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Paltsev A, Bergström AK, Vuorio K, Creed IF, Hessen DO, Kortelainen P, Vuorenmaa J, de Wit HA, Lau DCP, Vrede T, Isles PDF, Jonsson A, Geibrink E, Kahilainen KK, Drakare S. Phytoplankton biomass in northern lakes reveals a complex response to global change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173570. [PMID: 38825201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Global change may introduce fundamental alterations in phytoplankton biomass and community structure that can alter the productivity of northern lakes. In this study, we utilized Swedish and Finnish monitoring data from lakes that are spatially (135 lakes) and temporally (1995-2019, 110 lakes) extensive to assess how phytoplankton biomass (PB) of dominant phytoplankton groups related to changes in water temperature, pH and key nutrients [total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), iron (Fe)] along spatial (Fennoscandia) and temporal (25 years) gradients. Using a machine learning approach, we found that TP was the most important determinant of total PB and biomass of a specific species of Raphidophyceae - Gonyostomum semen - and Cyanobacteria (both typically with adverse impacts on food-webs and water quality) in spatial analyses, while Fe and pH were second in importance for G. semen and TN and pH were second and third in importance for Cyanobacteria. However, in temporal analyses, decreasing Fe and increasing pH and TOC were associated with a decrease in G. semen and an increase in Cyanobacteria. In addition, in many lakes increasing TOC seemed to have generated browning to an extent that significantly reduced PB. The identified discrepancy between the spatial and temporal results suggests that substitutions of data for space-for-time may not be adequate to characterize long-term effects of global change on phytoplankton. Further, we found that total PB exhibited contrasting temporal trends (increasing in northern- and decreasing in southern Fennoscandia), with the decline in total PB being more pronounced than the increase. Among phytoplankton, G. semen biomass showed the strongest decline, while cyanobacterial biomass showed the strongest increase over 25 years. Our findings suggest that progressing browning and changes in Fe and pH promote significant temporal changes in PB and shifts in phytoplankton community structures in northern lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Paltsev
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Irena F Creed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dag Olav Hessen
- Centre of Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene and Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Heleen A de Wit
- Centre of Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene and Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Danny C P Lau
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Vrede
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter D F Isles
- Watershed Management Division, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Montpelier, VT, USA
| | - Anders Jonsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Geibrink
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Stina Drakare
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bergström AK, Creed IF, Paltsev A, de Wit HA, Lau DCP, Drakare S, Vrede T, Isles PDF, Jonsson A, Geibrink E, Kortelainen P, Vuorenmaa J, Vuorio K, Kahilainen KK, Hessen DO. Declining calcium concentration drives shifts toward smaller and less nutritious zooplankton in northern lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17220. [PMID: 38433333 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Zooplankton community composition of northern lakes is changing due to the interactive effects of climate change and recovery from acidification, yet limited data are available to assess these changes combined. Here, we built a database using archives of temperature, water chemistry and zooplankton data from 60 Scandinavian lakes that represent broad spatial and temporal gradients in key parameters: temperature, calcium (Ca), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), and pH. Using machine learning techniques, we found that Ca was the most important determinant of the relative abundance of all zooplankton groups studied, while pH was second, and TOC third in importance. Further, we found that Ca is declining in almost all lakes, and we detected a critical Ca threshold in lake water of 1.3 mg L-1 , below which the relative abundance of zooplankton shifts toward dominance of Holopedium gibberum and small cladocerans at the expense of Daphnia and copepods. Our findings suggest that low Ca concentrations may shape zooplankton communities, and that current trajectories of Ca decline could promote widespread changes in pelagic food webs as zooplankton are important trophic links from phytoplankton to fish and different zooplankton species play different roles in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena F Creed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleksey Paltsev
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Centre of Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene and Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Danny C P Lau
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Drakare
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Vrede
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter D F Isles
- Watershed Management Division, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Montpelier, Vermont, USA
| | - Anders Jonsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Geibrink
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Dag Olav Hessen
- Centre of Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene and Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lawrence GB, Ryan KA. Widespread chemical dilution of streams continues as long-term effects of acidic deposition slowly reverse. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123273. [PMID: 38160771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies of recovery from acidic deposition have focused on reversal of acidification and its associated effects, but as recovery proceeds slowly, chemical dilution of surface waters is emerging as a key factor in the recovery process that has significant chemical and biological implications. This investigation uses long-term chemical records from 130 streams in the Adirondack region of New York, USA, to evaluate the role of ongoing decreases in conductance, an index of dilution, in the recovery of these streams. Stream chemistry data spanning up to 40 years (1980s-2022) showed that acid-neutralizing capacity has increased in 92% of randomly selected streams, but that harmful levels of acidification still occur in 37% of these streams. Conductance and Ca2+ concentrations decreased in 79% of streams, and SO42- concentrations in streams continued to show strong decreases but remained several times higher than concentrations in precipitation. These changes were ongoing through 2022 even though acidic deposition levels were approaching those estimated for pre-industrialization. Further dilution is continuing through ongoing decreases in stream SO42-. Nevertheless, Ca2+ continued to be leached from soils by SO42-, organic acids and NO3-, limiting the replenishment of available soil Ca2+, a prerequisite to stem further dilution of stream water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Lawrence
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY, 12180, United States.
| | - Kevin A Ryan
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, Troy, NY, 12180, United States.
