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Hosseini SM, Borys B, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neural stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury repair: an update on recent preclinical and clinical advances. Brain 2024; 147:766-793. [PMID: 37975820 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of lifelong disabilities. Permanent sensory, motor and autonomic impairments after SCI are substantially attributed to degeneration of spinal cord neurons and axons, and disintegration of neural network. To date, minimal regenerative treatments are available for SCI with an unmet need for new therapies to reconstruct the damaged spinal cord neuron-glia network and restore connectivity with the supraspinal pathways. Multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) have a unique capacity to generate neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Due to this capacity, NPCs have been an attractive cell source for cellular therapies for SCI. Transplantation of NPCs has been extensively tested in preclinical models of SCI in the past two decades. These studies have identified opportunities and challenges associated with NPC therapies. While NPCs have the potential to promote neuroregeneration through various mechanisms, their low long-term survival and integration within the host injured spinal cord limit the functional benefits of NPC-based therapies for SCI. To address this challenge, combinatorial strategies have been developed to optimize the outcomes of NPC therapies by enriching SCI microenvironment through biomaterials, genetic and pharmacological therapies. In this review, we will provide an in-depth discussion on recent advances in preclinical NPC-based therapies for SCI. We will discuss modes of actions and mechanism by which engrafted NPCs contribute to the repair process and functional recovery. We will also provide an update on current clinical trials and new technologies that have facilitated preparation of medical-grade human NPCs suitable for transplantation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ben Borys
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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2
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Chambel SS, Cruz CD. Axonal growth inhibitors and their receptors in spinal cord injury: from biology to clinical translation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2573-2581. [PMID: 37449592 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. Among these inhibitory molecules, myelin-associated inhibitors, including neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A are of particular importance. Due to their inhibitory nature, they represent exciting molecular targets to study axonal inhibition and regeneration after central injuries. These molecules are mainly produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes within the scar and in its immediate vicinity. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, localized in the membranes of neurons. Receptors for these inhibitory cues include Nogo receptor 1, leucine-rich repeat, and Ig domain containing 1 and p75 neurotrophin receptor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 (that form a receptor complex that binds all myelin-associated inhibitors), and also paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A bind to Nogo receptor 1, Nogo receptor 3, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and leucocyte common antigen related phosphatase, and neogenin, respectively. Once activated, these receptors initiate downstream signaling pathways, the most common amongst them being the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These signaling cascades result in actin depolymerization, neurite outgrowth inhibition, and failure to regenerate after spinal cord injury. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to overcome spinal cord injuries other than physical rehabilitation and management of the array of symptoms brought on by spinal cord injuries. However, several novel therapies aiming to modulate these inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. Investigation has also been demonstrating that combinatorial therapies of growth inhibitors with other therapies, such as growth factors or stem-cell therapies, produce stronger results and their potential application in the clinics opens new venues in spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Sousa Chambel
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto; Translational NeuroUrology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Duarte Cruz
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto; Translational NeuroUrology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Michel-Flutot P, Lane MA, Lepore AC, Vinit S. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Respiratory Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: From Preclinical Development to Clinical Translation. Cells 2023; 12:1519. [PMID: 37296640 PMCID: PMC10252981 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent functional deficits, including respiratory dysfunction. Patients living with such conditions often rely on ventilatory assistance to survive, and even those that can be weaned continue to suffer life-threatening impairments. There is currently no treatment for SCI that is capable of providing complete recovery of diaphragm activity and respiratory function. The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, and its activity is controlled by phrenic motoneurons (phMNs) located in the cervical (C3-C5) spinal cord. Preserving and/or restoring phMN activity following a high SCI is essential for achieving voluntary control of breathing. In this review, we will highlight (1) the current knowledge of inflammatory and spontaneous pro-regenerative processes occurring after SCI, (2) key therapeutics developed to date, and (3) how these can be harnessed to drive respiratory recovery following SCIs. These therapeutic approaches are typically first developed and tested in relevant preclinical models, with some of them having been translated into clinical studies. A better understanding of inflammatory and pro-regenerative processes, as well as how they can be therapeutically manipulated, will be the key to achieving optimal functional recovery following SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Michel-Flutot
- END-ICAP, UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France;
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Michael A. Lane
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA;
| | - Angelo C. Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Stéphane Vinit
- END-ICAP, UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France;
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4
