1
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Pervukhin VV, Sheven DG. Aerodynamic thermal breakup droplet ionization combined with a β-irradiation source for mass-spectrometric analysis of samples in a nonpolar solvent. Talanta 2024; 279:126573. [PMID: 39068828 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A method is proposed for increasing the number of ions during mass-spectrometric analysis of samples in a nonpolar solvent (benzene). For this purpose, aerodynamic thermal breakup droplet ionization (ATBDI) with the impact of β-radiation on the aerosol droplets used in ATBDI was evaluated. This modification of the method, which we named β-ATBDI, allows to shift a nonvolatile analyte (trinitrotoluene in the negative ionization region and cocaine in the positive ionization region, as an example) into a gas phase as an aerosol at room temperature (in contrast to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization). In addition, β-ATBDI enables a researcher to distinguish mass spectrometric peaks of the compounds located in an aerosol droplet from compounds located outside the droplet, i.e., to identify background peaks. Also briefly discussed the ionization of two antibiotics-azithromycin in methylene chloride and sulfadiazine in salt water with β-ATBDI, ATBDI and electrospray ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Pervukhin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentieva Ave., 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy G Sheven
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentieva Ave., 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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2
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Trimpin S, Yenchick FS, Lee C, Hoang K, Pophristic M, Karki S, Marshall DD, Lu IC, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Meher AK, Chakrabarty S, Imperial LF, Madarshahian S, Richards AL, Lietz CB, Moreno-Pedraza A, Leach SM, Gibson SC, Elia EA, Thawoos SM, Woodall DW, Jarois DR, Davis ETJ, Liao G, Muthunayake NS, Redding MJ, Reynolds CA, Anthony TM, Vithanarachchi SM, DeMent P, Adewale AO, Yan L, Wager-Miller J, Ahn YH, Sanderson TH, Przyklenk K, Greenberg ML, Suits AG, Allen MJ, Narayan SB, Caruso JA, Stemmer PM, Nguyen HM, Weidner SM, Rackers KJ, Djuric A, Shulaev V, Hendrickson TL, Chow CS, Pflum MKH, Grayson SM, Lobodin VV, Guo Z, Ni CK, Walker JM, Mackie K, Inutan ED, McEwen CN. New Processes for Ionizing Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: The Road of Discovery to Current State-of-the-Art. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 39374043 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective covers discovery and mechanistic aspects as well as initial applications of novel ionization processes for use in mass spectrometry that guided us in a series of subsequent discoveries, instrument developments, and commercialization. Vacuum matrix-assisted ionization on an intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization source without the use of a laser, high voltages, or any other added energy was simply unbelievable, at first. Individually and as a whole, the various discoveries and inventions started to paint, inter alia, an exciting new picture and outlook in mass spectrometry from which key developments grew that were at the time unimaginable, and continue to surprise us in its simplistic preeminence. We, and others, have demonstrated exceptional analytical utility. Our current research is focused on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes through dedicated platforms and source developments. These ionization processes convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solid or liquid matrixes into gas-phase ions for analysis by mass spectrometry using, e.g., mass-selected fragmentation and ion mobility spectrometry to provide accurate, and sometimes improved, mass and drift time resolution. The combination of research and discoveries demonstrated multiple advantages of the new ionization processes and established the basis of the successes that lead to the Biemann Medal and this Perspective. How the new ionization processes relate to traditional ionization is also presented, as well as how these technologies can be utilized in tandem through instrument modification and implementation to increase coverage of complex materials through complementary strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Frank S Yenchick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vincent S Pagnotti
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Lorelei F Imperial
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sara Madarshahian
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Samantha M Leach
- Department of Forensic Sciences (DFS), Washington, D.C. 20024, United States
| | - Stephen C Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shameemah M Thawoos
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Daniel W Woodall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Eric T J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Guochao Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - McKenna J Redding
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Christian A Reynolds
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Thilani M Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Paul DeMent
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Adeleye O Adewale
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Lu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Arthur G Suits
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Srinivas B Narayan
- Detroit Medical Center: Detroit Hospital (DMC), Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Kevin J Rackers
- Automation Techniques, Inc, Greensboro, North Carolina 27407, United States
| | - Ana Djuric
- College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76210, United States
| | - Tamara L Hendrickson
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christine S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | | | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J Michael Walker
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Roudini M, Manuel Rosselló J, Manor O, Ohl CD, Winkler A. Acoustic resonance effects and cavitation in SAW aerosol generation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106530. [PMID: 37515911 PMCID: PMC10407539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) with liquids enables the production of aerosols with adjustable droplet sizes in the micrometer range expelled from a very compact source. Understanding the nonlinear acousto-hydrodynamics of SAWs with a regulated micro-scale liquid film is essential for acousto-microfluidics platforms, particularly aerosol generators. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of micro-cavitation in a MHz-frequency SAW aerosol generation platform, which is touted as a leap in aerosol technology with versatile application fields including biomolecule inhalation therapy, micro-chromatography and spectroscopy, olfactory displays, and material deposition. Using analysis methods with high temporal and spatial resolution, we demonstrate that SAWs stabilize spatially arranged liquid micro-domes atop the generator's surface. Our experiments show that these liquid domes become acoustic resonators with highly fluctuating pressure amplitudes that can even nucleate cavitation bubbles, as supported by analytical modeling. The observed fragmentation of liquid domes indicates the participation of three droplet generation mechanisms, including cavitation and capillary-wave instabilities. During aerosol generation, the cavitation bubbles contribute to the ejection of droplets from the liquid domes and also explain observed microstructural damage patterns on the chip surface eventually caused by cavitation-based erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Roudini
- SAWLab Saxony, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, Dresden 01069, Germany.