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Puts IC, Ask J, Siewert MB, Sponseller RA, Hessen DO, Bergström A. Landscape determinants of pelagic and benthic primary production in northern lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7063-7077. [PMID: 36054573 PMCID: PMC9826228 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global change affects gross primary production (GPP) in benthic and pelagic habitats of northern lakes by influencing catchment characteristics and lake water biogeochemistry. However, how changes in key environmental drivers manifest and impact total (i.e., benthic + pelagic) GPP and the partitioning of total GPP between habitats represented by the benthic share (autotrophic structuring) is unclear. Using a dataset from 26 shallow lakes located across Arctic, subarctic, and boreal northern Sweden, we investigate how catchment properties (air temperature, land cover, hydrology) affect lake physico-chemistry and patterns of total GPP and autotrophic structuring. We find that total GPP was mostly light limited, due to high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations originating from catchment soils with coniferous vegetation and wetlands, which is further promoted by high catchment runoff. In contrast, autotrophic structuring related mostly to the relative size of the benthic habitat, and was potentially modified by CO2 fertilization in the subarctic, resulting in significantly higher total GPP relative to the other biomes. Across Arctic and subarctic sites, DIC and CO2 were unrelated to DOC, indicating that external inputs of inorganic carbon can influence lake productivity patterns independent of terrestrial DOC supply. By comparison, DOC and CO2 were correlated across boreal lakes, suggesting that DOC mineralization acts as an important CO2 source for these sites. Our results underline that GPP as a resource is regulated by landscape properties, and is sensitive to large-scale global changes (warming, hydrological intensification, recovery of acidification) that promote changes in catchment characteristics and aquatic physico-chemistry. Our findings aid in predicting global change impacts on autotrophic structuring, and thus community structure and resource use of aquatic consumers in general. Given the similarities of global changes across the Northern hemisphere, our findings are likely relevant for northern lakes globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Callisto Puts
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jenny Ask
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Matthias B. Siewert
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Ryan A. Sponseller
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Ann‐Kristin Bergström
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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LeDuc SD, Clark CM, Phelan J, Belyazid S, Bennett M, Boaggio K, Buckley J, Cajka J, Jones P. Nitrogen and sulfur deposition reductions projected to partially restore forest soil conditions in the US Northeast, while understory composition continues to shift with future climate change. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:1-26. [PMID: 36312741 PMCID: PMC9610802 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have dramatically increased nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition, altering forest ecosystem function and structure. Anticipating how changes in deposition and climate impact forests can inform decisions regarding these environmental stressors. Here, we used a dynamic soil-vegetation model (ForSAFE-Veg) to simulate responses to future scenarios of atmospheric deposition and climate change across 23 Northeastern hardwood stands. Specifically, we simulated soil percent base saturation, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), nitrate (NO3 -) leaching, and understory composition under 13 interacting deposition and climate change scenarios to the year 2100, including anticipated deposition reductions under the Clean Air Act (CAA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-projected climate futures. Overall, deposition affected soil responses more than climate did. Soils recovered to historic conditions only when future deposition returned to pre-industrial levels, although anticipated CAA deposition reductions led to a partial recovery of percent base saturation (60 to 72%) and ANC (65 to 71%) compared to historic values. CAA reductions also limited NO3 - leaching to 30 to 66% above historic levels, while current levels of deposition resulted in NO3 - leaching 150 to 207% above historic values. In contrast to soils, understory vegetation was affected strongly by both deposition and climate. Vegetation shifted away from historic and current assemblages with increasing deposition and climate change. Anticipated CAA reductions could maintain current assemblages under current climate conditions or slow community shifts under increased future changes in temperature and precipitation. Overall, our results can inform decision makers on how these dual stressors interact to affect forest health, and the efficacy of deposition reductions under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. LeDuc
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M. Clark
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Micah Bennett
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5 Headquarters, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katie Boaggio
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Environment Constrains Fitness Advantages of Division of Labor in Microbial Consortia Engineered for Metabolite Push or Pull Interactions. mSystems 2022; 7:e0005122. [PMID: 35762764 PMCID: PMC9426560 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00051-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fitness benefits from division of labor are well documented in microbial consortia, but the dependency of the benefits on environmental context is poorly understood. Two synthetic Escherichia coli consortia were built to test the relationships between exchanged organic acid, local environment, and opportunity costs of different metabolic strategies. Opportunity costs quantify benefits not realized due to selecting one phenotype over another. The consortia catabolized glucose and exchanged either acetic or lactic acid to create producer-consumer food webs. The organic acids had different inhibitory properties and different opportunity costs associated with their positions in central metabolism. The exchanged metabolites modulated different consortial dynamics. The acetic acid-exchanging (AAE) consortium had a “push” interaction motif where acetic acid was secreted faster by the producer than the consumer imported it, while the lactic acid-exchanging (LAE) consortium had a “pull” interaction motif where the consumer imported lactic acid at a comparable rate to its production. The LAE consortium outperformed wild-type (WT) batch cultures under the environmental context of weakly buffered conditions, achieving a 55% increase in biomass titer, a 51% increase in biomass per proton yield, an 86% increase in substrate conversion, and the complete elimination of by-product accumulation all relative to the WT. However, the LAE consortium had the trade-off of a 42% lower specific growth rate. The AAE consortium did not outperform the WT in any considered performance metric. Performance advantages of the LAE consortium were sensitive to environment; increasing the medium buffering capacity negated the performance advantages compared to WT. IMPORTANCE Most naturally occurring microorganisms persist in consortia where metabolic interactions are common and often essential to ecosystem function. This study uses synthetic ecology to test how different cellular interaction motifs influence performance properties of consortia. Environmental context ultimately controlled the division of labor performance as shifts from weakly buffered to highly buffered conditions negated the benefits of the strategy. Understanding the limits of division of labor advances our understanding of natural community functioning, which is central to nutrient cycling and provides design rules for assembling consortia used in applied bioprocessing.