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Pan W, Huang X, Yu Z, Ding Q, Xia L, Hua J, Gu B, Xiong Q, Yu H, Wang J, Xu Z, Zeng L, Bai G, Liu H. Netrin-3 Suppresses Diabetic Neuropathic Pain by Gating the Intra-epidermal Sprouting of Sensory Axons. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:745-758. [PMID: 36587114 PMCID: PMC10169969 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is the most common disabling complication of diabetes. Emerging evidence has linked the pathogenesis of DNP to the aberrant sprouting of sensory axons into the epidermal area; however, the underlying molecular events remain poorly understood. Here we found that an axon guidance molecule, Netrin-3 (Ntn-3), was expressed in the sensory neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), and downregulation of Ntn-3 expression was highly correlated with the severity of DNP in a diabetic mouse model. Genetic ablation of Ntn-3 increased the intra-epidermal sprouting of sensory axons and worsened the DNP in diabetic mice. In contrast, the elevation of Ntn-3 levels in DRGs significantly inhibited the intra-epidermal axon sprouting and alleviated DNP in diabetic mice. In conclusion, our studies identified Ntn-3 as an important regulator of DNP pathogenesis by gating the aberrant sprouting of sensory axons, indicating that Ntn-3 is a potential druggable target for DNP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueyin Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zikai Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiongqiong Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Liping Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurobiology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bokai Gu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qisong Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hualin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Zhenzhong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurobiology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognition, Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Huaqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognition, Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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5
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Hermans L, Kaynak M, Braun J, Ríos VL, Chen CL, Friedberg A, Günel S, Aymanns F, Sakar MS, Ramdya P. Microengineered devices enable long-term imaging of the ventral nerve cord in behaving adult Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5006. [PMID: 36008386 PMCID: PMC9411199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics and connectivity of neural circuits continuously change on timescales ranging from milliseconds to an animal's lifetime. Therefore, to understand biological networks, minimally invasive methods are required to repeatedly record them in behaving animals. Here we describe a suite of devices that enable long-term optical recordings of the adult Drosophila melanogaster ventral nerve cord (VNC). These consist of transparent, numbered windows to replace thoracic exoskeleton, compliant implants to displace internal organs, a precision arm to assist implantation, and a hinged stage to repeatedly tether flies. To validate and illustrate our toolkit we (i) show minimal impact on animal behavior and survival, (ii) follow the degradation of chordotonal organ mechanosensory nerve terminals over weeks after leg amputation, and (iii) uncover waves of neural activity caffeine ingestion. Thus, our long-term imaging toolkit opens up the investigation of premotor and motor circuit adaptations in response to injury, drug ingestion, aging, learning, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hermans
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Microbiorobotic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murat Kaynak
- Microbiorobotic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Braun
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Lobato Ríos
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chin-Lin Chen
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam Friedberg
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Semih Günel
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Computer Vision Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Aymanns
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mahmut Selman Sakar
- Microbiorobotic Systems Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pavan Ramdya
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Development of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury Is Accompanied by Time-Dependent Changes in Lumbosacral Expression of Axonal Growth Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158667. [PMID: 35955811 PMCID: PMC9368817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in urinary dysfunction, which majorly affects the quality of life of SCI patients. Abnormal sprouting of lumbosacral bladder afferents plays a crucial role in this condition. Underlying mechanisms may include changes in expression of regulators of axonal growth, including chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and repulsive guidance molecules, known to be upregulated at the injury site post SCI. Here, we confirmed lumbosacral upregulation of the growth-associated protein GAP43 in SCI animals with bladder dysfunction, indicating the occurrence of axonal sprouting. Neurocan and Phosphacan (CSPGs), as well as Nogo-A (MAI), at the same spinal segments were upregulated 7 days post injury (dpi) but returned to baseline values 28 dpi. In turn, qPCR analysis of the mRNA levels for receptors of those repulsive molecules in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons showed a time-dependent decrease in receptor expression. In vitro assays with DRG neurons from SCI rats demonstrated that exposure to high levels of NGF downregulated the expression of some, but not all, receptors for those regulators of axonal growth. The present results, therefore, show significant molecular changes at the lumbosacral cord and DRGs after thoracic lesion, likely critically involved in neuroplastic events leading to urinary impairment.
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7
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Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112529. [PMID: 34906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) devastate event that is commonly caused by traumatic or non-traumatic events. The reinnervation of spinal cord axons is hampered through a myriad of devices counting on the damaged myelin, inflammation, glial scar, and defective inhibitory molecules. Unfortunately, an effective treatment to completely repair SCI and improve functional recovery has not been found. In this regard, strategies such as using cells, biomaterials, biomolecules, and drugs have been reported to be effective for SCI recovery. Furthermore, recent advances in combinatorial treatments, which address various aspects of SCI pathophysiology, provide optimistic outcomes for spinal cord regeneration. According to the global importance of SCI, the goal of this article review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SCI, with an emphasis on the latest modes of intervention and current advanced approaches for the treatment of SCI, in conjunction with an assessment of combinatorial approaches in preclinical and clinical trials. So, this article can give scientists and clinicians' clues to help them better understand how to construct preclinical and clinical studies that could lead to a breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration.
