliorates the decline of pAkt, decreases the percentage of annexin V+ cells, inhibits the activation of caspase-3, and activates the Akt pathway to promote astrocyte survival in response to OGD. We further identified that activation of Akt, but not PKCα/βI, is essential for astrocyte survival under OGD. Taken together, this study reveals the function of IL-15 in astrocyte survival via Akt phosphorylation in response to OGD-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Healing and Health Marketing, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yein-Gei Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zierath D, Shen A, Stults A, Olmstead T, Becker KJ. Splenectomy Does Not Improve Long-Term Outcome After Stroke. Stroke 2017; 48:497-500. [PMID: 28087806 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.016037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Immune responses to brain antigens after stroke contribute to poor outcome. We hypothesized that splenectomy would lessen the development of such responses and improve outcome. METHODS Male Lewis rats (275-350 g) underwent 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion immediately after splenectomy or sham splenectomy. Animals were survived to 4 weeks (672 hrs), and immune responses to myelin basic protein determined at euthanasia. Infarct volume was determined in a subset of animals euthanized at 72 hours. Behavioral outcomes were assessed to 672 hours. RESULTS Splenectomy was associated with worse neurological scores early after stroke, but infarct size at 72 hours was similar in both groups. Behavioral outcomes and immune responses to myelin basic protein were also similar among splenectomized and sham-operated animals 672 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Splenectomy did not alter the immune responses to brain antigens or improve outcome after stroke. Differences between this study and other studies of splenectomy and stroke are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Zierath
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle
| | - Angela Shen
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle
| | - Astiana Stults
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle
| | - Theresa Olmstead
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle
| | - Kyra J Becker
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle.
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Odorcyk FK, Sanches EF, Nicola FC, Moraes J, Pettenuzzo LF, Kolling J, Siebert C, Longoni A, Konrath EL, Wyse A, Netto CA. Administration of Huperzia quadrifariata Extract, a Cholinesterase Inhibitory Alkaloid Mixture, has Neuroprotective Effects in a Rat Model of Cerebral Hypoxia–Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:552-562. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lin R, Cai J, Kostuk EW, Rosenwasser R, Iacovitti L. Fumarate modulates the immune/inflammatory response and rescues nerve cells and neurological function after stroke in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:269. [PMID: 27733178 PMCID: PMC5062839 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), working via its metabolite monomethylfumarate (MMF), acts as a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator in animal models of neurologic disease and in patients with multiple sclerosis. These properties and their translational potential led us to investigate whether DMF/MMF could also protect at-risk and/or dying neurons in models of ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo. Although the antioxidant effects have been partially addressed, the benefits of DMF immunomodulation after ischemic stroke still need to be explored. METHODS In vitro neuronal culture with oxygen-glucose deprivation and rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion were subjected to DMF/MMF treatment. Live/dead cell counting and LDH assay, as well as behavioral deficits, plasma cytokine assay, western blots, real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining, were used to evaluate the mechanisms and neurological outcomes. RESULTS We found that MMF significantly rescued cortical neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in culture and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by primary mixed neuron/glia cultures subjected to OGD. In rats, DMF treatment significantly decreased infarction volume by nearly 40 % and significantly improved neurobehavioral deficits after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In the acute early phase (72 h after MCAO), DMF induced the expression of transcription factor Nrf2 and its downstream mediator HO-1, important for the protection of infarcted cells against oxidative stress. In addition to its antioxidant role, DMF also acted as a potent immunomodulator, reducing the infiltration of neutrophils and T cells and the number of activated microglia/macrophages in the infarct region by more than 50 % by 7-14 days after MCAO. Concomitantly, the levels of potentially harmful pro-inflammatory cytokines were greatly reduced in the plasma and brain and in OGD neuron/glia cultures. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DMF is neuroprotective in experimental stroke because of its potent immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects and thus may be useful as a novel therapeutic agent to treat stroke in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Lin
- The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory at Jefferson, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Jingli Cai
- The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory at Jefferson, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Eric W. Kostuk
- The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory at Jefferson, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Robert Rosenwasser