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Karltun E, Stendahl J, Iwald J, Löfgren S. Forest biomass accumulation is an important source of acidity to forest soils: Data from Swedish inventories of forests and soils 1955 to 2010. AMBIO 2022; 51:199-208. [PMID: 33782851 PMCID: PMC8651924 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The input of acidity to Swedish forest soils through forestry between 1955 and 2010 is compared with the acid input from atmospheric deposition. Depending on region, input of acidity from forestry was the minor part (25-45%) of the study period's accumulated acid input but is now the dominating source (140-270 molc ha-1 year-1). The net uptake of cations due to the increase in standing forest biomass, ranged between 35 and 45% of the forestry related input of acidity while whole-tree harvesting, introduced in the late 1990s, contributed only marginally (< 2%). The geographical gradient in acid input is reflected in the proportion of acidified soils in Sweden but edaphic properties contribute to variations in acidification sensitivity. It is important to consider the acid input due to increases in standing forest biomass in acidification assessments since it is long-term and quantitatively important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Karltun
- Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Stendahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Iwald
- Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SLU, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Correia TG, Vieira VARO, de Moraes Narcizo A, Zampieri RA, Floeter-Winter LM, Moreira RG. Endocrine disruption caused by the aquatic exposure to aluminum and manganese in Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei: Characidae) females during the final ovarian maturation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 249:109132. [PMID: 34246795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) can be toxic to aquatic biota and cause endocrine disruption in fish, affecting reproduction. This study evaluates the physiological responses of the ray-finned teleost fish Astyanax altiparanae vitellogenic females after acute exposure (96 h) to Al and Mn (alone and combined) in acid pH followed by the same period of exposure to metal-free water in neutral pH. The aim of this second period of exposure was to assess the recovery capacity from the toxic effects these metals. Five experimental groups were established: a control in neutral pH (Ctrl), and acidic pH (Ac), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and Al + Mn groups, maintaining the acidic pH in the groups to which metals were added. The following biological parameters were evaluated: metal tissue concentration, relative fecundity (RF: absolute fecundity/body mass). Plasma levels of cortisol (proxy for stress) and 17α hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP), and gene expression of pituitary lhβ mRNA (proxies for final maturation) were measured to evaluate endocrine disruption. In the synchronic exposure, the presence of Mn potentiated the accumulation of Al in gills. The females from acidic pH and Al groups showed a reduced RF. Exposure to Al and Mn triggered an endocrine disruption response, evidenced by a decrease in the plasma concentration of 17α-OHP and cortisol. Despite this anti-steroidogenic effect, no changes occurred in the pituitary gene expression of lhβ. The endocrine changes and the metal accumulation were temporary, while the impacts on RF under the experimental conditions suggest permanent impairment in the reproduction of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gabriel Correia
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Amanda de Moraes Narcizo
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Zampieri
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sawicka K, Clark JM, Vanguelova E, Monteith DT, Wade AJ. Spatial properties affecting the sensitivity of soil water dissolved organic carbon long-term median concentrations and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146670. [PMID: 34030324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that increases in dissolved organic carbon in upland waters in recent decades have often been dominated by acid deposition, but reasons for substantial variation in rates of change remain unclear. This paper focuses on the extent to which spatial properties, such as variation in soil properties, atmospheric deposition and climate, affect the sensitivity of DOC concentrations in soil water. The purpose is to i) examine evidence for differences in site average concentrations and trends in soil water DOC between sites with contrasting ecosystem properties, i.e. vegetation cover and soil type, and ii) identify the wider combination of site characteristics that best explain variation in these DOC metrics between sites. We collated soil water and deposition chemistry, soil chemistry and meteorological data from 15 long-term UK monitoring sites (1992-2010) covering a range of soils, vegetation, climate and acid deposition levels. Mineral soils under forests showed the greatest range of long-term mean DOC concentrations and trends. Regression analysis indicated that acid and sea-salt deposition, and soil sensitivity to acidification were the factors most strongly associated with spatial variation in mean DOC concentrations. Spatial variation in DOC trends were best explained by Al saturation and water flux. Overall, the sensitivity of DOC release from soil to changes in pollutant deposition could be related to the type of vegetation cover and soils chemistry properties, such as Al saturation, divalent base cation content and hydrological regime. The identification of the ecosystem properties that appear most influential in modifying DOC production and responses to long-term drivers, helps elucidate potential mechanistic explanations for differences in DOC dynamics across seemingly similar ecosystems, and points to the importance of DOC mobility in regulating its dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sawicka
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK; Environmental Science Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Joanna M Clark
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Elena Vanguelova
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Don T Monteith
- Environmental Change Network, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Andrew J Wade
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK
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Redden D, Trueman BF, Dunnington DW, Anderson LE, Gagnon GA. Chemical recovery and browning of Nova Scotia surface waters in response to declining acid deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:446-456. [PMID: 33565526 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Declining emissions of sulfur and nitrogen have curtailed acid deposition across large areas of North America and Europe. This has allowed many lakes to recover from acidification, with decreases in sulfate, increases in pH, and increases in alkalinity. But reduced acid deposition has not always coincided with chemical lake recovery. Surface waters in Nova Scotia did not exhibit clear evidence of recovery as recently as 2007, due in part to increasing organic acidity and slow replenishment of base cations. In an updated assessment with data collected as recently as 2019, we analyze water chemistry representing 81 lakes and rivers and two precipitation monitoring stations over up to 41 years. We find that Nova Scotia surface waters are now exhibiting signs of chemical recovery. We estimated the linear decrease in precipitation sulfate and nitrate yield at up to 0.31 and 0.18 kg ha-1 year-2, respectively, and the linear increase in precipitation pH at up to 0.014 year-1. Sulfate decreased in 60 of 62 lakes and 14 of 17 rivers (-0.0051 to -0.23 mg L-1 year-1), while pH increased in 55 of 64 lakes and 11 of 17 rivers (0.0015-0.072 year-1). Apparent colour increased in 54 of 62 lakes and 13 of 17 rivers (0.0026-3.9 Pt-Co year-1). We identified increasing aluminum trends in 46 of 61 lakes, and we show using size-exclusion chromatography that binding to organic and iron-based colloids may help to explain these trends. To the extent that increases in apparent colour are explained by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (DOM), they imply greater binding capacity for metals in surface waters, and greater capacity for DOM to stabilize metal (oxyhydr)oxide colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Redden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Marty C, Duchesne L, Couture S, Gagnon C, Houle D. Effects of climate and atmospheric deposition on a boreal lake chemistry: A synthesis of 36 years of monitoring data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143639. [PMID: 33248783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in SO42- and NO3- atmospheric deposition in the past decades has improved surface water quality in several catchments but recent studies suggest an increasing influence of climate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Here, we report on long-term trends in climate variables, strong acid anions and base cations concentrations in precipitation and at the lake outlet (stream) of a boreal catchment in Québec, Canada, and assess the combined effects of these trends on stream chemistry. Annual SO42- and NO3- depositions respectively decreased by ~85% (from 23 to ~3 kg ha-1) and ~70% (from 18 to ~5 kg ha-1 yr-1) from 1981 to 2016. As a response, stream SO42- and Ca2+ concentrations decreased by 50% (from 3.9 to 1.9 mg L-1) and ~35% (from 2.4 to 1.5 mg L-1), respectively. Stream NO3- concentration decreased by ~89% (from 0.6 to 0.07 mg L-1) mainly due to the decline in NO3- deposition and possibly to increased vegetation N uptake. Unexpectedly, stream alkalinity decreased, likely due to the decline in Ca2+ concentration and to an increase in DOC concentration. Variations in stream pH and Na+ concentrations were best explained by climatic changes than by changes in acid deposition, likely reflecting the effect of climate change on chemical weathering in the region. In addition, the average daily temperature between May and September had a strong influence on stream Ca2+ concentration in the last two decades (negative relationship), suggesting an increasing vegetation nutrient uptake caused by improved growth conditions. Overall, decreased acidic deposition resulted in a general recovery of surface water although the parallel increase in DOC concentration prevented from an increase in water alkalinity. Our data also indicate an increasing influence of climate on water chemistry at the study site, probably mediated by increasing weathering rate and vegetation nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Marty
- Carbone boréal, Département des sciences fondamentales, 555 boulevard de l'Université, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère de la Forêt, de la Faune et des Parcs, 2700 rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Suzanne Couture
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada and Climate Change, 105 McGill St., QC, H2Y 2E7 Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada and Climate Change, 105 McGill St., QC, H2Y 2E7 Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Houle
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada and Climate Change, 105 McGill St., QC, H2Y 2E7 Montreal, Canada; Ouranos, Consortium sur la Climatologie Régionale et l'Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques, 550 Sherbrooke W, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B9, Canada.