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8
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González P, González-Fernández C, Javier Rodríguez F. Effects of Wnt5a overexpression in spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5150-5163. [PMID: 33939286 PMCID: PMC8178287 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accordingly to its known function in corticospinal tract (CST) developmental growth, previous reports have shown an inhibitory role of Wnt5a in CST regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). Interestingly, it has been subsequently demonstrated that Wnt5a also modulates the developmental growth of non‐CST axons and that different Wnt5a receptors are expressed in neurons, oligodendrocytes, NG2+ glial precursors and reactive microglia/macrophages and astrocytes after SCI. However, the role of Wnt5a in the response of these cell types, in the regeneration of non‐CST axons and in functional recovery after SCI is currently unknown. To evaluate this, rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion and injected with a lentiviral vector generated to overexpress Wnt5a. Histological analyses were performed in spinal cord sections processed for the visualization of myelin, oligodendrocytes, neurons, microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, NG2+ glial precursors and serotonergic axons. Motor and bladder function recovery were also assessed. Further advancing our knowledge on the role of Wnt5a in SCI, we found that, besides its previously reported functions, Wnt5a overexpression elicits a reduction on neuronal cell density, the accumulation of NG2+ glial precursors and the descending serotonergic innervation in the affected areas, along with impairment of motor and bladder function recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
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9
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González P, González-Fernández C, Campos-Martín Y, Mollejo M, Carballosa-Gautam M, Marcillo A, Norenberg M, Rodríguez FJ. Frizzled 1 and Wnt1 as new potential therapeutic targets in the traumatically injured spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4631-4662. [PMID: 31900623 PMCID: PMC11104978 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the experimental evidence pointing to a significant role of the Wnt family of proteins in physiological and pathological rodent spinal cord functioning, its potential relevance in the healthy and traumatically injured human spinal cord as well as its therapeutic potential in spinal cord injury (SCI) are still poorly understood. To get further insight into these interesting issues, we first demonstrated by quantitative Real-Time PCR and simple immunohistochemistry that detectable mRNA expression of most Wnt components, as well as protein expression of all known Wnt receptors, can be found in the healthy human spinal cord, supporting its potential involvement in human spinal cord physiology. Moreover, evaluation of Frizzled (Fz) 1 expression by double immunohistochemistry showed that its spatio-temporal and cellular expression pattern in the traumatically injured human spinal cord is equivalent to that observed in a clinically relevant model of rat SCI and suggests its potential involvement in SCI progression/outcome. Accordingly, we found that long-term lentiviral-mediated overexpression of the Fz1 ligand Wnt1 after rat SCI improves motor functional recovery, increases myelin preservation and neuronal survival, and reduces early astroglial reactivity and NG2+ cell accumulation, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Wnt1 in this neuropathological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau González
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.
| | | | | | - Manuela Mollejo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Virgen de La Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Alexander Marcillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Michael Norenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, USA
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10
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Ding SQ, Chen YQ, Chen J, Wang SN, Duan FX, Shi YJ, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats. Genomics 2020; 112:5086-5100. [PMID: 32919018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a series of pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although, locally expressed miRNAs have advantages in studying the pathological mechanism, they cannot be used as biomarkers. The "free circulation" miRNAs can be used as biomarkers, but they have low concentration and poor stability in body fluids. Exosomal miRNAs in body fluids have many advantages comparing with free miRNAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that the specific miRNAs in the central nervous system might be transported to the peripheral circulation and concentrated in exosomes after injury. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and subactue SCI rats were analyzed. The results showed that SCI can lead to changes of serum exosomal miRNAs. These changed miRNAs and their associated signaling pathways may explain the pathological mechanism of suacute SCI. More importantly, we found some valuable serum exosomal miRNAs for diagnosis and prognosis of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Fei-Xiang Duan
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China.
