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Kleinman D, Iqbal S, Ghosh AK, Ogle SD, Kaja S, Mitchnick M, Hakkarainen JJ. PLL-g-PEG Polymer Inhibits Antibody-Drug Conjugate Uptake into Human Corneal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38935528 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2024.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively recent advance in the delivery of chemotherapeutics that improve targeting of cytotoxic agents. However, despite their antitumor activity, severe ocular adverse effects, including vision loss, have been reported for several ADCs. The nonspecific uptake of ADCs into human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and their precursors via macropinocytosis has been proposed to be the primary mechanism of ocular toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a novel polymer, poly(l-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), to decrease the ADC rituximab-mc monomethylauristatin F (MMAF) (RIX) uptake into human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. Methods: HCE-T cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of RIX to determine inhibition of cell proliferation. HCE-T cells were treated with PLL-g-PEG, the macropinocytosis inhibitor 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA), or vehicle. After 30 min of incubation, RIX was added. ADC was detected by fluorescent anti-human immunoglobulin G and fluorescently conjugated dextran as viewed by microscopy. Results: RIX caused dose-dependent inhibition of HCE-T cell proliferation. EIPA significantly reduced RIX uptake and decreased macropinocytosis as assessed by direct quantification of RIX using a fluorescently conjugated anti-human antibody as well as quantification of macropinocytosis using fluorescently conjugated dextran. PLL-g-PEG resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of RIX uptake with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 0.022%-0.023% PLL-g-PEG. Conclusion: The data show PLL-g-PEG to be a potent inhibitor of RIX uptake by corneal epithelial cells and support its use as a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of ocular adverse events associated with ADC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Iqbal
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita K Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Research & Development Division, Experimentica Ltd, Forest Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Sean D Ogle
- Research & Development Division, Experimentica Ltd, Forest Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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2
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Fu Y, Jiao H, Sun J, Okoye CO, Zhang H, Li Y, Lu X, Wang Q, Liu J. Structure-activity relationships of bioactive polysaccharides extracted from macroalgae towards biomedical application: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121533. [PMID: 37985107 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae are valuable and structurally diverse sources of bioactive compounds among marine resources. The cell walls of macroalgae are rich in polysaccharides which exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as anticoagulant, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antitumor activities. Macroalgae polysaccharides (MPs) have been recognized as one of the most promising candidates in the biomedical field. However, the structure-activity relationships of bioactive polysaccharides extracted from macroalgae are complex and influenced by various factors. A clear understanding of these relationships is indeed critical in developing effective biomedical applications with MPs. In line with these challenges and knowledge gaps, this paper summarized the structural characteristics of marine MPs from different sources and relevant functional and bioactive properties and particularly highlighted those essential effects of the structure-bioactivity relationships presented in biomedical applications. This review not only focused on elucidating a particular action mechanism of MPs, but also intended to identify a novel or potential application of these valued compounds in the biomedical field in terms of their structural characteristics. In the last, the challenges and prospects of MPs in structure-bioactivity elucidation were further discussed and predicted, where they were emphasized on exploring modern biotechnology approaches potentially applied to expand their promising biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyi Fu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Water, Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Haixin Jiao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Li
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xuechu Lu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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3
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Abdalkader RK, Fujita T. Corneal epithelium models for safety assessment in drug development: Present and future directions. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109697. [PMID: 37890755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The human corneal epithelial barrier plays a crucial role in drug testing studies, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as toxicity testing during the preclinical stages of drug development. However, despite the valuable insights gained from animal and current in vitro models, there remains a significant discrepancy between preclinical drug predictions and actual clinical outcomes. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on adhering to the 3R principles (refine, reduce, replace) to minimize the use of animals in testing. To tackle these challenges, there is a rising demand for alternative in vitro models that closely mimic the human corneal epithelium. Recently, remarkable advancements have been made in two key areas: microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoCs), and stem cell-derived organoids. These cutting-edge platforms integrate four major disciplines: stem cells, microfluidics, bioprinting, and biosensing technologies. This integration holds great promise in developing powerful and biomimetic models of the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Kado Abdalkader
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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4
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Tran VN, Strnad O, Šuman J, Veverková T, Sukupová A, Cejnar P, Hynek R, Kronusová O, Šach J, Kaštánek P, Ruml T, Viktorová J. Cannabidiol nanoemulsion for eye treatment - Anti-inflammatory, wound healing activity and its bioavailability using in vitro human corneal substitute. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123202. [PMID: 37406946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the non-psychoactive component of the plant Cannabis sativa (L.) that has great anti-inflammatory benefits and wound healing effects. However, its high lipophilicity, chemical instability, and extensive metabolism impair its bioavailability and clinical use. Here, we report on the preparation of a human cornea substitute in vitro and validate this substitute for the evaluation of drug penetration. CBD nanoemulsion was developed and evaluated for stability and biological activity. The physicochemical properties of CBD nanoemulsion were maintained during storage for 90 days under room conditions. In the scratch assay, nanoformulation showed significantly ameliorated wound closure rates compared to the control and pure CBD. Due to the lower cytotoxicity of nanoformulated CBD, a higher anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated. Neither nanoemulsion nor pure CBD can penetrate the cornea after the four-hour apical treatment. For nanoemulsion, 94 % of the initial amount of CBD remained in the apical compartment while only 54 % of the original amount of pure CBD was detected in the apical medium, and 7 % in the cornea, the rest was most likely metabolized. In summary, the nanoemulsion developed in this study enhanced the stability and biological activity of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Strnad
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jáchym Šuman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Veverková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Sukupová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Cejnar
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Cybernetics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Hynek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Kronusová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; EcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Ocelářská 392, 190 00 Prague 9, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Šach
- Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Teaching Hospital Královské Vinohrady Prague, Šrobárova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaštánek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; EcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Ocelářská 392, 190 00 Prague 9, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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5
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De Hoon I, Boukherroub R, De Smedt SC, Szunerits S, Sauvage F. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models for Assessing Drug Permeation across the Cornea. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37314950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug permeation across the cornea remains a major challenge due to its unique and complex anatomy and physiology. Static barriers such as the different layers of the cornea, as well as dynamic aspects such as the constant renewal of the tear film and the presence of the mucin layer together with efflux pumps, all present unique challenges for effective ophthalmic drug delivery. To overcome some of the current ophthalmic drug limitations, the identification and testing of novel drug formulations such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles began to be considered and widely explored. In the early stages of corneal drug development reliable in vitro and ex vivo alternatives, are required, to be in line with the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), with such methods being in addition faster and more ethical alternatives to in vivo studies. The ocular field remains limited to a handful of predictive models for ophthalmic drug permeation. In vitro cell culture models are increasingly used when it comes to transcorneal permeation studies. Ex vivo models using excised animal tissue such as porcine eyes are the model of choice to study corneal permeation and promising advancements have been reported over the years. Interspecies characteristics must be considered in detail when using such models. This review updates the current knowledge about in vitro and ex vivo corneal permeability models and evaluates their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès De Hoon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Bedos L, Wickham H, Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Allbaugh RA, Sahoo DK, Sebbag L, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Culture and characterization of canine and feline corneal epithelial organoids: A new tool for the study and treatment of corneal diseases. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1050467. [PMID: 36406087 PMCID: PMC9672346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and cultured canine and feline 3D corneal organoids. Samples derived from corneal limbal epithelium from one canine and one feline patient were obtained by enucleation after euthanasia. Stem cell isolation and organoid culture were performed by culturing organoids in Matrigel. Organoids were subsequently embedded in paraffin for further characterization. The expression of key corneal epithelial and stromal cell markers in canine and feline organoids was evaluated at the mRNA level by RNA-ISH and at the protein level by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), while histochemical analysis was performed on both tissues and organoids using periodic-acid Schiff (PAS), Sirius Red, Gomori's Trichrome, and Colloidal Iron stains. IF showed consistent expression of AQP1 within canine and feline organoids and tissues. P63 was present in canine tissues, canine organoids, and feline tissues, but not in feline organoids. Results from IHC staining further confirmed the primarily epithelial origin of the organoids. Canine and feline 3D corneal organoids can successfully be cultured and maintained and express epithelial and stem cell progenitor markers typical of the cornea. This novel in vitro model can be used in veterinary ophthalmology disease modeling, corneal drug testing, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bedos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hannah Wickham
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vojtech Gabriel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karin Allenspach
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7
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Choudhari M, Nayak K, Nagai N, Nakazawa Y, Khunt D, Misra M. Role of mucoadhesive agent in ocular delivery of ganciclovir microemulsion: cytotoxicity evaluation in vitro and ex vivo. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:1153-1167. [PMID: 36156180 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate increase in delivery of drug upon formulation as mucoadhesive microemulsion system and further to investigate possibility of any cytotoxic effects using such formulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Considering hydrophilic and small molecular nature of the drug, it was attempted to be formulated as microemulsion, by using pseudo ternary phase diagram method. Thus, three types of microemulsions were prepared; oil in water, water in oil type and chitosan-coated microemulsion. These microemulsions were characterized for several physicochemical properties like size, zeta potential, Polydispersity index, and compared for in vitro cell viability and ex vivo corneal irritation study. RESULTS All three microemulsions were quite stable, transparent and homogenous systems. They showed similar drug release pattern, but highest ex vivo goat corneal permeation was observed with Chitosan coated microemulsion when compared with ganciclovir solution. CONCLUSION All microemulsions were found to be non-irritant in in vitro cell viability assay and ex vivo corneal irritation study, indicating the potential of using such systems for delivery of drug to eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Kritika Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technical University, Gandhinagar Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382028, India
| | - Manju Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technical University, Gandhinagar Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382028, India.