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Kopáček J, Hejzlar J, Oulehle F, Porcal P, Weyhenmeyer GA, Norton SA. Disruptions and re-establishment of the calcium-bicarbonate equilibrium in freshwaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140626. [PMID: 32652359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, increasing anthropogenic activities have affected natural ionic composition, including the strongest and most common relationship between ionic concentrations in the majority of natural global freshwaters, i.e., the Ca2+-ANC (acid neutralizing capacity) equilibrium. Using long-term monitoring data and MAGIC modelling, we evaluated effects of major present environmental stressors (synthetic fertilizers, liming, acidic deposition, forest disturbances, and climate change) on the Ca2+-ANC equilibrium. We evaluated the effects for three different types of terrestrial ecosystems, a circumneutral lowland agricultural catchment, two acid sensitive mountain forest catchments differing in forest health, and one acid sensitive alpine catchment. All catchments are in a region with the world-largest changes in fertilizing rates and acidic deposition in the 20th century, with increasing impacts until the late 1980s, and their subsequent abrupt, dramatic decreases. These strong changes resulted in a substantial disruption, followed by continuing re-establishment of the Ca2+-ANC relationship in all study waters. The shape of the disruption and the following re-establishment of its new value were dependent on the intensity, duration, and combination of stressors, as well as on catchment characteristics (bedrock composition, soil amount and composition, vegetation status, and hydrology). We conclude that a new equilibrium may deviate from its natural value due to the (1) legacy of fertilizing, acidic deposition and liming, affecting the soil Ca2+ pools, (2) forest disturbances and management practices, and (3) climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kopáček
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Hejzlar
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Oulehle
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 11821 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Porcal
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Gesa A Weyhenmeyer
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stephen A Norton
- School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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13
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Freeman EC, Creed IF, Jones B, Bergström AK. Global changes may be promoting a rise in select cyanobacteria in nutrient-poor northern lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4966-4987. [PMID: 32445590 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interacting effects of global changes-including increased temperature, altered precipitation, reduced acidification and increased dissolved organic matter loads to lakes-are anticipated to create favourable environmental conditions for cyanobacteria in northern lakes. However, responses of cyanobacteria to these global changes are complex, if not contradictory. We hypothesized that absolute and relative biovolumes of cyanobacteria (both total and specific genera) are increasing in Swedish nutrient-poor lakes and that these increases are associated with global changes. We tested these hypotheses using data from 28 nutrient-poor Swedish lakes over 16 years (1998-2013). Increases in cyanobacteria relative biovolume were identified in 21% of the study sites, primarily in the southeastern region of Sweden, and were composed mostly of increases from three specific genera: Merismopedia, Chroococcus and Dolichospermum. Taxon-specific changes were related to different environmental stressors; that is, increased surface water temperature favoured higher Merismopedia relative biovolume in low pH lakes with high nitrogen to phosphorus ratios, whereas acidification recovery was statistically related to increased relative biovolumes of Chroococcus and Dolichospermum. In addition, enhanced dissolved organic matter loads were identified as potential determinants of Chroococcus suppression and Dolichospermum promotion. Our findings highlight that specific genera of cyanobacteria benefit from different environmental changes. Our ability to predict the risk of cyanobacteria prevalence requires consideration of the environmental condition of a lake and the sensitivities of the cyanobacteria genera within the lake. Regional patterns may emerge due to spatial autocorrelations within and among lake history, rates and direction of environmental change and the niche space occupied by specific cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C Freeman
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Irena F Creed
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Blake Jones
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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14
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Assessment of Water Buffer Capacity of Two Morphometrically Different, Degraded, Urban Lakes. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The research was conducted in Karczemne Lake (area, 40.4 ha; maximum (max.) depth, 3.2 m) and Klasztorne Małe Lake (area, 13.7 ha; max. depth, 20.0 m) located in the Kashubian Lake District (Northern Poland). From the beginning of the 1950s, these reservoirs have received municipal and storm wastewater. The long-term process of lake contamination has shaped the specific buffer capacity conditions and influenced the circulation of carbonate and bicarbonate in the water of these ecosystems. Extremely high concentrations of nutrients (Karczemne Lake: max. total phosphorous (TP) level, 7.5 mg P L−1; max. total nitrogen (TN) level, 5.6 mg N L−1; Klasztorne Małe Lake: max. TP level, 20.6 mg P L−1; max. TN level, 43.3 mg N L−1) have caused very intensive primary production processes (Karczemne Lake: max. chlorophyll-a level, 193.40 µg m−3; max. Secchi disc visibility, 0.85 m; Klasztorne Małe Lake: max. chlorophyll-a level, 160.01 µg m−3; max. Secchi disc visibility, 1.15 m). In the polymictic Karczemne Lake, the pH value of all water columns exceeded 10.0 (max. pH, 10.41), and in the meromictic Klasztorne Małe Lake, the pH of the surface water layers oscillated around 9.5. In the polymictic Karczemne Lake, despite intensive photosynthesis, the calcium content and alkalinity were similar throughout the whole water column due to constant circulation. In the meromictic Klasztorne Małe Lake, during the growing season, a decrease in calcium concentration and alkalinity of the surface water layers and an increase in calcium concentration at the bottom were noted.