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11
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Fischer I, Dulin JN, Lane MA. Transplanting neural progenitor cells to restore connectivity after spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:366-383. [PMID: 32518349 PMCID: PMC8384139 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury remains a scientific and therapeutic challenge with great cost to individuals and society. The goal of research in this field is to find a means of restoring lost function. Recently we have seen considerable progress in understanding the injury process and the capacity of CNS neurons to regenerate, as well as innovations in stem cell biology. This presents an opportunity to develop effective transplantation strategies to provide new neural cells to promote the formation of new neuronal networks and functional connectivity. Past and ongoing clinical studies have demonstrated the safety of cell therapy, and preclinical research has used models of spinal cord injury to better elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which donor cells interact with the host and thus increase long-term efficacy. While a variety of cell therapies have been explored, we focus here on the use of neural progenitor cells obtained or derived from different sources to promote connectivity in sensory, motor and autonomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Fischer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Yin Y, De Lima S, Gilbert HY, Hanovice NJ, Peterson SL, Sand RM, Sergeeva EG, Wong KA, Xie L, Benowitz LI. Optic nerve regeneration: A long view. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 37:525-544. [PMID: 31609715 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The optic nerve conveys information about the outside world from the retina to multiple subcortical relay centers. Until recently, the optic nerve was widely believed to be incapable of re-growing if injured, with dire consequences for victims of traumatic, ischemic, or neurodegenerative diseases of this pathway. Over the past 10-20 years, research from our lab and others has made considerable progress in defining factors that normally suppress axon regeneration and the ability of retinal ganglion cells, the projection neurons of the retina, to survive after nerve injury. Here we describe research from our lab on the role of inflammation-derived growth factors, suppression of inter-cellular signals among diverse retinal cell types, and combinatorial therapies, along with related studies from other labs, that enable animals with optic nerve injury to regenerate damaged retinal axons back to the brain. These studies raise the possibility that vision might one day be restored to people with optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yin
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silmara De Lima
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui-Ya Gilbert
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hanovice
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheri L Peterson
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rheanna M Sand
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Wong
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Xie
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Abstract
The spinal cord receives, relays and processes sensory information from the periphery and integrates this information with descending inputs from supraspinal centres to elicit precise and appropriate behavioural responses and orchestrate body movements. Understanding how the spinal cord circuits that achieve this integration are wired during development is the focus of much research interest. Several families of proteins have well-established roles in guiding developing spinal cord axons, and recent findings have identified new axon guidance molecules. Nevertheless, an integrated view of spinal cord network development is lacking, and many current models have neglected the cellular and functional diversity of spinal cord circuits. Recent advances challenge the existing spinal cord axon guidance dogmas and have provided a more complex, but more faithful, picture of the ontogenesis of vertebrate spinal cord circuits.
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14
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Spatio-temporal and Cellular Expression Patterns of PTK7 in the Healthy and Traumatically Injured Rat and Human Spinal Cord. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1087-1103. [PMID: 31974907 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the emerging role of protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) as a Wnt co-receptor and the relevant functions of the Wnt family of proteins in spinal cord injury (SCI), the potential involvement of PTK7 in SCI is currently unknown. As a first essential step to shed light on this issue, we evaluated the spatio-temporal and cellular expression patterns of PTK7 in healthy and traumatically injured rat and human spinal cords. In the uninjured rats, PTK7 expression was observed in the ependymal epithelium, endothelial cells, meningeal fibronectin-expressing cells, and specific axonal tracts, but not in microglia, astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, or NG2+ cells. After rat SCI, the mRNA expression of PTK7 was significantly increased, while its spatio-temporal and cellular protein expression patterns also suffered evident changes in the injured region. Briefly, the expression of PTK7 in the affected areas was observed in axons, reactive astrocytes, NG2+ and fibronectin-expressing cells, and in a subpopulation of reactive microglia/macrophages and blood vessels. Finally, in both healthy and traumatically injured human spinal cords, PTK7 expression pattern was similar to that observed in the rat, although some specific differences were found. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that PTK7 is constitutively expressed in the healthy adult rat and human spinal cord and that its expression pattern clearly varied after rat and human SCI which, to our knowledge, constitutes the first experimental evidence pointing to the potential involvement of this co-receptor in physiological and pathological spinal cord functioning.
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15
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Reorganization of the Primate Dorsal Horn in Response to a Deafferentation Lesion Affecting Hand Function. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1625-1639. [PMID: 31959698 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2330-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of sensory input following a spinal deafferentation injury can be debilitating, and this is especially true in primates when the hand is involved. Although significant recovery of function occurs, little is currently understood about the reorganization of the neuronal circuitry, particularly within the dorsal horn. This region receives primary afferent input from the periphery, and cortical input via the somatosensory subcomponent of the corticospinal tract (S1 CST), and is critically important in modulating sensory transmission, both in normal and lesioned states. To determine how dorsal horn circuitry alters to facilitate recovery post-injury, we used an established deafferentation lesion model (dorsal root/dorsal column) in male monkeys to remove sensory input from just the opposing digits (digits 1-3) of one hand. This results in a deficit in fine dexterity that recovers over several months. Electrophysiological mapping, tract tracing, and immunolabeling techniques were combined to delineate specific changes to dorsal horn input circuitry. Our main findings show that (1) there is complementary sprouting of the primary afferent and S1 CST populations into an overlapping region of the reorganizing dorsal horn; (2) S1 CST and primary afferent inputs connect in different ways within this region to facilitate sensory integration; and (3) there is a loss of larger S1 CST terminal boutons in the affected dorsal horn, but no change in the size profile of the spared/sprouted primary afferent terminal boutons post-lesion. Understanding such changes helps to inform new and targeted therapies that best promote recovery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal injuries that remove sensation from the hand, can be debilitating, though functional recovery does occur. We examined changes to the neuronal circuitry of the dorsal horn in monkeys following a lesion that deafferented three digits of one hand. Little is understood about dorsal horn circuitry, despite the fact that this region loses most of its normal input after such an injury, and is clearly a major focus of reorganization. We found that both the spared primary afferents and somatosensory corticospinal efferents sprouted in an overlapping region of the dorsal horn after injury, and that larger (presumably faster) corticospinal terminals are lost, suggesting a significantly altered cortical modulation of primary afferents. Understanding this changing circuitry is important for designing targeted therapies.