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8
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Sella R, Cohen-Tayar Y, Noguchi T, Finburgh EN, Lian RR, Abbas AA, Hakim DF, Bu JJ, Zhao J, Shaw P, Bahar I, Afshari NA. The Effect of Anti-Inflammatory Topical Ophthalmic Treatments on In Vitro Corneal Epithelial Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:16. [PMID: 36129699 PMCID: PMC9513739 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effect of three commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory eye drops on corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Methods Three different lines of human corneal epithelial cells were tested: primary cells cultured from donor tissue, commercially available primary cells, and immortalized cells. Cells were seeded on 96-well plates and treated with the following eye drops: cyclosporine 0.05%, lifitegrast 5%, and tacrolimus 0.03% or 0.1%. Exposure times tested were 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours. Brightfield images and viability assays were analyzed 48 to 72 hours after the initiation of treatments. At least five replicates were tested per drug and time exposure. Results Commercially obtained primary cells showed reduced viability following 1 hour with tacrolimus 0.1% (8%; P = 0.043%) and 4 hours with tacrolimus 0.03% (17%; P = 0.042%). Lifitegrast exposure reduced primary cell viability after 4 hours (10%; P = 0.042). Cell viability in primary cells was not deleteriously affected following exposure to cyclosporine for up to 4 hours. A similar trend was observed in both primary cells cultured from donor tissue and immortalized human corneal epithelial cells, demonstrating greater decreases in cell viability in tacrolimus compared to lifitegrast and cyclosporine. Light microscopy imaging for analysis of cell morphology and confluence supported the results. Conclusions Tacrolimus showed the highest impact on corneal epithelium survival in vitro, and cyclosporine proved the most protective. Translational Relevance Comparing anti-inflammatory eye drops on corneal epithelial cells in vitro may inform eye drop selection and development for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruti Sella
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Takako Noguchi
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emma N Finburgh
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca R Lian
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anser A Abbas
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dominic F Hakim
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Bu
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiagang Zhao
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Shaw
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irit Bahar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalie A Afshari
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kalke K, Lund LM, Nyman MC, Levanova AA, Urtti A, Poranen MM, Hukkanen V, Paavilainen H. Swarms of chemically modified antiviral siRNA targeting herpes simplex virus infection in human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010688. [PMID: 35793357 PMCID: PMC9292126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common virus of mankind and HSV-1 infections are a significant cause of blindness. The current antiviral treatment of herpes infection relies on acyclovir and related compounds. However, acyclovir resistance emerges especially in the long term prophylactic treatment that is required for prevention of recurrent herpes keratitis. Earlier we have established antiviral siRNA swarms, targeting sequences of essential genes of HSV, as effective means of silencing the replication of HSV in vitro or in vivo. In this study, we show the antiviral efficacy of 2´-fluoro modified antiviral siRNA swarms against HSV-1 in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE). We studied HCE for innate immunity responses to HSV-1, to immunostimulatory cytotoxic double stranded RNA, and to the antiviral siRNA swarms, with or without a viral challenge. The panel of studied innate responses included interferon beta, lambda 1, interferon stimulated gene 54, human myxovirus resistance protein A, human myxovirus resistance protein B, toll-like receptor 3 and interferon kappa. Our results demonstrated that HCE cells are a suitable model to study antiviral RNAi efficacy and safety in vitro. In HCE cells, the antiviral siRNA swarms targeting the HSV UL29 gene and harboring 2´-fluoro modifications, were well tolerated, induced only modest innate immunity responses, and were highly antiviral with more than 99% inhibition of viral release. The antiviral effect of the 2’-fluoro modified swarm was more apparent than that of the unmodified antiviral siRNA swarm. Our results encourage further research in vitro and in vivo on antiviral siRNA swarm therapy of corneal HSV infection, especially with modified siRNA swarms. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common virus carried approximately by half of the global population. Though it is mostly known by causing cold sores, it also causes herpes keratitis, which is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the world. The treatment for herpes keratitis and other severe disease forms of herpes infection is insufficient, as resistant variants arise upon long-term prophylactic treatments. We have earlier developed an anti-HSV siRNA swarm, which has proven safe and effective in many cell types, in animal models, and against variants resistant to current first-in-line treatment. Most recently, we added modifications to the anti-HSV siRNA swarm, which increased its efficacy and stability. In this study, we show the efficacy and safety of the modified anti-HSV siRNA swarm in a cell line representing the treatment target tissue in herpes keratitis. Our results show that our modified anti-HSV siRNA swarm is a possibility for future therapy for herpes keratitis. The results encourage further research in an animal model of herpes keratitis in order to uncover the potential of our modified anti-HSV siRNA swarm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiira Kalke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa M. Lund
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marie C. Nyman
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alesia A. Levanova
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (MMP); (HP)
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail: (MMP); (HP)
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10
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Delivery of Cells to the Cornea Using Synthetic Biomaterials. Cornea 2022; 41:1325-1336. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Musial G, Kohlfaerber T, Ahrens M, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Steven P, Hüttmann G. Dynamic Contrast Microscopic Optical Coherence Tomography As a Novel Method for Assessing Corneal Epithelium During Exposure to Benzalkonium Chloride. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35622381 PMCID: PMC9145126 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) has an imaging resolution of 1 µm in all voxel dimensions, but individual epithelial cells are difficult to resolve due to lack of scattering contrast. Adding dynamic contrast processing to mOCT (dmOCT) results in color images that enable visualization of individual cells and possibly give information on cellular function via the calculation of a motility coefficient. We propose this technique as a novel method of evaluating the ocular surface after exposure to a toxic chemical, benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Methods Ex vivo cross-section images were acquired with a custom-built, frequency-domain mOCT system. Eyes were explanted from healthy adult C57BL/6 mice and imaged every 30 minutes with five sets of dmOCT scans at each imaging time. Total epithelium and stroma thicknesses were measured from a single mOCT B-scan, and measures of color changes (hue) and the motility coefficient were acquired from dmOCT scans. Results After 30-minute exposures to 0.005% BAK, local motility decreased and total epithelium thickness increased compared to controls. For basal epithelium cells, local motility decreased after 60-minute exposures, and the hue shifted red after 90-minute exposures. Stroma thickness did not significantly swell until 150-minute exposures to BAK. Conclusions dmOCT allows us to view the behavior of the cornea epithelium under toxic stress due to BAK, revealing parallel swelling of the extracellular matrix and changes in local subcellular motion. Translational Relevance The evaluation of the cornea epithelium using dmOCT is helpful to our understanding of the toxic effects of BAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Musial
- University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ahrens
- Institute of Biomedial Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedial Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Lloyd M, Liu D, Lyu J, Fan J, Overhulse J, Kashemirov B, Prichard M, McKenna C, Moffat J. An acyclic phosphonate prodrug of HPMPC is effective against VZV in skin organ culture and mice. Antiviral Res 2022; 199:105275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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The Communication between Ocular Surface and Nasal Epithelia in 3D Cell Culture Technology for Translational Research: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312994. [PMID: 34884799 PMCID: PMC8657734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between the ocular and nasal epithelia. This narrative review focuses on conjunctival, corneal, ultrastructural corneal stroma, and nasal epithelia as well as an introduction into their interconnections. We describe in detail the morphology and physiology of the ocular surface, the nasolacrimal ducts, and the nasal cavity. This knowledge provides a basis for functional studies and the development of relevant cell culture models that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases related to these complex structures. Moreover, we also provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the development of 3D culture models, which allow for addressing research questions in models resembling the in vivo situation. In particular, we give an overview of the current developments of corneal 3D and organoid models, as well as 3D cell culture models of epithelia with goblet cells (conjunctiva and nasal cavity). The benefits and shortcomings of these cell culture models are discussed. As examples for pathogens related to ocular and nasal epithelia, we discuss infections caused by adenovirus and measles virus. In addition to pathogens, also external triggers such as allergens can cause rhinoconjunctivitis. These diseases exemplify the interconnections between the ocular surface and nasal epithelia in a molecular and clinical context. With a final translational section on optical coherence tomography (OCT), we provide an overview about the applicability of this technique in basic research and clinical ophthalmology. The techniques presented herein will be instrumental in further elucidating the functional interrelations and crosstalk between ocular and nasal epithelia.