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15
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Fried‐Petersen HB, Araya‐Ajoy YG, Futter MN, Angeler DG. Drivers of long-term invertebrate community stability in changing Swedish lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1259-1270. [PMID: 31808987 PMCID: PMC7078863 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on ecosystem stability has had a strong focus on local systems. However, environmental change often occurs slowly at broad spatial scales, which requires regional-level assessments of long-term stability. In this study, we assess the stability of macroinvertebrate communities across 105 lakes in the Swedish "lakescape." Using a hierarchical mixed-model approach, we first evaluate the environmental pressures affecting invertebrate communities in two ecoregions (north, south) using a 23 year time series (1995-2017) and then examine how a set of environmental and physical variables affect the stability of these communities. Results show that lake latitude, size, total phosphorus and alkalinity affect community composition in northern and southern lakes. We find that lake stability is affected by species richness and lake size in both ecoregions and alkalinity and total phosphorus in northern lakes. There is large heterogeneity in the patterns of community stability of individual lakes, but relationships between that stability and environmental drivers begin to emerge when the lakescape, composed of many discrete lakes, is the focal unit of study. The results of this study highlight that broad-scale comparisons in combination with long time series are essential to understand the effects of environmental change on the stability of lake communities in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B. Fried‐Petersen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Yimen G. Araya‐Ajoy
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Martyn N. Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - David G. Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska – LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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16
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Abstract
In many regions, chemical recovery in lakes from acidic deposition has been generally slower than expected due to a variety of factors, including continued soil acidification, climate-induced sulphate (SO4) loading to lakes and increases in organic acidity. In central Ontario, Canada, atmospheric sulphur (S) deposition decreased by approximately two-thirds between 1982 and 2015, with half of this reduction occurring between 2005 and 2015. Chemical recovery in the seven lakes was limited prior to 2005, with only small increases in pH, Gran alkalinity and charge-balance ANC (acid-neutralizing capacity). This was because lake SO4 concentrations closely followed changes in S deposition, and decreases in base cation concentration closely matched declines in SO4. However, decreases in S deposition and lake SO4 were more pronounced post-2005, and much smaller decreases in lake base cation concentrations relative to SO4 resulted in large and rapid increases in pH, alkalinity and ANC. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations in lakes increased over the study period, but had a limited effect on lake recovery. Clear chemical recovery of these lakes only occurred after 2005, coinciding with a period of dramatic declines in S deposition.
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17
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Kritzberg ES, Hasselquist EM, Škerlep M, Löfgren S, Olsson O, Stadmark J, Valinia S, Hansson LA, Laudon H. Browning of freshwaters: Consequences to ecosystem services, underlying drivers, and potential mitigation measures. AMBIO 2020; 49:375-390. [PMID: 31367885 PMCID: PMC6965042 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Browning of surface waters, as a result of increasing dissolved organic carbon and iron concentrations, is a widespread phenomenon with implications to the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. In this article, we provide an overview of the consequences of browning in relation to ecosystem services, outline what the underlying drivers and mechanisms of browning are, and specifically focus on exploring potential mitigation measures to locally counteract browning. These topical concepts are discussed with a focus on Scandinavia, but are of relevance also to other regions. Browning is of environmental concern as it leads to, e.g., increasing costs and risks for drinking water production, and reduced fish production in lakes by limiting light penetration. While climate change, recovery from acidification, and land-use change are all likely factors contributing to the observed browning, managing the land use in the hydrologically connected parts of the landscape may be the most feasible way to counteract browning of natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S. Kritzberg
- Biology Department, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eliza Maher Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Škerlep
- Biology Department, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Olsson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87D, P.O. Box 242 18, 104 51 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Stadmark
- IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet, Box 530 21, 400 14 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Biology Department, Lund University, Ecology Building, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Vione D, Koehler B. Modelled phototransformation kinetics of the antibiotic sulfadiazine in organic matter-rich lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1465-1473. [PMID: 30248868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds are commonly detected in inland waters. Sunlight-induced photochemical reactions contribute to xenobiotic degradation, but the role of different photoreactions on large geographic scales remains poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of photochemical modelling and large-scale field data from 1020 lakes across Sweden to elucidate the photodegradation kinetics of the commonly used antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) in organic matter-rich lakes. SDZ occurs in two forms, namely acidic HSDZ (pKa = 6.5) and basic/deprotonated SDZ-. Both species are oxidised fast by the photogenerated triplet states of natural organic matter (3NOM*). However, they also undergo efficient back reactions because the partially oxidised HSDZ (and SDZ- to a larger extent) can be reduced back to the initial compounds by the phenolic moieties contained in NOM. Typical lakes in Sweden are rich in NOM and have low pH, with the consequence that SDZ photochemistry would be dominated by HSDZ. Our simulation results showed that SDZ photodegradation kinetics in Swedish lakes would become significantly slower with increasing water depth and pH, while it depended little on latitude, which affects irradiance, or on organic matter content. As a consequence, SDZ would be particularly persistent in lakewater in some densely populated areas with relatively deep and high-pH lakes such as, most notably, the Stockholm region. Here the surface waters could be more heavily contaminated by pharmaceuticals compared to the scarcely populated regions in the centre-north of the country, where lakewater could otherwise promote an efficient photodegradation of SDZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; NatRisk Inter-Department Centre, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Birgit Koehler
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Hawkes JA, Radoman N, Bergquist J, Wallin MB, Tranvik LJ, Löfgren S. Regional diversity of complex dissolved organic matter across forested hemiboreal headwater streams. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16060. [PMID: 30375497 PMCID: PMC6207752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils enters the aquatic environment via headwater streams. Thereafter, it is gradually transformed, removed by sedimentation, and mineralised. Due to the proximity to the terrestrial source and short water residence time, the extent of transformation is minimal in headwaters. DOM has variable composition across inland waters, but the amount of variability in the terrestrial end member is unknown. This gap in knowledge is crucial considering the potential impact large variability would have on modelling DOM degradation. Here, we used a novel liquid chromatography –mass spectrometry method to characterise DOM in 74 randomly selected, forested headwater streams in an 87,000 km2 region of southeast Sweden. We found a large degree of sample similarity across this region, with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity values averaging 8.4 ± 3.0% (mean ± SD). The identified variability could be reduced to two principle coordinates, correlating to varying groundwater flow-paths and regional mean temperature. Our results indicate that despite reproducible effects of groundwater geochemistry and climate, the composition of DOM is remarkably similar across catchments already as it leaves the terrestrial environment, rather than becoming homogeneous as different headwaters and sub-catchments mix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Hawkes