- The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory at Jefferson, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory at Jefferson, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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Dixon BJ, Chen D, Zhang Y, Flores J, Malaguit J, Nowrangi D, Zhang JH, Tang J. Intranasal Administration of Interferon Beta Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis via the JAK1/STAT3/BCL-2 Pathway in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:1759091416670492. [PMID: 27683877 PMCID: PMC5043595 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416670492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an injury that often leads to detrimental neurological deficits. Currently, there are no established therapies for HIE and it is critical to develop treatments that provide protection after HIE. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of interferon beta (IFNβ) to provide neuroprotection and reduce apoptosis after HIE. Postnatal Day 10 rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 hr of exposure to hypoxia (8% O2). Intranasal administration of human recombinant IFNβ occurred 2 hr after HIE and infarct volume, body weight, neurobehavioral tests, histology, immunohistochemistry, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot were all used to evaluate various parameters. The results showed that both IFNβ and the Type 1 interferon receptor expression decreases after HIE. Intranasal administration of human recombinant IFNβ was able to be detected in the central nervous system and was able to reduce brain infarction volumes and improve neurological behavior tests 24 hr after HIE. Western blot analysis also revealed that human recombinant IFNβ treatment stimulated Stat3 and Bcl-2 expression leading to a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 expression after HIE. Positive Fluoro-Jade C staining also demonstrated that IFNβ treatment was able to decrease neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of IFNβ treatment were reversed when a Stat3 inhibitor was applied. Also an intraperitoneal administration of human recombinant IFNβ into the systemic compartment was unable to confer the same protective effects as intranasal IFNβ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Jay Malaguit
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Derek Nowrangi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Vahidy FS, Parsha KN, Rahbar MH, Lee M, Bui TT, Nguyen C, Barreto AD, Bambhroliya AB, Sahota P, Yang B, Aronowski J, Savitz SI. Acute splenic responses in patients with ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1012-21. [PMID: 26661179 PMCID: PMC4908620 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15607880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models provide evidence of spleen mediated post-stroke activation of the peripheral immune system. Translation of these findings to stroke patients requires estimation of pre-stroke spleen volume along with quantification of its day-to-day variation. We enrolled a cohort of 158 healthy volunteers and measured their spleen volume over the course of five consecutive days. We also enrolled a concurrent cohort of 158 stroke patients, measured initial spleen volume within 24 h of stroke symptom onset followed by daily assessments. Blood samples for cytokine analysis were collected from a subset of patients. Using data from healthy volunteers, we fit longitudinal quantile regression models to construct gender and body surface area based normograms of spleen volume. We quantified day-to-day variation and defined splenic contraction. Based on our criteria, approximately 40% of stroke patients experienced substantial post-stroke reduction in splenic volume. African Americans, older patients, and patients with past history of stroke have significantly higher odds of post-stroke splenic contraction. All measured cytokine levels were elevated in patients with splenic contraction, with significant differences for interferon gamma, interleukin 6, 10, 12, and 13. Our work provides reference standards for further work, validation of pre-clinical findings, and characterization of patients with post-stroke splenic contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhaan S Vahidy
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kaushik N Parsha
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rahbar
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - MinJae Lee
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thanh-Tung Bui
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claude Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Barreto
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arvind B Bambhroliya
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Preeti Sahota
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology, Vascular Neurology Program, The University of Texas Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Hocum Stone LL, Xiao F, Rotschafer J, Nan Z, Juliano M, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Grande A, Cheeran MCJ, Low WC. Amelioration of Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats With Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells: Mechanisms of Action. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1473-88. [PMID: 26996530 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and devastating outcome, there remain a few options for treatment of ischemic stroke. Currently available treatments are limited by a short time window for treatment and marginal efficacy when used. We have tested a human umbilical cord blood-derived stem cell line that has been shown to result in a significant reduction in stroke infarct volume as well as improved functional recovery following stroke in the rat. In the present study we address the mechanism of action and compared the therapeutic efficacy of high- versus low-passage nonhematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cells (nh-UCBSCs). Using the middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAo) model of stroke in Sprague-Dawley rats, we administered nh-UCBSC by intravenous (IV) injection 2 days following stroke induction. These human cells were injected into rats without any immune suppression, and no adverse reactions were detected. Both behavioral and histological analyses have shown that the administration of these cells reduces the infarct volume by 50% as well as improves the functional outcome of these rats following stroke for both high- and low-passaged nh-UCBSCs. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells present in the brains of normal rats, rats with ischemic brain injury, and ischemic animals with nh-UCBSC treatment confirmed infiltration of macrophages and T cells consequent to ischemia and reduction to normal levels with nh-UCBSC treatment. Flow cytometry also revealed a restoration of normal levels of microglia in the brain following treatment. These data suggest that nh-UCBSCs may act by inhibiting immune cell migration into the brain from the periphery and possibly by inhibition of immune cell activation within the brain. nh-UCBSCs exhibit great potential for treatment of stroke, including the fact that they are associated with an increased therapeutic time window, no known ill-effects, and that they can be expanded to high numbers for, and stored for, treatment.