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14
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Spatiotemporal determination of metabolite activities in the corneal epithelium on a chip. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108646. [PMID: 34102209 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The corneal epithelial barrier maintains the metabolic activities of the ocular surface by regulating membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes responsible for the homeostasis of the eye as well as the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs. Despite its importance, no established biomimetic in vitro methods are available to perform the spatiotemporal investigation of metabolism and determine the transportation of endogenous and exogenous molecules across the corneal epithelium barrier. This study introduces multiple corneal epitheliums on a chip namely, Corneal Epithelium on a Chip (CEpOC), which enables the spatiotemporal collection as well as analysis of micro-scaled extracellular metabolites from both the apical and basolateral sides of the barriers. Longitudinal samples collected during 48 h period were analyzed using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics method, and 104 metabolites were annotated. We observed the spatiotemporal secretion of biologically relevant metabolites (i.e., antioxidant, glutathione and uric acid) as well as the depletion of essential nutrients such as amino acids and vitamins mimicking the in vivo molecules trafficking across the human corneal epithelium. Through the shifts of extracellular metabolites and quantitative analysis of mRNA associated with transporters, we were able to investigate the secretion and transportation activities across the polarized barrier in a correlation with the expression of corneal transporters. Thus, CEpOC can provide a non-invasive, simple, yet effectively informative method to determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as to discover novel biomarkers for drug toxicological and safety tests as advanced experimental model of the human corneal epithelium.
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15
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Raut B, Chen LJ, Hori T, Kaji H. An Open-Source Add-On EVOM ® Device for Real-Time Transepithelial/Endothelial Electrical Resistance Measurements in Multiple Transwell Samples. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:282. [PMID: 33800233 PMCID: PMC8000980 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study provides design of a low-cost and open source add-on device that enhances the functionality of the popular EVOM® instrument for transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. The original EVOM® instrument is designed for measuring TEER in transwell samples manually using a pair of Ag/AgCl electrodes. The inconsistency in electrode placement, temperature variation, and a typically large (12-24 h) time interval between measurements result in large data variabilities. Thus, to solve the current limitation of the EVOM® instrument, we built an add-on device using a custom designed electronic board and a 3D printed electrode holder that allowed automated TEER measurements in multiple transwell samples. To demonstrate the functionality of the device prototype, we monitored TEER in 4 transwell samples containing retinal cells (ARPE-19) for 67 h. Furthermore, by monitoring temperature of the cell culture medium, we were able to detect fluctuations in TEER due to temperature change after the medium change process, and were able to correct the data offset. Although we demonstrated the use of our add-on device on EVOM® instrument only, the concept (multiplexing using digitally controlled relays) and hardware (custom data logger) presented here can be applied to more advanced TEER instruments to improve the performance of those devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Raut
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Li-Jiun Chen
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Takeshi Hori
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (B.R.); (L.-J.C.); (T.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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16
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Guo S, Wu K, Li C, Wang H, Sun Z, Xi D, Zhang S, Ding W, Zaghloul ME, Wang C, Castro FA, Yang D, Zhao Y. Integrated contact lens sensor system based on multifunctional ultrathin MoS 2 transistors. MATTER 2021; 4:969-985. [PMID: 33398259 PMCID: PMC7773002 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Smart contact lenses attract extensive interests due to their capability of directly monitoring physiological and ambient information. However, previous demonstrations usually lacked efficient sensor modalities, facile fabrication process, mechanical stability, or biocompatibility. Here, we demonstrate a flexible approach for fabrication of multifunctional smart contact lenses with an ultrathin MoS2 transistors-based serpentine mesh sensor system. The integrated sensor systems contain a photodetector for receiving optical information, a glucose sensor for monitoring glucose level directly from tear fluid, and a temperature sensor for diagnosing potential corneal disease. Unlike traditional sensors and circuit chips sandwiched in the lens substrate, this serpentine mesh sensor system can be directly mounted onto the lenses and maintain direct contact with tears, delivering high detection sensitivity, while being mechanically robust and not interfering with either blinking or vision. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity tests reveal good biocompatibility, thus holding promise as next-generation soft electronics for healthcare and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Guo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kaijin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Athioula A. Martins Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Dawei Xi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Mona E Zaghloul
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Changning Wang
- Athioula A. Martins Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Fernando A Castro
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Dong Yang
- Athioula A. Martins Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
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17
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Moe B, Berezowski KL, Huang DY, Dey I, Xie L, Ling ZC, Kinniburgh DW. A microelectric cell sensing technique for in vitro assessment of ocular irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105124. [PMID: 33636280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The animal-based Draize test remains the gold standard for assessment of ocular irritation. However, subjective scoring methods, species differences, and animal welfare concerns have spurred development of alternative test methods. In this study, a novel in vitro method for assessing ocular irritancy was developed using a microelectric cell sensing technology, real-time cell analysis (RTCA). The cytotoxicity of sixteen compounds was assessed in two cell lines: ARPE-19 (human retina) and SIRC (rabbit cornea). In vitro inhibitory (IC50 and AUC50) values were determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure, with a subset of values confirmed with MTT testing. The values displayed comparable predictivity of in vivo ocular irritation on the basis of a linear regression between the calculated values and each compounds' corresponding Draize-determined modified maximum average score (MMAS), but the ARPE-19 derived values were more strongly correlated than those from SIRC cells. Hence, IC50 values derived from ARPE-19 cells were used to predict the UN GHS/EU CLP classification of each test compound. The method was determined to have sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 50%, and overall concordance of 75%. Thus, RTCA testing may be best incorporated into a top-down tiered testing strategy for identification of ocular irritants in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birget Moe
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Berezowski
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dorothy Yu Huang
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Indranil Dey
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zong-Chao Ling
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - David W Kinniburgh
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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18
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In vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models for ocular toxicology and ophthalmic drug development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:207-237. [PMID: 33544359 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing of all manufactured products and their ingredients for eye irritation is a regulatory requirement. In the last two decades, the development of alternatives to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test method has substantially advanced due to the improvements in primary cell isolation, cell culture techniques, and media, which have led to improved in vitro corneal tissue models and test methods. Most in vitro models for ocular toxicology attempt to reproduce the corneal epithelial tissue which consists of 4-5 layers of non-keratinized corneal epithelial cells that form tight junctions, thereby limiting the penetration of chemicals, xenobiotics, and pharmaceuticals. Also, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of more complex three-dimensional (3D) equivalents to study wound healing, drug permeation, and bioavailability. This review focuses on in vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models and their utilization in ocular toxicology as well as their application to pharmacology and ophthalmic research. Current human 3D corneal epithelial cell culture models have replaced in vivo animal eye irritation tests for many applications, and substantial validation efforts are in progress to verify and approve alternative eye irritation tests for widespread use. The validation of drug absorption models and further development of models and test methods for many ophthalmic and ocular disease applications is required.