| | - Juan Manuel Rosselló
- Otto von Guerricke University, Institute for Physics, Universitätsplatz. 2, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Ofer Manor
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Claus-Dieter Ohl
- Otto von Guerricke University, Institute for Physics, Universitätsplatz. 2, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- SAWLab Saxony, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
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Dugan LD, Bier ME. Mechanospray Ionization MS of Proteins Including in the Folded State and Polymers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:772-782. [PMID: 35420806 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanospray ionization (MoSI) is a technique that produces ions directly from solution-like electrospray ionization (ESI) but without the need of a high voltage. In MoSI, mechanical vibrations aerosolize solution phase analytes, whereby the resulting microdroplets can be directed into the inlet orifice of a mass spectrometer. In this work, MoSI is applied to biomolecules up to 80 kDa in mass in both denatured and native conditions as well as polymers up to 12 kDa in mass. The various MoSI devices used in these analyses were all comprised of a piezoelectric annulus attached to a central metallic disk containing an array of 4 to 7 μm diameter holes. The devices vibrated in the 100-170 kHz range to generate a beam of microdroplets that ultimately resulted in ion formation. A linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT) and orbitrap mass spectrometer were used in the analysis to investigate higher mass proteins at both native (folded) and denatured (unfolded) conditions. MoSI native mass spectra of proteins acquired on the orbitrap and LIT instrument demonstrated that proteins could remain intact and in a folded state. In the case of native MS of holomyoglobin, the intact folded protein remained mostly bound noncovalently to the heme group, and typically, the spectra showed reduced loss of the heme group by MoSI as compared to ESI. In both non-native and native protein analyses examples, broader often multimodal distributions to lower charge states were observed. When using the LIT instrument, a significant increase in the relative abundance of dimers was observed by MoSI as compared to ESI. The softness of the MoSI technique was evidenced by the lack of fragmentation, the formation of dimers as also noted by others ( J. Mass Spectrom. 2016, 424-429) and under native conditions, the retention of proteins in one or more presumed folded structures and for holomyoglobin the high retention of the heme group. When analyzing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG), MoSI also generated a broader distribution to lower charge states than ESI. By using the improved separation of peaks at lower charge states and all the charge states available, MoSI data should provide an improved ionization method to obtain more accurate mass and dispersity values for some polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Dugan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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5
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Chew NSL, Wong KS, Chang WS, Ooi CW, Yeo LY, Tan MK. Nanoscale plasma-activated aerosol generation for in situ surface pathogen disinfection. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35498339 PMCID: PMC9008002 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasma treatment constitutes an efficient method for chemical-free disinfection. A spray-based system for dispensing plasma-activated aerosols onto surfaces would facilitate disinfection of complex and/or hidden surfaces inaccessible to direct line-of-sight (for example, UV) methods. The complexity and size of current plasma generators (for example, plasma jet and cometary plasma systems)-which prohibit portable operation, together with the short plasma lifetimes, necessitate a miniaturized in situ technique in which a source can be simultaneously activated and administered on-demand onto surfaces. Here, we demonstrate this possibility by combining two nanoscale technologies for plasma and aerosol generation into an integrated device that is sufficiently small and lightweight. Plasma is generated on a carpet of zinc oxide nanorods comprising a nanoneedle ensemble, which when raised to a high electric potential, constitutes a massive point charge array with near-singular electric fields to effect atmospheric breakdown. The plasma is then used to activate water transported through an underlying capillary wick, that is subsequently aerosolized under MHz-order surface acoustic waves. We show that the system, besides being amenable to miniaturization and hence integration into a chipscale device, leads to a considerable improvement in plasma-activation over its macroscale cometary discharge predecessor, with up to 20% and 127% higher hydrogen peroxide and nitrite ion concentrations that are respectively generated in the plasma-activated aerosols. This, in turn, leads to a 67% reduction in the disinfection time to achieve 95% bacterial load reduction, therefore demonstrating the potential of the technology as an efficient portable platform for on-demand field-use surface disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. L. Chew
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kiing S. Wong
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wei S. Chang
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chien W. Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ming K. Tan
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
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Kiontke A, Roudini M, Billig S, Fakhfouri A, Winkler A, Birkemeyer C. Surface acoustic wave nebulization improves compound selectivity of low-temperature plasma ionization for mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2948. [PMID: 33536450 PMCID: PMC7858570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry coupled to low-temperature plasma ionization (LTPI) allows for immediate and easy analysis of compounds from the surface of a sample at ambient conditions. The efficiency of this process, however, strongly depends on the successful desorption of the analyte from the surface to the gas phase. Whilst conventional sample heating can improve analyte desorption, heating is not desirable with respect to the stability of thermally labile analytes. In this study using aromatic amines as model compounds, we demonstrate that (1) surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) can significantly improve compound desorption for LTPI without heating the sample. Furthermore, (2) SAWN-assisted LTPI shows a response enhancement up to a factor of 8 for polar compounds such as aminophenols and phenylenediamines suggesting a paradigm shift in the ionization mechanism. Additional assets of the new technique demonstrated here are (3) a reduced analyte selectivity (the interquartile range of the response decreased by a factor of 7)—a significant benefit in non-targeted analysis of complex samples—and (4) the possibility for automated online monitoring using an autosampler. Finally, (5) the small size of the microfluidic SAWN-chip enables the implementation of the method into miniaturized, mobile LTPI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiontke
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mehrzad Roudini
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials (IKM), SAWLab Saxony, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Billig
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armaghan Fakhfouri
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials (IKM), SAWLab Saxony, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials (IKM), SAWLab Saxony, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Li X, Attanayake K, Valentine, Li P. Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI) for voltage-free direct analysis of samples using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8232. [PMID: 29993155 PMCID: PMC6529299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of miniaturized and field portable mass spectrometers could not succeed without a simple, compact, and robust ionization source. Here we present a voltage-free ionization method, Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI), which can generate a spray of liquid samples using only one standard microscope glass slide to which a piezoelectric transducer is attached. Compared with existing ambient ionization methods, VSSI eliminates the need for a high electric field (~5000 V·cm-1 ) for spray generation, while sharing a similar level of simplicity and flexibility with the simplest direct ionization techniques currently available such as paper spray ionization (PSI) and other solid substrate-based electrospray ionization methods. METHODS The VSSI device was fabricated by attaching a piezoelectric transducer onto a standard glass microscope slide using epoxy glue. Liquid sample was aerosolized by either placing a droplet onto the vibrating edge of the glass slide or touching a wet surface with the glass edge. Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by placing the VSSI device 0.5-1 cm from the inlet of the mass spectrometer (Q-Exactive, ThermoScientific). RESULTS VSSI is demonstrated to ionize a diverse array of chemical species, including small organic molecules, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Preliminary sensitivity experiments show that high-quality mass spectra of acetaminophen can be obtained by consuming 100 femtomoles of the target. The dual spray of VSSI was also demonstrated by performing in-droplet denaturation of ubiquitin. Finally, due to the voltage-free nature and the direct-contact working mode of VSSI, it has been successfully applied for the detection of chemicals directly from human fingertips. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we report a compact ionization method based on vibrating sharp-edges. The simplicity and voltage-free nature of VSSI make it an attractive option for field portable applications or analyzing biological samples that are sensitive to high voltage or difficult to access by conventional ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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8