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nikola Radoman
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus B Wallin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars J Tranvik
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment; Section for Geochemistry and Hydrology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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von Brömssen C, Fölster J, Futter M, McEwan K. Statistical models for evaluating suspected artefacts in long-term environmental monitoring data. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:558. [PMID: 30159677 PMCID: PMC6133026 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term water quality monitoring is of high value for environmental management as well as for research. Artificial level shifts in time series due to method improvements, flaws in laboratory practices or changes in laboratory are a common limitation for analysis, which, however, are often ignored. Statistical estimation of such artefacts is complicated by the simultaneous existence of trends, seasonal variation and effects of other influencing factors, such as weather conditions. Here, we investigate the performance of generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) to simultaneously identify one or more artefacts associated with artificial level shifts, longitudinal effects related to temporal trends and seasonal variation, as well as to model the serial correlation structure of the data. In the same model, it is possible to estimate separate residual variances for different periods so as to identify if artefacts not only influence the mean level but also the dispersion of a series. Even with an appropriate statistical methodology, it is difficult to quantify artificial level shifts and make appropriate adjustments to the time series. The underlying temporal structure of the series is especially important. As long as there is no prominent underlying trend in the series, the shift estimates are rather stable and show less variation. If an artificial shift occurs during a slower downward or upward tendency, it is difficult to separate these two effects and shift estimates can be both biased and have large variation. In the case of a change in method or laboratory, we show that conducting the analyses with both methods in parallel strongly improves estimates of artefact effects on the time series, even if certain problems remain. Due to the difficulties of estimating artificial level shifts, posterior adjustment is problematic and can lead to time series that no longer can be used for trend analysis or other analysis based on the longitudinal structure of the series. Before carrying out a change in analytic method or laboratory, it should be considered if this is absolutely necessary. If changes cannot be avoided, the analysis of the two methods considered, or the two laboratories contracted, should be run in parallel for a considerable period of time so as to enable a good assessment of changes introduced to the data series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von Brömssen
- Department of Energy and Technology, Division of applied statistics and mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jens Fölster
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Section for Geochemistry and Hydrology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martyn Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Section for Geochemistry and Hydrology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin McEwan
- Department of Energy and Technology, Division of applied statistics and mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Johnson J, Graf Pannatier E, Carnicelli S, Cecchini G, Clarke N, Cools N, Hansen K, Meesenburg H, Nieminen TM, Pihl-Karlsson G, Titeux H, Vanguelova E, Verstraeten A, Vesterdal L, Waldner P, Jonard M. The response of soil solution chemistry in European forests to decreasing acid deposition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3603-3619. [PMID: 29604157 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Acid deposition arising from sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture has contributed to the acidification of terrestrial ecosystems in many regions globally. However, in Europe and North America, S deposition has greatly decreased in recent decades due to emissions controls. In this study, we assessed the response of soil solution chemistry in mineral horizons of European forests to these changes. Trends in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), major ions, total aluminium (Altot ) and dissolved organic carbon were determined for the period 1995-2012. Plots with at least 10 years of observations from the ICP Forests monitoring network were used. Trends were assessed for the upper mineral soil (10-20 cm, 104 plots) and subsoil (40-80 cm, 162 plots). There was a large decrease in the concentration of sulphate (SO42-) in soil solution; over a 10-year period (2000-2010), SO42- decreased by 52% at 10-20 cm and 40% at 40-80 cm. Nitrate was unchanged at 10-20 cm but decreased at 40-80 cm. The decrease in acid anions was accompanied by a large and significant decrease in the concentration of the nutrient base cations: calcium, magnesium and potassium (Bc = Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+ ) and Altot over the entire dataset. The response of soil solution acidity was nonuniform. At 10-20 cm, ANC increased in acid-sensitive soils (base saturation ≤10%) indicating a recovery, but ANC decreased in soils with base saturation >10%. At 40-80 cm, ANC remained unchanged in acid-sensitive soils (base saturation ≤20%, pHCaCl2 ≤ 4.5) and decreased in better-buffered soils (base saturation >20%, pHCaCl2 > 4.5). In addition, the molar ratio of Bc to Altot either did not change or decreased. The results suggest a long-time lag between emission abatement and changes in soil solution acidity and underline the importance of long-term monitoring in evaluating ecosystem response to decreases in deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Johnson
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Guia Cecchini
- Earth Sciences Department, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Nathalie Cools
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Hugues Titeux
- UCL-ELI, Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Elena Vanguelova
- Centre for Ecosystem, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, UK
| | - Arne Verstraeten
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Waldner
- WSL, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Jonard
- UCL-ELI, Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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22
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Siemion J, McHale MR, Lawrence GB, Burns DA, Antidormi M. Long-term Changes in Soil and Stream Chemistry across an Acid Deposition Gradient in the Northeastern United States. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:410-418. [PMID: 29864170 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.08.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Declines in acidic deposition across Europe and North America have led to decreases in surface water acidity and signs of chemical recovery of soils from acidification. To better understand the link between recovery of soils and surface waters, chemical trends in precipitation, soils, and streamwater were investigated in three watersheds representing a depositional gradient from high to low across the northeastern United States. Significant declines in concentrations of H (ranging from -1.2 to -2.74 microequivalents [μeq] L yr), NO (ranging from -0.6 to -0.84 μeq L yr), and SO (ranging from -0.95 to -2.13 μeq L yr) were detected in precipitation in the three watersheds during the period 1999 to 2013. Soil chemistry in the A horizon of the watershed with the greatest decrease in deposition showed significant decreases in exchangeable Al and increases in exchangeable bases. Soil chemistry did not significantly improve during the study in the other watersheds, and base saturation in the Oa and upper B horizons significantly declined in the watershed with the smallest decrease in deposition. Streamwater SO concentrations significantly declined in all three streams (ranging from -2.01 to -2.87 μeq L yr) and acid neutralizing capacity increased (ranging from 1.38 to 1.60 μeq L yr) in the two streams with the greatest decreases in deposition. Recovery of soils has likely been limited by decades of acid deposition that have leached base cations from soils with base-poor parent material.