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19
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Li H, Fan TJ, Zou P, Xu B. Diclofenac Sodium Triggers p53-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells via ROS-Mediated Crosstalk. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:70-79. [PMID: 33356180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium (DFS), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is frequently used in ophthalmology, but it causes negative effects on corneas. The mechanisms underlying the toxicities to corneas remains unclear. The present study was designed to assess the cytotoxicity of DFS to human corneal epithelial (HCEP) cells in vitro and further investigate its related mechanisms. The HCEP cells were treated with DFS at different concentrations ranging from 0.003 125% to 0.1%. DFS showed a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to HCEP cells including abnormal morphology and declined viability. The 0.05% DFS-treated HCEP cells presented cell cycle arrest at S phase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, and positive staining of phosphorylated H2AX, suggesting that DFS caused ROS-mediated DNA damage. The upregulation of p53 expression, formation of apoptotic body, phosphatidylserine externalization, and DNA ladder demonstrated that the p53-dependent apoptosis pathway was involved in the cytotoxicity of DFS. Furthermore, DFS activated caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 altered the expression levels of Bcl-2 family proteins including tBid, Bax, and Bcl-2, as well as increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. DFS also induced ΔΨm disruption, resulting in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor into the cytoplasm. Additionally, the DFS-induced apoptosis was alleviated by p53 inhibitor. Taken together, DFS triggered p53-dependent apoptosis in HCEP cells via ROS-mediated crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Ping Zou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
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20
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García-Posadas L, Diebold Y. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Culture Models to Study the Pathophysiology of the Anterior Eye. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1215. [PMID: 33333869 PMCID: PMC7765302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment of complex three-dimensional (3D) models of tissues has allowed researchers to perform high-quality studies and to not only advance knowledge of the physiology of these tissues but also mimic pathological conditions to test novel therapeutic strategies. The main advantage of 3D models is that they recapitulate the spatial architecture of tissues and thereby provide more physiologically relevant information. The eye is an extremely complex organ that comprises a large variety of highly heterogeneous tissues that are divided into two asymmetrical portions: the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, sclera, aqueous humor, and the lens. Different diseases in these tissues can have devastating effects. To study these pathologies and develop new treatments, the use of cell culture models is instrumental, and the better the model, the more relevant the results. Thus, the development of sophisticated 3D models of ocular tissues is a significant challenge with enormous potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the development of 3D in vitro models of the anterior segment of the eye, with a special focus on those that use human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Development of In Vitro Corneal Models: Opportunity for Pharmacological Testing. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3040074. [PMID: 33147693 PMCID: PMC7711486 DOI: 10.3390/mps3040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human eye is a specialized organ with a complex anatomy and physiology, because it is characterized by different cell types with specific physiological functions. Given the complexity of the eye, ocular tissues are finely organized and orchestrated. In the last few years, many in vitro models have been developed in order to meet the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) for eye toxicity testing. This procedure is highly necessary to ensure that the risks associated with ophthalmic products meet appropriate safety criteria. In vitro preclinical testing is now a well-established practice of significant importance for evaluating the efficacy and safety of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical products. Along with in vitro testing, also computational procedures, herein described, for evaluating the pharmacological profile of potential ocular drug candidates including their toxicity, are in rapid expansion. In this review, the ocular cell types and functionality are described, providing an overview about the scientific challenge for the development of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models.
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22
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Baig MMFA, Lai WF, Ashraf S, Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Mikrani R, Naveed M, Siddique F, Taleb A, Mudassir J, Khan GJ, Ansari MT. The integrin facilitated internalization of fibronectin-functionalized camptothecin-loaded DNA-nanofibers for high-efficiency anticancer effects. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1381-1392. [PMID: 32661832 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CMPT) in a free form is extremely cytotoxic as well as hydrophobic drug, and is considered to be highly contagious for systemic administration. The fibronectin (FN)-functionalized DNA-based nanocarrier has been designed to load CMPT and target integrin (αvβ3) receptors which are highly expressed on the A549 cancer cells. Here, we report DNA nanocarrier in the form of DNA-nanofibers (DNA-NFs) capable of loading CMPT via strand intercalation in the GC (base pairs)-rich regions of the DNA duplex. Hence, our keen purpose was to explore the potential of DNA-NFs to load CMPT and assess the improvements of the outcomes in terms of enhanced therapeutic effects to integrin-rich A549 cancer cells with reduced cytotoxic effects to integrin-lacking HEK293 cells. DNA-NFs were formulated as a polymer of DNA triangles. DNA triangles arranged in a programmed way through the complementary overhangs present at the vertices. DNA triangles were primarily obtained through the annealing of the freshly circularized scaffold strands with the three distinct staple strands of specific sequences. The polymerized triangular tiles instead of forming two-dimensional nanosheets underwent self-coiling to give rise to DNA-NF-shaped structures. Flow cytometry and MTT assays were performed to observe cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on integrin-rich A549 cancer cells compared with the integrin-deficient HEK293 cells. AFM, native-page, and confocal experiments confirmed the polymerization of DNA triangles and the morphology of the resulting nanostructures. AFM and confocal images revealed the length of DNA-NFs to be 3-6 μm and the width from 70 to 110 nm. CMPT loading (via strands intercalation) in GC-rich regions of DNA-NFs and the FN functionalization (TAMRA tagged; red fluorescence) via amide chemistry using amino-modified strands of DNA-NFs were confirmed through the UV-shift analysis (> 10 nm shift) and confocal imaging. Blank DNA-NFs were found to be highly biocompatible in 2-640 μM concentrations. MTT assay and flow cytometry experiments revealed that CMPT-loaded DNA-NFs showed a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability to integrin-rich A549 cancer cells compared with the integrin-deficient HEK293 cells. Conclusively, FN-functionalized, CMPT-loaded DNA-NFs effectively destroyed integrin-rich A549 cancer cells in a targeted manner compared with integrin-deficient HEK293 cells. Grapical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Saba Ashraf
- Nishtar Medical University and Hospital, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- School of Basic Medicine, and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Farhan Siddique
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Abdoh Taleb
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jahanzeb Mudassir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Jilany Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54570, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Ansari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
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23
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Magny R, Auzeil N, Olivier E, Kessal K, Regazzetti A, Dutot M, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Rat P, Baudouin C, Laprévote O, Brignole-Baudouin F. Lipidomic analysis of human corneal epithelial cells exposed to ocular irritants highlights the role of phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolisms in detergent toxicity mechanisms. Biochimie 2020; 178:148-157. [PMID: 32758686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Detergent chemicals, widely used in household products, in pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic and industrial fields, have been linked to side effects and involved in several eye diseases. On the ocular surface, detergents can interfere with the corneal epithelium, the most superficial layer of the cornea, representing a line of defence against external aggression. Despite its major role in numerous biological functions, there is still little data regarding disruption of lipid homeostasis induced by ocular irritants. To this purpose, a lipidomic analysis using UPLC-HRMS/MS-ESI ± was performed on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells incubated with three widely known ocular irritants: benzalkonium chloride (BAK), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Triton X-100 (TXT). We found that these ocular irritants lead to a profound modification of the HCE cell lipidome. Indeed, the cell content of ceramide species increased widely while plasmalogens containing polyunsaturated fatty acid species, especially docosahexaenoic acids, decreased. Furthermore, these irritants upregulated the activity of phospholipase A2. The present study demonstrates that BAK, SLS and TXT induced disruption of the cell lipid homeostasis, highlighting that lipids mediate inflammatory and cell death processes induced by detergents in the cornea. Lipidomics may thus be regarded as a valuable tool to investigate new markers of corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Magny