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Song L, You Y, Perdomo NR, Evans-Nguyen T. Inexpensive Ultrasonic Nebulization Coupled with Direct Current Corona Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Liquid Samples and Its Fundamental Investigations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11072-11079. [PMID: 32662994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of direct mass-spectrometric analysis, especially exploited by ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) methods, provides numerous means for convenient sample analysis. While many simple and versatile ionization sources have been developed, challenges lay in achieving efficient sample introduction. In previous work, a sample introduction method employing direct current corona discharge (CD) coupled to a surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) device enhanced sampling performance for both polar and nonpolar analytes by up to 4 orders of magnitude. In fact, the SAWN-CD method generated a multiply charged peptide ion signal comparable to that of conventional ESI. Unfortunately, the high cost of the SAWN devices themselves limits their accessibility. Herein, we report on an analogous implementation of CD with an inexpensive ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) on the basis of a commercial room humidifier demonstrating equivalent exemplary performance. We subsequently compare the two methods of SAWN-CD and USN-CD in a screening application of milk for the detection of two antibiotic drugs, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. Finally, we further investigate the relative softness of these CD-coupled acoustic nebulization methods in comparison to that of ESI using a survival yield study of the thermometer ion nitrobenzylpyridinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Song
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Yi You
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Exploring the structure and dynamics of macromolecular complexes by native mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Wong KS, Lim WTH, Ooi CW, Yeo LY, Tan MK. In situ generation of plasma-activated aerosols via surface acoustic wave nebulization for portable spray-based surface bacterial inactivation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1856-1868. [PMID: 32342089 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of reactive species in plasma-activated water is known to induce oxidative stresses in bacterial species, which can result in their inactivation. By integrating a microfludic chipscale nebulizer driven by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) with a low-temperature atmospheric plasma source, we demonstrate an efficient technique for in situ production and application of plasma-activated aerosols for surface disinfection. Unlike bulk conventional systems wherein the water is separately batch-treated within a container, we show in this work the first demonstration of continuous plasma-treatment of water as it is transported through a paper strip from a reservoir onto the chipscale SAW device. The significantly larger surface area to volume ratio of the water within the paper strip leads to a significant reduction in the duration of the plasma-treatment, while maintaining the concentration of the reactive species. The subsequent nebulization of the plasma-activated water by the SAW then allows the generation of plasma-activated aerosols, which can be directly sprayed onto the contaminated surface, therefore eliminating the storage of the plasma-activated water and hence circumventing the typical limitation in conventional systems wherein the concentration of the reactive species diminishes over time during storage, resulting in a reduction in the efficacy of bacterial inactivation. In particular, we show up to 96% reduction in Escherichia coli colonies through direct spraying with the plasma-activated aerosols. This novel, low-cost, portable and energy-efficient hybrid system necessitates only minimal maintenance as it only requires the supply of tap water and battery power for operation, and is thus suitable for decontamination in home environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiing S Wong
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Ninomiya S, Rankin-Turner S, Hiraoka K. Rapid desorption of low-volatility compounds in liquid droplets accompanied by the flash evaporation of solvent below the Leidenfrost temperature. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8535. [PMID: 31334891 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The objective of this work is to study the interaction of methanol droplets with the heated surface for the improved detection of low-volatility and thermally labile compounds by the flash evaporation that occurs below the Leidenfrost temperature. METHODS 5 μL solutions of low-volatility compounds in methanol were introduced into the heated tube. Desorbed analytes were ionized in the sealed atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source by direct current (DC) corona discharge using air as the reagent gas. RESULTS The rapid desorption of low-volatility compounds accompanied by the flash evaporation of methanol solvent was observed in the temperature range of 60-100°C. Linear relationships between the signal intensities and the solute concentrations in the range of 0.01-5 ppm for morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine were obtained at 95°C. CONCLUSIONS The observed rapid desorption of low-volatility compounds below the Leidenfrost temperature would provide useful information in many fields, e.g., the interaction of liquid droplets with heated matter, liquid sample introduction into the injection port of a gas chromatograph, coupling of the flash evaporation with pulse valve operated miniaturized mass spectrometer, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ninomiya
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
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12
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Rezk AR, Ahmed H, Ramesan S, Yeo LY. High Frequency Sonoprocessing: A New Field of Cavitation-Free Acoustic Materials Synthesis, Processing, and Manipulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2001983. [PMID: 33437572 PMCID: PMC7788597 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound constitutes a powerful means for materials processing. Similarly, a new field has emerged demonstrating the possibility for harnessing sound energy sources at considerably higher frequencies (10 MHz to 1 GHz) compared to conventional ultrasound (⩽3 MHz) for synthesizing and manipulating a variety of bulk, nanoscale, and biological materials. At these frequencies and the typical acoustic intensities employed, cavitation-which underpins most sonochemical or, more broadly, ultrasound-mediated processes-is largely absent, suggesting that altogether fundamentally different mechanisms are at play. Examples include the crystallization of novel morphologies or highly oriented structures; exfoliation of 2D quantum dots and nanosheets; polymer nanoparticle synthesis and encapsulation; and the possibility for manipulating the bandgap of 2D semiconducting materials or the lipid structure that makes up the cell membrane, the latter resulting in the ability to enhance intracellular molecular uptake. These fascinating examples reveal how the highly nonlinear electromechanical coupling associated with such high-frequency surface vibration gives rise to a variety of static and dynamic charge generation and transfer effects, in addition to molecular ordering, polarization, and assembly-remarkably, given the vast dimensional separation between the acoustic wavelength and characteristic molecular length scales, or between the MHz-order excitation frequencies and typical THz-order molecular vibration frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R. Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
| | - Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
| | - Shwathy Ramesan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
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13
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Pintabona L, Astefanei A, Corthals GL, van Asten AC. Utilizing Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulization (SAWN) for the Rapid and Sensitive Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Organic Explosives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2655-2669. [PMID: 31659718 PMCID: PMC6914713 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When considering incident investigations and security checks focused on energetic materials, there is an ongoing need for rapid, on-scene chemical identification. Currently applied methods are not capable of meeting all requirements, and hence, portable mass spectrometry is an interesting alternative although many instrumental challenges still exist. To be able to analyze explosives with mass spectrometry outside the traditional laboratory, suitable ambient ionization methods need to be developed. Ideally such methods are also easily implemented in the field requiring limited to no power sources, gas supplies, flow controllers, and heating devices. For this reason, the potential of SAWN (surface acoustic wave nebulization) for the ambient ionization and subsequent mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of organic explosives was investigated in this study. Excellent sensitivity was observed for nitrate-based organic explosives when operating the MS in negative mode. No dominant adduct peaks were observed for the peroxides TATP and HMTD with SAWN-MS in positive mode. The MS spectra indicate extensive fragmentation of the peroxide explosives even under the mild ionization conditions provided by SAWN. The potential of SAWN-MS was demonstrated with the correct identification of nitrate-based organic explosives in pre- and post-explosion case samples in only a fraction of the time and effort required for the regular laboratory analysis. Results show that SAWN-MS can convincingly identify intact organic energetic compounds and mixtures but that sensitivity is not always sufficient to detect traces of explosives in post-explosion residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pintabona