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16
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Ding SQ, Chen YQ, Chen J, Wang SN, Duan FX, Shi YJ, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats. Genomics 2019; 112:2092-2105. [PMID: 31830526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a series of pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although, locally expressed miRNAs have advantages in studying the pathological mechanism, they cannot be used as biomarkers. The "free circulation" miRNAs can be used as biomarkers, but they have low concentration and poor stability in body fluids. Exosomal miRNAs in body fluids have many advantages comparing with free miRNAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that the specific miRNAs in the central nervous system might be transported to the peripheral circulation and concentrated in exosomes after injury. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and subactue SCI rats were analyzed. The results showed that SCI can lead to changes of serum exosomal miRNAs. These changed miRNAs and their associated signaling pathways may explain the pathological mechanism of suacute SCI. More importantly, we found some valuable serum exosomal miRNAs for diagnosis and prognosis of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Fei-Xiang Duan
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China.
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17
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Ding SQ, Chen J, Wang SN, Duan FX, Chen YQ, Shi YJ, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Identification of serum exosomal microRNAs in acute spinal cord injured rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1149-1161. [PMID: 31450959 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219872759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to find specific and easily detectable diagnostic markers in acute stage of spinal cord injury for guiding treatment and estimating prognosis. Although, microRNAs are attractive biomarkers, there is still no uniform standard for clinical evaluation of spinal cord injury based on “free circulation” miRNA spectrum. The reason may be that miRNA analysis from biological fluids is influenced by many pre-analysis variables. Exosome miRNAs are widely distributed in body fluids and have many advantages comparing with free miRNAs. The specific miRNAs in the central nervous system can be transported to the peripheral circulation and concentrated in exosomes. Therefore, we hypothesized that there might be some physiological changes associated with spinal cord injury in serum exosomal miRNAs. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and acute spinal cord injury rats were analyzed, and integrative bioinformatics were used to analyze the function and regulation of putative target genes. The results showed that acute spinal cord injury can lead to changes in miRNA expression in the circulating exosomes. The changed miRNAs and their associated pathways may explain the pathology of acute spinal cord injury. More importantly, we determined serum exosomal miR-125b-5p, miR-152-3p, and miR-130a-3p are specific and easily detectable diagnostic markers in acute spinal cord injury. More interestingly, we also found some valuable known and novel miRNAs. Further bioinformatics analysis and functional research will be of great help to make clear their role in the pathological process of spinal cord injury and judging whether they can be used as diagnostic markers. Impact statement This research hypothesized that there might be some physiological changes associated with SCI in serum exosomal miRNAs. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and acute SCI rats were analyzed, and integrative bioinformatics were used to analyze the function and regulation of putative target genes. The results showed that acute SCI can lead to changes in miRNA expression in the circulating exosomes. The changed miRNAs and their associated pathways may explain the pathology of acute SCI. More importantly, we determined serum exosomal miR-125b-5p, miR-152-3p, and miR-130a-3p are specific and easily detectable diagnostic markers in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Xiang Duan
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
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18
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Coelho DS, Moreno E. Emerging links between cell competition and Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/13/jcs231258. [PMID: 31263078 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions, which inexorably debilitates patients. There is still no cure for AD and effective treatments to delay or revert AD are urgently needed. On a molecular level, the excessive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides triggers a complex cascade of pathological events underlying neuronal death, whose details are not yet completely understood. Our laboratory recently discovered that cell competition may play a protective role against AD by eliminating less fit neurons from the brain of Aβ-transgenic flies. Loss of Aβ-damaged neurons through fitness comparison with healthy counterparts is beneficial for the organism, delaying cognitive decline and motor disability. In this Review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms of cell competition, including seminal works on the field and latest advances regarding genetic triggers and effectors of cell elimination. We then describe the biological relevance of competition in the nervous system and discuss how competitive interactions between neurons may arise and be exacerbated in the context of AD. Selection of neurons through fitness comparison is a promising, but still emerging, research field that may open new avenues for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Coelho
- Cell Fitness Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília., 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Cell Fitness Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília., 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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19
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Jiang L, Li H, Fan Z, Zhao R, Xia Z. Circular RNA expression profiles in neonatal rats following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1699-1708. [PMID: 30816430 PMCID: PMC6414165 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been studied in a number of diseases. However, the roles of circRNAs in hypoxic‑ischemic brain damage (HIBD) remains unknown. In the present study, high throughput sequencing was used to profile altered circRNAs in HIBD rats. A total of 66 circRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed (fold‑change >2 and P‑value <0.05) in HIBD rats compared with the control group, including 20 upregulated and 46 downregulated circRNAs. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that numerous mRNAs transcribed from the host genes of altered circRNAs were involved in brain damage and neural regeneration. The interaction of circRNA/microRNA was predicted based on TargetScan and miRanda. The results of this study demonstrated an altered circRNA expression pattern in HIBD rats and suggests important roles in HIBD physiological and pathological processes. These findings suggest a novel focus for future studies investigating the molecular mechanism underlying HIBD and possibilities for the treatment of HIBD through modulating circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, P.R. China