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23
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Huser BJ, Futter MN, Wang R, Fölster J. Persistent and widespread long-term phosphorus declines in Boreal lakes in Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:240-249. [PMID: 28915460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of long-term (1988-2013; 26years) total phosphorus (TP) concentration trends in 81 Swedish boreal lakes subject to minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Near universal increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and a widespread but hitherto unexplained decline in TP were observed. Over 50% of the lakes (n=42) had significant declining TP trends over the past quarter century (Sen's slope=2.5%y-1). These declines were linked to catchment processes related to changes in climate, recovery from acidification, and catchment soil properties, but were unrelated to trends in P deposition. Increasing DOC concentrations appear to be masking in-lake TP declines. When the effect of increasing DOC was removed, the small number of positive TP trends (N=5) turned negative and the average decline in TP increased to 3.9%y-1. The greatest relative TP declines occurred in already nutrient poor, oligotrophic systems and TP concentrations have reached the analytical detection limit (1μgL-1) in some lakes. In addition, ongoing oligotrophication may be exacerbated by increased reliance on renewable energy from forest biomass and hydropower. It is a cause of significant concern that potential impairments to lake ecosystem functioning associated with oligotrophication are not well handled by a management paradigm focused exclusively on the negative consequences of increasing phosphorus concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Huser
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Martyn N Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jens Fölster
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Sato N, Kamimura R, Kaneta K, Yoshikawa M, Tsuzuki M. Species-specific roles of sulfolipid metabolism in acclimation of photosynthetic microbes to sulfur-starvation stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186154. [PMID: 29023570 PMCID: PMC5638391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms utilize sulfate for the synthesis of sulfur-compounds including proteins and a sulfolipid, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Upon ambient deficiency in sulfate, cells of a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, degrade the chloroplast membrane sulfolipid to ensure an intracellular-sulfur source for necessary protein synthesis. Here, the effects of sulfate-starvation on the sulfolipid stability were investigated in another green alga, Chlorella kessleri, and two cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The results showed that sulfolipid degradation was induced only in C. kessleri, raising the possibility that this degradation ability was obtained not by cyanobacteria, but by eukaryotic algae during the evolution of photosynthetic organisms. Meanwhile, Synechococcus disruptants concerning sqdB and sqdX genes, which are involved in successive reactions in the sulfolipid synthesis pathway, were respectively characterized in cellular response to sulfate-starvation. Phycobilisome degradation intrinsic to Synechococcus, but not to Synechocystis, and cell growth under sulfate-starved conditions were repressed in the sqdB and sqdX disruptants, respectively, relative to in the wild type. Their distinct phenotypes, despite the common loss of the sulfolipid, inferred specific roles of sqdB and sqdX. This study demonstrated that sulfolipid metabolism might have been developed to enable species- or cyanobacterial-strain dependent processes for acclimation to sulfate-starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryohei Kamimura
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kodai Kaneta
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misato Yoshikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Spyra A. Acidic, neutral and alkaline forest ponds as a landscape element affecting the biodiversity of freshwater snails. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:73. [PMID: 28831513 PMCID: PMC5569653 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of areas remaining under the influence of acidity has increased. At all levels of ecosystems, biodiversity decreases with acidification, due to the elimination of species that are most sensitive to low pH. Forest ponds belong to a specific group that varied in location, a huge amount of leaf litter, and isolation from other aquatic environments. They are crucial in the industrial landscape with well-developed industry and human activity. The aim was to investigate the relative importance of water chemistry in explaining snail assemblage compositions and species richness in forest ponds of contrasting pH. Patterns in gastropod communities were determined from an analysis in 26 forest ponds with multivariate gradient analysis. Ponds ranged in a base mean pH from 3.0 to 9.0. pH has been found to be an important factor influencing gastropod fauna. Neutral ponds support diverse communities, typical of small water bodies. In two acidic pond types, snail fauna was different. Among the species characteristic for acidic ponds (pH < 6) were Anisus spirorbis and Aplexa hypnorum. The greatest distinct characterised alkaline ponds with the numerous appearance of alien Physa acuta. The most diverse gastropod fauna was found in neutral ponds, whereas the lowest degree of diversity was found in ponds with the lowest pH. Current knowledge of pH-associated changes in aquatic ecosystems is still incomplete because anthropogenic acidification is a recent phenomenon. It is extremely important in forest habitats, since they react more intensively to climatic factors and are often used in landscape management and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Spyra
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
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Ledesma JLJ, Futter MN, Blackburn M, Lidman F, Grabs T, Sponseller RA, Laudon H, Bishop KH, Köhler SJ. Towards an Improved Conceptualization of Riparian Zones in Boreal Forest Headwaters. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Klamt AM, Jensen HS, Mortensen MF, Schreiber N, Reitzel K. The importance of catchment vegetation for alkalinity, phosphorus burial and macrophytes as revealed by a recent paleolimnological study in a soft water lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1097-1107. [PMID: 27988182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The land use within a catchment may markedly affect the environmental conditions in a lake and the storage capability of its sediments. This study investigated how changes in the dominant catchment vegetation (from local stands of deciduous trees over extensive heathland with some agriculture to mainly coniferous forest) occurring during the last ca. 200years were reflected in the sediments of a soft water lake and how these changes influenced the lake ecosystem. Pollen, macrofossils, metals, different phosphorus (P) forms, organic matter, carbon and nitrogen contents were determined in short sediment cores. This novel combination of proxies revealed that 1) the reduction of deciduous trees in the watershed seemingly reduced the calcium (Ca) supply to the lake and thereby its buffering capacity. This development was accompanied by decreased abundances of Ca-dependent species and subsequent increases in acidophilic species. 2) The sedimentary contents of organic matter, non-reactive P and humic-bound P were evidently higher in sediments deposited during the time when deciduous trees were abundant, which is probably linked to a stabilising effect by Ca. 3) An erosion event clearly reduced the amounts of macrofossils of isoetid species and characeans, indicating a reduction in their maximum distribution depth because of lower water transparency. Overall, the results of our paleolimnological study are of importance within lake management by convincingly showing how land use changes may (irreversibly) affect environmental conditions and species composition in soft water lakes and the storage of organic matter and P in their sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marie Klamt
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Henning S Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Morten F Mortensen
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, The National Museum of Denmark, I. C. Modewegs Vej, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Norman Schreiber
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Reitzel
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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28
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Evans CD, Malcolm IA, Shilland EM, Rose NL, Turner SD, Crilly A, Norris D, Granath G, Monteith DT. Sustained Biogeochemical Impacts of Wildfire in a Mountain Lake Catchment. Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Ledesma JLJ, Futter MN, Laudon H, Evans CD, Köhler SJ. Boreal forest riparian zones regulate stream sulfate and dissolved organic carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:110-122. [PMID: 27096491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In boreal forest catchments, solute transfer to streams is controlled by hydrological and biogeochemical processes occurring in the riparian zone (RZ). However, RZs are spatially heterogeneous and information about solute chemistry is typically limited. This is problematic when making inferences about stream chemistry. Hypothetically, the strength of links between riparian and stream chemistry is time-scale dependent. Using a ten-year (2003-2012) dataset from a northern Swedish catchment, we evaluated the suitability of RZ data to infer stream dynamics at different time scales. We focus on the role of the RZ versus upslope soils in controlling sulfate (SO4(2)(-)) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). A priori, declines in acid deposition and redox-mediated SO4(2)(-) pulses control sulfur (S) fluxes and pool dynamics, which in turn affect dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We found that the catchment is currently a net source of S, presumably due to release of the S pool accumulated during the acidification period. In both, RZ and stream, SO4(2-) concentrations are declining over time, whereas DOC is increasing. No temporal trends in SO4(2-) and DOC were observed in upslope mineral soils. SO4(2-) explained the variation of DOC in stream and RZ, but not in upslope mineral soil. Moreover, as SO4(2-) decreased with time, temporal variability of DOC increased. These observations indicate that: (1) SO4(2-) is still an important driver of DOC trends in boreal catchments and (2) RZ processes control stream SO4(2-) and subsequently DOC independently of upslope soils. These phenomena are likely occurring in many regions recovering from acidification. Because water flows through a heterogeneous mosaic of RZs before entering the stream, upscaling information from limited RZ data to the catchment level is problematic at short-time scales. However, for long-term trends and annual dynamics, the same data can provide reasonable representations of riparian processes and support meaningful inferences about stream chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L J Ledesma