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Astefanei
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Garry L Corthals
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Rahrt R, Auth T, Demireva M, Armentrout PB, Koszinowski K. Benzhydrylpyridinium Ions: A New Class of Thermometer Ions for the Characterization of Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11703-11711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rahrt
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Auth
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Dominguez-Medina S, Fostner S, Defoort M, Sansa M, Stark AK, Halim MA, Vernhes E, Gely M, Jourdan G, Alava T, Boulanger P, Masselon C, Hentz S. Neutral mass spectrometry of virus capsids above 100 megadaltons with nanomechanical resonators. Science 2019; 362:918-922. [PMID: 30467165 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the mass of particles in the mega- to gigadalton range is challenging with conventional mass spectrometry. Although this mass range appears optimal for nanomechanical resonators, nanomechanical mass spectrometers often suffer from prohibitive sample loss, extended analysis time, or inadequate resolution. We report on a system architecture combining nebulization of the analytes from solution, their efficient transfer and focusing without relying on electromagnetic fields, and the mass measurements of individual particles using nanomechanical resonator arrays. This system determined the mass distribution of ~30-megadalton polystyrene nanoparticles with high detection efficiency and effectively performed molecular mass measurements of empty or DNA-filled bacteriophage T5 capsids with masses up to 105 megadaltons using less than 1 picomole of sample and with an instrument resolution above 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Dominguez-Medina
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Shawn Fostner
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Defoort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stark
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohammad Abdul Halim
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Emeline Vernhes
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thomas Alava
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Boulanger
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christophe Masselon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France. .,CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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16
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Abstract
Acoustics has a broad spectrum of applications, ranging from noise cancelation to ultrasonic imaging. In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in developing acoustic-based methods for biological and biomedical applications. This Perspective summarizes the recent progress in applying acoustofluidic methods (i.e., the fusion of acoustics and microfluidics) to bioanalytical chemistry. We describe the concepts of acoustofluidics and how it can be tailored to different types of bioanalytical applications, including sample concentration, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, label-free cell/particle separation, and fluid manipulation. Examples of each application are given, and the benefits and limitations of these methods are discussed. Finally, our perspectives on the directions that developing solutions should take to address the bottlenecks in the acoustofluidic applications in bioanalytical chemistry are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Song L, You Y, Evans-Nguyen T. Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulization with Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization for Enhanced Ion Signal. Anal Chem 2018; 91:912-918. [PMID: 30481449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) techniques rely critically on thermal desorption. Meanwhile, the analyte classes that are successfully studied by any particular ADI-MS methods are strongly dependent on the type of ionization source. Generally, spray-based ionization sources favor polar analytes, whereas plasma-based sources can be used for more hydrophobic analytes and are more suitable for molecules with small molar masses. In the present work, classic atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is used. To provide improved desorption performance for APCI, a surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) device was implemented to convert liquid analytes into fine airborne particles. Compared to conventional SAWN that is used solely as an ionization source for liquid samples, the coupling of SAWN and APCI significantly improves ion signal by up to 4 orders of magnitude, reaching comparable ion abundances to those of electrospray ionization (ESI). Additionally, this coupling also extends the applicable mass range of an APCI source, conventionally known for the ionization of small molecules <500 Da. Herein, we discuss cursory evidence of this applicability to a variety of analytes including both polar and nonpolar small molecules and novel peptides that mimic biomolecules upward of 1000 Da. Observed species are similar to ESI-derived ions including doubly charged analyte ions despite presumably different charging mechanisms. SAWN-APCI coupling may thus involve more nuanced ionization pathways in comparison to other ADI approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Song
- University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Yi You
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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18
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Connacher W, Zhang N, Huang A, Mei J, Zhang S, Gopesh T, Friend J. Micro/nano acoustofluidics: materials, phenomena, design, devices, and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1952-1996. [PMID: 29922774 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic actuation of fluids at small scales may finally enable a comprehensive lab-on-a-chip revolution in microfluidics, overcoming long-standing difficulties in fluid and particle manipulation on-chip. In this comprehensive review, we examine the fundamentals of piezoelectricity, piezoelectric materials, and transducers; revisit the basics of acoustofluidics; and give the reader a detailed look at recent technological advances and current scientific discussions in the discipline. Recent achievements are placed in the context of classic reports for the actuation of fluid and particles via acoustic waves, both within sessile drops and closed channels. Other aspects of micro/nano acoustofluidics are examined: atomization, translation, mixing, jetting, and particle manipulation in the context of sessile drops and fluid mixing and pumping, particle manipulation, and formation of droplets in the context of closed channels, plus the most recent results at the nanoscale. These achievements will enable applications across the disciplines of chemistry, biology, medicine, energy, manufacturing, and we suspect a number of others yet unimagined. Basic design concepts and illustrative applications are highlighted in each section, with an emphasis on lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Connacher
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA.
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19
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Rapid Food Product Analysis by Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulization Coupled Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018; 11:2447-2454. [PMID: 30271524 DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid food product analysis is of great interest for quality control and assurance during the production process. Conventional quality control protocols require time and labor intensive sample preparation for analysis by state-of-the-art analytical methods. To reduce overall cost and facilitate rapid qualitative assessments, food products need to be tested with minimal sample preparation. We present a novel and simple method for assessing food product compositions by mass spectrometry using a novel surface acoustic wave nebulization method. This method provides significant advantages over conventional methods requiring no pumps, capillaries, or additional chemicals to enhance ionization for mass spectrometric analysis. In addition, the surface acoustic wave nebulization - mass spectrometry method is ideal for rapid analysis and to investigate certain compounds by using the mass spectra as a type of species-specific fingerprint analysis. We present for the first time surface acoustic wave nebulization generated mass spectra of a variety of fermented food products from a small selection of vinegars, wines, and beers.