| | - Zhongmin Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, The BenQ Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, P.R. China
| | - Ruibin Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengkun Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P.R. China
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20
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Yokota K, Kubota K, Kobayakawa K, Saito T, Hara M, Kijima K, Maeda T, Katoh H, Ohkawa Y, Nakashima Y, Okada S. Pathological changes of distal motor neurons after complete spinal cord injury. Mol Brain 2019; 12:4. [PMID: 30626449 PMCID: PMC6327522 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes serious disruption of neuronal circuits that leads to motor functional deficits. Regeneration of disrupted circuits back to their original target is necessary for the restoration of function after SCI, but the pathophysiological condition of the caudal spinal cord has not been sufficiently studied. Here we investigated the histological and biological changes in the distal part of the injured spinal cord, using a mice model of complete thoracic SCI in the chronic stage (3 months after injury). Atrophic changes were widely observed in the injured spinal cord both rostral and caudal to the lesion, but the decrease in area was mainly in the white matter in the rostral spinal cord while both the white and gray matter decreased in the caudal spinal cord. The number of the motor neurons was maintained in the chronic phase of injury, but the number of presynaptic boutons decreased in the lumbar motor neurons caudal to the lesion. Using laser microdissection, to investigate gene expressions in motor neurons caudal to the lesion, we observed a decrease in the expressions of neuronal activity markers. However, we found that the synaptogenic potential of postsynapse molecules was maintained in the motor neurons after SCI with the expression of acetylcholine-related molecules actually higher after SCI. Collectively, our results show that the potential of synaptogenesis is maintained in the motor neurons caudal to the lesion, even though presynaptic input is decreased. Although researches into SCI concentrate their effort on the lesion epicenter, our findings suggest that the area caudal to the lesion could be an original therapeutic target for the chronically injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yokota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spinal Injuries Center, 550-4 Igisu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8508, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kubota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spinal Injuries Center, 550-4 Igisu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8508, Japan
| | - Kazu Kobayakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken Kijima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spinal Injuries Center, 550-4 Igisu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Transcriptomics, JST-CREST, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Department of Immunology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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21
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Finney AC, Orr AW. Guidance Molecules in Vascular Smooth Muscle. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1311. [PMID: 30283356 PMCID: PMC6157320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several highly conserved families of guidance molecules, including ephrins, Semaphorins, Netrins, and Slits, play conserved and distinct roles in tissue remodeling during tissue patterning and disease pathogenesis. Primarily, these guidance molecules function as either secreted or surface-bound ligands that interact with their receptors to activate a variety of downstream effects, including cell contractility, migration, adhesion, proliferation, and inflammation. Vascular smooth muscle cells, contractile cells comprising the medial layer of the vessel wall and deriving from the mural population, regulate vascular tone and blood pressure. While capillaries lack a medial layer of vascular smooth muscle, mural-derived pericytes contribute similarly to capillary tone to regulate blood flow in various tissues. Furthermore, pericyte coverage is critical in vascular development, as perturbations disrupt vascular permeability and viability. During cardiovascular disease, smooth muscle cells play a more dynamic role in which suppression of contractile markers, enhanced proliferation, and migration lead to the progression of aberrant vascular remodeling. Since many types of guidance molecules are expressed in vascular smooth muscle and pericytes, these may contribute to blood vessel formation and aberrant remodeling during vascular disease. While vascular development is a large focus of the existing literature, studies emerged to address post-developmental roles for guidance molecules in pathology and are of interest as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss the roles of guidance molecules in vascular smooth muscle and pericyte function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Christine Finney
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Anthony Wayne Orr
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Translational Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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22
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Nieuwenhuis B, Haenzi B, Andrews MR, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW. Integrins promote axonal regeneration after injury of the nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1339-1362. [PMID: 29446228 PMCID: PMC6055631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors that form the link between extracellular matrix molecules of the cell environment and internal cell signalling and the cytoskeleton. They are involved in several processes, e.g. adhesion and migration during development and repair. This review focuses on the role of integrins in axonal regeneration. Integrins participate in spontaneous axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system through binding to various ligands that either inhibit or enhance their activation and signalling. Integrin biology is more complex in the central nervous system. Integrins receptors are transported into growing axons during development, but selective polarised transport of integrins limits the regenerative response in adult neurons. Manipulation of integrins and related molecules to control their activation state and localisation within axons is a promising route towards stimulating effective regeneration in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)1105 BAAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
| | | | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)1105 BAAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit Amsterdam1081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - James W. Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental Medicine142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