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Osteopontin-Rac1 on Blood-Brain Barrier Stability Following Rodent Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:263-7. [PMID: 26463959 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a neuroprotective molecule that is upregulated following rodent neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (nHI) brain injury. Because Rac1 is a regulator of blood-brain barrier (BBB) stability, we hypothesized a role for this in OPN signaling. nHI was induced by unilateral ligation of the right carotid artery followed by hypoxia (8 % oxygen for 2 h) in P10 Sprague-Dawley rat pups. Intranasal (iN) OPN was administered at 1 h post-nHI. Groups consisted of: (1) Sham, (2) Vehicle, (3) OPN, and (4) OPN + Rac1 inhibitor (NSC23766). Evans blue dye extravasation (BBB permeability) was quantified 24 h post-nHI, and brain edema at 48 h. Increased BBB permeability and brain edema following nHI was ameliorated in the OPN treatment group. However, those rat pups receiving OPN co-treatment with the Rac1 inhibitor experienced no improvement compared with vehicle. OPN protects the BBB following nHI, and this was reversed by Rac1 inhibitor (NSC23766).
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Assessment of the Correlations Between Brain Weight and Brain Edema in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:89-92. [PMID: 26463928 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Because brain edema is correlated with poor outcome in clinical subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), appropriate evaluation methods for brain edema are important in experimental SAH studies. Although brain water content (BWC) is widely used to evaluate brain edema in stroke research, the usefulness of brain weight is undetermined. In this study, we examined the role of brain weight in the evaluation of brain edema in experimental SAH. The endovascular perforation model of SAH was used, and rats were assessed by neurological scoring (NS). The brains were quickly removed at 24 h after the operation, and the weights of wet cerebrum (WWC) and dry cerebrum (WDC) were measured to determine the brain water content (BWC). The correlations of those values with each other and to body weight (BW) were then examined to reveal the significance of brain weight. The rats were assigned to sham-operated (n = 8) and SAH (n = 16) groups. There were no significant differences in WWC between the groups (p = 0.61). WWC was correlated with BWC but not with NS in all rats. In addition, WWC was clearly correlated with BW and WDC, which is thought to substitute for the original brain weight. From these results, we suggest that the measurement of brain weight as an evaluation of brain edema is limited and that BW and original brain volume can be confounding factors in evaluation.
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Peiffer DS, Wang LS, Zimmerman NP, Ransom BWS, Carmella SG, Kuo CT, Chen JH, Oshima K, Huang YW, Hecht SS, Stoner GD. Dietary Consumption of Black Raspberries or Their Anthocyanin Constituents Alters Innate Immune Cell Trafficking in Esophageal Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 4:72-82. [PMID: 26603620 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-dried black raspberries (BRB), their component anthocyanins (AC), and a metabolite of BRB ACs, protocatechuic acid (PCA), inhibit the development of esophageal cancer in rats induced by the carcinogen, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA). All three components reduce inflammation in the esophagus and in plasma. The present study determined the relation of changes in inflammatory markers to infiltration of innate immune cells into NMBA-treated esophagus. Rats were injected with NMBA (0.35 mg/kg) for 5 weeks while on control diet. Following NMBA treatment, rats were fed diets containing 6.1% BRB powder, an AC-rich fraction of BRBs (3.8 μmol/g), or 500 ppm PCA. At weeks 15, 25, and 35, inflammatory biomarker expression in the plasma and esophagus was quantified, and infiltration of immune cells in the esophagus was examined. At all three time points, BRB, AC, and PCA similarly affected cytokine production in the esophagus and plasma of NMBA-treated rats, relative to the NMBA-only control. These included decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL1β and increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10. Moreover, all three diets also increased the expression of IL12, a cytokine that activates both cytolytic natural killer and CD8(+) T cells. In addition, the three diets also decreased infiltration of both macrophages and neutrophils into the esophagus. Overall, our results suggest that another mechanism by which BRBs, ACs, and PCA inhibit NMBA-induced esophageal tumorigenesis is by altering cytokine expression and innate immune cell trafficking into tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Peiffer
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chieh-Ti Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jo-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kiyoko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Charles MS, Drunalini Perera PN, Doycheva DM, Tang J. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor activates JAK2/PI3K/PDE3B pathway to inhibit corticosterone synthesis in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury rat model. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:152-9. [PMID: 25816736 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous study demonstrated that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced neuroprotection is accompanied by an inhibition of corticosterone production in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) rat model. The present study investigates how G-CSF inhibits corticosterone production, using adrenal cortical cells and HI rat pups. METHODS Cholera toxin was used to induce corticosterone synthesis in a rodent Y1 adrenal cortical cell line by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Both corticosterone and cAMP were quantitatively measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The downstream signaling components of the G-CSF receptor, including Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)/Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (Akt) and Phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), were detected by western blot. Sprague-Dawley rat pups at the age of 10days (P10) were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia for 2.5hours. Brain infarction volumes were determined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate (TTC) staining. RESULTS G-CSF at 30ng/ml inhibited corticosterone synthesis but lost its inhibitory effect at higher doses. The inhibitory effect of G-CSF was conferred by interfering with cAMP signaling via the activation of the JAK2/PI3K/PDE3B signaling pathway. The degradation of cAMP by G-CSF signaling reduced corticosterone production. This mechanism was further verified in the neonatal HI brain injury rat model, in which inhibition of PDE3B reversed the protective effects of G-CSF. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the neuroprotective G-CSF reduces corticosterone synthesis at the adrenal level by degrading intracellular cAMP via activation of the JAK2/PI3K/PDE3B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa S Charles
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354 USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354 USA
| | - Pradilka N Drunalini Perera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354 USA
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354 USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354 USA.