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SE, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Martyn N Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SE, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, SE, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Christopher D Evans
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SE, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephan J Köhler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SE, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Schröder W, Nickel S, Schönrock S, Meyer M, Wosniok W, Harmens H, Frontasyeva MV, Alber R, Aleksiayenak J, Barandovski L, Carballeira A, Danielsson H, de Temmermann L, Godzik B, Jeran Z, Karlsson GP, Lazo P, Leblond S, Lindroos AJ, Liiv S, Magnússon SH, Mankovska B, Martínez-Abaigar J, Piispanen J, Poikolainen J, Popescu IV, Qarri F, Santamaria JM, Skudnik M, Špirić Z, Stafilov T, Steinnes E, Stihi C, Thöni L, Uggerud HT, Zechmeister HG. Spatially valid data of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and nitrogen derived by moss surveys for pollution risk assessments of ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10457-10476. [PMID: 27068915 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For analysing element input into ecosystems and associated risks due to atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in moss provide complementary and time-integrated data at high spatial resolution every 5 years since 1990. The paper reviews (1) minimum sample sizes needed for reliable, statistical estimation of mean values at four different spatial scales (European and national level as well as landscape-specific level covering Europe and single countries); (2) trends of heavy metal (HM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in moss in Europe (1990-2010); (3) correlations between concentrations of HM in moss and soil specimens collected across Norway (1990-2010); and (4) canopy drip-induced site-specific variation of N concentration in moss sampled in seven European countries (1990-2013). While the minimum sample sizes on the European and national level were achieved without exception, for some ecological land classes and elements, the coverage with sampling sites should be improved. The decline in emission and subsequent atmospheric deposition of HM across Europe has resulted in decreasing HM concentrations in moss between 1990 and 2010. In contrast, hardly any changes were observed for N in moss between 2005, when N was included into the survey for the first time, and 2010. In Norway, both, the moss and the soil survey data sets, were correlated, indicating a decrease of HM concentrations in moss and soil. At the site level, the average N deposition inside of forests was almost three times higher than the average N deposition outside of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Nickel
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Simon Schönrock
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Michaela Meyer
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Werner Wosniok
- Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Harry Harmens
- ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Swansea, UK
| | - Marina V Frontasyeva
- Moss Survey Coordination Centre, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Lambe Barandovski
- Institute of physics, Faculty of Natural sciences and mathematics, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | | | - Helena Danielsson
- Air Pollution & Abatement Strategies, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Barbara Godzik
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Gunilla Pihl Karlsson
- Air Pollution & Abatement Strategies, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Siiri Liiv
- Tallinn Botanic Garden, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Blanka Mankovska
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Jarmo Poikolainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland|, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ion V Popescu
- Valahia University of Targoviste, Targoviste, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Zdravko Špirić
- OIKON Ltd.-Institute for Applied Ecology, Zagrebs, Croatia
| | | | - Eiliv Steinnes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Lotti Thöni
- FUB-Research Group for Environmental Monitoring, Rapperswil, Switzerland
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31
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Futter MN, Högbom L, Valinia S, Sponseller RA, Laudon H. Conceptualizing and communicating management effects on forest water quality. AMBIO 2016; 45 Suppl 2:188-202. [PMID: 26744053 PMCID: PMC4705064 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a framework for evaluating and communicating effects of human activity on water quality in managed forests. The framework is based on the following processes: atmospheric deposition, weathering, accumulation, recirculation and flux. Impairments to water quality are characterized in terms of their extent, longevity and frequency. Impacts are communicated using a "traffic lights" metaphor for characterizing severity of water quality impairments arising from forestry and other anthropogenic pressures. The most serious impairments to water quality in managed boreal forests include (i) forestry activities causing excessive sediment mobilization and extirpation of aquatic species and (ii) other anthropogenic pressures caused by long-range transport of mercury and acidifying pollutants. The framework and tool presented here can help evaluate, summarize and communicate the most important issues in circumstances where land management and other anthropogenic pressures combine to impair water quality and may also assist in implementing the "polluter pays" principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn N Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Högbom
- Skogforsk, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Salar Valinia
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ryan A Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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32
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Valinia S, Futter MN, Cosby BJ, Rosén P, Fölster J. Simple models to estimate historical and recent changes of total organic carbon concentrations in lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:386-94. [PMID: 25485992 DOI: 10.1021/es503170r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying human impacts on the natural environment requires credible reconstructions of reference conditions. Anthropogenic acidification of surface waters is strongly influenced by total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations. Because both the degree of acidification and recovery are dependent on historical TOC concentrations, simple models to estimate changes in surface water TOC between reference conditions (1860) and the present day (2012) are needed. We used visible near infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) of lake sediments to reconstruct reference condition TOC and long-term monitoring data to predict recent changes. Two empirical models were developed to predict: (i) historical TOC trends between reference conditions (1860) and peak acidification (1980) and (ii) trends in TOC between 1988 and 2012. The models were statistically robust with adj. R(2) of (i) 0.85 and (ii) 0.71, respectively. Models were driven by lake and catchment area, wetlands, historical sulfur deposition and water chemistry. Present day TOC concentrations are similar to VNIRS-reconstructed and modeled reference condition TOC in Swedish lakes. The results are valuable for understanding drivers of TOC changes in lakes and for more credible assessments of reference conditions needed for water management in Europe and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Valinia
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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Fölster J, Johnson RK, Futter MN, Wilander A. The Swedish monitoring of surface waters: 50 years of adaptive monitoring. AMBIO 2014; 43 Suppl 1:3-18. [PMID: 25403966 PMCID: PMC4235935 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, scientific insights from surface water monitoring have supported Swedish evidence-based environmental management. Efforts to understand and control eutrophication in the 1960s led to construction of wastewater treatment plants with phosphorus retention, while acid rain research in the 1970s contributed to international legislation curbing emissions. By the 1990s, long-time series were being used to infer climate effects on surface water chemistry and biology. Monitoring data play a key role in implementing the EU Water Framework Directive and other legislation and have been used to show beneficial effects of agricultural management on Baltic Sea eutrophication. The Swedish experience demonstrates that well-designed and financially supported surface water monitoring can be used to understand and manage a range of stressors and societal concerns. Using scientifically sound adaptive monitoring principles to balance continuity and change has ensured long-time series and the capability to address new questions over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Fölster
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard K. Johnson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martyn N. Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Wilander
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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