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Li HJ, Sun ZL, Yang XT, Zhu L, Feng DF. Exploring Optic Nerve Axon Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:861-873. [PMID: 28029073 PMCID: PMC5652030 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161227150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic optic nerve injury is a leading cause of irreversible blindness across the world and causes progressive visual impairment attributed to the dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To date, neither pharmacological nor surgical interventions are sufficient to halt or reverse the progress of visual loss. Axon regeneration is critical for functional recovery of vision following optic nerve injury. After optic nerve injury, RGC axons usually fail to regrow and die, leading to the death of the RGCs and subsequently inducing the functional loss of vision. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury remain poorly understood. Methods: Research content related to the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury have been reviewed. Results: The present review provides an overview of regarding potential strategies for axonal regeneration of RGCs and optic nerve repair, focusing on the role of cytokines and their downstream signaling pathways involved in intrinsic growth program and the inhibitory environment together with axon guidance cues for correct axon guidance. A more complete understanding of the factors limiting axonal regeneration will provide a rational basis, which contributes to develop improved treatments for optic nerve regeneration. These findings are encouraging and open the possibility that clinically meaningful regeneration may become achievable in the future. Conclusion: Combination of treatments towards overcoming growth-inhibitory molecules and enhancing intrinsic growth capacity combined with correct guidance using axon guidance cues is crucial for developing promising therapies to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
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24
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Ghosh S, Hui SP. Axonal regeneration in zebrafish spinal cord. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2018; 5:43-60. [PMID: 29721326 PMCID: PMC5911453 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss two interrelated events-axonal damage and repair-known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating axonal tracts and can restore full functionality after SCI. Unlike fish, axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system is extremely limited. As a consequence of an injury there is very little repair of disengaged axons and therefore functional deficit persists after SCI in adult mammals. In contrast, peripheral nervous system axons readily regenerate following injury and hence allow functional recovery both in mammals and fish. A better mechanistic understanding of these three scenarios could provide a more comprehensive insight into the success or failure of axonal regeneration after SCI. This review summarizes the present understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of axonal regeneration, in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system, and large scale gene expression analysis is used to focus on different events during regeneration. The discovery and identification of genes involved in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration and subsequent functional experimentation will provide more insight into the endogenous mechanism of myelination and remyelination. Furthermore, precise knowledge of the mechanism underlying the extraordinary axonal regeneration process in zebrafish will also allow us to unravel the potential therapeutic strategies to be implemented for enhancing regrowth and remyelination of axons in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteLowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool StDarlinghurstNSW 2010Australia.
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Matsukawa T, Morita K, Omizu S, Kato S, Koriyama Y. Mechanisms of RhoA inactivation and CDC42 and Rac1 activation during zebrafish optic nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int 2017; 112:71-80. [PMID: 29129556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
When axons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are injured, they fail to regenerate, while those of lower vertebrates undergo regeneration after injury. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) proteins play important roles in the CNS, and are reported to be activated after mammalian spinal cord or brain injury. Moreover, for axon growth to proceed, it is thought that small G-proteins, such as CDC42 and Rac1, need to be activated, whereas RhoA must be inactivated. However, the cell and molecular mechanisms involved in optic nerve regeneration remain unclear. In this study, we investigated axonal regeneration after injury using the zebrafish optic nerve as a model system. We sought to clarify the role of Wnt proteins and the mechanisms involved in the activation and inactivation of small G-proteins in nerve regeneration. After optic nerve injury, mRNA levels of Wnt5b, TAX1BP3 and ICAT increased in the retina, while those of Wnt10a decreased. These changes were associated with a reduction in β-catenin in nuclei. We found that Wnt5b activated CDC42 and Rac1, leading to the inactivation of RhoA, which appeared to be dependent on increased TAX1BP3 mRNA levels. Furthermore, we found that mRNA levels of Daam1a and ARHGEF16 decreased. We speculate that the decrease in β-catenin levels, which also further reduces levels of active RhoA, might contribute to regeneration in the zebrafish. Collectively, our novel results suggest that Wnt5b, Wnt10a, ICAT and TAX1BP3 participate in the activation and inactivation of small G-proteins, such as CDC42, Rac1 and RhoA, during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsukawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan.
| | - Kazune Morita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan
| | - Shou Omizu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan
| | - Satoru Kato
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, 513-8670, Japan
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26
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Chhabra HS, Sarda K. Clinical translation of stem cell based interventions for spinal cord injury - Are we there yet? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:41-49. [PMID: 28964881 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in basic science in research related to spinal cord injury (SCI) and regeneration have led to a variety of novel experimental therapeutics designed to promote functionally effective axonal regrowth and sprouting. Stem cell and other cellular interventions have gained lot of attention due to their immense potential of regeneration. These interventions have been tested for their efficacy in case of SCI both at the pre-clinical and clinical level. In this review we critically discuss the published literature on the cellular interventions for SCI and their clinical applications with respect to the strength of evidence established by these studies. The need to curb unethical practice of offering unproven stem cell "therapies" for SCI at a global level is also discussed.