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20
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Astefanei A, van Bommel M, Corthals GL. Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulisation Mass Spectrometry for the Fast and Highly Sensitive Characterisation of Synthetic Dyes in Textile Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2108-2116. [PMID: 28660500 PMCID: PMC5594053 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave nebulisation (SAWN) mass spectrometry (MS) is a method to generate gaseous ions compatible with direct MS of minute samples at femtomole sensitivity. To perform SAWN, acoustic waves are propagated through a LiNbO3 sampling chip, and are conducted to the liquid sample, which ultimately leads to the generation of a fine mist containing droplets of nanometre to micrometre diameter. Through fission and evaporation, the droplets undergo a phase change from liquid to gaseous analyte ions in a non-destructive manner. We have developed SAWN technology for the characterisation of organic colourants in textiles. It generates electrospray-ionisation-like ions in a non-destructive manner during ionisation, as can be observed by the unmodified chemical structure. The sample size is decreased by tenfold to 1000-fold when compared with currently used liquid chromatography-MS methods, with equal or better sensitivity. This work underscores SAWN-MS as an ideal tool for molecular analysis of art objects as it is non-destructive, is rapid, involves minimally invasive sampling and is more sensitive than current MS-based methods. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Astefanei
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Bommel
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Humanities, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, University of Amsterdam, Johannes Vermeerplein 1, 1071 DV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Garry L Corthals
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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21
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Go DB, Atashbar MZ, Ramshani Z, Chang HC. Surface acoustic wave devices for chemical sensing and microfluidics: A review and perspective. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:4112-4134. [PMID: 29151901 PMCID: PMC5685524 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay00690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs), are electro-mechanical waves that form on the surface of piezoelectric crystals. Because they are easy to construct and operate, SAW devices have proven to be versatile and powerful platforms for either direct chemical sensing or for upstream microfluidic processing and sample preparation. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of SAW devices for chemical sensing and analysis. The use of SAW techniques for chemical detection in both gaseous and liquid media is discussed, as well as recent fabrication advances that are pointing the way for the next generation of SAW sensors. Similarly, applications and progress in using SAW devices as microfluidic platforms are covered, ranging from atomization and mixing to new approaches to lysing and cell adhesion studies. Finally, potential new directions and perspectives on the field as it moves forward are offered, with a specific focus on potential strategies for making SAW technologies for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Go
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Masood Z. Atashbar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Zeinab Ramshani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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22
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Abstract
In this work, we discuss and demonstrate the principle features of surface acoustic wave (SAW) aerosol generation, based on the properties of the fluid supply, the acoustic wave field and the acoustowetting phenomena. Furthermore, we demonstrate a compact SAW-based aerosol generator amenable to mass production fabricated using simple techniques including photolithography, computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. Using this device, we present comprehensive experimental results exploring the complexity of the acoustic atomization process and the influence of fluid supply position and geometry, SAW power and fluid flow rate on the device functionality. These factors in turn influence the droplet size distribution, measured here, that is important for applications including liquid chromatography, pulmonary therapies, thin film deposition and olfactory displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winkler
- SAWLab Saxony, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - S Harazim
- SAWLab Saxony, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - D J Collins
- Singapore University of Technology, Engineering Product Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - R Brünig
- BelektroniG GmbH, Hauptstraße 38, 01705, Freital, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- SAWLab Saxony, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - S B Menzel
- SAWLab Saxony, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Yoon SH, Liang T, Schneider T, Oyler BL, Chandler CE, Ernst RK, Yen GS, Huang Y, Nilsson E, Goodlett DR. Rapid lipid a structure determination via surface acoustic wave nebulization and hierarchical tandem mass spectrometry algorithm. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2555-2560. [PMID: 27582344 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) is an easy to use sample transfer method for rapid mass spectrometric analysis. A new standing wave (SW) SAWN chip, with higher ionization efficiency than our previously reported design, is used for rapid analysis of lipids. METHODS The crude, yet fast, Caroff protocol was used for lipid A extraction from Francisella novicida. SW-SAWN with a Waters Synapt G2S quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer was used to generate lipid A ions. Quadrupole collision-induced dissociation (Q-CID) of lipid A at varying CID energies was used to approximate the ion trap MSn data required for our hierarchical tandem mass spectrometry (HiTMS) algorithm. Structural hypotheses can be obtained directly from the HiTMS algorithm to identify species-specific lipid A molecules. RESULTS SW-SAWN successfully generated ions from lipid A extracted from Francisella novicida using the faster Caroff method. In addition, varying collision energies were used to generate tandem mass spectra similar to MS3 and MS4 spectra from an ion trap. The Q-CID spectra are compatible with our HiTMS algorithm and offer an improvement over lipid A tandem mass spectra acquired in an ion trap. CONCLUSIONS Combining SW-SAWN and Q-CID enabled more structural assignments than previously reported in half the time. The ease of generating spectra by SAWN tandem MS in combination with HiTMS interpretation offers high-throughput lipid A structural analysis and thereby rapid detection of pathogens based on lipid fingerprinting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Benjamin L Oyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Courtney E Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gloria S Yen
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Erik Nilsson
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20N Pine St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Ave #503, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
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24
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Huang Y, Heron SR, Clark AM, Edgar JS, Yoon SH, Kilgour DPA, Turecek F, Aliseda A, Goodlett DR. Surface acoustic wave nebulization device with dual interdigitated transducers improves SAWN-MS performance. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:424-429. [PMID: 27270865 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We compared mass spectrometric (MS) performance of surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) generated by a single interdigitated transducer (IDT) designed to produce a progressive wave (PW) to one with a dual IDT that can in theory generate standing waves (SW). Given that devices using dual IDTs had been shown to produce fewer large size droplets on average, we hypothesized they would improve MS performance by improving the efficiency of desolvation. Indeed, the SW-SAWN chip provided an improved limit of detection of 1 femtomole of peptide placed on chip making it 100× more sensitive than the PW design. However, as measured by high-speed image recording and phase Doppler particle analyzer measurements, there was only a 26% increase in the small diameter (1-10 µm) droplets produced from the new device, precluding a conclusion that the decrease in droplet size was solely responsible for the improvement in MS signal/noise. Given that the dual IDT design produced a more instantaneous plume than the PW design, the more likely contributor to improved MS signal/noise was concluded to be a higher ion flux entering the mass spectrometer for the dual IDT designs. Notably, the dual IDT device allowed production of much higher quality protein mass spectra up to about 20 kDa, compared with the single IDT device. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia M Clark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David P A Kilgour