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Olivier
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Karima Kessal
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Anne Regazzetti
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Mélody Dutot
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire d'Evaluation Physiologique, Yslab, 2 rue Félix le Dantec, 29000 Quimper, France
| | | | - Patrice Rat
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP HP, 92100, Boulogne, France; Université Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Paris Saclay, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
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Mazet R, García-Otero X, Choisnard L, Wouessidjewe D, Verdoot V, Bossard F, Díaz-Tomé V, Blanc-Marquis V, Otero-Espinar FJ, Fernandez-Ferreiro A, Gèze A. Biopharmaceutical Assessment of Dexamethasone Acetate-Based Hydrogels Combining Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrins and Polysaccharides for Ocular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080717. [PMID: 32751583 PMCID: PMC7464375 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed two optimized formulations of dexamethasone acetate (DXMa) hydrogels by means of special cubic mixture designs for topical ocular administration. These gels were elaborated with hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβCD) and hydroxypropyl-γ-CD (HPγCD) and commercial hydrogels in order to enhance DXMa water solubility and finally DXMa's ocular bioavailability and transcorneal penetration. The main objective of this study was to characterize them and to evaluate in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo their safety, biopermanence, and transcorneal permeation. Gels A and B are Newtonian fluids and display a viscosity of 13.2 mPa.s and 18.6 mPa.s, respectively, which increases their ocular retention, according to the in vivo biopermanence study by PET/CT. These hydrogels could act as corneal absorption promoters as they allow a higher transcorneal permeation of DXMa through porcine excised cornea, compared to DEXAFREE® and MAXIDEX®. Cytotoxicity assays showed no cytotoxic effects on human primary corneal epithelial cells (HCE). Furthermore, Gel B is clearly safe for the eye, but the effect of Gel A on the human eye cannot be predicted. Both gels were also stable 12 months at 25 °C after sterilization by filtration. These results demonstrate that the developed formulations present a high potential for the topical ocular administration of dexamethasone acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Mazet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (R.M.); (L.C.); (D.W.); (V.B.-M.)
- Pharmacy Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Xurxo García-Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.); (F.-J.O.-E.)
- Molecular Imaging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luc Choisnard
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (R.M.); (L.C.); (D.W.); (V.B.-M.)
| | - Denis Wouessidjewe
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (R.M.); (L.C.); (D.W.); (V.B.-M.)
| | - Vincent Verdoot
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France; (V.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Frédéric Bossard
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France; (V.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Victoria Díaz-Tomé
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.); (F.-J.O.-E.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Véronique Blanc-Marquis
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (R.M.); (L.C.); (D.W.); (V.B.-M.)
| | - Francisco-Javier Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (X.G.-O.); (V.D.-T.); (F.-J.O.-E.)
| | - Anxo Fernandez-Ferreiro
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical University Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.F.-F.); (A.G.); Tel.: +33-476-63-53-01 (A.G.)
| | - Annabelle Gèze
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (R.M.); (L.C.); (D.W.); (V.B.-M.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.-F.); (A.G.); Tel.: +33-476-63-53-01 (A.G.)
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Wang K, Man K, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Yang Y. Microphysiological Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3231-3257. [PMID: 33204830 PMCID: PMC7668566 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems, including organoids, 3-D printed tissue constructs and organ-on-a-chips (organ chips), are physiologically relevant in vitro models and have experienced explosive growth in the past decades. Different from conventional, tissue culture plastic-based in vitro models or animal models, microphysiological systems recapitulate key microenvironmental characteristics of human organs and mimic their primary functions. The advent of microphysiological systems is attributed to evolving biomaterials, micro-/nanotechnologies and stem cell biology, which enable the precise control over the matrix properties and the interactions between cells, tissues and organs in physiological conditions. As such, microphysiological systems have been developed to model a broad spectrum of organs from microvasculature, eye, to lung and many others to understand human organ development and disease pathology and facilitate drug discovery. Multiorgans-on-a-chip systems have also been developed by integrating multiple associated organ chips in a single platform, which allows to study and employ the organ function in a systematic approach. Here we first discuss the design principles of microphysiological systems with a focus on the anatomy and physiology of organs, and then review the commonly used fabrication techniques and biomaterials for microphysiological systems. Subsequently, we discuss the recent development of microphysiological systems, and provide our perspectives on advancing microphysiological systems for preclinical investigation and drug discovery of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Kun Man
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
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Abdalkader R, Kamei KI. Multi-corneal barrier-on-a-chip to recapitulate eye blinking shear stress forces. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1410-1417. [PMID: 32202263 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01256g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Human corneal epithelium coexists with tear fluids and shows its barrier functionality under the dynamic conditions of eye blinking. However, the current in vitro cell culture settings for corneal epithelial cells lack the dynamic flow conditions to recapitulate the shear stress of eye blinking, hindering corneal function evaluation. We developed a microfluidic platform enabling the dynamic culture of the human corneal barrier with recapitulation of eye blinking. The device consisted of upper and lower channels separated by a porous membrane. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) were seeded on the porous membrane (upper channel) and cultured for ten days. The cells formed a barrier with high expression of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) tight junction protein on day seven, and the translocation of fluorescein sodium across the barrier in the microfluidic device was comparable to that in the transwell system, used as a control. Then, bidirectional and unidirectional flows were applied in the upper and lower channels, respectively, and the cells in the upper channels were stimulated with 0.6 dyn s cm-2 shear stress. After 24 h, while the fluid stimuli did not affect cell adhesion, they facilitated the expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) intermediate filaments in cells, indicating the strengthening of the barrier function. Furthermore, morphological single-cell analysis revealed an increase in the cell body area rather than nuclei. We envision that this multi-corneal barrier-on-a-chip device will unlock new possibilities in ophthalmic drug development and will be useful for studying the effects of eye blinking shear stress on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Abdalkader
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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27
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Yang T, Fan TJ, Xu B. Norfloxacin induces apoptosis and necroptosis in human corneal epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104868. [PMID: 32320760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Norfloxacin (NOR) is applied clinically to treat keratitis. However, NOR has brought severe side-effects for human corneal epithelium (HCEP) due to overdose and potential toxicity. In this study, two in vitro experimental models including monolayer HCEP cells and tissue-engineered human corneal epithelium (TE-HCEP) were used to explore the cytotoxicity and its related mechanisms. The HCEP cells treated with NOR at concentrations from 0.1875 to 3.0 mg/mL displayed abnormal morphology, declined viability, and increased plasma membrane permeability. Moreover, 0.75 mg/mL NOR induced chromatin condensation, S phase arrest, phosphatidylserine externalization, and formation of apoptotic body through activation of caspase-2/-8/-9/-3, downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, upregulation of Bad and Bax, mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor into cytosol, whereas 1.5 mg/mL and 3.0 mg/mL NOR upregulated the expressions of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) together with inactivation of caspase-2/-8. Furthermore, 0.1875-3.0 mg/mL NOR destroyed the multilayer structure of TE-HCEP model due to a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, which validated the above results. Overall, low-dose (0.1875-0.75 mg/mL) NOR induced apoptosis through mitochondrion-dependent and death receptor-mediated pathways, and high-dose (1.5-3.0 mg/mL) NOR triggered necroptosis via RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL cascade in HCEP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China.