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27
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions present diverse challenges for repair strategies. Anatomically complete injuries require restoration of neural connectivity across lesions. Anatomically incomplete injuries may benefit from augmentation of spontaneous circuit reorganization. Here, we review SCI cell biology, which varies considerably across three different lesion-related tissue compartments: (a) non-neural lesion core, (b) astrocyte scar border, and (c) surrounding spared but reactive neural tissue. After SCI, axon growth and circuit reorganization are determined by neuron-cell-autonomous mechanisms and by interactions among neurons, glia, and immune and other cells. These interactions are shaped by both the presence and the absence of growth-modulating molecules, which vary markedly in different lesion compartments. The emerging understanding of how SCI cell biology differs across lesion compartments is fundamental to developing rationally targeted repair strategies.
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28
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Hill CE. A view from the ending: Axonal dieback and regeneration following SCI. Neurosci Lett 2017; 652:11-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Iyer NR, Wilems TS, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Stem cells for spinal cord injury: Strategies to inform differentiation and transplantation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:245-259. [PMID: 27531038 PMCID: PMC5642909 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complex pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), involving a cascade of secondary events and the formation of inhibitory barriers, hampers regeneration across the lesion site and often results in irreversible loss of motor function. The limited regenerative capacity of endogenous cells after SCI has led to a focus on the development of cell therapies that can confer both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative benefits. Stem cells have emerged as a candidate cell source because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into a multitude of specialized cell types. While ethical and safety concerns impeded the use of stem cells in the past, advances in isolation and differentiation methods have largely mitigated these issues. A confluence of work in stem cell biology, genetics, and developmental neurobiology has informed the directed differentiation of specific spinal cell types. After transplantation, these stem cell-derived populations can replace lost cells, provide trophic support, remyelinate surviving axons, and form relay circuits that contribute to functional recovery. Further refinement of stem cell differentiation and transplantation methods, including combinatorial strategies that involve biomaterial scaffolds and drug delivery, is critical as stem cell-based treatments enter clinical trials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 245-259. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Iyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Thomas S Wilems
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Shelly E Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
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30
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Mulligan KA, Cheyette BNR. Neurodevelopmental Perspectives on Wnt Signaling in Psychiatry. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 2:219-246. [PMID: 28277568 DOI: 10.1159/000453266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that Wnt signaling is relevant to pathophysiology of diverse mental illnesses including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. In the 35 years since Wnt ligands were first described, animal studies have richly explored how downstream Wnt signaling pathways affect an array of neurodevelopmental processes and how their disruption can lead to both neurological and behavioral phenotypes. Recently, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) models have begun to contribute to this literature while pushing it in increasingly translational directions. Simultaneously, large-scale human genomic studies are providing evidence that sequence variation in Wnt signal pathway genes contributes to pathogenesis in several psychiatric disorders. This article reviews neurodevelopmental and postneurodevelopmental functions of Wnt signaling, highlighting mechanisms, whereby its disruption might contribute to psychiatric illness, and then reviews the most reliable recent genetic evidence supporting that mutations in Wnt pathway genes contribute to psychiatric illness. We are proponents of the notion that studies in animal and hiPSC models informed by the human genetic data combined with the deep knowledge base and tool kits generated over the last several decades of basic neurodevelopmental research will yield near-term tangible advances in neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Mulligan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin N R Cheyette
- Department of Psychiatry, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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Ryk controls remapping of motor cortex during functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:697-705. [PMID: 27065364 PMCID: PMC4847956 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Limited functional recovery can be achieved with rehabilitation after incomplete spinal cord injury. Eliminating the function of a repulsive Wnt receptor, Ryk, by either conditional knockout in the motor cortex or monoclonal antibody infusion, resulted in increased corticospinal axon collateral branches with pre-synaptic puncta in the spinal cord and enhanced recovery of forelimb reaching and grasping function following a cervical dorsal column lesion. Using optical stimulation, we observed that motor cortical output maps underwent massive changes after injury and the hindlimb cortical areas were recruited to control the forelimb over time. Furthermore, a greater cortical area was dedicated to control the forelimb in Ryk cKO. In the absence of weekly task-specific training, recruitment of ectopic cortical areas was greatly reduced without significant functional recovery even in Ryk cKO. Our study provides evidence that maximal circuit reorganization and functional recovery can be achieved by combining molecular manipulation and task-specific training.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Carmel
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, USA.
- Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dianna E Willis
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, USA.
- Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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