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Alberto Aliseda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Deurion, LLC, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Wang Y, Rezk AR, Khara JS, Yeo LY, Ee PLR. Stability and efficacy of synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides nebulized using high frequency acoustic waves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:034115. [PMID: 27375820 PMCID: PMC4902807 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW), a nanometer amplitude electroelastic wave generated and propagated on low-loss piezoelectric substrates (such as LiNbO3), is an extremely efficient solid-fluid energy transfer mechanism. The present study explores the use of SAW nebulization as a solution for effective pulmonary peptide delivery. In vitro deposition characteristics of the nebulized peptides were determined using a Next Generation Cascade Impactor. 70% of the peptide-laden aerosols generated were within a size distribution favorable for deep lung distribution. The integrity of the nebulized peptides was found to be retained, as shown via mass spectrometry. The anti-mycobacterial activity of the nebulized peptides was found to be uncompromised compared with their non-nebulized counterparts, as demonstrated by the minimum inhibition concentration and the colony forming inhibition activity. The peptide concentration and volume recoveries for the SAW nebulizer were significantly higher than 90% and found to be insensitive to variation in the peptide sequences. These results demonstrate the potential of the SAW nebulization platform as an effective delivery system of therapeutic peptides through the respiratory tract to the deep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jasmeet Singh Khara
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Pui Lai Rachel Ee
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
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26
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Monkkonen L, Edgar JS, Winters D, Heron SR, Mackay CL, Masselon CD, Stokes AA, Langridge-Smith PR, Goodlett DR. Screen-printed digital microfluidics combined with surface acoustic wave nebulization for hydrogen-deuterium exchange measurements. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:161-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Hommersom B, Syed SUAH, Eijkel GB, Kilgour DPA, Goodlett DR, Heeren RMA. An ambient detection system for visualization of charged particles generated with ionization methods at atmospheric pressure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:352-358. [PMID: 26754127 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE With the current state-of-the-art detection of ions only taking place under vacuum conditions, active pixel detectors that operate under ambient conditions are of particular interest. These detectors are ideally suited to study and characterize the charge distributions generated by ambient ionization sources. METHODS The direct imaging capabilities of the active pixel detector are used to investigate the spatial distributions of charged droplets generated by three ionization sources, named electrospray ionization (ESI), paper spray ionization (PSI) and surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN). The ionization spray (ESI/PSI) and ionization plume (SAWN) originating from each source are directly imaged. The effect of source parameters such as spray voltage for ESI and PSI, and the angle of the paper spray tip on the charge distributions, is investigated. Two types of SAWN liquid interface, progressive wave (PW) and standing wave (SW), are studied. RESULTS Direct charge detection under ambient conditions is demonstrated using an active pixel detector. Direct charge distributions are obtained of weak, homogeneous/focused and dispersed spray plumes by applying low, intermediate and high spray potentials, respectively, for ESI. Spray plume footprints obtained for various angles of PSI shows the possibility to focus the ion beam as a function of the paper angle. Differences between two designs of the SAWN interface are determined. Droplet charge flux changes are illustrated in a way similar to a total ion chromatogram. CONCLUSIONS The use of this active pixel detector allows the rapid characterization and optimization of different ambient ionization sources without the actual use of a mass spectrometer. Valuable illustrations are obtained of changes in spatial distribution and number of charges detected for ESI, PSI and SAWN ion plumes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Hommersom
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarfaraz U A H Syed
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Scientific Instruments B.V., Science Park 105, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert B Eijkel
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
- Deurion LLC, 3518 Fremont Avenue #503, Seatle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Scientific Instruments B.V., Science Park 105, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Alhasan L, Qi A, Rezk AR, Yeo LY, Chan PPY. Assessment of the potential of a high frequency acoustomicrofluidic nebulisation platform for inhaled stem cell therapy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:12-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of a novel high frequency acoustic nebulisation platform as an effective aerosolisation technique for inhaled mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Alhasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Biological Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
| | - Aisha Qi
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Amgad R. Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Peggy P. Y. Chan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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29
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Winkler A, Bergelt P, Hillemann L, Menzel S. Influence of Viscosity in Fluid Atomization with Surface Acoustic Waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/oja.2016.63003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Winkler A, Harazim SM, Menzel SB, Schmidt H. SAW-based fluid atomization using mass-producible chip devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3793-9. [PMID: 26262577 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based fluid atomizers are ideally suited to generate micrometer-sized droplets without any moving parts or nozzles. Versatile application fields can be found for instance in biomedical, aerosol or thin film technology, including medical inhalators or particle deposition for advanced surface treatment. Such atomizers also show great potential for on-chip integration and can lead to economic production of hand-held and even disposable devices, with either a single functionality or integrated in more complex superior systems. However, this potential was limited in the past by fluid supply mechanisms inadequate for mass production, accuracy and reliability. In this work, we briefly discuss existing fluid supply methods and demonstrate a straightforward new approach suited for reliable and cost-effective mass-scale manufacturing of SAW atomizer chips. Our approach is based on a fluid supply at the boundary of the acoustic beam via SU-8 microchannels produced by a novel one-layer/double-exposure photolithography method. Using this technique, we demonstrate precise and stable fluid atomization with almost ideal aerosol plume geometry from a dynamically stabilized thin fluid film. Additionally, we demonstrate the possibility of in situ altering the droplet size distribution by controlling the amount of fluid available in the active region of the chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winkler
- IFW Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, PF 270116, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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31
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Cahill JF, Kertesz V, Ovchinnikova OS, Van Berkel GJ. Comparison of Internal Energy Distributions of Ions Created by Electrospray Ionization and Laser Ablation-Liquid Vortex Capture/Electrospray Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1462-1468. [PMID: 26115968 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently a number of techniques have combined laser ablation with liquid capture for mass spectrometry spot sampling and imaging applications. The newly developed noncontact liquid-vortex capture probe has been used to efficiently collect material ablated by a 355 nm UV laser in a continuous flow solvent stream in which the captured material dissolves and then undergoes electrospray ionization. This sampling and ionization approach has produced what appears to be classic electrospray ionization spectra; however, the 'softness' of this sampling/ionization process versus simple electrospray ionization has not been definitely determined. In this work, a series of benzylpyridinium salts were employed as thermometer ions to compare internal energy distributions between electrospray ionization and the UV laser ablation/liquid-vortex capture probe electrospray combination. Measured internal energy distributions were identical between the two techniques, even with differences in laser fluence (0.7-3.1 J cm(-2)) and when using UV-absorbing or non-UV-absorbing sample substrates. These data, along with results from the analysis the biological molecules bradykinin and angiotensin III indicated that the ions or their fragments formed directly by UV laser ablation that survive the liquid capture/electrospray ionization process were likely to be an extremely small component of the total ion signal observed. Instead, the preponderate neutral molecules, clusters, and particulates ejected from the surface during laser ablation, subsequently captured and dissolved in the flowing solvent stream, then electrosprayed, were the principal source of the ion signal observed. Thus, the electrospray ionization process used controls the overall 'softness' of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA