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28
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Jiang GJ, Li Y, You XG, Fan TJ. Establish an In Vitro Cell Model to Explore the Impacts of UVA on Human Corneal Endothelial Wound Healing. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1065-1073. [PMID: 32090638 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1718166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide scientific data for clinical practice in making strategies for accelerating corneal endothelial wound healing, we investigated the impact of UVA on the corneal endothelial wound healing process and the underlying mechanism using an in vitro cell model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro cell model for corneal endothelial wound healing was established by scratching the in vitro cultured human corneal endothelial cell (HCEnC) confluent layer. Then, we investigated the impacts of UVA irradiation and Ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (Asc-2p) on the wound healing process of the in vitro HCEnC model by examining wound-healing index, F-actin+ rate, Ki-67+ rate, and ROS production. RESULTS After scratching, the Ki-67+ and F-actin+ HCEnCs occupied the scratching gap. Furthermore, the F-actin+ rates were significantly higher than Ki-67+ rates in the wound closure area. After irradiated with UVA, the wound-healing indexes, Ki-67+ rates and F-actin+ rates of the wound-healing model significantly reduced, whereas the ROS production significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with Asc-2p significantly reduced the ROS production as well as increased the wound-healing indexes, Ki-67+rates and F-actin+ rates of the UVA irradiated wound-healing model. CONCLUSION The migration of HCEnC plays a major role in the wound healing process of the established cell model, which is like the wound healing process in vivo. UVA decreases the wound closure of the in vitro HCEnC model dose-dependently, while antioxidant Asc-2p can attenuate the damage to UVA to HCEnCs probably via reducing ROS to improve their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jian Jiang
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin-Guo You
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Rubelowski AK, Latta L, Katiyar P, Stachon T, Käsmann-Kellner B, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. HCE-T cell line lacks cornea-specific differentiation markers compared to primary limbal epithelial cells and differentiated corneal epithelium. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:565-575. [PMID: 31927639 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human corneal epithelial cell-transformed (HCE-T) cell line is used as a widely accepted barrier model for pharmacological investigations in the context of eye application. The differentiation of (limbal) corneal epithelial into mature corneal epithelium coincides with the expression of established differentiation markers. If these differentiation mechanisms are disturbed, it will lead to ocular surface disease. In this study, we want to compare the expression of differentiation markers in the HCE-T cell line to differentiated primary epithelial cells (pCECs) and primary limbal epithelial cell (LEC) culture. This is necessary in order to decide whether HCE-T cells could be a tool to study the differentiation process and its regulatory networks in corneal epithelium. METHODS Primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) for cell culture and primary corneal epithelial cells (pCECs) as differentiated tissue samples were obtained from the limbus or central cornea region of corneal donors. HCE-T cell line was purchased from RIKEN Institute RCB-2280.Expression levels of conjunctival- and corneal-specific keratin and adhesion markers (KRT3, KRT12, KRT13, KRT19, DSG1), stem cell and differentiation markers (PAX6, ABCG2, ADH7, TP63, ALDH1A1), and additional (unvalidated) putative differentiation and stem cell markers (CTSV, SPINK7, DKK1) were analyzed with qPCR. Additionally, KRT3, KRT12, DSG1, and PAX6 protein levels were analyzed with Western blot. RESULTS KRT3, KRT12, DSG1, PAX6, ADH7, and ALDH1A1 mRNA expressions were higher in LECs and magnitudes higher in pCECs compared to HCE-T cells. KRT3, KRT12, PAX6, ALDH1A1, ADH7, TP63, and CTSV mRNAs have shown increasing mRNA expression from HCE-T < HCE-T cultured in keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) < LEC < to pCEC.KRT3 and KRT12 protein expressions were only slightly increased in LEC compared to HCE-T samples, and the strongest signals were seen in pCEC samples. DSG1 protein expression was only detected in pCECs. PAX6 protein expression was hardly detected in HCE-T cells, and no difference could be seen between LECs and pCECs. CONCLUSIONS The HCE-T cell line is even less differentiated than LECs regarding the investigated markers and therefore might also lack the ability to express differentiation markers at protein level. Hence, this cell line is not suitable to study corneal differentiation processes. Primary LECs in the way cultured here are not an ideal system compared to differentiated epithelium in organ culture but should be preferred to HCE-T cells if corneal differentiation markers are investigated. Other cell models or differentiation protocols should be developed in the future to gain new tools for research on ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Klara Rubelowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Lorenz Latta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Priya Katiyar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Tanja Stachon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Oliveira AV, Sarmento B. Establishment of a multilayered 3D cellular model of the retinal-blood barrier. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118811. [PMID: 31678524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal disorders are leading causes of blindness. Still, treatment strategies are limited and the challenging anatomical barriers of the eye limit the evaluation and development of new therapeutics. Among these layers of barriers is the blood-retinal barrier, which separates the retina from the choroid by the Bruch's membrane. This work aimed to establish a 3D cellular model that recapitulates barrier properties of the BRB and diffusion through the vitreous, the main barriers encountered upon intravitreal injection. Several parameters were evaluated namely co-culture time of ARPE-19 and HUVECs and different biomaterial compositions of hydrogels to better mimic the human vitreous. The developed vitreous mimic has viscoelastic properties similar to human vitreous. Co-culture of human retinal and endothelial cells showed increased transepithelial resistance with longer co-culture times concomitant with reduced permeability to FITC-dextran 40 kDa. The proposed models lay the foundation of a platform for faster assessment of a large number of samples and without the use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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31
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You XG, Fan TJ, Jiang GJ. Phenylephrine induces necroptosis and apoptosis in corneal epithelial cells dose- and time-dependently. Toxicology 2019; 428:152305. [PMID: 31605733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the toxicity of phenylephrine, a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, in corneal epithelial cells and its underlying mechanisms were investigated using an in vitro model of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEPCs) and an in vivo model of New Zealand white rabbit corneas. The HCEPCs treated with phenylephrine at concentrations from 10% to 0.078125% displayed abnormal morphology, decline of cell viability and elevation of plasma membrane permeability time- and dose-dependently. Moreover, 10%-1.25% phenylephrine induce necrosis characteristics of marginalization and uneven distribution of chromatin through up-regulation of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL along with inactivation of caspase-8 and caspase-2, whereas 0.625% phenylephrine induced condensed chromatin, S phase arrest, phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic body formation in the HCECs through activation of caspase-2, -8, -9 and -3 as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bad, ΔΨm disruption and release of cytochrome c and AIF into cytosol. At last, 10% phenylephrine induced destruction of the corneal epithelia and apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells in rabbit corneas. In conclusion, 10% to 1.25% phenylephrine cause necroptosis via RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL axis and 0.625% phenylephrine induce apoptosis via a mitochondrion-dependent and death receptor-mediated signal pathway in HCEPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guo You
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Guo-Jian Jiang
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
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Seino S, Matsuoka R, Masuda Y, Kunou M, Okada Y, Saika S. Topical hyaluronan alone promotes corneal epithelial cell migration whereas combination with benzalkonium chloride impairs epithelial wound healing. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2019; 39:13-20. [PMID: 31588814 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2019.1673402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of topical hyaluronan (HA) on corneal epithelial wound healing when administered with or without benzalkonium chloride (BAC).Methods: A cultured human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T) was subjected to in vitro scratch assays and in situ epithelial migration was evaluated in organ-cultured rabbit corneas. The corneal epithelium of C57BL/6J mice was also evaluated to determine in vivo wound healing. An in vivo imaging system was also used to evaluate the effects of HA on eye drop retention on the ocular surface.Results: The findings revealed the promotion of HCE-T migration, in situ rabbit corneal epithelial migration, and in vivo wound healing in mouse corneal epithelium by HA. Pre-treatment with HA also protected against delayed epithelial wound healing in BAC in vitro. However, pre-treatment with 3 mg/mL HA did not show a protective effect against BAC in vivo, but instead delayed epithelial wound healing and increased detection of cleaved caspase-3. This suggested that HA promotes the retention of BAC on the ocular surface. The instilled HA was retained after 15 min, at a significantly higher rate than for phosphate-buffered saline.Conclusions: The combination of HA and BAC impaired wound healing in the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Seino