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Liu ZJ, Chen C, Li FW, Shen JM, Yang YY, Leak RK, Ji XM, Du HS, Hu XM. Splenic responses in ischemic stroke: new insights into stroke pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:320-6. [PMID: 25475834 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischemic brain damage has gained considerable attention in stroke research. As the largest natural reservoir of immune cells, the spleen establishes critical connections with the ischemic brain during the progression of stroke and mobilizes its cells to the site of injury. Multiple "alarm" signals released from the injured brain are essential for the initiation of brain-spleen communication. Spleen-derived cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, are known to contribute significantly to ischemic brain damage. Understanding the dynamic splenic responses to stroke will not only provide insights into the evolvement of ischemic brain injury but will also identify potential targets for stroke treatment. Here, we review recent studies on the functions of the spleen in ischemic stroke. We have included a discussion of several therapeutic strategies that target splenic responses and reduce acute ischemic brain damage in preclinical studies. Future investigations on the effects of the spleen on long-term stroke recovery are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jian Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Doycheva DM, Hadley T, Li L, Applegate RL, Zhang JH, Tang J. Anti-neutrophil antibody enhances the neuroprotective effects of G-CSF by decreasing number of neutrophils in hypoxic ischemic neonatal rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:192-9. [PMID: 24874543 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is an injury that can lead to neurological impairments such as behavioral and learning disabilities. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke however it has also been shown to induce neutrophilia, ultimately exacerbating neuronal injury. Our hypothesis is that coadministration of anti-neutrophil antibody (Ab) with G-CSF will decrease blood neutrophil counts thereby reducing infarct volume and improving neurological function post HI brain injury. METHODS Rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5h of hypoxia. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups: Sham (n=15), vehicle (HI, n=15), HI with G-CSF treatment (n=15), HI with G-CSF+Ab treatment (n=15), and HI with Ab treatment (n=15). Ab (325μg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally while G-CSF (50μg/kg) was administered subcutaneously 1h post HI followed by daily injections for 3 consecutive days. Animals were euthanized at 96h post HI for blood neutrophil counts and brain infarct volume measurements as well as at 5weeks for neurological function testing and brain weight measurements. Lung and spleen weights at both time points were further analyzed. RESULTS The G-CSF treatment group showed tendencies to reduce infarct volume and improve neurological function while significantly increasing neutrophil counts. On the other hand, the G-CSF+Ab group significantly reduced infarct volume, improved neurological function and decreased neutrophil counts. The Ab alone group showed reversal of the neuroprotective effects of the G-CSF+Ab group. No significant differences were found in peripheral organ weights between groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that coadministration of G-CSF with Ab not only prevented brain atrophy but also significantly improved neurological function by decreasing blood neutrophil counts. Hence the neuroprotective effects of G-CSF may be further enhanced if neutrophilia is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava M Doycheva
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Hadley
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Applegate
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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An C, Shi Y, Li P, Hu X, Gan Y, Stetler RA, Leak RK, Gao Y, Sun BL, Zheng P, Chen J. Molecular dialogs between the ischemic brain and the peripheral immune system: dualistic roles in injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:6-24. [PMID: 24374228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune and inflammatory responses actively modulate the pathophysiological processes of acute brain injuries such as stroke. Soon after the onset of stroke, signals such as brain-derived antigens, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, and chemokines are released from the injured brain into the systemic circulation. The injured brain also communicates with peripheral organs through the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Many of these diverse signals not only activate resident immune cells in the brain, but also trigger robust immune responses in the periphery. Peripheral immune cells then migrate toward the site of injury and release additional cytokines, chemokines, and other molecules, causing further disruptive or protective effects in the ischemic brain. Bidirectional communication between the injured brain and the peripheral immune system is now known to regulate the progression of stroke pathology as well as tissue repair. In the end, this exquisitely coordinated crosstalk helps determine the fate of animals after stroke. This article reviews the literature on ischemic brain-derived signals through which peripheral immune responses are triggered, and the potential impact of these peripheral responses on brain injury and repair. Pharmacological strategies and cell-based therapies that target the dialog between the brain and peripheral immune system show promise as potential novel treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yejie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Peiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ruth A Stetler
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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