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32
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Tveen-Jensen K, Gesellchen F, Wilson R, Spickett CM, Cooper JM, Pitt AR. Interfacing low-energy SAW nebulization with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of biological samples. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9736. [PMID: 25978651 PMCID: PMC4432867 DOI: 10.1038/srep09736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft ionization methods for the introduction of labile biomolecules into a mass spectrometer are of fundamental importance to biomolecular analysis. Previously, electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) have been the main ionization methods used. Surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) is a new technique that has been demonstrated to deposit less energy into ions upon ion formation and transfer for detection than other methods for sample introduction into a mass spectrometer (MS). Here we report the optimization and use of SAWN as a nebulization technique for the introduction of samples from a low flow of liquid, and the interfacing of SAWN with liquid chromatographic separation (LC) for the analysis of a protein digest. This demonstrates that SAWN can be a viable, low-energy alternative to ESI for the LC-MS analysis of proteomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Tveen-Jensen
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK. B4 7ET
| | - Frank Gesellchen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, UK. G12 8LT
| | - Rab Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, UK. G12 8LT
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK. B4 7ET
| | - Jonathan M Cooper
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, UK. G12 8LT
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK. B4 7ET
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33
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Flanigan PM, Shi F, Archer JJ, Levis RJ. Internal energy deposition for low energy, femtosecond laser vaporization and nanospray post-ionization mass spectrometry using thermometer ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:716-724. [PMID: 25724375 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The internal energy of p-substituted benzylpyridinium ions after laser vaporization using low energy, femtosecond duration laser pulses of wavelengths 800 and 1042 nm was determined using the survival yield method. Laser vaporization of dried benzylpyridinium ions from metal slides into a buffered nanospray with 75 μJ, 800 nm laser pulses resulted in a higher extent of fragmentation than conventional nanospray due to the presence of a two-photon resonance fragmentation pathway. Using higher energy 800 nm laser pulses (280 and 505 μJ) led to decreased survival yields for the four different dried benzylpyridinium ions. Analyzing dried thermometer ions with 46.5 μJ, 1042 nm pulse-bursts resulted in little fragmentation and mean internal energy distributions equivalent to nanospray, which is attributable to the absence of a two-photon resonance that occurs with higher energy, 800 nm laser pulses. Vaporization of thermometer ions from solution with either 800 nm or 1042 nm laser pulses resulted in comparable internal energy distributions to nanospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Flanigan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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34
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Boeri Erba E, Petosa C. The emerging role of native mass spectrometry in characterizing the structure and dynamics of macromolecular complexes. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1176-92. [PMID: 25676284 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for determining the mass of biomolecules with high accuracy and sensitivity. MS performed under so-called "native conditions" (native MS) can be used to determine the mass of biomolecules that associate noncovalently. Here we review the application of native MS to the study of protein-ligand interactions and its emerging role in elucidating the structure of macromolecular assemblies, including soluble and membrane protein complexes. Moreover, we discuss strategies aimed at determining the stoichiometry and topology of subunits by inducing partial dissociation of the holo-complex. We also survey recent developments in "native top-down MS", an approach based on Fourier Transform MS, whereby covalent bonds are broken without disrupting non-covalent interactions. Given recent progress, native MS is anticipated to play an increasingly important role for researchers interested in the structure of macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Boeri Erba
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DSV, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Carlo Petosa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DSV, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
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35
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Sage E, Brenac A, Alava T, Morel R, Dupré C, Hanay MS, Roukes ML, Duraffourg L, Masselon C, Hentz S. Neutral particle mass spectrometry with nanomechanical systems. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6482. [PMID: 25753929 PMCID: PMC4366497 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches to mass spectrometry (MS) require ionization of the analytes of interest. For high-mass species, the resulting charge state distribution can be complex and difficult to interpret correctly. Here, using a setup comprising both conventional time-of-flight MS (TOF-MS) and nano-electromechanical systems-based MS (NEMS-MS) in situ, we show directly that NEMS-MS analysis is insensitive to charge state: the spectrum consists of a single peak whatever the species' charge state, making it significantly clearer than existing MS analysis. In subsequent tests, all the charged particles are electrostatically removed from the beam, and unlike TOF-MS, NEMS-MS can still measure masses. This demonstrates the possibility to measure mass spectra for neutral particles. Thus, it is possible to envisage MS-based studies of analytes that are incompatible with current ionization techniques and the way is now open for the development of cutting-edge system architectures with unique analytical capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sage
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Ariel Brenac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SP2M, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, INAC- SP2M, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Alava
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Morel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SP2M, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, INAC- SP2M, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécilia Dupré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Mehmet Selim Hanay
- Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering, Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MC 149-33, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Michael L. Roukes
- Departments of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering, Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, MC 149-33, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Laurent Duraffourg
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Masselon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, IRTSV, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U1038, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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36
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Mortensen DN, Williams ER. Investigating protein folding and unfolding in electrospray nanodrops upon rapid mixing using theta-glass emitters. Anal Chem 2014; 87:1281-7. [PMID: 25525976 PMCID: PMC4303338 DOI: 10.1021/ac503981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Theta-glass emitters are used to
rapidly mix two solutions to induce
either protein folding or unfolding during nanoelectrospray (nanoESI).
Mixing acid-denatured myoglobin with an aqueous ammonium acetate solution
to increase solution pH results in protein folding during nanoESI.