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Rastogi P, Kandasubramanian B. Review of alginate-based hydrogel bioprinting for application in tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2019; 11:042001. [PMID: 31315105 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dawn of 3D printing in medicine has given the field the hope of vitality in many patients fighting a multitude of diseases. Also entitled bioprinting, this appertains to its sequential printing of precursor ink, embodying cells and polymer/composite in a predetermined trajectory. The precursor ink, in addition to cells, is predominantly constituted of hydrogels due to its biodegradability and ability to mimic the body's anatomy and mechanical features, e.g. bones, etc. This review paper is devoted to explicating the bioprinting (3D/4D) of alginate hydrogels, which are extracts from brown algae, through extrusion additive manufacturing. Alginates are salt derivatives of alginic acid and constitute long chains of polysaccharides, which provides pliability and gelling adeptness to their structure. Alginate hydrogel (employed for extrusion) can be pristine or composite relying on the requisite properties (target application controlled or in vivo environment), e.g. alginate-natural (gelatin/agarose/collagen/hyaluronic acid/etc) and alginate-synthetic (polyethylene glycol (PEG)/pluronic F-127/etc). Extrusion additive manufacturing of alginate is preponderate among others with its uncomplicated processing, material efficiency (cut down on wastage), and outspread adaptability for viscosities (0.03-6 * 104 Pa.s), but the procedure is limited by resolution (200 μm) in addition to accuracy. However, 3D-fabricated biostructures display rigidness (unvarying with conditions) i.e. lacks a smart response, which is reassured by accounting time feature as a noteworthy accessory to printing, interpreted as 4D bioprinting. This review propounds the specific processing itinerary for alginate (meanwhile traversing across its composites/blends with natural and synthetic consideration) in extrusion along with its pre-/during/post-processing parameters intrinsic to the process. Furthermore, propensity is also presented in its (alginate extrusion processing) application for tissue engineering, i.e. bones, cartilage (joints), brain (neural), ear, heart (cardiac), eyes (corneal), etc, due to a worldwide quandary over accessibility to natural organs for diverse types of diseases. Additionally, the review contemplates recently invented advance printing, i.e. 4D printing for biotic species, with its challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasansha Rastogi
- Rapid Prototyping Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune- 411025, India
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Schiroli D, Gómara MJ, Maurizi E, Atkinson SD, Mairs L, Christie KA, Cobice DF, McCrudden CM, Nesbit MA, Haro I, Moore T. Effective In Vivo Topical Delivery of siRNA and Gene Silencing in Intact Corneal Epithelium Using a Modified Cell-Penetrating Peptide. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:891-906. [PMID: 31476668 PMCID: PMC6723413 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominantly inherited genetic disorders such as corneal dystrophies are amenable to allele-specific gene silencing with small interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA delivered to the cornea by injection, although effective, is not suitable for a frequent long-term treatment regimen, whereas topical delivery of siRNA to the cornea is hampered by the eye surface's protective mechanisms. Herein we describe an attractive and innovative alternative for topical application using cell-penetrating peptide derivatives capable of complexing siRNA non-covalently and delivering them into the cornea. Through a rational design approach, we modified derivatives of a cell-penetrating peptide, peptide for ocular delivery (POD), already proved to diffuse into the corneal layers. These POD derivatives were able to form siRNA-peptide complexes (polyplexes) of size and ζ-potential similar to those reported able to undergo cellular internalization. Successful cytoplasmic release and gene silencing in vitro was obtained when an endosomal disruptor, chloroquine, was added. A palmitoylated-POD, displaying the best delivery properties, was covalently functionalized with trifluoromethylquinoline, an analog of chloroquine. This modified POD, named trifluoromethylquinoline-palmitoyl-POD (QN-Palm-POD), when complexed with siRNA and topically applied to the eye in vivo, resulted in up to 30% knockdown of luciferase reporter gene expression in the corneal epithelium. The methods developed within represent a valid standardized approach that is ideal for screening of a range of delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiroli
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - María J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Maurizi
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Sarah D Atkinson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland; Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Laura Mairs
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Diego F Cobice
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Cian M McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tara Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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Agbe H, Raza N, Dodoo-Arhin D, Kumar RV, Kim KH. A simple sensing of hazardous photo-induced superoxide anion radicals using a molecular probe in ZnO-Nanoparticles aqueous medium. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108424. [PMID: 31229777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the photolysis of sunscreens and sun blockers poses consumer safety concerns while necessitating proper identification and quantitation of ROS species. Here, a colorimetric sensing approach has been developed based on a molecular probe (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2-H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) tetrazolium salt) to quantitatively measure the photo-induced superoxide anion radicals (O2.) generated from the photocatalysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in aqueous solutions. Note that superoxide anion radicals are assumed to be the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from such photocatalysis. The characterisation of ZnO-NPs before and after irradiation showed average particle sizes of 616.5 and 295.3 nm and ζ-potential values of 0 and -24.4 mV, respectively. It is hoped that this proposed protocol can be further developed to efficiently detect other ROS present in inorganic sun blockers and to optimize the utility of various sunscreen formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Agbe
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK; Govt. Emerson College Affiliated with Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.
| | - David Dodoo-Arhin
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 77, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 25, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Thackaberry EA, Lorget F, Farman C, Bantseev V. The safety evaluation of long-acting ocular delivery systems. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1539-1550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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QobuR – A new in vitro human corneal epithelial model for preclinical drug screening. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Žiniauskaitė A, Ragauskas S, Ghosh AK, Thapa R, Roessler AE, Koulen P, Kalesnykas G, Hakkarainen JJ, Kaja S. Manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, reduces disease severity in in vitro and in vivo models for dry-eye disease. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:257-264. [PMID: 30807830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of the superoxide dismutase mimetic, manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (Mn-TM-2-PyP), in vitro in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells and in vivo in a preclinical mouse model for dry-eye disease (DED). METHODS In vitro, HCE-T cultures were exposed either to tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) to generate oxidative stress or to hyperosmolar conditions modeling cellular stress during DED. Cells were pre-treated with Mn-TM-2-PyP or vehicle. Mn-TM-2-PyP permeability across stratified HCE-T cells was assayed. In vivo, Mn-TM-2-PyP (0.1% w/v in saline) was delivered topically as eye drops in a desiccating stress/scopolamine model for DED. Preclinical efficacy was compared to untreated, vehicle- and ophthalmic cyclosporine emulsion-treated mice. RESULTS Mn-TM-2-PyP protected HCE-T cells in a dose-dependent manner against tBHP-induced oxidative stress as determined by calculating the IC50 for tBHP in the resazurin, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release cell viability assays. Mn-TM-2-PyP did not protect HCE-T cells from hyperosmolar insult. Its permeability coefficient across a barrier of HCE-T cells was 1.1 ± 0.05 × 10-6 cm/s and the mass balance was 62 ± 0.6%. In vivo, topical dosing with Mn-TM-2-PyP resulted in a statistically significant reduction of corneal fluorescein staining, similar to ophthalmic cyclosporine emulsion. Furthermore, Mn-TM-2-PyP significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration into lacrimal glands and prevented degeneration of parenchymal tissue. No protective effect against loss of conjunctival goblet cells was observed. Notably, Mn-TM-2-PyP did not produce ocular toxicity when administered topically. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that Mn-TM-2-PyP, a prototypic synthetic metalloporphyrin compound with potent catalytic antioxidant activity, can improve signs of DED in vivo by reducing oxidative stress in corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita K Ghosh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Departments of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Kaja
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA; K&P Scientific LLC, Oak Park, IL, USA.
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Castro N, Gillespie SR, Bernstein AM. Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30829330 PMCID: PMC7641194 DOI: 10.3791/58562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileyma Castro
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University
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Yamaguchi H, Takezawa T. Fabrication of a Corneal Model Composed of Corneal Epithelial and Endothelial Cells via a Collagen Vitrigel Membrane Functioned as an Acellular Stroma and Its Application to the Corneal Permeability Test of Chemicals. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1684-1691. [PMID: 29844140 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM) we developed can function as both a scaffold for cells and a pathway for chemicals. To extrapolate the corneal permeability of chemicals in vivo, we proposed six corneal models using the CVM. Thin and thick CVMs were used as models for Bowman's membrane (BM) and an acellular stroma (AS), respectively. Models for a corneal epithelium (CEpi), a CEpi-AS, a CEpi-endothelium (Endo), and a CEpi-AS-Endo were fabricated by culturing corneal epithelial cells and/or corneal endothelial cells on the surface of CVMs. Subsequently, the permeability coefficient (Papp) value of each model was calculated using five chemicals with different molecular radii; cyanocobalamin and four fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FD) (FD-4, FD-10, FD-20, and FD-40). The slopes of Papp versus molecular radii of those chemicals in the both BM and AS models were almost similar to data using an excised rabbit corneal stroma. The ratios of Papp values in models for BM, CEpi, and CEpi-Endo against those in data using an excised rabbit cornea were calculated as 75.4-fold, 6.4-fold, and 4.5-fold for FD-4, and 38.7-fold, 10.0-fold, and 4.2-fold for FD-10, respectively. Similarly, those in models for AS, CEpi-AS, and CEpi-AS-Endo were calculated as 26.1-fold, 2.5-fold, and 0.6-fold for FD-4, and 26.1-fold, 1.5-fold, and 0.6-fold for FD-10, respectively. These results suggest that the CEpi-AS-Endo model with both the barrier function of corneal cell layers and the diffusion capacity of chemicals in thick CVM is most appropriate for extrapolating the corneal permeability of chemicals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y., T.T.); and Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (H.Y., T.T.); and Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan (H.Y.)
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Sharif R, Priyadarsini S, Rowsey TG, Ma JX, Karamichos D. Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443018 DOI: 10.3791/56308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide suffering from corneal vision loss1. To address the demand for viable human corneas, significant progress in three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering has been made2,3,4. These cornea models range from simple monolayer systems to multilayered models, leading to 3D full-thickness corneal equivalents2. However, the use of a 3D tissue-engineered cornea in the context of in vitro disease models studied to date lacks resemblance to the multilayered 3D corneal tissue structure, function, and the networking of different cell types (i.e., nerve, epithelium, stroma, and endothelium)2,3. In addition, the demand for in vitro cornea tissue models has increased in an attempt to reduce animal testing for pharmaceutical products. Thus, more sophisticated models are required to better match systems to human physiological requirements, and the development of a model that is more relevant to the patient population is absolutely necessary. Given that multiple cell types in the cornea are affected by diseases and dystrophies, such as Keratoconus, Diabetic Keratopathy, and Fuchs, this model includes a 3D co-culture model of primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) from healthy donors and neurons from the SH-SY5Y cell line. This allows us for the first time to investigate the interactions between the two cell types within the human corneal tissue. We believe that this model could potentially dissect the underlying mechanisms associated with the stromal-nerve interactions of corneal diseases that exhibit nerve damages. This 3D model mirrors the basic anatomical and physiological nature of the corneal tissue in vivo and can be used in the future as a tool for investigating corneal defects as well as screening the efficacy of various agents before animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Shrestha Priyadarsini
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Tyler G Rowsey
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center;
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Ruokonen SK, Sanwald C, Robciuc A, Hietala S, Rantamäki AH, Witos J, King AWT, Lämmerhofer M, Wiedmer SK. Correlation between Ionic Liquid Cytotoxicity and Liposome-Ionic Liquid Interactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:2669-2680. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi-Katriina Ruokonen
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Corinna Sanwald
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Alexandra Robciuc
- Helsinki Eye Lab, Ophthalmology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Haartmaninkatu 8 00290 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Antti H. Rantamäki
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Joanna Witos
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Susanne K. Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
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Bandyopadhyay A, Dewangan VK, Vajanthri KY, Poddar S, Mahto SK. Easy and affordable method for rapid prototyping of tissue models in vitro using three-dimensional bioprinting. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ocular bioanalysis: challenges and advancements in recent years for these rare matrices. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1997-2014. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many ocular diseases still presenting unmet medical needs. Therefore, new ophthalmologic drugs are being developed. Bioanalysis of eye compartments (along with plasma and other tissues) is important to determine exposure of the target organ to the drug and to help interpret local pharmacological or toxic effects. This review article identifies several challenges that occur within ocular bioanalysis. They include sample collection and preparation, analytical issues, sourcing control matrix, data interpretation and regulatory requirements. It summarizes how these challenges have been recently addressed, how research has advanced and which questions remain unanswered. Recommendations are made based on the literature and our practical experience within ocular bioanalysis and future perspectives are discussed.
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Jian HJ, Wu RS, Lin TY, Li YJ, Lin HJ, Harroun SG, Lai JY, Huang CC. Super-Cationic Carbon Quantum Dots Synthesized from Spermidine as an Eye Drop Formulation for Topical Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6703-6716. [PMID: 28677399 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a one-step method to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDPAs) from biogenic polyamines (PAs) as an antibacterial agent for topical treatment of bacterial keratitis (BK). CQDs synthesized by direct pyrolysis of spermidine (Spd) powder through a simple dry heating treatment exhibit a solubility and yield much higher than those from putrescine and spermine. We demonstrate that CQDs obtained from Spds (CQDSpds) possess effective antibacterial activities against non-multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis bacteria and also against the multidrug-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CQDSpds is ∼2500-fold lower than that of spermidine alone, demonstrating their strong antibacterial capabilities. Investigation of the possible mechanisms behind the antibacterial activities of the as-synthesized CQDSpds indicates that the super-cationic CQDSpds with small size (diameter ca. 6 nm) and highly positive charge (ζ-potential ca. +45 mV) cause severe disruption of the bacterial membrane. In vitro cytotoxicity, hemolysis, hemagglutination, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress and in vivo morphologic and physiologic cornea change evaluations show the good biocompatibility of CQDSpds. Furthermore, topical ocular administration of CQDSpds can induce the opening of the tight junction of corneal epithelial cells, thereby leading to great antibacterial treatment of S. aureus-induced BK in rabbits. Our results suggest that CQDSpds are a promising antibacterial candidate for clinical applications in treating eye-related bacterial infections and even persistent bacteria-induced infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jyuan Jian
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Siang Wu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Scott G Harroun
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jui-Yang Lai
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Aberdam E, Petit I, Sangari L, Aberdam D. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived limbal epithelial cells (LiPSC) as a cellular alternative for in vitro ocular toxicity testing. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640863 PMCID: PMC5481014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells hold great potential to produce unlimited amount of differentiated cells as cellular source for regenerative medicine but also for in vitro drug screening and cytotoxicity tests. Ocular toxicity testing is mandatory to evaluate the risks of drugs and cosmetic products before their application to human patients by preventing eye irritation or insult. Since the global ban to use animals, many human-derived alternatives have been proposed, from ex-vivo enucleated postmortem cornea, primary corneal cell culture and immortalized corneal epithelial cell lines. All of them share limitations for their routine use. Using an improved protocol, we derived limbal epithelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells, named LiPSC, that are able to be passaged and differentiate further into corneal epithelial cells. Comparative RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis and zymography assays demonstrate that LiPSC are morphologically and molecularly similar to the adult stem cells. Moreover, contrary to HCE, LiPSC and primary limbal cells display similarly sensitive to cytotoxicity treatment among passages. Our data strongly suggest that LiPSC could become a powerful alternative cellular model for cosmetic and drug tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Aberdam
- INSERM U976 and Université Paris-Diderot, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Petit
- INSERM U976 and Université Paris-Diderot, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Linda Sangari
- INSERM U976 and Université Paris-Diderot, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM U976 and Université Paris-Diderot, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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