A reaction time and upper limit to the droplet lifetime of 9 ±
2 μs is obtained from the relative abundance of the folded conformer
in these rapid mixing experiments compared to that obtained from solutions
at equilibrium and a folding time constant of 7 μs. Heme reincorporation
does not occur, consistent with the short droplet lifetime and the
much longer time constant for this process. Similar mixing experiments
with acid-denatured cytochrome c and the resulting
folding during nanoESI indicate a reaction time of between 7 and 25
μs depending on the solution composition. The extent of unfolding
of holo-myoglobin upon rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters is less
than that reported previously (Fisher
et al. 2014, 86, 4581−458824702054), a result
that is attributed to the much smaller, ∼1.5 μm, average
o.d. tips used here. These results indicate that the time frame during
which protein folding or unfolding can occur during nanoESI depends
both on the initial droplet size, which can be varied by changing
the emitter tip diameter, and on the solution composition. This study
demonstrates that protein folding or unfolding processes that occur
on the ∼10 μs time scale can be readily investigated
using rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters combined with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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Morsa D, Gabelica V, Rosu F, Oomens J, De Pauw E. Dissociation Pathways of Benzylpyridinium "Thermometer" Ions Depend on the Activation Regime: An IRMPD Spectroscopy Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3787-3791. [PMID: 26278748 DOI: 10.1021/jz501903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of benzylpyridinium "thermometer" ions is widely used to calibrate the internal energy of ions produced in mass spectrometry. The fragmentation mechanism is usually believed to yield a benzylium cation, although recent studies suggest the possibility of a rearrangement leading to the tropylium isomer, which would compromise the accuracy of energy calibrations. In this study, we used IRMPD spectroscopy to probe the dissociation pathways of the p-(tert-butyl)benzylpyridinium ion. Our results show that the formation of both benzylium and tropylium products is feasible depending on the activation regime and on the reaction time scale. Varying the trapping delays in the hexapole gives insight into a rearrangement mechanism occurring through consecutive reactions with an isomerization from benzylium to tropylium. Our work provides experimental validations for the established calibration procedure and highlights the adequacy of IRMPD spectroscopy to qualitatively resolve gas-phase rearrangement kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Morsa
- †Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Valérie Gabelica
- †Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Rosu
- †Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jos Oomens
- ‡Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- §Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- †Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
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Flanigan PM, Shi F, Perez JJ, Karki S, Pfeiffer C, Schafmeister C, Levis RJ. Determination of internal energy distributions of laser electrospray mass spectrometry using thermometer ions and other biomolecules. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1572-1582. [PMID: 25012513 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The internal energy distributions for dried and liquid samples that were vaporized with femtosecond duration laser pulses centered at 800 nm and postionized by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LEMS) were measured and compared with conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The internal energies of the mass spectral techniques were determined by plotting the ratio of the intact parent molecular features to all integrated ion intensities of the fragments as a function of collisional energy using benzylpyridinium salts and peptides. Measurements of dried p-substituted benzylpyridinium salts using LEMS resulted in a greater extent of fragmentation in addition to the benzyl cation. The mean relative internal energies, <E(int)> were determined to be 1.62 ± 0.06, 2.0 ± 0.5, and 1.6 ± 0.3 eV for ESI-MS, dried LEMS, and liquid LEMS studies, respectively. Two-photon resonances with the laser pulses likely caused lower survival yields in LEMS analyses of dried samples but not liquid samples. In studies with larger biomolecules, LEMS analyses of dried samples from glass showed a decrease in survival yield compared with conventional ESI-MS for leucine enkephalin and bradykinin of ~15% and 11%, respectively. The survival yields for liquid LEMS analyses were comparable to or better than ESI-MS for benzylpyridinium salts and large biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Flanigan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Hartmanová L, Fryčák P, Soural M, Tureček F, Havlíček V, Lemr K. Ion internal energy, salt tolerance and a new technical improvement of desorption nanoelectrospray. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:750-754. [PMID: 25044903 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hartmanová
- RCPTM, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17.listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Boeri Erba E. Investigating macromolecular complexes using top-down mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2014; 14:1259-70. [PMID: 24723549 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MS has emerged as an important tool to investigate noncovalent interactions between proteins and various ligands (e.g. other proteins, small molecules, or drugs). In particular, ESI under so-called "native conditions" (a.k.a. "native MS") has considerably expanded the scope of such investigations. For instance, ESI quadrupole time of flight (Q-TOF) instruments have been used to probe the precise stoichiometry of protein assemblies, the interactions between subunits and the position of subunits within the complex (i.e. defining core and peripheral subunits). This review highlights several illustrative native Q-TOF-based investigations and recent seminal contributions of top-down MS (i.e. Fourier transform (FT) MS) to the characterization of noncovalent complexes. Combined top-down and native MS, recently demonstrated in "high-mass modified" orbitrap mass spectrometers, and further improvements needed for the enhanced investigation of biologically significant noncovalent interactions by MS will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Boeri Erba
- Institute of Structural Biology (Institut de Biologie Structurale), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Grenoble Alpes (Université de Grenoble Alpes), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), DSV, Grenoble, France
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Tarbell JM, Shi ZD, Dunn J, Jo H. Fluid Mechanics, Arterial Disease, and Gene Expression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2014; 46:591-614. [PMID: 25360054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review places modern research developments in vascular mechanobiology in the context of hemodynamic phenomena in the cardiovascular system and the discrete localization of vascular disease. The modern origins of this field are traced, beginning in the 1960s when associations between flow characteristics, particularly blood flow-induced wall shear stress, and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques were uncovered, and continuing to fluid shear stress effects on the vascular lining endothelial) cells (ECs), including their effects on EC morphology, biochemical production, and gene expression. The earliest single-gene studies and genome-wide analyses are considered. The final section moves from the ECs lining the vessel wall to the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts within the wall that are fluid me chanically activated by interstitial flow that imposes shear stresses on their surfaces comparable with those of flowing blood on EC surfaces. Interstitial flow stimulates biochemical production and gene expression, much like blood flow on ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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42
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED. New Ionization Method for Analysis on Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometers Requiring Only Vacuum and Matrix Assistance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2005-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
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Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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44
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Yoon SH, Huang Y, Edgar JS, Ting YS, Heron SR, Kao Y, Li Y, Masselon CD, Ernst RK, Goodlett DR. Surface acoustic wave nebulization facilitating lipid mass spectrometric analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6530-7. [PMID: 22742654 DOI: 10.1021/ac300807p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) is a novel method to transfer nonvolatile analytes directly from the aqueous phase to the gas phase for mass spectrometric analysis. The lower ion energetics of SAWN and its planar nature make it appealing for analytically challenging lipid samples. This challenge is a result of their amphipathic nature, labile nature, and tendency to form aggregates, which readily precipitate clogging capillaries used for electrospray ionization (ESI). Here, we report the use of SAWN to characterize the complex glycolipid, lipid A, which serves as the membrane anchor component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and has a pronounced tendency to clog nano-ESI capillaries. We also show that unlike ESI SAWN is capable of ionizing labile phospholipids without fragmentation. Lastly, we compare the ease of use of SAWN to the more conventional infusion-based ESI methods and demonstrate the ability to generate higher order tandem mass spectral data of lipid A for automated structure assignment using our previously reported hierarchical tandem mass spectrometry (HiTMS) algorithm. The ease of generating SAWN-MS(n) data combined with HiTMS interpretation offers the potential for high throughput lipid A structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, USA
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